IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


V 


// 


:/ 


^ 


1.0 


I.I 


\1A 


ilM 

m 


M 
12.0 

1.8 


1.25      1.4 

1.6 

^ t^n        _ 

*>• 

V] 


^, 


<? 


/i 


^/ 


^ 


"ci^l 


^a 


^. 


M 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIM  STRFST 

WEBSTER,  NY.  US&O 

(716)  872-4503 


i 


bP 


mp 


(/x 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions 


Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


1980 


i. 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  ha;,  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


Colourfld  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pellicul^e 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  dociments 


D 


D 


n 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int6rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
li  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutdes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  dtait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmdes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilmd  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  dt6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-§tre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


I      I    Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxet 
Pages  d^colordes,  tachetdes  ou  piqu6es 


I      I    Pages  damaged/ 

I      I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

I      I    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 


□    Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tachees 

rry^Showthrough/ 
I— _I    Transparence 

I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 


T 

ti 


□    Only  edition  availabU 
Seule  Edition  disponii. 

□    Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmdes  d  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


T 
P 

0 

fi 


C 
b 

tl 

si 
o 
fi 
si 
o 


Tl 
si 
Tl 
w 

IVI 
di 
er 
b( 

rij 
re 
m 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 
Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 
10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


SOX 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grdce  d  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

La  bibliothdque  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  fllm6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimde  sont  filmds  en  comment  ant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmds  en  commengant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmds  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichd,  il  est  filmd  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

'I'llE    WORKS 


HUBKIiT  HOWE  BANCIIOFT 


■m 


THE    WORKS 


OF 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCIIOKT. 


VOLUME  XXI. 


iritSTOJIV   OF  CALIFORNIA. 

Vol.  IV.     1840- 1  St.".. 


SAN  FRANCISCO  : 

A.  L.  BANCROFT  &  C().^[I'AXV,  I'UBlJsnrCKs. 

1S8G. 


-r^ 


KiiliTcil  aci>,jr,l 


111;;  lo  Aft  .il'  (' 


■ll!.'l'r.SS     ill     III,.     V,.;|,      |x,^|;     1, 


Hl'HKHT  II.    liAN(  K'Oi'T, 


III    III-   mlir,.  ,,|-  t|,|.    I, 


ilir.'iriiiii  iif  c, 


'n-r>>v  III   W  ;iv|iiii-i, 


Ml   h'i,//i/s   l;,:s,rral. 


co^^te:^ts  of  this  volume. 


CHAPTER  I. 

ALVAKADO'S   IlFLIv — THIC   (;IiAUAM    AFFAII!. 

1S40-1S.H'. 

P-iliE 

Governor's  Policy — Spirit  of  Foroignci's — Fears  niid  Riiinora^Pailre 
Ittal's  Wiiniing — In  tiio  Junta — (larnui''s  LHnnnciation— 'I'lic  Horse- 
race— Theories — Castro  ami  Vallejo — A  Foreign  Plot — Diary  of  a 
Crazy  ^lan — The  Arrest — Documentary  Pecord  —  Alvarado's  Procla- 
mation— In  the  South^Kxagj^erations  and  Falsehoods — Lists  of 
Names — Arrest  of  Craham  and  Morris — In  Prison  at  Monterey — 
Tliomas  J.  I-'aridiani — Trial  --The Voyage — At  Sta  P>:irl)aia — At  Tepic. 
— EtTorts  of  Piritisli  Cons^id  P.arron — Action  of  <  iovernnient — R(>tuni  of 
NinetcenExiles — Castro's  Trial  in  ^[oxico — The  Dana'iile  and  St  Louis 
at  MontiMcy — Visit  of  the  C'liragoa — English  Claims — Couiniodore 
Jones  ami  tlio  American  Claims ,       1 

CHAPTER  II. 

MISSION   A.N.VALS   AND   INIiIAX   AFFAIKS. 

lJS;iG-1840. 
Condition  of  Missions  in  ISHG — Secularization — Acts  of  Authorities  IS.IG- 
8 — Chico's  Policy — Secularization  of  Five  Missions — Xcw  Missions 
Proposed — Tlio  Revolution  and  its  EtTcct — Spoliation — Alvaradt»'s 
Etibrtsfor  Reforni^Iteglaniento  of  Ib.S!) — Hartnell  as  Visitador  Gen- 
eral— Roglamento  of  1S40— Duran's  Views— IlartncU's  Second  ^'isita 
Resignation — Mission  Statistics — ['resident  and  Piefect— Ecclesias- 
tical— Garcia  Diego  as  IJishup— Stipends  of  Friars — Pious  Fund — 
Indian  All'airs — Troubles  on  the  San  Diego  FVontier — Ranciif)S  Plun- 
dered—Sonoma I'rontier — Vallejo's  Policy — Figlits  and  'I'reatics — 
Small-pox — South  of  tlio  Ikiy — Horso-llueves — I'he  Cliaguanosoa — 
Seasons  and  Earthquakes 42 


CHAPTER  III. 

COMMEnCE,    FINANCi:,    AND   AlAlUTtME   AFFAIKS. 
1 sac- 1840. 
General   Remarks— Statistics   of  Trade— Xew  Mexican  Traders — Otter 

Skins— Smuggling — Chico's  liando — Action  of  California  Congress — 

(vu) 


Vlll 


CONTEXTS. 


Vessels  of  IS.IO — Rogiil.'itiDii.s— ll.iwaii.ui  Tr.'ule— Cattle  Driven  t<i 
Oregon  liy  Youiig-IM wind's  Diary  — V'alleju'a  I'laiis — Fli'et  and 
Ilevenues  of  IS.'IT— Cari'illo's  r)eoreo — Vessels  and  Statistien  of  IS.'iS 
—  Ottui'-linnting— ( 'aptaiii  Bancroft  Killeil  by  Indians— Silver  for 
Diitics--(,'oasting  Trade  to  lie  rioiiibited-  N'esels  of  is;i!) — Alva- 
rado's  I'olicy— 8teurusaa  a  Smuggler — Fleet  of  IMU—  Ollieersof  t'ns- 
tuni-hottso  and  Comisaria — Financial  Administration — Distribution 
of  Ilevenues— Alphabetical  List  of   Vessels,  lt>|jU-40 79 


CHAPTEll  IV. 

FOnEIGN   I'.r.LATKlNS   ANU   PIONEEKS. 

1830-1840. 
Foreign  Tnflnenre  in  the  Revolution — Interference  as  a  Current  Topic — 
Attitude  of  Diirerent  Classes — French  Relations — Humored  Cession 
of  California  to  England — Quotations  from  American  Papers — Pfili.'  • 
in  ls;!7-S— Horse-thieves— Restrictions  of  18:«t-40— The  Fxiles-  Pi 
oueers — I'crsonal    Items — Autliorities— Statistics — Some!  Iiing  aboi 
the  Old  Settlers — Their  Character  and  Iniluence — I'rDinimut  Nann  .-, 
— N«nv-coMiers  of  ISoG— 10 — !Most  of  Them  Transient  Visitors^Immi- 
gration — Annual    Lists— Chronological     Items — The    LaiifKiiiuc  and 
her  Rasscngers  at  liodega 


107 


CHAPTER  V. 

SUTTKPv'.S  VOKT — VISITS   ANU  HOOKS. 

18;)G-1840. 

John  A.  Sutter's  Farly  Life — Comes  tcj  California  via  Oregon,  Honolulu, 
and  Sitka  — Reception  at  .Monterey — I'urihases  on  Credit— Trip  lip 
the  Saerauieuto — Nueva  IRlvecia  Founded — Relations  M'ith  Sunoiua 
—Annals  of  1839-40 — Indian  Policy — Cattle,  Beaver-skins,  and 
Brandy  -  Sutter's  Plans — Plielps'  Visit — liecruits — Sutter  a  Mexican 
Citixen—  !;iljli()graphy  of  Foreign  Visits — I'he  Penrock — Ruschenber- 
gcr's  Narrative — The  (S»//)/(»r— Belcher's  Narrative — Survey  of  the 
Sacramento — Slacum's  Visit — The  I'l  /;//■< — Petit-Thonars'  Voyage — 
Forbes  on  California — Tin;  Arlrmiac — Laplaci',  Camjiagne — Phelps' 
Fore  and  Aft — Farnham's   Life  in  California — J.  F.  B.  M 


Vl-1 


CHAPTER  YI. 

THK    UUS.SIANS   I.\    CALIFOnXIA. 

1831-1841. 

Vearly  Vessels— Resume — Report  of  1831— Kldebnikofs  Mission— Vic- 
toria's Policy- -Figucroa's  Diplomacy — Vallcjo's  Mission  to  Ross — 
U'langell  and  Beechey — Annals  of  1834-0 — Kostromitinof  Succeeded 
by  Rotehef— Warehouse  at.  Sauzalito — Wrangcll's  Plan  of  Extension 
— liis  Failure  in  ivltjxico,  ls30— Resolve  to  Abandon  Ross,  1838-9 — 


CONTENTS. 


Ix 


PAoa 

riopo.«e(l  Siilc  to  TTudsoii'.s  I'ay  riiiiip;iny— AlTuir  of  tho  Lnu.iannr, 

j.^Kj — Vallcjii  anil  Kupiiaiiof  —  rropoaiil  Salo  to  Vnllcjo — Laiul  ami 
BuilJingH — AliHiird  TiiMtiiii'tiniiH  from  Mexico — S«lu  to  SiUter — Con- 
triii't  ami  DcimI— \o  l-aml  I'liicliasiil— Kussiaii  'I'itlu  to  Kdsh— 'I'lio 
Mulili'ow  Claim  of  Latur  Vi-ars— IX'iiaiture  of  tliu  Colonists — How 
the  Debt  was  Taiil,  1845-51) l.'iS 


CHAPTER  VII. 

I'OLmCAL  AIFAIKS   AM)   (iKM  UAL  CONDITION'. 
1S4I. 

I! vents  of  tlio  Y(>ar— Small  Part  I'laycil  by  Califoniians— Ajiatliy  in  Poll- 
tiis — A  Soason  of  ])rou;,'lit — At  tiio  ('a[iilal  — (JoviTUor  Alvarado  — 
Jinu-no  Acting  llulcr— No  Session  of  tlii;  .lunta  Dupartamcntal — Xo 
Excess  of  Government — Administration  of  .Inaticc — Mission  .Aflaira 
— Contimicil  Spoliation — Mofras"  Statistics-  Piieblf)  of  San  Juan  do 
Arj^iii'llo — Tlio  F.isliop's  Arri\al--Indian  All'airs — A  Time  of  I'eaco 
— Military  Items — Alvnrado  and  \'allejo— Policy  and  Motives  of  the 
Comaudantc  Ccneral — Unfoiimlcd  C'liai'L'es— Action  in  ^IcNim — 
Pa'conciliation— Castrg  or  Pnuhjn — Vallejo's   Plans  for  lleform. .. , 


100 


CHAPTErt  Till. 

COMMEllCLVL    AND    MAIIITIMK    AFKAIIiS — TlIK    IirDSON'S    BAY    ro>rrANY  — 

VlSns   ANU   BOOKS. 

1841. 

Trading  Tlegulations — Coasting  Trade  Suspended  and  Restored — Now 
Mexican  Caravan  —  Stnnggling  —  \'all('jo's  Plan  —  ( )ttor-liniitiniT — 
Whalers — List  of  Vessels — Statistics  of  licvenue — {''inancial  Admin- 
istration— Hudson's  I5ay  Company  in  California — Visit  and  .loiitiK!! 
of  Sir  .Tames  Douglas — The  Furdinntors  Licensed — Purchase  of  I.ivr 
stock — Proposed  Trading-pust — Itac's  Ksiablisiiment  at  Yerb.i  liuena 
— Visit  of  Sir  George  Simpson  ami  Chief  Factor  McLonghlin — Tho 
Company  and  Sutter — Simpson  to  Vallejo— Maji — Simpson".-;  Xan'a- 
tive — tjuotutions — Warner's  Lecture  on  California — Pcircc's  V'i.^it 
and  Journal 'JO'J 


CHAPTER  IX. 

SCTTEH'S  rORT — U.    S.    EXl'LOr.ING    KXrKMTION — DCFLOT  DE    .MOHtAS, 

1S41-1S4'.). 

Progress  at  New  Helvetia — The  Fort — Indians — Industries — Vioget's 
Map — Sutter's  Land  Grant — Visitors — Purchase  of  P.oss — Views  of 
Peirce  and  Simpson — Sutter's  Troubles — Debts — Trade  and  Tra]iping 
— V^allejo  and  Sutter — Threats  of  Revolt — Letter  to  Lee^e — U.  S. 
Exploring  Expedition— The  Fleet — Published  Kcsults^Ojierations 
in   California — Ringgold  on    the   Sacramento — Emnious'   Overland 


CONTKN'-IX. 

PAclR 

Trip  from  Oregon — Map — Wilki's'  Nuriiitive— Serious  Defects— Quo- 
taticjiiM— Fhilliit  <lo  MotruN — His  .Movi'iiiunts— UU  Kx|)ei'ii;iii'(!  at 
Muiitori'y,  Verba,  Jjiieiia,  and  Soiiuiii.'i  — His  (Jlianicter — i3ook— >Jap.   'J*J(i 


'^ 


CHAPTER  X. 

FOKEICIX   KKl.AlliiNS    AS'I>    IM.MI(iKATin\. 
I  SI  I. 

Hopes  ami  IMaiia  rif  Foreign  Nations— I'nitcil  States— Manifest  Dfstiny 
— Willies  anil  Warner— Forcij^n  Opinions — Ihitisli  I'rojects- -Simp- 
son's \"u  ws — Aspirations  of  Fran(;e  — Mofras  on  a  (/atiiolic  I'rotecto- 
rate— Sutter  as  a  Frenclnnan— Advantages  of  Yanlieo  Metlioda — 
]>ej,'inniiig  of  Overland  Iininigrivtion — Kxcitenient  in  the  Frontier 
States — Inirtleson  I'arty  from  .Missouri -liidwell's  Diary — Narratives 
of  IJelden,  Clules,  and  Idiiipcr — Crossing,' tiie  Desert  and  Sierra— List 
of  Names— Arrival  and  lieeeption  — Foliey  toward  Foreigners — 
Vallejo's  Acts — Dr  Maisli — The  Worknian-llowland  I'arty  from 
New  Alexicu — Wilson's  Narrative — llowlanil's  List— Oilier  Parties 
— Mrs  Walker  and  Mrs  Kelsey — List  of  New-comers  for  1841 — Items 
about  Old  Settlers ioi} 


OHArXER  XI. 

ALVARADO,    VALLDJO,    AND   MICIIELTORKNA. 

1842. 
Prudon  at  ^lontevey — Alvarado's  I'lots — l>ustam.nnte  or  Santa  Anna — 
The  (iovenior's  Despatches — Departure  of  the  Coniisicniailos  Casta- 
fiares  ami  I'rudon — Too  Late — Manuel  Micheltoreua  Appointed 
(iovtrnor  and  Comandanto  General — His  Instructions — Raising  an 
Army  uf  <_'ouvicts — The  Journey — ]>atallon  Fijo — List  of  Oliieers — 
Arrival  at  San  Diego — At  Los  Angeles — Vallojo  Turns  over  the  Mil- 
itary Command — Alvarado  Disappointed  bu  iubmissive- — I'roclania- 
tiou  -Miehcltorena  Assumes  the  ( Jo\  ernorsliip  at  Angeles  in  l»e- 
eember — Junta  Departauieutal — Tribunal  de  Justieia — Discovery  of 
Gold 2Sl 


CHAPTER  XII. 

COIIMODORK  JONKS   AT   MONTEUEV. 

184-2. 

English,  French,. Ind  American  Schemes — Jones' Instructions — The  French 
Fleet — Fnglisli  Fleet — Rumors  of  War — Cession  of  Calil'ornias — 
Monroe  Doctrine — The  Uuitcd  States  and  Cyanc  at  Monterey — Cap- 
ture of  the  O'liijiuxcoana — Jones'  Position  and  Motives — Occupation 
and  Restoration  of  the  Capital— Authorities  in  Manuscript  and 
Print — Jones  at  San  Francisco  and  Sonoma — Reports — Arrival  of 
the  Jiidc  and  Yorktovni — In  the  South — Michcltorena's  Valor — Mex- 


! 

4, 


CONTKNT.S.  \- 

PAflK 

iaiii  liiiiiiliast — Reiiorta  to  ^^v^il;o — CliiiniB  ftir  D;iiiiii;,'t'.s — Tin-  Tuhmo 
uikI  4II1  r/  -  .loiK'M  at  Los  .\ni,'(k'.s  r>iicaii('j.'i';i  iiml  'riioiii|i-'(in  in  Mi'X- 
Ilmi  — Wi'listi  riiiid  Aliniiiitt'  in  W'aHliington—In  C'lHigii'ss-  'I'lio  I'lcss 
— Jun<s  Jli muII.mI COS 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

MISSIONS,    COMAlKliCK,    AND   FOUEKiNKKS. 
ISfJ. 

Miasifin  Manngorncnt — Decree  of  ]{ostorntion--T)nriiii  ntnl  Alvnrndo — 
Local  Itcnijf — 15islK>ii(iarciii  l)ici;(>  jit  S'uita  15iiil)ara — (liaiid  i'',|iisL'o- 
])al  I'lans — 'I'lio  I'ious  Fund  in  Mexico— Santa  Anna  'ralccs  it  iVoiii 
the  Uisliop — Iiio(u'ii(M'atu(l  in  the  National  'J'i'ca8ui'y--'rhe  Result — 
Iniliiui  AH'airs — No  Hostilities  ami  Few  llnniora— (Jonunercial  and 
Mai'itinio  AH'airs — List  of  Vessels— Financial  Items — Foreij  ,.  I's — 
List  of  I'ioneei's  and  Visitors  for  tlio  Year-  Part  of  tiio  I'arin  'H 
Company  Return  Overland — "Minor  Items — New  Mexican  Ininii;;ra- 
tion— r>ililiiii,'rapliy  of  llS4'2 — Robinson's  Life  in  California — Visit  of 
the  Kiiii/s  <}i-/ihan — Bidwell'a  Journey — Marsh's  Lctte?  ♦  dones — 
Peirce's   Letter ii.lO 

CHAPTER  XIV. 

MICHELTORESA's   KULK — roUTICAL    AKKAIKS. 

1843. 

The  Governor  at  Los  Angeles — Financial  Troubles — Warfare  .ayiainst 
Destitution — A  Junta  of  Aiigelinos — Aid  from  Citizens,  from  Vullcjo, 
and  from  Jjiniantour— Syniptonis  of  Controversy — Miclieltorena  with 
his  Jjalallun  Comes  to  Mtjnterey — Reception— Rumors  of  Revolt — 
Graham's  Oiler — Junta  of  Officers  at  Monterey — Prefectures  Sup- 
liresj-.ed — Absence  of  Records — Swearing  of  tiie  T»ases— Vot(^  for  Santa 
Anna — Junta  Departamental — Fllections— Castanares  for  Congress — 
Indian  All'aiis — Kxpedition  to  Mendocino  or  Clear  liaUe — The  Clii>- 
los  at  Angeles  and  Monterey — Exaggerated  Accusations S.IO 


CHAPTER  XV. 

MISSIONS — COMMERCF.— MARITIME   AFFAIRS. 
1S4.'5. 

Anticipation  of  a  Change — Policy  of  Governor  and  Padres— ^lichcltnrena's 
Dooreo  Restoring  the  Missions  to  the  Friars— Motives  -  The  Change 
Eflfectcd — Mission  Lands — Missionary  Personnel  and  Officials — The 
Bishop  and  his  Financial  Troubles — Tithes — Garcia  Diego  and 
Vallejo — Patroness  of  the  Diocese — Friars  not  to  be  Politicians — 
Scandal  Prevented — Commercial  Regulations — Smuggling — Fear  of 
Losing  the  Boston  Trade — Whalers — Minor  items— Custom-house 
Oilicials — Finance — Falliug-off  of  Revenues — List  of  Vessels 3(JS 


xu 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

FOKEIGX    KELATIONS  ANU   IMMIGRATION. 

1843. 

PAGE 

Mexican  Eirorts  to  Prevent  American  Immigration — Almonte's  Letter — 
Sant;v  Aima's  Onlor — A  Diplomatic  Cuntrovcrsy — Tliomjison  and 
Bocanegia — I'Jiglish  Sclicines  of  Colonization — Wyllie  to  Hartnell  — 
Forbes'  Plan — Larkin  ami  Foriies,  Consuls  of  U.  S.  and  England 
— Foreigners  Kiiuily  Treated  in  Calfornia — Sutter's  Estalilisliment — 
False  Pretensions— Immigrants  of  the  Year — Hastings  Company- 
Troubles  with  Indians — Cliiles- Walker  Company— A  New  Route— 
Narratives — Names — Ste\'.ien  Smith  and  his  Steam-engiiio — Has- 
tings' Book — Ignorance,  Prejudice,  and  Deception — List  of  Pioneers 
of  1S43 ;?7'J 


CHAPTER   XVII. 

MTCHEI.TORENA's    KUI.E— I'OLITK'AI.   AITAIR.S. 

1844. 

Eci.inomy — Abregoand  Pico  Sent  to  Mazatlan — Aid  from  Valujo,  lailiin, 
and  Limantour — Ihnnors  of  Itevolt — Arrest  of  Alvarado — A  !Ne\v 
(Jeneral  Expected— liising  of  the  Cholos — Arrest  of  Castafiares — 
War  with  the  United  States — Preparations  for  Defence — .Militia 
Organized — Larkin's  Letters — Indian  Afiairs — Presidio  on  tlie  San 
Joaquin— Junta  Departamental — Candidates  for  Governor — The  Cap- 
ital— ^lonterey  and  Angeles — Santa  InC's  as  a  Compromise — Casta- 
fiares in  Mexico— Ilis  Book — Warning  against  Foreigners — No  J!e- 
sults — General  View  of  Miclieltorena's  Character  and  Adn.inistra- 
tion 401 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

MISSIONS   AMi   lil.SHOPHU; — TliAl  E   AND  FINANCE. 

1S44. 

Dnran's  Report  on  Snntliern  Missions — Local  Items — Lost  Shi  op  P;.drcg 
and  Vallejo — Secularization  of  San  Luis  Obispo— (irant  of  Lainh;  to 
the  Church — Authorized  Sale  of  Mission  Estates  to  Meet  War  lOx- 
penses  —  liishopric — EcclesiasticuTl  Seminary  at  Santa  Iiu's — I'asloral 
Visit  to  tlic  Xoith — Commeicial  liegulatious — Uetail  Trade— Protec- 
tion of  the  Boston  Merchants — Whalers  Allowed  to  Trade — Verba 
liiiena  and  Sauzalito — Pevenuc  Otticers^.san  Francisco  and  !■  anta 
Barbara -Financial  All'airs — List  of  Vessels  on  the  Coast  in  1844. . .   421 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

IJIMIGUATION    AND    KolilMGN    RELATIOVX. 
1S44. 

John  C.  Fn'MUont— His  Early  Life— First  I'lxpudition,   1 842 -.'i— lie  port- 
Second  Trip,  1S43-4 — The  Overland  Lnmignint  llouto  to  Oregon — 


L 


CONTEXTS.  xiii 

V\r,K 

Tvo'.n  Oregon  to  California — Across  the  Sierra  liy  a  Xcw  Koute — 
Kciurn  I'last — Fri-mont's  Jjook — Map — Value  of  Fn'tniont's  Survey 
-  l'rtjiulio(j  of  I'ionecrs — KuLsey  Coiiipimy  of  Initniu'rants— Xaincs — 
Tlio  15:'.le  Atl'air — Stevens'  Conipuny — List — The  First  Wagons — Ily 
the  Truckco  Route — Foreign  Jtolations — Sutter's  Aflairs— Annexa- 
tion .Schemes — U.  S.  Consulate — iMiglish  Colonization — Wyllie  and 
Ilartuell— Hudson's  r)ay  Company — Wandering  SUetehcs— Alpha- 
Lciical  List  of  Pioneers 4;)4 

CHAPTER  XX. 

BEVOLUTION    ACiAINsT   MICUELTORENA- 
1S44. 

Preliminary  R(j3um»5 — Motives  of  the  Ficliels — Feeling  against  the  T5a- 
tallon — riots  and  Warnings — Fronunciamiento  of  the  Canada  deSan 
^Miguel — The  Covernor'a  Proclamation — Campaign  of  Laguna  Scca, 
or  Santa  Teiesa — Narratives — The  Treaty — Castro  at  Mission  San 
Josc — Micheltorcna's  Proclamation  and  Reports — His  Treachery — 
Ficsolvcs  to  Break  the  Treaty — Aft'airs  in  the  South — Rising  at  Santa 
Jiarliara — i'olicy  and  Motives  of  the  Foreigners — Sutter's  Contract — 
Preparations  at  New  Helvetia — Vallejo's  Protests — Occui'rences  at 
San  Francisco — Weber'a  Arrest 4.")5 

CHAPTER  XXI. 

rXprLRION"    OF   OOVKUNOR  MICUELTOHENA. 

184,-). 

''  lip  Governor  Breaks  the  Treaty  of  Santa  Teresa — Foreign  Interference 
— Fears  of  Californians — Sutter  Joins  Micheltorena  at  Salinas — Cap- 
ture of  Manuel  Castro — Alvara<Io  and  Castro  March  South,  Fol- 
lowed liy  Mielieltoreiia  and  Sutter  — C"pture  (if  the  Garrison  at  Ange- 
les— Conversion  of  the  Abajenos — Negotiations  at  Santa  Barbara — 
The  Campaign  of  San  Buenaventura— C;impaign  of  Cahuenga  -With- 
drawal of  the  Foreigncrs^Capture  of  Sutter — A  Bloodk'ss  Battle — 
Defeat  of  Micheltorena — Treaty — Pico  Governor,  and  Castro  Coman- 
danto  General— Micheltorena  and  the  Batallon  Sent  Away— His 
Later  Career— Afi'airs  in  the  North— Sutter  at  Home . .  484 


CHAPTER   XXII. 

El'LK   OF  PICO   AND  CASTIiO. 
lS4d. 

ico  and  Castro  in  Command— Los  Angeles  t!ie  Capital — Sessions  of  As- 
sembly—Kxpediente  against  Micheltorena — Prisoners'  Revolt — .lunta 
de  (iuerra  ut  Monterey — Acts  of  Mexican  Govermnent— -Kllbrts  of 
Custafuires — Iniestra's  Expedition — A  Fiasco— Hijar's  Mission—.!.  ^L 
C'ustanares  Sent  to  Mexico — Proposals  for  Governor— Su[ireme  Court 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

— Constitutional  Rrforms — Prefectures  Restored — Vote  for  Prcsi- 
dent — Jones  and  Larkin — Caslillero's  Mission — Military  Organiza- 
tion— Sf'ptiMiiber  Kevolt  at  Angeles— Klections — Alvai'ado  fur  (.'on- 
gress— Varelu,  Revolt  at  Angeles — Carrillo  Exiled — Flores  Kevolt 
at  Santa  lidrbi'-a — Indian  All'airs — Contract  with  Gantt  and  Marsh 
— Local  Items 51S 


CH:U^TER  XXIII. 

THE   MISSIONS— CO.MMEI!CE  ANU   FIXA.N'CE. 

Secularization  to  ho  Completed— Pico's  Tolicy — Chronological  Develop- 
ments \'ie\vs  of  President  Duran — Bimdiis  of  April,  .May,  and  Octo- 
ber— Preparations  and  Inventories — Debts — Pico's  Ri^guiations  for 
Sale  and  Iteiitiiig  of  the  Missi(Mis—  Three  Establislnnonts  Scdd  — Four 
Rented — Ecclesiastical  Aliairs — Pious  Fund — Comuieree — Foreign 
Goods — A  New  Class  of  Smuggling — Whalers — Custom  liouse — Al- 
varado  as  Administrator — Minor  I'orts — Ti'casury — Abrego  and 
Valle — Financial  Ditlicuities  and  Statistics — Castro  and  Pico — 'i'iic 
Slar  of  the  ]Vi'<t  Wi'ccked —Distribution  of  Debt  an<l  Iteveiiue — List 
of  Vessels,    1S4I-4,J 


')4G 


CIL^PTEK   XXIV. 

IMMKHiANT   COMPANIES  AND   PIDNEEKS. 
lSt."i. 

Overland  Immigration — New  Mexicans — Tlio  McMahon-Clyman  Com- 
pany from  (.)regon  in  July — Clyman's  Diary — Oregon  'J'rain  of  l'-i43 — 
Palmer's  Jonrnal — Cooke's  Scenes— Californian  Agents  at  luirt  Hall 
Tlie  Swasey-Todd  Company — Sulilctte  and  his  Men — Tiie  Crigsby- 
Ide Company — Names — Women  and  Children — Recdlleetions  uf  Miss 
Ide — Statements  of  Knight,  Grcgson,  Dewell,  Elliott,  and  'I'ustin — 
Fremont's  'i'inrd  Expedition — Over  the  Sieri-a  by  Two  l!oute:i  in  De- 
cember— A  lilunder — Kings  itiver  and  Kern  River — ])iljliiigrai)hy — 
Tiie  llastiugs-Semple  Company— A  Narrow  Escape — Pioneers  and 
Visitois  of  lS4o 


u71 


CHAPTER   XXV. 

fOP.Eir.N    KELATiONS. 
184.-). 

Foreign  Consuhites — Larkin,  Leidesdorfl',  Forbes,  Gasqiict,  and  Latailhulo 
— Uritish  Sell  incs — Nothing  Init  Suspicions — lludsun's  Hay  Com- 
pany Suii'ido  of  Rae— Schemes  of  the  Uintcd  States— Buehamiu  to 
Larkin  —  Phins  of  ^hirsh  and  Weber — Ini[iending  W- . — Arrest  nf 
Smith —Orders  fi-om  Mexico — Pico's  Pinjclamatiiins-— Military  Pre]i- 
uratiniis  —  Kind  Treatment  of  Jinmigranls  -Mexican  Oiders  for  Ex- 


rnlsion  of  Amoricans-Cftstro  TVrniits  Thorn  to  Rcnuun-Afrairs  on  ' 
the  Sn'Taiiifiito-Siittcr's  Wflconiu  to  ^"c^v•-(■onu■l■s-'^l,o   llussians 
Want  tlidr  Pay-Suttcr  Wishes  to  Soil  out-Diary  of  New  llulve- 


r>.i9 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 

LOCAL  ANNALS   OF  THE  SOCTII. 
1S41-1845. 

Population-Ran  Diego-Last  of  the  Prcsidial  Company- Municipal  Af- 
fairs— Eancbos— Mission  San  Diego— San  Lnia  l!cv-Pa,lre  Ib.arra— 
Wasting-away  of  the  Kstates-Sau  Juan  Capistraiio-l'ueblo  of  San 
Juan  de  Argiiello-San  Dieguito,  San  Pascual,  and  Laa  I'loros-Los 
AngclesDistriet— Statistics-City  and  Sulmrl.s-Local  Kveiits—lVn- 
fectufc  and  iMnnieii)al  (ioveniinent -Criininal  lU'cord— Ilanehos— 
San  JY'dro-Saii  Gabriel— Deca.lcnce  under  Majordomoa— San  P.er- 
nardino-Agua  Mansa-San  Fernando-Mission  liented-Santa 
IJurhara  Distriot-Presi.liu  and  T,nvn-Sul)-pref.-jt  and  Juices  do 
I'ax-Kanehos-Mission- Inventories  and  Rcntiug-San  lUuuaven- 
tura-Santa  ]nes-l'adro  Moreno-Thc  College-Purisima-Padic 
Abella— Sniall-pox— iJuin  and   Sale gj^ 

CHAriEll  XX"\1I. 

LOCAL  ANNAI.S  OF  Tllli  NORTH, 
184 1-1 84,-). 
I'.^pnlation  of  the  Xo.'th  an.l  of  California-Monterey  District-l'^-onts 
at  the  Cap'.tal-ISIilitary  Itenis-Prefecture-Municipal  Allairs- 
List  of  Kanehos— San  C;lrlos-Sun  Luis  Obisho— A  New  Pueblo- 
Sale  of  Kx-niission  Property-San  ^liguel-San  Antonio- Soledad- 
San  Juan  de  Castro-Santa  Crux-^'illa  de  liraueiforte-San  Frar  • 
eisco  District- Population— Kvents—PuoMo  JIatters-Sub-pref.'c) - 
ure-Military-Growth  of  Verba  ]5uena-Xew  Custon,-ho„se-I,an,l 
(.rants  in  the  North-Mission  Dolores-San  IMael-Solano- Pue- 
blo of  Sonona-P.oss  and  Bodega-New  Helvetia-San  JosO  Mission 
-Padres  Mnro,  Gutierrez,  and  Quijas-Santa  Clara-Padre  Meivado 

—Pueblo  of  San  Jost5 

oil) 


J'lONKKR  PtwasTKU  AND  Lnuex.      '  Ibaiiei^ '  to  '  Quivcy  ' 0.S8 


r 


I 
I 


W 


^ 


HISTORY  OF  CALirOPvXIA. 


CHAPTER  I. 


ALVARADO'S  RULE— THE  GRAHAM  AFFAIR. 

1840-1842. 

Govi:nNou's  Folic v— Spirit  of  Foreigners — Fkars  and  Rumors— Padre 
Hi;ai,"s  Warning — In  the  Junta— Oarner's  Deninciation — The 
nitusE-RACE — Theories— Castro  and  Vallkjo — A  Foreign  Plot— 
Diai;y  of  a  Crazy  Man — The  Arrest— Documentahy  Record— Alva- 
RADo's  Proclamation — In  the  South- Exaggeuations  and  False- 
hoods— Lists  of  Names — Arrest  of  Graham  and  Mounis— In  Prison 
at  Monterey — Thomas  J.  Farnuam — Timal — The  Voyage— Ar  Sta 
Bakdaiia— At  Tepic— Efforts  of  British  Consul  Barron — Action  op 
Govi:i:nment — Return  of  Nineteen  Exiles — Castro's  Trial  in  Mex- 
ico—The 'Dana"de'  and  'St  Louis'  at  Monterey — Visit  of  the 
'Curai;oa' — English  Claims — Commodore  Jones  and  the  Ameuican 
Claims, 

We  liave  now  reached  a  period  in  the  annals  of 
Caliibrnia  Avhcn  the  doinijs  of  forei'j^ners  become  a 
more  important  element  than  those  of  natives  or  jNIexi- 
cans,  though  the  territorial  ownership  of  the  latter 
was  not  3'et  disputed.  Indeed,  matters  pertaining 
du'ectly  or  indirectly  to  +he  subject  of  foreign  rela- 
tions i  *  ,vo  thirds  of  the  space  in  this  volume,  which 
l)rings  the  country's  history  in  all  its  phases  down  to 
1845.  Though  the  preceding  volume  brought  politi- 
cal annals  down  to  1840,  the  chnmological  limits 
assigned  to  this  volume  are  183G-45,  since  several 
chapters  are  devoted  to  developments  of  earher  date 
than  1840,  one  on  the  Russian  establishment  reaching 
back  to  1831.    This  overlapping,  as  already  explained, 

Vol.  IV.    1 


2  ALVARADO'S  IIULK-TIIH  (;RAIIA:M  AFFAIR. 

is  iin.av(>i(lal)l(?,  oxcojit  l)y  the  sacrifice  of  syninic^trieal 
8ul)j(,M-t-:L^i-on|)ini]^;  and  in  this  instance  it  will  jirove 
obviously  a  convenience  to  the  reader  by  throwing  to- 
gether a  large  amount  of  matter  pertaining  to  foreign 
aft'iiirs,  and  preliminary  to  a  narrative  of  the  so-called 
conquest  of  184G-8,  to  be  given  in  another  volume. 
The  Pioneer  Kegister  is  continued  in  this  volume,  to 
bo  completed  in  the  next. 


Th( 


and 


arrest  and  exile  of  Isaac  Graham  and  his  com- 
panions in  1840  belong  properly  to  the  subject  of 
foreign  relations,  to  be  treated  separately  for  this  as 
for  preceding  |)eriods;  but  as  the  narrative  is  nuich 
too  long  to  be  included  in  the  chapter  on  that  general 
subject  for  183(5-40,  and  as  the  topic  is  one  of  the 
most  prominent  in  the  annals  of  the  year,  I  [)refer  to 
present  it  here  in  a  separate  chapter,  the  last  of  seven 
devoted  to  the  ])olitical  history  of  the  hall-decade, 
before  proceeding  to  consider  general  institutionary 
matters  of  the  same  period. 

The  Graham  affair  is  one  which  presents  unusual 
difficulties  to  the  historian.  It  is  now,  and  probably 
will  ever  be,  impossible  to  give  a  version  that  can  l>o 
regarded  as  accurate  in  eveiy  particular.  ]Mucli  I'alse 
testimony  is  before  me  on  both  sides  respecting  cer- 
tain phases  of  the  matter;  while  on  other  phases  the 
record,  if  accurate,  is  unsatisfactory.  The  veision 
l.icst  known  to  the  world  is  the  partisan  one  published 
by  Farnham,  Wilkes,  Hastings,  and  others  who  have 
followed  those  wa^iters — a  version  otossIv  exa<j;'gcri.ted, 
to  say  the  least,  against  the  Californians  and  in  behalf 
of  the  American  settlers.  A  statement  much  more 
moderate  and  just  in  tone,  if  somewhat  less  detailed 
in  matter,  is  that  of  Alfred  Ilobinson,  ^'produced  in 
substance  by  Tuthill.  The  narrative  of  l^ullot  do 
Mofras  is  favorable  to  the  Californians,  and  has  been 
followed  by  Gleeson  and  one  or  two  other  writers, 
j\Iv  material  from  the  archives  and  other  oriijjinal 
sources  is  plentiful,  and  I  am  in  a  position  to  correct 


iCL- 


VIEWS  OF  THE  SETTLERS. 


llisual 
a]jly 
1  bo 
I'alse 
cor- 
tho 
sioii 
<]iod 

UIVO 
.t(3(l, 

half 
iioro 
lilcd 
I  in 
do 
Doen 
:ors. 
iiial 
root 


many  erroneous  statements  made  by  otliers,  and  to 
tln-oNV  now  light  on  the  subject  generally,  oven  if  I 
cannot  clear  away  all  uncertainty  respecting  it. 

The  number  of  foreign  residents  was  considerably 
increased  in  these  years,  and  many  of  the  new-comers 
were  men  of  a  turbulent  and  undesirable  class,  being 
for  the  1  H)st  part  deserters  from  vessels  on  the  coast. 
During  the  troubles  of  183G-8,  the  government  had 
b(>en  unable  to  enforce  the  restrictions  required  by  tlie 
laws;  indeed.  Governor  Alvarado  could  not  consist- 
ently oppress  a  class  of  men  who  had  don(-  so  much 
to  |)ut  him  in  power,  even  if  he  could  afford  to  make 
enemies  of  any  in  those  troublous  times.  Many  wlio 
exercised  a  sort  of  leaderslii[)  over  the  foreigners  W(MC 
not  satisfied  with  tlie  results  of  the  revolution,  or  with 
their  failure  to  make  of  California  another  Texas; 
while  Texan  history  served  also  on  the  other  hand  as 
a  vrarninui;  to  the  Californian  authorities.  Thi^  for- 
eigners,  lawless  and  boisterous  by  nature  and  educa- 
tion, regarding  all  Spaniards  as  of  an  inferior  and 
despicable  race,  took  advantage  of  existing  circum- 
stances to  become  not  only  independent  in  their  actions 
and  annoy ingly  familiar  in  manner,^  but  loud,  boast- 

1  'I  was  iiisxiltcd.'said  Alvarailo  to  Alfred  RoLinson,  Life  in  Cnl.,  170-S4, 
'atcviwy  turn  Ity  t!iu  ilrunkcn  followers  of  (Jraham;  iiixl  wlicu  walldii;^  in  liic 
{iiirdcn,  tlioy  would  conic  to  its  wall  and  call  to  nic  iu  terms  of  the  f^'ri 'ittst 
fauiiliarity:  "llo!  IJautista,  come  here,  I  want  to  speak  to  you;"'  liautista 
lievo,  IJantista  there,  and  liautista  everywhere.'  Anyone  familiar  witli  the 
.spirit  of  English  and  American  sojourners  in  a  forci;^'n  land,  and  uilli  ilieir 
opinions  of  all  that  is  Spanish  since  the  ilays  of  Sir  Francis  ])rak(',  may  easily 
iuKigine  the  airs  put  on  by  these  fellows.  Earn!. am.  Life,  hi  ('«/.,  (ii!,  elc, 
A\rii;cs  as  follows:  'Alvarado  became  suspicious!  (if  the  forciL'uers  wlio  had 
aided  him  in  the  revolution,  and  sought  every  means  of  aiuioyiug  them.  Tliey 
miuht  depose  him  as  they  had  done  l-^chcandia.  And  if  vengeance  wci-e  always 
a  certain  consecjuent  of  injustice,  he  reasoned  well.  The  vagaboml  li.id  ]irom- 
ised,  in  ilie  day  of  his  need,  to  l)ostow  lands  on  tiiose  who  had  saved  his  necic 
auil  raised  him  to  power.  This  he  found  it  convenient  to  foi-gct.  bike 
Sjianiards  of  all  ages  and  countries,  after  having  bei  n  well  served  by  \\\a 
fricnih,  he  rewarded  them  with  the  most  heartless  ingratitude.'  "Anotlier 
cause  of  the  general  feeling  against  the  Americans  and  Jjritons  in  t'.iiii'oriiifi 
was  the  fact  that  tin;  .sefioritas,  the  dear  hiilics,  in  the  jilcnitude  of  their  ta.sto 
and  sympathy  for  f(jreigners.  preferred  them  as  husbands.  Ileucc'  Jos.'-  Ca.'jtr(> 
was  heard  to  dechnv  a  little  befoi'e  the  arrest-,  that  such  indignities  con!d  not 
be  b  jrno  by  Castilian  blood;  "  for  a  Calilbrnian  cavaliero  cannot  woo  a  seilo- 
ritii  if  opposed  in  his  suit  by  an  Anicrieau  sailor,  anil  these  herclies  iii\ist  bo 
chared  from  the  land."  Such  were  the  causes  f)pcrating  to  arouse  the  wr.-itli 
and  ripen  the  patriotism  of  the  Californians.     The  vengeance  of  ballled  j^al- 


m 


ALVARADO'S  RULE-TIIE  GRAHAM  AFFAIR. 


'19*. 


f'ul,  and  even  tlireatcnin<]f  in  their  talk.  These  circuni- 
stiinces  wei'e  non-interference  in  tlio  matter  of  pass- 
])()i'ts,  the  aid  some  of  them  had  rendered  to  Alvarado, 
their  increasing  number  and  that  of  their  natural 
allies  the  trappers  of  the  interior,  the  well  known  dis- 
sensions between  the  Californian  leaders,  the  danger 
of  new  revolts  in  the  south,  and  the  threatening  atti- 
tude of  the  Lnhans  in  different  parts  of  the  depart- 
ment; and  the  same  circumstances  which  made  the 
foreigners  bold  and  impudent  rendered  the  Califor- 
nians  tinud.  Alvarado  knew  that  the  southern  op|)o- 
sition  to  his  rule  was  not  extinct.  He  was  beginning 
to  rejjfard  Valleio  as  a  new  and  formidable  foe  in  the 
north ;  and  the  latter  had  constantly  insisted  that  dan- 
ger, exaggerated  perhaps  in  the  interest  of  his  military 
schemes,  was  impending  from  foreign  encroachments. 
The  governor  and  others  knew  that  the  presence  of 
tliesc  lawless,  uncontrollable  strangers  was  not  desira- 
ble. It  was  feared,  and  with  much  reason,  that  they 
would  either  seize  upon  a  favorable  opj)ortunity  to  take 
j)osscssion  of  the  country  with  aid  from  outside,  or 
that  they  mii^ht  at  least  enable  some  one  of  the  hostile 
factions  to  overthrow  the  administration  and  plunge 
the  country  again  into  civil  strife.  The  fear  was  real 
and  wide-spread;  but  under  such  circumstances  it  is  not 
unlikely  that  undue  importance  was  attached  to  par- 
ticular rumors,  nor  impossible  that  in  certain  quarters 
pi'efexts  were  even  sought  for  ending  the  suspense  by 
bringing  the  matter  to  an  early  issue. 

lanti'y  l)it  at  the  car  of  Capt.  Josu  Castro;  tlio  fear  of  being  brouglit  to  justice 
by  Giahaiu  tugged  at  the  liver  of  .VIvarado;  and  love,  the  keenest,  anel  hate, 
the  liittercst,  in  a  soul  the  smallest  that  wad  ever  cnti^.led  to  the  breath  of 
life,  burni-lie  1  the  little  black  eyes  and  inllanied  tlie  little  thin  nose  of  one 
Cov]ioral  I'iuto.  These  were  the  worthies  who  projected  the  onslaught  on  the 
forcign<  rs.  1'lieir  i)lan  of  operations  was  the  s-lirewdest  one  ever  concocted 
in  California.'  1  give  more  space  to  Fariiham's  ravings  than  they  would 
otlierwiiiC  deserve,  because  he  was  in  Cal.  at  the  time,  and  had  better  oppor- 
tunities to  learn  the  tiaith  respecting  the  (jraham  all'air  than  about  other 
niatters  whieli  he  attempts  to  treat.  Ilis  views  arc  echoed  by  Wilkes,  Xar- 
rotivc,  v.  ISO,  etc.,  by  Hastings,  Emiijrant  Oiiide,  118,  etc.,  and  by  some 
others.  There  is,  however,  nothing  to  show  any  oppression  or  treachery  in 
the  treatment,  or  any  general  spiiitof  hatred  or  jealou.sy  in  the  feelings  of 
Californians  toward  foreigners  in  these  years.  There  was  fear,  and  it  was 
well  founded. 


A  COXSrillACY  REVEALED. 


At  tlie  cud  of  ^NFarcli  or  early  in  April  IS-K)  Padre 
Suarez  del  Real  of  San  C;irl<».s  warneil  .Vlvai'ado  in  a 
letter  of  an  intended  uprisinuf  of  American  residents, 
suhsequently  statinj^^  that  the  plot  was  revealed  at  the 
confessional  by  a  foreiijncr  su])])()sed  to  be  at  ihe 
])oint  of  death,  and  claiming  Ibr  that  reason  exemption 
iVoni  bein"'  obliu'ed  to  make  ale<jfal  declaration  on  the 
subject.-  On  April  4th  tJio  subject  came  u[)  before 
the  junta.  Gonzalez  I'cmarked  that  expressions  used 
Ijy  certain  foreigners  in  ])laces  of  public  resort  seemed 
to  .show  that  a  [)lot  was  to  be  feared;  whereu[)on  tlie 
governor  stated  that  he  had  knowledge  of  such  a  plot, 
and  that  while  his  information  was  of  sucli  a  nature 
that  it  could  not  be  made  [)ublic,  the  conspirat(jrs  were 
under  surveillance,  and  their  pLuis  would  not  be  per- 
mitted to  succeed.'^  Scxjn  William  II.  Garner  con- 
iii'ined  the  existence  of  revolutionary  schemes,  in 
v.hich  he  himself  had  been  involved  apj)arently,  and 
denounced  Isaac  Graham  as  chief  of  the  conspirators. 
It  is  not  clear  whether  Garner  gave  his  testimony 
voluntarily  to  favor  Alvarado  and  Castro,  to  prevent 
an  outbreak,  or  to  gratify  some  personal  dislike,  or 
was  induced  to  confess  by  stratagem  or  threats  on  the 
l)art  of  Castro.  There  are  indications  that  he  was 
entrapped  by  a  trick  into  making  a  partial  revelation, 
and  that  he  made  an  effort  to  warn  the  foreiixners. 
There  is  little  or  no  foundation  for  the  extrava^^ant 
charges  made  agamst  him  by  the  latter  in  their  anger.* 


^Tlic  padre's  letter  was  sent  by  Alvarndo  to  the  min.  of  tlie  int.,  with  a 
coniiiuiuicaLiou  of  April '2JJ.  1)<  jit.  Itvc,  ^IS.,  xi.  iJT.  According  to  Serrano, 
A/"iti'c<,  -MS.,  (JIJ-4;  Tone,  I'cmiii.,  MS.,  87-!';  an<l  Meadows,  drdfi  hi 
AjJ'iir,  MS.,  !)-ll2,  tlic  dying  niau  was  geucially  licliovcd  to  l)o  one  'J'onias  - 
!);■  ibably  T(jinlin:;on,  called  '  Tom  the  \apper,' according  to  Meadows— wiioso 
v.'ii'e  waa  JesUiS  Ucrual.  }ilrs  Oi'd,  Vciirrcackin,  MS.,  I'j:!— t,  and  others  men- 
tion the  confession  without  giving  luunea.  In  Jfixiro,  Mcju.  ilc  O'lici-rn,  ISH, 
p.  l^'^,  it  is  said  that  the  plot  of  a  /tun  ni)  dc  u'lri'iirit!z<is  to  i-aise  the  standard 
of  revolt  '  contra  la  intcgridad  del  tci'ritorio  iiacional '  v.as  discovered  Ijy  a 
luipjiy  accident,  the  conspirators  being  brought  to  trial  tliat  they  might  '  s'uf- 
fir  the  imni.-^liment  merited  by  their  fooli.sh  temerity.'  MrsOnl  states  tliat 
she  heard  of  the  jilot  from  lier  husband  Jimeno  Ijefore  the  arrcst.s  were  made. 

''April  4th,  session  of  the  junta.    /.'",'/.  AVr. ,  M.S.,  iii.  (it."). 

*  In  all  the  contemporary  documents  (iarner'a  confession  is  alluded  to  as 
the  chief  support  of  the  cliarges,  but  no  ex]ilanation  is  given  of  the  manner  in 
which  the  confession  was  obtained;  nor  i.s  the  testimony  c.\Uint  except  in  ita 


6  ALVARADO'S  RULK-TllE  GRAHAM  AFFAIR. 

"NVliilo  the  alloijfed  coiisplnuy  rested  mfiiiily  on  tlic 
stiiteiiu'iits  of  Padre  Ileal  and  Garnei*,  hoth  [iroljahly 
sonit'wliat  i^eneral  in  their  nature,  there  were  other 
rumors  and  tlieories  afloat,  some  of  whieh  have  sur- 
vived. The  best  known  is  that  which  re])resents  the 
ti'ouhle  as  haviuL?  originated  fi'oni  a  horse-race.  Gra- 
ham had  a  fine  horse,  with  which  he  was  wont  to  win 
the  Calil'ornians'  money;  and  not  only  did  tliis  excite 

general  purport.  Kstc'van  du  la  Torre,  Itcni'in.,  MS.,  87-9.  tells  ivs  tliat  Cas- 
tro, with  the  aid  of  l'"eiip;!  JSutroii,  attempted  to  ciilis^t  ("rariier  in  a  selu'ine  ho 
)ireten(Ud  to  have  formed  against  Alvarado,  with  a  view  to  deelari;  California, 
independent,  (iariier  fell  into  tiie  trap,  ami  admitted  tliat  he,  with  (Jraliani 
and  others,  had  already  formed  a  similar  plan,  and  would  ^dadly  eoiiperato 
with  Castro.  This  is  eonlirnied  by  Florencio  Serrano,  Ajiitii/(  •:,  MS.,  (H-'>. 
(.)sio,  IJ/,4.  ('(iL,  MS,,  40S-'J,  thinks  (Jarner's  testimony  was  elieited  l)y 
tliicats  of  shooting  him.  Alv;irado,  Valloi'^>  and  other  Californians  in  their 
later  stateUKiUis  iinjily  tiiat  Oarner  gave  !;..,  testimony  voluntarily  to  prevent 
trouhle,  lieing  friendly  to  the  Californian  leaders,  anil  being  l>y  tliem  regarded 
an  a  reliable  man.  Farnham,  Wilkc  ,  and  Hastings,  followed  by  Robinson, 
C'ul.  dolil  J'li/ioii,  Gi-"J,  and  others,  represent  that  <Jarner  was  simply  a  tool 
paid  to  perjure  himself.  In  (Iraliam's  statement  presented  by  Farnham  iio 
says,  'JosL'  Castro,  lUeenta  t'ontrinc  (?),  Ankel  Castro,  and  a  run.away  ]5otany 
Ray  Knglish  conviet  by  the  name  of  (Jarner,  a  vile  fellow,  and  au  •■nemy  of 
mine  beeauso  the  foi'eigners  would  not  elcet  him  their  captain,  passed  and  re- 
passed my  house  several  tiint^s,  and  conversed  together  in  low  tones.  I 
.stopped  ,7ose  (,'astro  and  asked  him  what  was  the  matter.  lie  replied  that  ho 
was  going  to  march  against  Vicgo  (Vallejo)  at  S.  Francisco,  to  depose  him 
from  the  eommand.  His  two  companions  madi;  the  same  assertion.  I  knew 
that  Alvarado  was  afraid  of  Mego,  and  that  Castro  wasambitious  for  his  ]jlaee; 
and  for  these  reasons  I  jKirtly  concluded  that  they  spoke  the  truth.  Later 
in  the  day  the  vagabond  (larncr  called  at  my  house,  and  having  drunk  freely 
of  whiskey,  became  rather  boisterous,  and  said  signilicantly  that  the  time  of 
some  people  would  bo  short;  that  Jose  Castro  had  ordi'is  from  the  gov- 
ernor to  (Irivo  the  foreigners  out  of  Cal.,  or  to  dispose  of  them  in  some  other 
M'ay.  Ho  boasted  that  he  himself  should  liavc  a  pleasant  partieipation  in  tlio 
business.  I  Iiad  heard  the  same  threat  before,  but  it  resulted  in  nothing'. 
Relieving,  therefore,  that  (lai-ner's  woi'ds  jiroceeded  from  the  whiskey  he  had 
drunk  rather  than  the  truth,  1  left  him  in  the  yard  and  went  to  bed.'  It 
vi'.s  that  night  that  he  was  arrested.  Fan; ham's  Life,  70-1.  Writing  of  the 
later  trial,  Fai-nham,  Iil.,  p.  00,  say.s:  'A  liotany  Ray  conviet  by  the  name  of 
Carner  was  called  in  evidence  on  behalf  of  the  government.  His  testimony 
removed  all  lingering  doubts.  He  established  the  nn(pialifiod  guilt  of  all. 
(iraham,  in  particular,  who  had  been  preferred  over  him  as  commander  of  tho 
foreign  rillemen  in  Alvarado's  revolution,  and  whom  lie  had  previously  at- 
tempted to  kill,  he  declared  to  have  formed  a  scheme  of  ambition,  which,  had 
it  not  been  discovered,  would  have  dug  the  grave  of  every  .Spaniard  in  Cali- 
fornia! This  man's  testimony  was  written  out  and  signed  by  his  murderous 
hand.  It  may  be  in  time  a  blister  on  his  perjured  soul.'  It  is  certain  that 
Oarner  gave  no  such  formal  testimony  at  the  trial,  and  that  Farnham's  state- 
ment is  a  falsehood.  Crahani's  account  of  Garner's  coming  to  his  house  ami 
talking  as  he  did,  since  he  was  by  no  means  a  fool,  would  indicate  a  desii'e  on 
his  part  to  give  a  warning;  and  Meadows  states  that  Garner  did  visit  (Jraham, 
acting  mysteriously,  declaring  that  he  could  not  tell  the  reason  of  his  vi'it 
and  actions,  but  at  last  saying,  'If  you  hear  of  my  fulling  from  my  horse  be- 
tween here  and  8.  Juau,  look  out  for  yourselves.' 


I 


CHAllACTEU  OF  ISAAC  GUAIIAM. 


lat  Cna- 

U'llU'  lio 

ilifdi'iiia 
lii'tiliiini 
liipcnito 
I.,  (11-5, 
itftl  ))y 
in  tlioir 

pi'UVC'Ut 

)liili.soli, 
y  a  tool 
liuiii  Iio 
JJotimy 
lu'uiy  uf 
and  re- 
lics. I 
tliat  lio 
)S('  liiiii 

I    liUCW 

M  ]il:n'u; 
Liiter 
tVffly 
nic  oi 

U'OV- 

otlicr 
in  tlio 
tiling, 
ic  liail 
.'  It 
f  tlic 
mic  of 
niony 
>f  all. 
)!'  tho 
ly  ut- 
1.  hail 

Cali- 
lerous 
n  tliat 
statc- 
e  ami 
ire  on 
aliain, 

visit 
so  be- 


. 


■'i 


ill  fci'lino'  jiLjaiiist  liiiii,  1)iit,  as  IxDliiusoii  tv\U  us,  a 
contract  I'oi-  a  iiuw  cuiiti'st  with  a  liij^h-uiettkd  racer 
from  San  iJicgo,  a  dot^uni.'nt  signed  by  (Jraliain  ami 
anotliur  Aineri(!an,  was  "coiistruod  into  a  plan  lor 
overturning'  the  ^^ovei'innent.""  Anothei"  inoti\e  as- 
cribed to  Alvaraihj  i'.i  his  course  against  the  tbi-ein'ners 
uas  a  desin."  to  iid  hiniselt'  of  (jrahani's  I'amiharities, 
interference,  and  importunities  ahvady  alhided  to, 
thougli  by  those  who  take  this  view  the  imjjortunitie.s 
arc  classiiied  as  'demands  lor  justice.'  Sure  it  is 
that  (jrraham,  wliethei*  a  conspirator  or  not  and  not- 
v.ithstanding  the  eulogies  that  have  been  heaped  U[)on 
liini,  was  a  rough  ami  disagreeable  I'clhnv,  on  getting 
rid  ol'  whom  California  or  any  other  community  inight 
well  congratulate  itself,  lie  was  a  leading  s[>irit 
among  a  crowtl  of  turbulent  and  reckless  men,  himself 
as  wild  and  iin[)rincij>led  as  the  worst,  with  no  good 
qualities  save  personal  bravery  and  ])erliaps  a  measure 
of  the  trappers'  prodigid  generosity." 

'  'As  ridiculirtui  as  tjiis  may  appear  to  tlie  reader,  ncvcrtlielcsa  it  is  a  fact 
towliieli  I  tan  testify  from  iiiforiiiation  I  rceeiveilon  the  spot  shortly  after  its 
occuneiice.'  J,'(il/iiiKiiii'i<  JJfc  in  (''.,  If^O.  Fariiliani  says  '('rahaiiis  animal 
clialleiiue  for  the  spring  laces  in  JS4()  was  easily  ituiislriied  into  a  disynised 
attempt  to  feather  Ilia  friends  for  the  pnrposo  of  overthrowing  Alvarado'n 
goveninient. '  Life  la  CuL,  07-^>. 

'■'J'hi.i,  however,  is  tlie  way  Faniham  puts  it:  'A  hold,  open  handed  man, 
iu'vt  1  eoneealing  for  an  instant  cither  his  love  or  hatred,  hut  with  the  frank- 
ness and  generosity  of  those  great  souls,  rough-hewn  hut  niaji'stieally  honest, 
ulio  lieloiig  to  tlie  valley  states,  he  told  the  governor  his  sins  from  time  to 
time,  and  dciiiaiid('d  in  the  authoritative  tone  of  an  eMer  and  all'eetionato 
liiother,  that  he  should  redeem  his  pledges.  The  good  old  man  did  not 
reiiieinber  that  a  .Spaniard  woilld  liave  lost  his  nationality  had  he  done  so.  A 
Spauianl  tell  the  truthl  A  Spaniard  cvir  grateful  for  services  leiiderctl  him! 
lie  siiould  have  knocked  at  the  tombs  (jf  ('olumlnis  and  ('orti's,  and  every 
other  man  who  ever  served  that  contcmptihio  race,  lie  aski'd  for  justice, 
tiiid  reeoivcd — what  we  shall  presently  see.'  To  show  (jlrahanrs  opinion  of  a 
Spaniard,  Wood,  WundcrtiKj  Shrtchc.'i,  "JiJS-SO,  asked  him  in  1.S14  if  lie  was 
going  to  a  party  given  by  ( !ov.  Mieheltoreiia.  '  What,  1!  no,  indeed !  a  corral 
is  iKjt  big  enough  to  hold  me  and  one  of  them.'  Weeks,  1!<  iii'iii.,  M>1.,  lUIl  7, 
says  (iraham  was  the  worst  of  the  foreigners,  and  the  cause  of  all  tlie  troubles 
by  his  boastful,  quarrelsome  spirit.  'Ho  tliought  he  could  play  hell  and 
turn  u^)  jack.'  Came  to  California  with  the  re[)utatioii  of  bully  and  assa.ssin. 
A/riini'/o,  nut.  C(il.,  ilS.,  iii,  KiO,  .\n  .Vmerican,  later  a  pnjminent  citixeu 
of  California,  saj's  of  (Iraham  in  Xew  Mexico,  that  he  'was  noted  for  being  a 
buiniiK'r,  a  blowdiard,  and  .a  notorious  liar,  without  an  atom  of  honesty  in 
his  composition.'  He  had  to  leave  Tennessee  for  crimes  committed  there. 
ilralMiii  and  Siithr,  MS,,  1-2.  I  have  before  mo  an  undated  dncument  (of 
1845  or  1S4C)  signed  by  '20  citizens,  only  one  of  Spanish  blood,  denouncing 


ALVAMADO'S  llULK-TIIE  lillAIFAM  AI'FAIR. 


Tlioro  nru  two  other  tlioorios  rcs|)C'ct'm!^  tlu;  oiltfiii 
of  tlKMiiovcincnt  tli.'it  merit  [)assiii;^  ii(»tii'o.  Oik;  is 
that  favored  by  Dr  Marsli,  one  of  the  foreigners  ar- 
I'estetl,  niiinely,  that  Castro,  desiring  Vidlejo's  phice, 
helievod  tliat  in  the  existing  state  of  feeling  on  the 
Texan  i-everses,  to  oxilo  the  foreigners  would  he  the 
surest  way  to  gain  favor  in  Mexico  and  therehy  gain 
his  point.  Alvarado  was  easily  nersuaded  to  I'avor 
the  scheme/  The  other  theory  is  that  the  leading 
members  of  the  foreign  colony,  including  Spcnce,  Lar- 
kin,  and  otheis  who  had  been  long  in  the  country, 
were  among  the  chief  pronK)ters  of  the  movement. 
It  is  ch.'irgcd  by  Morris  and  others  that  th(>se  men 
acted  with  a  view  to  get  rid  of  (jiraham  and  others  as 
business  I'ivals,  to  gratify  certain  personal  i)rejudices, 
and  to  discourage  further  increase  in  the  foreign  l)0[)- 
iilation.  I  impute  no  such  motives  to  those  men,  but 
suppose  rather  tiiat  they  ai)proved  Alvarado's  policy 
more  or  less  I'ully  as  best  for  the  ccmntry.  There  are 
indications  that  Spcnce  favored  the  movement,  that 
Larkin  made  but  slight  effort  at  least  to  prevent  it, 
and  that  it  was  not  opposed  to  any  considerable  ex- 
tent by  the  better  class  of  foreigners.** 

Graham  as  a  breaker  of  the  peace,  corrupter  of  morals,  quarrelsome,  rovolu- 
lioniiry,  duellist,  assassin,  and  ailiilterer.  Dor.  Illit.  Cnl.,  MS.,  iii.  'J7(i. 

''  Mrir.'.'i'.^  Lcll(r  to  Cnm.  Joiicii,  M.S.,  p.  lO-l.'i.  There  ai'e  ffcveral  vague 
nllusions  Ijy  diU'crcnt  wituesso.i  to  a  conuccliou  lietwecn  thi.s  ali'air  and  t!io 
(juarrcl  with  ViilK'JD.  Tlio  latter  says,  however,  ///.-•/.  C(d.,  MS.,  iv.  l'_'7-H, 
tliat  altliou'rli  some  jjeople  tried  to  uiuko  out  that  the  ali'.urwas  designed  a.i  a 
lilow  n.L'ainst  him,  be  never  attached  much  importance  to  that  versi  in.  \';'.- 
Ucjo  claims  that,  h:i  viur;  been  absent  on  an  Indian  campaign,  he  did  not  know 
nrich  about  the  ail'aii-  until  it  was  all  over;  but  wc  shall  see  that  he  knew 
ni'ii'c  of  it  than  h'  is  disposed  to  admit. 

**  In  IS17  L:nkin  was  severely  criticised  by  foes  in  easu  rii  papers  for  hi.? 
ooiiduct  throu'jhont  this  ali'iir,  f  id  lie  obtained  from  Ex-gov.  Alvarado  a  for- 
mal statement  that  lie  (Larkin)  id  not  known  of  the  arrest  in  advance,  that 
he  tried  as  a  private  iiidividua'  nsueeessfully  to  learn  Alvarado's  motives, 
and  tliat  ho  did  much  to  aid  tlu  -Lsoners  lioth  before  and  after  their  exile. 
Liirkiii'.-i  Dor.,  MS.,  v.  D'J-.'}.  A  this  is  true  enough.  Larkiu's  conduct  in 
the  affair  was  prudent  and  praise  irthy;  yet  he  could  not  be  persuaded  to 
ado])t  the  extreme  partisan  view,  id  I  have  no  doubt  fully  approved  Alva- 
rado's action  at  tlie  time,  so  far  a.s  lost  of  the  exiles  were  concerned.  Mor- 
r'(ii'  Dinri/  of  a  Crrr.;/  Man,  or  an  .  count  of  the  Grulinm  Affair  of  IS/fi,  MS. 
Albeit  V.  Morris  was  an  Englishn'  i,  and  one  of  the  prisoner.s  scut  toS.  Elaa, 
of  whom  I  shall  have  more  to  sav  later.  His  MS.  diary,  or  .autobiography, 
was  in  my  possession  for  a  time  about  1870 — I  have  lost  the  memorandum 


''**. 


WAS  TIlKRi:  ANY  PLOT?  0 

Whether  Gralunu  and  liis  companions  were  really 
eiiL^a'^ed  in  any  deliniti'  plots  of  nvolt  in  IH40  must 
remain  a  matter  of  doubt  Kvidenee  of  sueh  [ilol.s 
at  the  time  in  a  lej^al  sense  was  wt.'ak;  and  now  t'le 
evidence  before  us — thou^di  soniewhat  resL'm))lin,^ 
that  in  favor  of  him  who  hud  ten  witnesses  that  had 
not  secsn  him  steal  a  sheep  against  «)ne  who  did  see 
the  act — is  on  its  face  stron;^-  a;4ainst  the  existence  of 
any  such  plots.  The  accused  jn'otested  to  a  man 
their  innocence,  and  naturally  did  not  recant  in  later 
years  when  set.-kinjjf  dama^'es.  Other  forein'uei's,  and 
most  Callfornians,  state  that  tliey  knew  nothinj^  of 
any  conspiracy;  and  writers,  •  '.uost  without  cM'cp- 
tion,  have    declared    the    charges   unfounded.''     Had 


111,'UO 

I-J7-S, 

a.!  ii 

cnoAV 
KlR'W 


ict  in 
ctl  to 
Alva- 
Mor- 
MS, 
Lias, 

p'ly. 

idum 


pliowini;  uiiili'i'  wliat  circiinistniioos — nnd  this  ig  a  n'siiiiK^,  with  many  literal 
(liiulutioiis  iiiailo  hy  W.iltt'f  M.  Fislicr  at  that  time  in  A'l  cliiscly  wiittiii 
jia^cs.  It  is  a  nanativo  of  great  ori,'inality,  ii)tL'ic'-,t,  ami  iuiiioitanec.  'I'lio 
atit'ior  n(U>|its  tlie  Hulniijiut  of  'crazy  man'  from  the  fact  tliat  lie  was  aeetist  il 
of  insanity  hy  souulioiiy  not  named,  against  whom  he  is  veiy  hitter.  Jlo 
S'  ems  to  jiave  licen  an  I'ceeiitric  cliaraeter,  l)Ut  a  man  of  eonsiderahlo  ahility. 
lie  is  severe  ai^'ainst  the  oliler  forei;;n  resi.'ents,  whom  ho  denounces  as  tiaitors 
and  apostates,  more  S]iani>h  than  the  Spaniards,  L'aml)linj^  and  'fandangoing' 
wiih  the  Califoniiaiis  t )  gain  tlieir  favor,  and  ijhHting  for  the  ('X]iulsion  of 
later  coni'  rs,  whose  i.Jhienco  witli  the  natives  tlley  feared.  He  avoids  i.'i\iiii^ 
names,  hut  points  el  'ariy  at  Larkin  among  others,  Ilartnell  was  anotlier 
o])jeet  of  his  wratii.  a.i  I  apparently  one  of  tlie  two  who  had  testified  in  eoiirfc 
to  his  insaniiy.  He  claims  to  have  hail  proofs  that  the  arrest  of  himself  ami 
companions  was  oriie -cd  hy  Aharado  at  tho  persuasion  of  these  foreigners, 
]fe  Ktatcs  that  otlier  lorcigncrs  nided  per.sonally  in  tlie  arrests,  and  tliat  still 
otliers  had  themselves  arrested  as  a  mere  form  to  avoid  thepossiljlu  vengeance  of 
the  victims.  Jolin  Chamherlain,  Manolr.i,  M.S. ,  ,")-14,  also  says  Larkin,  Spi'uce, 
and  ( larnerwcrc  in  the  jdutwitli  Alvarado  and  Castro.  Wiggins,  I'ctniiiU. ,  .M.S., 
G-(i,  alludcstoaeli(pie  of  traders  i:i  Monterey  who  were  jealous  of  (irahamand 
others,  andwislied  to  drive  them  from  tiie  country.  Anolicoin  tlie  .Mexican  iia- 
jicvs,  dated  .Tune  "JO,  1840,  and  which  I  find  in  A' (Yet' /iV;/.,  Iviii.  .'$71 ,  has  tiielol- 
lowing;  'According  to  letters  which  we  have  het(jre  ns  from  Kstevan  Mnnras 
and  l,)avid  Iv  Spcnee,  the  former  a  Spaniard  and  tho  latter  a  Scotchman,  liotli 
i'e'-]uctalilc  and  faithful  .sulijects residing  near  the  port  of  Monterey,  we  learn 
t!i'.;t  tlie  Yankees,  after  hohllng  several  mcetingsat  Xatividad,  where  is  a  clis- 
tiilii'y,  dcteriuined  to  take  possession  of  that  heautiful  and  fertile  country 
Av'.ucli  tho  Xew  Orleans  promoters  of  the  Texan  insurrection  have  .'iistly  .--tvled 
the  paradise  of  .America.'  On  Jan.  Hi,  IS-ll,  F.  1).  Atherton  writi's  from 
A'alparaiso  to  Larkin:  'IIow  much  was  Alvarado  inlhienced  by  S[ieiice  in  the 
atlair?  A  good  deal,  I  am  nfrai.l.'  Larh'in's  Doc,  MS.,  i.  IIS.  In  later  year.^ 
Larkin  pronounced  the  afl'air  an  outrage;  hut  at  tlio  time  he  made  no  ])rotests. 
'■•Of  the  men  who  were  sent  away  we  li.-.ve  definite  narratives  from  only 
(indiam  (ill  Farnham's  work),  Morris,  ami  .Meadows.  Of  tliose  arrested  Imfc 
)i<it  scut  away  there  are  formal  statements  from  .John  ]\Iars]i,  John  Chamljcr- 
lain,  James  Weeks,  Job  Dye,  Charles  ]>rown,  Henry  Lee,  and  an  anonymous 
writer  ill  the  .b'/a  (';•(/:;  Se.itiiwt  of  Feb. -April  IS(!!».  'Iheio  is  also  (piit(;  .'i 
mass  of  indirect  testimony  from  these  men  through  ditlcrcut  sources.     Xouo 


10 


ALVARALO'S  RULE— THE  GRAHAM  AFFAIR. 


there  been  a  veritable  project  of  revolt  formed  and 
discussed  by  hair  a  dozen  men,  as  charged  by  Garner, 
I  see  no  reason  to  suppose  that  the  evidence  would 
present  any  other  than  its  present  aspect;  yet  I  ex- 
press no  opinion  on  this  particular  point.  In  a  gen- 
eral way,  I  do  not  deem  it  likely  that  the  successful 
revolt  at  Sonoma  in  1846  was  the  first  one  plotted 
in  California  by  foreigners;  and  I  have  no  doubt 
tliat  Graham  and  the  crowd  that  frequented  his  dis- 
tillery only  awaited  an  opportunty  to  control  the 
country.  At  any  rate,  they  formed  a  turbulent  and 
undesirable  element  of  the  pojndition,  and  they  were 
feared  with  reason  by  the  Californians.  Alvarado 
believed  they  were  plotting  mischief,  and  determined 
to  Q'ct  rid  of  them.     And  now,  after  saviuLT  «o  much 


admit  any  kuowlutlge  of  n,  conspiracy.  Wm  II.  Davis,  Gllinpscs,  MS.,  ,1'2-S, 
one  of  tiiijsc  aiTcsiL'il  at  .S.  F.,  gives  a  gooil  general  account  of  the  all'iir. 
Ho  tliinks  there  was  no  deJinitely  arrani;etl  plot,  l)ut  that  Alvarado  was  ia- 
Ihienccd  partly  by  lear.s  and  current  rumors,  and  also  hy  orders  from  Mexico 
requiring  strict  precautions.  He  erroneously  rejjrosents  the  Aniei  icans  r,a 
having  lieen  the  only  ones  arrested,  except  in  a  few  cases  hy  mistake;,  and 
falls  into  many  errors  in  details. 

Farnham  and  Alfred  Itohinson  were  in  Califoi'uia  at  the  time,  and  ex])re.s9 
the  opinion  that  there  was  no  jilot.  C'apt.  (Siliord  of  the  L'lia  wvulc  fn>in 
Vera  Cruz  to  the  .same  efl'ect  in  1S40,  getting  his  informati')n  ])rol)al)ly 
from  Farnham.  A7A,s'  /?('i/.,  Iviii.  .'571.  Several  versions  went  by  tlic  JJoii 
Qiiixoli  to  the  Hawaiian  Island.s,  and  were  published  in  tlie  llotmhiln  l'(!i)- 
9/f^.io/«  of  June  'JO,  1S40.  One  says:  '  (loverinnent  had  been  informed  t'.i.it 
about  "20  foreigners  had  the  intention  of  taking  the  country,  and  by  (pu.-- 
tioning  some  who  were  known  to  have  been  at  vaiiancc  willi  some  others  for 
a  considcraljle  tinu',  trying  to  force  tlicm  out  of  the  country,  tliey  succeeded 
in  proving  the  facts  songlit  after  in  a  manner  sati.'^factory  to  themselvrs,  and 
to  the  astonishment  of  llio  pe(^ple,  botli  foreigners  and  natives.'  Another  has 
it  that  '  darner  took  a<lvantage  of  a  moment  when  (Iraham  was  iuceused  ;.t 
the  conduct  of  ^\lvarado,  to  ccnsunnnate  his  revenge  by  working  upon  the 
injured  feelings  of  tJrahani  until  he  wrung  from  him  siillicient  to  cause  lii-s 
suliscipunt  danger  and  imprisonment.'  An<l  linally  the  editor  says:  '  ^\'o 
learn  verbally  tluit  many  of  tli(;  men  impriionetl  were  of  a  bad  character  and 
c.xti'cmely  <ibnoxious  to  the  native  inhabitants,  and  tliat  this  violence  was 
committed  to  get  them  out  of  the  eoinitrj.'  Mofias,  Explur.,  i.  SOt-O,  be- 
lieves that  there  was  a  jilan  to  declare  C'al.  inde]iendent  in  the  interest  of  the 
U.  S.  Ho  is  followed  by  (ileeson,  lllst.  Cuth.  C/iinr/i,  ii.  l.")0.  Of  t'ae  Cali- 
fornians, Osio,  Alvarado,  Jli<l.  Ca/.,  MS,,  v,  'J-l.'?;  (.'astro,  /^(lii<-'iii,i,  },IS., 
5.'J  7,  74-7,  and  Pinto,  Ajunit.,  MS,,  ,')!-•_',  01,  are  sure  that  then;  was  a  con- 
spii'acy,  I'into  allirming  tluit  it  was  confessed  to  him  and  his  rel.itives  in 
later  years  by  several  dillerent  jiersons.  Vallejo,  //ixt.  ('(t'.,  MS,,  iv.  I'JJ- 
4'-',  i:.!  doubtful  ."ibout  tlie  plot,  thougli  at  the  time  he  had  no  .sucli  <loul(ts. 
Tio  Pico,  III. it.  ('id.,  ]\1S.,  S7,  Juan  liandini,  llht.  Oil.,  MS,,  'JO,  C'orouel, 
Cosa.'i  do  ('a/.,  M^,,  .'111,  and  tialindo, -ly/(///^.^',  ^IS,,  44-.">,  do  not  believe 
that  the  danger  existed  beyoiul  the  imagination  of  Alvarado  and  Castro. 


ARREST  OF  FOREIGNERS. 


U 


filiout  Aviiv  it  was  done,  it  is  time  to   tell  what  was 
(lone,  and  when  and  how. 


^\ln•CS3 
U-fUU 

ili;il)ly 
Doii 

il   tliiit 

llUCS- 

icirf  for 

S,  Jlllil 

Irt  lias 
fed  ;-.t 
1)11  the 
ISC  his 
Wo 
LT  ;iinl 
WilS 

(I,  b'j- 
(>f  tlio 

(  ali- 

MS., 

Clin- 

vos  ill 

]•-'_'- 
illhts. 
rotic'l, 

■liuvo 


It  was  on  the  4th  of  April  that  the  danger  was  dis- 
cussed iu  a  mectin<jr  of  the  junta. ^'^  Next  day  the  gov- 
eriior  apprised  Vallejo  that  a  j)lot  had  been  formed  by 
the  foreigners,  largely  reenforced  of  late  by  deserters 
from  vessels  on  the  coast,  to  conunit  murders,  robberies, 
and  other  horrible  crimes.  The  leaders  were  not  yet 
known,  ])ut  prompt  action  being  necessary,  he  had,  after 
consulting  the  junta,  directed  Castro  to  raise  a  force 
and  arrest  all  foreigners  from  ^lonterey  to  San  Fran- 
cisco who  had  entered  the  country  unlawfully,  except 
such  as  were  married  to  native  women,  or  had  some 
well  known  and  honorable  occupation.  Similar  arrests 
were  to  be  made  in  the  south.  Civil  authorities  had 
been  ordered  and  military  requested  to  aid  in  carry- 
ing out  this  measure  of  self-protection.  Castro  had 
been  directed  to  act  in  concert  with  Vallejo,  who  was 
requt\sted  to  cooj)erate  in  making  the  arrests;  to  char- 
ter a  vessel  at  San  Francisco,  on  which  the  prisoners 
might  be  shipped  away  to  be  put  at  tlie  disposal  of  the 
o'cneral  o-overnment;  to  furnish  a  militarv  cfuard  for 
the  voyage;  and  to  come  in  person  to  the  ea[)ital,  if 
])()ssiblc."  A  copy  of  tliis  communication  was  sent  on 
the  7th  to  various  oOicials  north  and  south,  with  a 
postsci-ipt  stating  that  new  information  had  been  ob- 
tained before  tlie  conspirators  had  been  able  to  unit(% 
and  that  two  potties  of  them  had  been  attacl^cd  by 
Castro,  who  with  the  loss  of  a  single  man  liad  ('a[)tuivd 
those  under  the  chief  conspirator,  Isaac  Graham,  ca- 

^^ Lrr/.  Rcc,  MS.,  iii.  Ci-.").  The  nature  of  the  discussion  hasah-cady  lieeu 
given. 

"A|iril,"),  1S40,  A.  toV.,  in  Va!hj<K  Dm:,  MS.,  xiv.  .V_';  Ihj.t.  ,S''.  1',,/,., 
MS.,  viii.  i;i!)-40.  AguiiTe's  vessel  w.is  sug,'ested;  stores  were  to  he  ohtaiued 
from  tlie  missions;  an<l  (.'astro  would  toll  many  thiiiu's  that  eould  not  bo  \n\t 
(111  jiaper.  April  0th,  Casln)  to  ( '(jvarruhias,  diri'etiiig  him  to  j;.)  to  S.  .JoseS 
and  make  nrraii^'emeuts  with  the  justice  of  the  j^'aee  tor  tlie  arrest  of  ail  for- 
eigiiei's.    Has  sent  u  similar  notice  to  Niitividad.  JJvpt.  St.  Paj'.,  .>'.  Jufr,  MS., 

V.  ;i->. 


12 


ALVARADO'S  RULE— THE  GRAHAM  AFFAIR. 


2nt((n  dc  rijleros}'^     Similar  iaforuiation  wa,s  imparted 
to  the  juiita.^^ 

Thus  GaiTier's  revelation  must  liavc  been  made  April 
5th  or  Gth,  and  the  arrest  of  Graham  and  his  compan- 
ions at  Natividad  was  made  early  in  the  morning  of 
the  7th.  By  the  11th  thirty-nine  foreigiiers  had  been 
secured/*  thouuch  the  work  was  not  vet  comtdetc.  The 
measure  was  j)lanned  and  executed  with  moi-e  sicill 
and  promptness  than  it  was  customary  to  use  in  Cali- 
fornia. iMeanwhile  Vallejo,  willing  to  forget  his  griev- 
ances for  a  time,  or  hoping  that  the  danger  so  often 
predicted  by  himself  would  bring  Alvarado  to  his 
senses,  engaged  heartily  in  the  movement,  and  did  all 
that  was  asked  of  him,  issuing  orders,  forwarding  arms, 
and  finally — after  taking  steps  to  watch  tlie  trappers 
and  other  foreiu^ncrs  on  the  Sacramento,  whom  ho 
suspected  of  complicity  in  the  |)lot — going  in  person  to 
the  capital.^'  He  also  ordered  Jose  Antonio  Aguirre 
to  put  at  tlie  disposition  of  the  government  his  bark  the 
Joceii  Guqnizcoatui,  or  Maid  of  Guipuzcoa,  then  lying 
at  anchor  at  Yerba  Ikiena,  v;hich  was  at  once  made 
ready  for  a  voyage  under  Captain  John  Snook. ^^ 


'4 


'^  April  Ttli,  gov.  to  comandiuitcs  and  prefects.  Doc.  Il'txt.  C'al.,  !M-^..  iv. 
10,  .">J-(i;  Jj</if.  /,'<(:,  MS.,  xi.  «)-10;  Oticrra,  /W.,  .MS.,  ii.  18--_'2;  tlio  last 
copy  withuuttho  postscript.  Tlie  siiiglo  inau  lost  must  always  remain  a  mys- 
tery. 

''April  0th.  Li'ij.  R<'i\,  MS.,  iii  Oi-o.  Xo  mention  is  made,  liowover,  of 
the  loss  of  a  man. 

"  \\m\  1 1  ill,  Com.  Flores  at  Monterey  to  the  com.  gen.  VtiUcjo,  Doc,  MS., 
ix.  lOS.     I'refcet  to  justice  at  Sta  Cruz.  Sin  Cruz,  Arch.,  MS.,  -JO. 

'^  April  Utli,  V.  ;it  Sonoma  to  Alv.irado,  Castro,  and  com.  at  S.  .Jose.  I'f- 
//../->,  iJo, .,  MS.,  ix.  107.  -Jtli);  xiv.  IS;  JJcp'.  Sf.  /'■'/>.,  .MS.,  v.  -J-T.  The  .sjiiiit 
of  his  conimuuieatioiisKliows  no  doubt  oft  iiercality  v.^' tlie  daii;;er,  and  iiodisap- 
]>r.)\al  ot  .\."s  pnlicy.  ]t  would  seem  that  a  jiarly  was  .?ent  under  Lazaro  Fiua 
t  >  arre^jt  certain  foreii/ners  north  of  the  bay,  but  there  is  no  other  evidcneu 
t!;a'>.  any  arrests  were  made  in  that  re.ition.  'i'liere  was  trouble  with  the  sol- 
iliera  and  Imlians  at  Sonoma  that  delayed  V.'s  departure  until  April  IGtli,  at 
least.     lie  r('ae!ie(l  .Mmiterey  bet'oro  April  'jritli. 

•'■April  Ihh,  V.  to  .Aguirre.  ]'a/l>Jo,  ])»,:,  MS.,  ix.  UO;  Depf.  St.  Pap., 
MS.,  V,  4.  April  Ujtli,  order  to  capt.  of  the  port  at  S.  I'',  to  procure  a  crew 
fur  the  bark.  She  was  intemled  to  sail  for  Acapulco.  Valhjo,  l)oc.,  MS.,  ix. 
III!.  The  sum  paid  fur  the  charter  of  the  vessel  according  to  documents  of 
later  date  was  eiilier  §1.(K)0  or  87,000,  it  is  not  clear  which.  Dcpt.  Her.,  M.S., 
xi.  Gl,  GT-S;  Jhpl.  Si.  I'tip.,  Hot.  C-w.  ami  Trcas.,  MS.,  iv.  48.  .")4.  The  ves- 
sel was  f'lrnurly  the  AV/r/'  U'illiitni.i  of  'JOvl  tons,  which  under  C.ipt.  .1.  Stevens 
arrived  at  Sta  15.  from  l>oston  Feb.  Sth  of  this  same  year.     In  March  she  waa 


4l;. 


SENT  INTO  EXILE. 


13 


•ted 


Xcitliini,''  apjioars  in  the  records  of  the  time — I  shall 
present  information  from  othcsr  sources  a  little  later — • 
respecting  proceedings  at  Monterey  in  connection  with 
the  prisoners  from  the  time  of  the  first  arrest  on  April 
7tli  to  the  22d,  when  ^Mvarado  dated  his  report  to 
the  minister  of  the  interior,  and  his  instructions  to 
Castro,  V  iio  with  an  escort  of  fifteen  or  twenty  men 
was  to  guard  the  prisoners  on  the  voyage  to  San 
Bias."  On  the  23d  the  governor  informed  the  junta 
that  his  efforts  to  insure  the  public  peace  had  been 
successfid  and  the  foreigners  had  been  embarked.  The 
Giiijnizroana  sailed  from  ]Monterey  on  April  24th, 
though  the  date  of  Vallejo's  despatches  to  the  minister 
of  war  is  April  25tli.^**     A  few  days  later  Alvarado  is- 


».i? 


I,  MS., 

la- 
spirit 
lisap- 
I'tMia 
tlcnco 
ho  sol- 
Itli,  at 

Pap., 
crow 
ix. 

Ills  of 
MS., 

c  vrs- 

.0\C113 

o  waa 


sold  to  Ac'uirrp,  and  put  under  the  Mexican  fla^,  licr  name  being  cliangcd. 
Agiiinc  had  togo  to  S.  Bhis  tito1)tain  a  Icjial  register.  Documents  of  sale  and 
change:  of  Hag  in  i'ld'eji,  J)or.,  ]\IS.,  ix.  -ll,  G'l,  ~'.i,  77,  SO.  .Sonic  of  the  liOi/i  r 
U'lV/ro^.s'  own  men  scorn  to  have  been  among  the  exiles.  Tlic  editor  of  tho 
,sy«  Cniz  Sr-iithiil,  April  17.  IStll)  says  the  vessel  iiiially  settled  on  tho  mud 
liats  of  tho  Saci-anicn^o,  and  was  torn  to  pieces  hy  Chinamen  in  ISDt. 

'^  April  :JJ,  ]M[K  A.  to  nii:i.  of  int.  The  report  is  hut  a  brief  statement 
that  a  private  letter  unnouncL'd  a  conspiracy;  Piefect  Castro  was  ordered  to 
use  cnci-getio  measures;  a  force  of  trusted  citi/ens  was  organizoil;  all  foreign- 
ers who  had  entered  Cal.  illegally  and  were  not  married  had  been  arrested  to 
the  number  of  00;  an  accomplice  revealed  the  plot  to  Castro;  the  judge  of  1st 
ins'.aucc  investigated  tho  matter;  45  of  tho  prisoners  were  cmliarkcd;  and 
Castro  with  a  force  would  guard  them,  and  report  details  to  the  govt.  J)e/>f. 
Ji'i-.,  M.S. ,  xi.  ()7-8.  Castro's  instructions  rerpiired  Iiiin  to  touch  at  Sla 
]!.irl)ara,  take  on  l)oard  t!io  prisoners  tliere,  and  sail  at  once  for  S.  151.13,  whci-o 
t!ie  prisoners  were  to  be  landed  and  taken  with  the  aid  of  the  authorities  to 
T(;pic,  whence  Castro  was  to  proceed  to  ^lexico  and  report  fully,  losing  no 
time  in  getting  leady  to  return.  He  was  also  to  report  on  the  general  eon- 
ditiiin  of  the  eoiiutry,  and  work  with  Castillcro  to  obtain  the  military  aid  so 
imicli  needed.  Alvarado,  In^ruccioiirs  al  Pvfficlo  Cattro  jiara  nu  via'/c  li 
Jfcv.'co  roil  lo>i  pri>ioi>r,-os  cx'rnvjcron,  IS'/.),  MS.  April  'J2d,  Capt.  J.  M. 
C'.ivarrubias  and  Alf.  Victor  Linares,  with  a  sergt  and  1 1  men  from  the  Muu- 
terej-  company  of  anxiliaries,  were  ordered  to  accompany  ('astro.  J)//,/.  ,s/. 
Pap.,  Pi'ii.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxxiii.  '2;  but  I'into,  Apunf.,  MS.,  o."],  says  that 
t'.io  olUccrs  that  went  were  Covarrubias,  Lieut  Francisco  Soto,  Alf.  Kafacl 
I'info  (tlio  M'ritei'),  Joarjuin  <le  la  Torre,  and  Scr';t  .Tesus  Soto,  with  "JO  men. 
April  "JJd,  81,001)  ordered  paid  to  Casti'o  as  comisionado  to  Mexico.  Difit.  St. 
P'ip.,  Jliii.  Cdiii.  uiiil  Trca^  ,  .MS.,  iv.  .V2.  April 'Jkh,  passport  from  \'allejo 
toCasti'o.    Va't'Jo,  Doc,  MS.,  ix.  117. 

"'April  '_':?d.  A.  to  tho  junta.  Lnj.  Roc,  MS.,  iii.  C).  Vallrjn,  fiijonnrn 
al  Miiii-ilro  ill'  (iiii  I'm  .<oUrr  ii  .-iilili  va^  ion  ilr  <!rahain  y  otrux  rrlniinji  rus,  ,.'J  ilc. 
Ahril,  IS'.'/i),  MS.  These  despatches  add  nothing  in  detail  to  Alvarailo's  re|)ort, 
but  are  largely  devoted  to  a  repetition  of  iiis  oft-repeated  di'mands  foruiil, 
using  the  late  trouble  as  a  strong  ar;;uinont.  He  draws  on  his  iniaginatiou 
somewhat  in  stating  tliat  tho  chief  aim  of  the  late  conspiracy  was  to  get  pos- 
session of  S,  ]■'.  lis  a  key  to  the  whole  country.  He  compliments  Castro  and 
liis  men  for  their  valuable  services,  and  asks  to  bu  relieved  of  his  ollicc  that 


14 


ALVARADO'S  RULE— THE  GRAHAM  AFFAIR. 


sued  a  printed  proclamation,  in  wliicli  lie  informed  Irs 
lelK)W-eitizen.s  how  "  a  sordid  and  venal  faction,  got- 
ten up  by  some  ungratefid  foreigners  whom  you  have 
welcomed  to  your  hospitable  soil,  attempted  to  strip 
ns  of  the  most  precious  treasure,  country  and  life,  de- 
siring to  sacrilico  to  their  unmeasured  ambition  the 
first  authorities  of  the  country"!  lie  congratulated 
all  ou  their  escape,  and  advised  the  people  to  maintain 
the  most  friendly  relations  with  foreigners  legally  in 
California.^^  Orders  were  issued  on  the  disposition  to 
be  made  of  property  left  by  Graham,  and  arms  bo- 
longing  to  others  of  the  exiles;-''  and  then  all  was 
quiet  for  a  time  at  the  capital. 

In  the  south  as  well  as  in  the  nortli  the  governor's 
orders  had  been  carried  into  execution,  and  twenty 
foreign  prisoners  had  been  collected  at  Santa  Barbara, 
none  being  arrested,  however,  who  could  show  [)a])ers 
to   account   for    their   presence.'"^     The    sub-prei'ect, 


lie  may  duvote  .ill  liis  cnorLjies  to  tlio  nortlieni  frontier.  April  '20tli.  Com. 
SaufliL'Z  of  S.  F.  t!i;i;iks  iirovidcnco  tli;it  tho  vilo  <li'si:^iis  of  uiigiatol'ul  for- 
ei^'iicrs  liavo  bucii  frustnitcd.   /</.,  ix.  V,M. 

"*  AU'nrado,  |  Prod  nn  i  </'/ 1  <Uih<  rnathir  ('onxtUnrioDdl  dd  Departamoilo  de 
Inn  Calijoniian;  d  snx  li'ihUdiiUfi  {sohrv  (l(  s!i"rrn  dc  r.iira,/(jiros].  Inipri  ii/a  del 
(lohhnio  (1840),  ill  Earliest  J 'rial  h';/:  Anr,  Miin.  y  Doc,  .MS.,  no.  15; 
Arrh.  Arzoli.,  MS.,  v.  pt  ii.  "Jd-S;  Vallijo,  Our.,  MS.,  xiv.  4S;  JJuiidiui,  Doc, 
M.S.,  14. 

-"Miiy 'J(l,  gov.  to  justice  of  S.  .Tuan.  Lit  tlio  foreigner  Enriiiuo  (Henry 
Nailc'/)  re.ilize  from  tlu'  cireets  of  (iraliain  ami  leave  tlie  rcpiililie  viiliin  two 
inipiitli:-!.  Li.~;tH  niulacconnlsof  all  foreitj;ners  must  lie  Kent  in.  Di  jif.  /A-.,  M.S., 
xi.  IJ-l.'l;  Vali'ijr.,  /)or.,  MS.,  xx.siii.  (JS.  S,;nio  date,  Jimeuo  to  justice  of 
Di'ancii'orte,  and  S.  .Juan.  Arms  of  the  forei';ner.s  sent  away  to  he  c;illeeted 
r.;id  ii  rcpiirt  rendered.  S/a  Cruz,  Arrh.,  ^IS.,  .'lO;  fioiiiiz.  Dor.,  M.S.,  4,"). 
^^ay  1  ^lIi,  juez  nf  .S.  .Joai'  to  ,!Xov.'s  sec.  Has  in  deposit  some  of  t!ie  arrested 
f');'ei;,'nc'rj'  property,  and  tlieir  creditors  wisli  1o  talie  \v^:A  steps  to  ;,'ct  tiicir 
pay  irnin  this  deposit.  Judge  wisiics  to  sav((  his  responsibility.  S.  Josi',  Arch., 
M.S.,  i.i.  .IS. 

■-'April  l.'Uh,  Ouerra  y  Xoric.M,  to  l;ov.  Has  aided  the  sul>  pi'efect  to 
arrest  .-dl  resident  foreixners.  JJijii.  Si.  P<tit..  MS.,  v.  (i.  Aiiiil  'Jlst,  all 
jirisoners  at  .\ngeles  to  lie  sent  to  .Si.i  15.  under  guard.  Id.,  Amj.,  xi.  117. 
April 'Jl'id.  sub-prefect  to  prefect.  Ordcrof  ai'icstexeeuted.  IiL,\v.  S4.  .April 
'JtJi,  ])refeet  of  .VngeK's  to  gov.  10  foreignei';s  arrested  here;  some  hero 
sever.'il  vears,  but  none  have  papers;  coinisit)nado  sent  to  S.  Bieijo  and  Stu 
]?.  J)<i>f.  St.  Pd/K.  Dm.  Pnf.  nJtiZ'j..  MS.,  vi.  <«.  April  'JlUh,  list  of  1 1  men 
U'.der  JiiTest:  .Ta  <  Door,  \Vm  Lunisdale  (Lumsdcii),  Gabriel  (Xalli.  ?)  I'lyor, 
\Vm  ^\'ald,  Milton  White,  .Tac(p.ieH  l)ufr:i,  Tom  Jones,  Wm  (i.een,  .b  li'rcy 
]-i'own,  .John  Auiitroy,  and  Alliert  Williams,  Itl.,  (IT-S.  Johnson  the  bhick- 
smi  til  escaped.  /(/.,  A)i<i.,  iv.  70-4.  May  I'Jth,  sub-prefeetsays'JOjirisouera, 
14  from  Angeles  and  0  from  .Sta  B.,  had  been  delivered  to  Castro.  Id.,  Urn., 


ARRESTS  IN  THE  SOUTH. 


15 


Tiaimnnflo  Carrillo,  [vot  liiniself  into  some  tronhlo  in 
connectinii  -with  the  arrests,  being  accused  of  speakinj^ 
too  freely  when  strict  secrecy  was  enjoined,  a  charge 
wliich  he  earnestly  denied.-^  The  Guipiizcoana  arrived 
]May  4th,  thongh  Farnham  puts  the  date  a  week  ear- 
lier, and  five  at  least  of  the  southern  [)risoners  were 
added  to  the  number  already  on  board  the  vessel, 
thougli  eight  of  those  deemed  least  criminal  were  left 
bciiind  for  want  of  room  and  shackles.'^''  The  oxilo- 
laden  bark  sailed  on  the  8th,  and  Castro  cari-ied  with 
him  a  grandiloquent  congratulatory  address  of  certain 
]>atriotic  Barbarehos.^*  Troops  and  exiles  wcr(^  landed 
at  San  Bias  on  or  about  May  IGth;  and  early  in  Sep- 
tember the  (Julpuzcoana  was  back  in  California,  with 
news  that  the  foreigners  were  in  prison  at  Tepic, 
Vvhile  Castro,  with  Covarrubias  and  Soto,  had  goiie  to 
Mexico.-^ 


iriiln  lie 
•  iild  fill 
111).  1"); 
'/,  JAh\, 

1  [(jiiiy 
ill  two 
...MS., 
-iticu  of 
lluctcd 
•1."). 
nvsted 
■t  tlK'ii- 
Air/i., 


Having  thus  presented  a  simple  narrative  of  facts 
as  drawn  from  archive  records,  I  have  now  to  give 
further  information,  founded  moi'e  or  less  directly  on 
the  testimony  of  nien  concerned  in  theClraham  aifair. 
The  victims  and  their  friends  have  accused  the  Cali- 
fornians,  not  only  of  having  exiled  them  without 
cause,  but  of  cruelty  at  the  time  of  the  arrest,  during 
tlieir  confinement,  and  on  the  voyage  to  San  Bias. 
These  charges  are,  1  believe,  exaggerated,  though  from 
tlie  nature  of  tlie  case  they  cannot  be  entirely  dis- 
]>roved.  In  considering  the  evidence  to  be  offered, 
the  reader  should  boar  in  mind  the  character  of  the 

iii.  5.  June  '23(1,  James  Orbcll,  Tlios  Rulington,  and  Robt  Robertson  to  he 
aiTOsted  at  S.  Diefjo.  /./.,  .Ituj.,  i.  1. 

^-Aug.  2S,  ISK),  Cai'iiUo  to  iMcfcot  in  dcfoncc  of  himself,  mid  othrrcoin- 
muiiic.'itions.  J)ijil.  .SV.  /'((;*.,  ilcr.  J'nf.  y  Jir.j.,  MS.,  iii.  (i-S;  /,/.,  Amj., 
xii.  '.V,\-~;  Lo.t  Aii'jili.-i,  Jrrh.,  MS.,  i.  'JKi  "hS. 

'":NLiy  7th,  (J.a'stro  to  (!ik'IT!1.  in  (!:iin-'\  J)or.,  MS.,  v.  101-2.  Those  left 
were  to  leave  Cal.  wlicn  an  ojiportiuiity  slioidd  occur. 

''May  8th,  signed  hy  tlio  Cotas,  Olivcras,  and  others.  Drff.  Sf.  Pap., 
MS.,  V.  7.  'J'hi.s  ]ii'oclaniati(>n,  Kigiu'd  l)y  'si'vcii  citirx'iis  of  note, 'is  paitially 
transhitod  in  Jfoiifn-ii/  ('o,  J/l.-:t.,  'M-'t.  Arrival  and  drparturc  of  tlie  vessel 
noted  ill  Mfl/iis'  J>ian/.  MS..  4. 

■•'-'Sept.  Gtli,  .sul)-i«i'fct't  at  Sta  B.  announces  arrival  of  Aguirrc's  vessel  on 
Aug.  SI  St.    lJr2Jl.  St.  Pap.,  Amj.,  MS.,  iii.  27. 


IG 


ALVARADO'S  RULE-THE  GRAHAM  AFFAIR. 


yi:< 


exiles  as  men  whose  word  could  not  be  trusted,  the 
opportunity  they  had  to  make  their  stories  agree,  their 
interest  with  a  view  to  indemnity  from  Mexico  in 
maintaining  and  exaggerating  their  wrongs,  and  tlie 
prevailing  spirit  of  hatred  for  everything  Mexican, 
wliicii  in  the  following  years  served  as  a  favorable 
medium  for  their  complaints.  The  Californians  ])er- 
sonally  concerned  in  making  the  arrests  are  in  many 
cases  n(jt  better  witnesses  than  the  victims;  but  the 
general  denial  of  leading  Californians  should  have 
some  weight,  especially  when  supported  by  the  fact 
that  foreigners  of  the  better  class  made  no  opposition 
and  f)fFered  none  but  the  mildest  protests,  after  Llie 
matter  had  assumed  a  political  asj)ect. 

The  Californians  had  no  real  military  organization, 
and  their  system  of  police  and  prisons  was  still  less 
ejQ'ective.  To  arrest  and  confine  a  hundred  forei<]:ners 
was  under  the  circumstances  no  slight  achievenu  :t. 
The  arrests  were  made  for  the  most  part  by  small 
parties  of  citizens  imperfectly  armed,  with  no  training 
as  policemen,  and  with  a  decided  fear  of  their  enemy's 
prowess.  Undue  severity  was  to  be  expected  in  some 
instances,  and  an  occasional  gratification  of  personal 
di.slikes  might  naturally  occur.  But  prompt  action 
was  demanded,  followed  by  strict  precaution!^';  a  little 
more  attention  to  kid-o'love  niceties  would  have  re- 
suited  in  the  escape  of  Graham  and  his  company  to 
jt)in  the  trappers  of  the  interior  and  laugh  at  the 
eiibrts  i)f  tlicir  persecutors.  The  arrest  and  exile  were, 
in  a  legal  sense,  and  in  the  case  of  certain  individuals, 
an  outrage;  but  the  reader  will,  perhaps,  after  a  study 
of  the  fat'ts,  be  led  to  accept  with  some  allowance  the 
wholesale  charges  of  inhumanity  made  against  the 
Californian  authorities  and  people. 

Of  the  men  arrested  in  the  north,  there  were  per- 
haps one  hundred,  though  it  is  doubtful  if  all  were 
sent  to  Monterey,  and  some,  I  think,  were  arrested  at 
their  own  request,  or  with  their  own  consent,  in  order 
to    avoid    making    enemies   amono-  their  foreiu'n   ac- 


'i 


'^ajf 


LISTS  OF  XAMES. 


17 


quniiitancos.  Faruliain  names  about  fifty  in  addition 
to  those  sent  to  San  Bias.-"  Alvarado  announced  to 
the  o-()vernnicnt  that  sixty  men  had  been  arrested  and 
that  lorty-tlnve  were  to  be  sent  away.  Twenty  more 
seem  to  have  been  dehvcred  to  Castro  at  Santa  Bar- 
baia,  hut  eii^'ht  were  not  taken  for  want  of  room,  and 
one,  Robert  King  apparently,  of  the  jNlonterey  men 
was  also  left  here  sick.  If  twelve  were  put  on  board 
— though  only  six  are  known,  one  of  whom,  Lumsden, 
was  landed  at  San  Diego — there  should  have  been 
lifty-l'our  sent  to  San  ]jlas.  I  suppose,  however,  that 
cither  there  is  some  mistake  about  the  Santa  Barbaia 
record,  or  some  of  the  Monterey  captives  were  released 
in  the  south;  and  that  forty-seven  reached  San  Bias, 
tiiough  there  may  have  been  a  few  more.  In  nation- 
ality they  are  said  to  have  been  about  equally  divided 
between  Englishmen  and  Americans.  I  append  a  list 
of  their  names."^ 


pcr- 

wero 
led  at 
brder 
ac- 


"^''  Far II ham'. -f  Life  in  C'nI.,  G9-70.     Tlie  list,  with  some  orthographical  im- 
]'i'(iV(.'iiiL'i;t.s,  is  as  follows,  though  it  contains  the  nanit^s  of  one  or  two  not 
ikcly  to  Imvc  hocn  arrostcil,  anil  one  or  two  others  of  whom  I  know  nothing; 


••111(1  the  .uithor  docs  not  present  it  as  complete: 


Ad.'Uiis,  Walter. 

Aitervi!li',  Jas. 
*lk'e,  Henry. 

lirccliay,  Capt.  (?) 

ISowen,  Tiios. 

Ihantler,  Wm. 
*  111  own,  Cluia. 

liiii'n><,  \\  ni. 
*Cli.iml)i  rlain,  Jno, 
*('ole,  Thos. 
*L'oopor,  Henry. 

( 'oi>iiiiig('i',  Jiis. 

I)iili.ev,  Wm. 
*I)ve,  jnh. 

K;.gle,  r.  (?) 
■  hirwell,  Jas. 

Ft  r;j;iison,  Geo. 

I'ujler,  .Ion. 
Till 


G ulnae,  Wm. 
*nance,  Wm. 
Hathaway,  H. 
Ileiulerson,  Wm. 


Herven,  Jon. 
Hoitou.  (?) 
Jones,  Jerry. 

Jones, . 

Kclley,  Jas. 


1?) 


•.Matthews,  Wm. 

Mirayno,  Jon.  (?) 
•Naile,  Henry. 

8ill,  Daniel. 

Smith,  Jon. 
*Smitli,  Wm. 
*Spear,  Nathan. 

Storm,  I'eter. 

Thompson,  Wm. 
*Tomlinson,  Thos.  (orA.G.) 
*Trevetlian,  Wm. 

AVnre,  Wm. 

Watson,  Andrew. 
•Watson.  VA. 
*Weeks,  Wm. 
*West,  Mark. 
*Wilson,  Alvin. 


King,  Robt. 

Kinlock,  Geo. 

La  Grace,  Fran.  (?) 

Livcrmorc.  Robt. 

Lodge,  Mich. 
•Majors,  Jos.  L. 

McKinley,  .las. 

MoVieker.  Hen. 
*Marsh,  John. 

names  marked  with  a  star  are  also  mentioned  by  other  authorities 
than  I'.'iuiliani.  Lee  adds  the  name  of  James  Rogers.  ^Morris  accuses  Job 
]>yoif  baviiig  been  ill  the  I'anks  of  the  party  that  arrested  him.  Wm  ]L 
l>,ivi.i  says  he  was  arrested  at  Verba  Ikiena,  with  Spear,  but  released  at  tho 
liii^.siou. 

-•  On  ^lay  24,  1S40,  at  Tepic,  40  men  signcda  letterof  thanks  to  I'^arnham 

fir  his  Mivices.   Jlonoliilit,  J'oli/iHKinii,   L>ec.  i\,    1S40.     Xatiirally  all  Mould 

li.i\  e  signed  the  paper,  and  Wm  Chard  is  the  <inly  one  not  named  \\  lioni  ilw.m 

is  reason  to  supjiose  to  have  been  a  member  of  the  party.     An  oiheial  com- 

Hist.  (;al.,  Vol.  IV.    2 


18 


ALVARADO'S  RULE-THE  GRAHAM  AFFAIR. 


It  Is  l)est  to  give  literally  the  statements  of  Graliani 
and  ]\Iorris  al)out  the  arrests  at  Natividad  on  the 
morning  of  April  7tli.  The  former,  after  stating  that 
he  and  Xaile  went  to  bed  in  his  house  while  ]\Ionis 
and  Barton  as  usual  slept  in  the  still-house,^^  says: 
"Wo  sle[)t  quietly  until  about  three  o'clock  in  the 
morning,  when  I  was  awakened  by  the  discharge  of  a 
pistol  near  my  head,  the  ball  of  which  passed  through 
the  handkerchief  about  my  neck.  I  sprang  to  my 
feet  and  jumped  in  the  direction  of  the  villains,  when 
they  (Hscharged  six  other  ])istols  so  near  me  that  my 
shiit  took  hre  in  several  j)laces.  Fortunately  the 
darkness  and  the  trepidation  of  the  cowards  prevented 

inuniofition  from  ^Mt'xico  nlso  gives  the  niiinlier  as  47.  Vallijo,  Dor.,  MS.,  x. 
!>7.  Miiri'is,  JJinri/,  MS.,  iiK-;ists  tliiit  there  weie  exactly  40  on  the  vessel  after 
leaviiiL,'  S.  J)iey(>.  The  iiaiiie.5  uf  the  47  are  a.s  follows— those  who  are  hiiowii 
to  have  retunied  to  (  al.  being  iiiaiked  with  a  star,  the  nationality  being 
given  when  known,  and  also  the  year  of  arrival  for  those  who  eanie  before 
i,S4(): 


*An(ler.son,  W^m,  Engl.  18.17. 

Armstrong,  .John. 

Baily,  Win  (Eii-1.  ISIU?). 
♦]}artcm,  Wm,  Aiiier.  is;}!). 

liloomlield,    W'n). 
*Bol,s  (Howies),  .los..  Amer.  1838. 

llrincken,  \Vilhelm. 
*Caiiiiichael,  Lawrence,  Engl.  ISSS. 
*Cliaii(l.  (!eo.,  Kn-1. 
♦Chard,  Wm,  Anier.  18.S2-3. 

Christian,  John,  ]s;{S. 
*Cooj)er,  Chas][.,  Amer. 

Dalv,  Natlian,  Amer.  18.14. 
*l)ove,  Jasd.,  Engl.  1S:«. 

Forbes,  Wm,  Juigi.  ISS."). 
*Frazer,  Geo.,  Amer.  18;i3. 

C.otr,  Daniel. 
*(iiaham.  Is.,  Amer.  18,13. 

Circeii,  Wm. 

Ilig^ins,  John,  Engl.   1830. 

Irviii,  .lohii. 

Jones,  Tlios. 

Knight,  Henry. 
*Langlois,  Wm,  Engl. 


*Le\vis,  Tiios,  Engl.  18.13. 

Louzade  (?),  .Tas. 
♦Lucas.  .Ino.,  Engl.  18.18. 

Mc.Vllister,  I'obt.    I'erliaps  returned. 
♦Mc(;h)ne,  Wm,  Engl.  lS.i7. 

Maynai'd,  John,  Engl.     I'erhaps  re- 
turned. 
♦Meailows,  ,Ias,  Engl.  18.17. 
♦Morris,  AlbcM't  F.,  Engl.  18.14. 
♦O'Brien,  .Jas,  Engl.  18.18. 
♦IVarce,  ,Ios  (or  Jas  I'caee),  1S3S. 

Terry,  Elijah. 

Pollock,  Lewis. 
♦Price,  John,  Engl.  1S3G. 

Pryor,  ( iabriel. 

Shea,  Wm. 

Thomas,  Thos. 

Vermilion,  John. 
♦Warner,  John,  Engl. 

Westlake,  Rich. 

White,  Milton. 

Wiiitehouse,  .Tos. 

Williams,  Albert. 


W'illiams,  Chas,  1839. 

Of  these  persons,  the  account  in  the  PoljineKian  of  June  "JOth  says  'several 
of  them  were  sailors.  Some  came  here  with  jjassports.  Four  or  five  arrived 
here  the  same  mouth  in  the  I'oi/cr  WilHanis,  one  being  the  iirst  mate.  (Also 
Orahditi  (f  1(1.,  I'diiioii.)  t)ne  half  had  been  in  the  eoiuitry  for  years,  and  were 
owners  of  some  projieity,  all  <pf  wliieli  they  had  to  leave  beliiml.' 

'■^^  Graham's  statement  in  Fanihain's  Life  in  Vol.  ,71-2.  For  what  preceded, 
that  is.  Garner's  visit,  see  p.  (i  of  this  chapter.  Farnham  says  he  obtained 
written  statements  from  41  of  the  prisoners,  but  he  i)riuts  only  two  or  three. 


lis 


GRAHAM'S  NARRATIVE. 


19 


several 

iirrivcd 

(Also 

il  were 

cceded, 

)t;iiiio(i 

three. 


tluir  taking  good  aim;  for  only  one  of  tlicir  sliots 
took  effect,  and  that  in  my  left  arm.  After  firing 
tliev  fell  baek  a  few  paces  and  commenced  reloading 
tlieir  i)iecos.  I  perceivetl  by  the  light  of  their  pistols 
that  they  were  too  numerous  for  a  singK;  niaii  to  con- 
tend with,  and  determined  to  escape,  lint  1  had 
.scarcely  got  six  paces  from  the  door  when  I  was  over- 
taken and  assailed  with  heavy  blows  I'roni  tix-ir 
swords.  These  I  succeeded  in  [larrying  olf  to  sucli 
an  extent  that  I  was  not  much  injui-ed  by  tlieni. 
Being  incensed  at  last  by  my  successftd  resistance, 
they  grap[)h(l  with  mo  and  threw  me  down,  whiMi  an 
ensign  by  the  name  of  Joa(|uin  Terres  (Torre)  drew 
his  dirk,  and  saying  with  an  oath  that  he  would  let 
out  mv  life,  made  a  thrust  at  mv  heart.  GikI  saved 
me  again.  The  weapon  passing  betwe'en  my  body 
and  left  arm,  sunk  dee[)  in  the  ground!  and  befoi'e  ho 
had  an  opportunity  of  repeating  his  blow  they  (b'agged 
me  up  the  hill  in  the  rear  of  my  house,  v.herc  .Jose 
Castro  was  standing.  They  called  to  him,  '  I  Lore  lie 
is  I'  v.hereu[)on  Castro  rode  up  antl  struck  me  with 
tlie  back  of  his  sword  over  the  head  so  severely  as  to 
bring  nu;  to  the  ground;  and  tlien  ordered  four  balls 
to  be  ])ut  thnjugh  me.  But  this  was  prevented  by  a 
faithful  Indian  in  mv  service,  who  threw  himself  on 
me  declaring  that  he  would  receive  the  [talis  in  liis 
own  heart  I  Unwilling  to  be  thwarted,  howevei',  in 
their  design  to  destroy  inc,  they  next  fastened  a  rope 
to  one  of  my  arms  and  ])asscd  it  to  a  man  on  lutrse- 
back,  who  wound  it  firmlv  around  the  lun'n  of  his 
saddle.  Then  the  rest  taking  hold  of  the  ntlier  ai'm 
endeavored  to  haul  my  shoulders  out  of  joint!  Jhit 
tlie  rope  broke.  Thinking  the  scoundrels  bent  on 
killing  me  in  some  way,  I  begged  for, liberty  to  (o;u- 
mend   my  soul  to  God.      To  this  they  i'e[ilied,   '^'ou 


ill 


snail  never  nra 


pray  till  y 


'OU 


kneel 


over  your  grave 


Ti 


ley 


then  conducted  me  to  mv  house  antl  permitted  me  t 


pe] 


to 


put    on    my    pantaloons.      Whik;    there    tliey    asked 
where  Mr  Morris  was.     I  told  them  I  did  net  know. 


m 


20 


ALVARADO'S  IIULK-TIIK  GRAHAM  AFFAIR. 


;:f 


TliL'ii  tlicy  put  tliL'ir  lanres  to  my  l)rca8t  and  t(^lfl  me 
to  call  liiiii  oi"  (lie  I  answered  that  ho  had  made  his 
escaiH".  While  I  was  sayini;-  this  ^[r  Naile  came  to 
the  house,  pale  from  loss  of  blood,  and  vomiting.  He 
had  had  a  lancc-thrnst  through  his  thigh,  and  a  deep 
wound  in  his  leg,  which  nearly  separated  the  cord  of 
the  heel.  The}'  next  put  ^Ir  Nailo  and  m3'self  in 
(loiil)le  irons,  carried  us  half  a  niile  into  the  plain,  left 
us  under  guard,  and  returned  to  ])lunder  the  house. 
After  having  been  absent  a  short  time,  they  came  and 
conducted  us  back  to  our  rifled  home.  As  soon  as 
we  arrived  tliere  a  man  by  the  name  of  jManuel 
Larias  (Larios)  approached  me  with  a  drav.'ii  sword, 
and  connuanded  me  to  inform  him  where  my  money 
was  buried.  1  told  him  I  had  none.  He  cursed  me 
and  turned  away.  I  had  some  deposited  in  the 
ground,  hut  I  determined  they  should  never  enjoy  it. 
After  having  robbed  me  of  my  books  and  papers, 
which  were  all  the  evidence  I  had  that  these  very 
scoundrels  and  others  were  kum'lv  indebted  to  me, 
and  having  taken  whatever  was  valuable  on  my 
l)reniises,  and  distributed  it  among  themselves,  they 
])roceedetl  to  takt)  an  inventory  of  what  v\as  left,  as  if 
it  were  the  whole  of  my  property*;  and  then  put  me 
on  horseback  and  sent  me  to  this  prison.  You  know 
the  rest.     I  am  chained  like  a  dog,  and  sutler  like 


"29 


one. 


"  In  a  deposition  of  Sept.  1,  1S47,  at  S.  Jos5,  Graham  said  that  Oarni'i' 
came  with  Cnstro,  taunted  and  insulted  him  after  his  capture,  blamed  Ciiatro 
for  nut  h;i.vin;;  kept  his  promise  ti)  kill  him,  and  as  he  believed  broke  open 
ti-unk.i  in  lii.-i  house,  containing  .S.'?,700.  Monlcrnj,  Arch.,  MS.,  xiv.  I-S. 
WigL'ins,  I'riiiiii.,  MS.,  "i-O,  says  'Graham  was  always  the  hero  of  his  own 
.«toiies,  yet  he  had  scars  to  show.'  James  ^Icadows  and  John  Chamberliin 
give  a  brief  version,  substantially  agreeinj,'  with  that  of  Graham.  Mofrns, 
Oleeson,  Allied  Robinson,  Hastings,  and  Willey,  O'litrn.  Sb'tch  o/Sia  Crir:, 
li.esent  a  still  briefer  version  of  similar  purport.  Hastings  says  Alvarndo 
'  dcspatehed  a  few  of  his  nigg.ardly  liirelings  in  the  dead  of  night. .  .to  bring 
the  foreiiriirrs  before  his  contemptible  excellency.  In  most  instances  the  lir.ifc 
notice  which  tlie  foreigners  had  of  their  approach  was  a  volley  of  musket- 
Imlls  poured  in  upon  them  through  tlieir  windows  and  doors.'  Wilkes  and 
Fayette  Robinson  add  that  a  working-man  named  Chard  (Naile?)  was  held 
down  l)y  two  men  while  a  third  <l('libcrately  cut  the  tendons  of  his  lc;,'a  with 
a  butelier-knife,  and  left  him  to  die!  Estevan  de  la  Torre,  Hrrniii.,  MS.,  SO- 
1)0,  nr.rrates  that  Vvhcn  his  brother  Joaquin  called  at  Graham's  door,  the  for- 


I 


.1: 


TESTIMONY  OF  MOHRIS. 


21 


io\(\  me 

ladc  his 

?aino  to 

i£f.     lie 

1  a  deep 

cord  of 

y.self  ill 

lain,  left 

;  house. 

inie  and 

soon  as 

Manuel 

1  sword, 

'  money 

rsed  mo 

in    the 

^njoy  it. 

papers, 

3se  very 

to   me, 

on    my 

es,  they 

ft,  as  if 

put  me 

u  know 

er   like 


lat  GariH'i- 

liccl  Caatri) 

Iroke  (ipcn 

xiv.    1-S. 

If  his  own 

lambcrliiii 

Jlofra-i, 

\Sta  Ci-ir:, 

Alvarai'o 

I.  .to  iMJllg 

Is  llic  fllot 

muskrt- 

(ilkcs  iind 

Iwas  liclil 

hc.;s  with 

:\iS.,  S9- 

tlio  for- 


]\Iorris  narrates  the  advt'ntures  of  thi  ni.i^ht  as  fol- 
lovs:  "At  evening  a  Spaniard  called,  said  he  hadlost 
a  huiidle,  and  ^viHhed  to  stay  all  night.  There  wei'e 
also  in  the  house  two  foreigners  who  said  they  weio 
going  to  San  Jose,  hut  disliked  to  ford  the  rivers  until 
ilic  water  had  fallen.  Ahout  nine  o'clock  we  all  re- 
tired, Graham  and  Naile  as  usual  to  a  small  liouso 
ahout  twenty-five  or  thirty  yards  away.  Myself,  a 
hired  man  (Barton),  and  the  three  travellers  retired 
to  the  still-house.  Ahout  two  o'clock  I  was  awakeninl 
hy  a  loud  knocking  at  the  door.  I  hailed  in  English, 
hut  got  no  answer;  then  in  Spanish,  and  was  answered 
l)y  Nicolas  Alviso,  a  neighhor.  I  told  him  to  wait 
till  I  could  dress,  light  a  candle,  and  let  hiiu  in.  I 
had  only  time  to  put  on  my  pantaloons  when  I  heard 
the  re[)ort  of  fire-arms  at  Graham's  house,  and  the 
tramp  of  horses  hchind  the  still-house.  Alviso  called 
on  all  to  hreak  in  njy  door;  I  heard  the  foreigner  set 
on  shore  for  mutiny  (Garner)  calling  out  to  set  the 
huildings  on  fire;  and  as  they  came  against  the  door  I 
gave  them  a  hroadside  from  my  pistol,  loaded  with  a 
hall  and  the  necks  of  14  hullets — but  it  being  dark  I 
lired  rather  too  high.  They  returned  my  lire,  and 
wounded  me  in  the  left  side  with  a  musket-ball.  The 
dastardly  cowards  then  ran,  except  Alviso. 


Looking 


oi'riK'i's  bct,'an  to  fire  rifles  from  tbo  houses;  and  when  ho  forcod  the  door, 
(irahain,  sittinsx  on  the  bed  drcssiujr,  lired  «.  pistol-shot  thr(jiii,'h  his  cloak. 
1(11  re  then  fired  both  his  pistols  at  Graliam's  breast,  burniu;^  him  soiuewiiat ;  li.it 
the  bullets  had  dropped  out  into  the  holsters  during  tho  niL'lit'.s  ride.  (Irahani 
fell  upon  his  baek,  and  when  Torre  rushed  upon  him  villi  dra\vn  swinil, 
called  for  nierey.  Torre  replied,  '  Tell  your  men  to  stop  firing  and.sinrendi  r,' 
wliieh  was  done,  and  all  were  made  prisoners.  This  version,  Kii]i()(irted  liy 
(■'eirano,  maj'  be  regarded  as  that  of  Joaquin  de  la  Torre,  ■wIkiko  character  as 
a  witness  was  about  on  a  par  ■with  that  of  Graham — that  is,  very  bad.  Mar:^!i, 
IaUct  to  Com.  Jovrs,  'SIS.,  1 1,  says:  '  Ilia  house  was  surroundeil  at  ni;;ht,  tlio 
door  forced  open,  and  a  volley  of  fire-arms  discharged  into  the  bvds  wliere  it 
was  known  that  Graham  and  Naile  were  sleeping.  Eefcjre  tlicv  liad  time  to 
have  their  beds,  Naile  received  two  eevcre  wounds,  and  was  left  for  dead, 
liraham  was  knocked  down,  severely  beaten,  bound,  and  carried  to  Mnntc- 
rey.'  The  account  in  the  Poli/ne.sian  st\ys:  'When  they  started  to  arrest 
(Iraham,  Garner  told  them  not  to  attempt  to  take  him  alive,  but  to  go  to  his 
house  in  the  night,  and  open  the  door  of  his  room,  and  lire  upon  him  \\  hile  in 
his  bed.  This  they  did,  and  it  is  surprising  that  he  escaped  being  killed.  His 
bcd-clothcs  were  much  torn  by  the  balls,  and  one  ball  wounded  him  sligliily 
in  the  abdomen.* 


AIAAIIADO'S  HULK— Tin;  (iltAIIAM  AFFAIR. 


;pr\ 


i 


tliroii^Ii  till'  (t|»t'M  willoNV-woi'k  tli;it  fnriiH-d  oih'  side,! 
leveled  !)iy  rillc  jit  liiiii,  and  cxpIodiMl  three  caps;  hut 
one  of  the  I'ori'i'L^iHTM  ]iad  taiiij)ere(l  willi  the  rille,aii(l 
it  \v<nild  not  y;(i  oiY,  tliouyh  Alviso  now  took  to  liin 
lirels.  Tlie  liired  man  and  two  of  the  travellers  had 
e.sca[)ed,  and  I  was  left  alone  with  the  reniainin;^'  stran- 
mci',  a  man  who  jiad  lost  all  his  iinu'eis.  lioth  the  olht-rs 
had  l*('en  emissaries  (»t'  the  Caliiornians  sent  to  watch 
us,  and  to  esca[)e  and  rejtort  if  we  had  any  notice  of 
the  coming  dan^n-i-.  They  had  sin^letl  out  (irahani, 
Naile,  and  myself  as  s[n'cial  victims;  and  they  had 
an'reed  tliat  neither  of  us  should  he  left  to  tell  the 
hloody  tale.  1  now  c>sca|tod,  my  companion  not  fol- 
lowin'4  WW,  into  a  willow  swamp  near  hy,  harefoot, 
and  having'  on  nothim;'  hut  shirt  and  pantaloons.  I 
was  the  only  man  who  had  attempted  any  resistance." 
ISFoi'ris  remained  in  the  swamp  all  day,  and  at  ni'j^ht 
found  his  May  to  the  house  of  Littlejohn,  eight  miles 
away,  where  he  remained  two  days,  and  then  went  hy 
way  of  Santa  Cruz  to  the  distillery  of  Dye  and  Ma- 
jors at  Zayante.  lie  relates  at  considerahle  length 
that  J)yt',  after  jn'omising  protection,  hetrayed  hiui 
into  the  haixls  of  Castro's  n)en,  and  treated  Majors, 
his  })artnei-,  in  like  nianner.  He  was  finally  arrest(.'d 
ahout  A[)ril  IGth  hy  Ness  and  Lyons,  and  was  taken 
to  ]\[onterey  hy  Buelna's  company,  in  which  ])ye 
■served  as  a  soldier.  On  the  way  he  stopped  at  Xatl- 
vidad,  where  Naile  was  found,  unahlo  to  rise  from  his 
betl  on  account  of  his  wound,  hut  kindly  treated^  as  he 
said,  by  Alviso.  Not  a  scrap  of  property  was  left,  all 
having  been  stolen.  He  arrivJ  at  Monterey  the 
18th  of  April.=^'' 

There  is  not  much  to  bo  said  about  the  arrests 
made,  exce[)t  at  Natividad,  nnd  no  specitil  outrages 
are  charged   upon  the  Californians  even  by  the  vic- 


^"J/o/v».s'  D'innj  of  a  Crazt/  Man,  MS.,  7-8,  10-2.'),  'with  many  niinuto  do- 
tfiils  for  wliioli  I  liiivo  no  ajwcc.  A  st.'itumcnt  hy  Morris,  agreeing  more  or 
loss  with  tliis,  \v;is  also  puhlishcd  hy  Fanihaiu.  lie  says  Aaile  claimed  to 
liave  hcen  wounded  hy  Garner  himself. 


OTIIKIl  AUUl';.>^T,S. 


iiiuflit 
;  miles 
LMit  l>y 
|l  "Sla- 

liiiu 

i'st(.>(l 
iikc'ii 
J)ve 
Xati- 
111  his 
as  lio 
't,  iill 
y  the 

•rests 
iiuces 
vie- 


^4 


tiiHs.  JaiiK'S  ^Ffiulows  ivhites  th;it  hn,  with  Ili^'^iiis 
;iii(l  Andt-rsoM,  uiiL;'Ji:L;'i;tl  in  sawiiij;'  on  the  C'ai'iiu'Io 
(Vftk,  was  hiivd  to  the  house  of  one  Kouiero,  who  hy 
i;iviii,n'  lip  th(i  t'orei'^iu^rs  hoped  to  secnire  their  riHes 
its  a  re  ward.'''  Kid'aci  Pinto  hroiin'ht  in  six  or  ci^ht 
other  sawyers  troni  El  Pinal. ^-  EiisL'l)io  (lalin(h>  was 
ono  of  the  party  that  l)roU!4ht  in  the  luinbei'iacn  of 
San  Franeisijuito,  without  t'or-ce  or  tV'tters,  trdin^' 
sui'((  they  wcro  eii^aLjc'd  in  no  plt»t,  and  soon  |)roeurinLif 
their  release.*'  Jacinto  Ko(h'i,L;uez  and  his  eoniniand 
look  seven  .Vinei'ieans,  lumbermen  like  the  ri'st,  at 
the  A'^aiage  de  Tres  Pin(»s."^  J.  M.  Covarrubias  was 
sent  toward  San  Jose,  and  ke[)t  the  [>risoners  oi'  that 
it'Ljion  for  some  days  coidined  at  Santa  Clara,  one  of 
them  being  James  W.  Weeks.'"'  Harry  Jiee  was  in  tlie 
redwoods  with  Trevethan,  Rogers,  and  an  American, 
wlien  Jose  Castrc)  himself  with  fifty  men  made  a  raid 
on  the  saw-pit;  and  Bee's  throat  was  even  honored, 
if  we  may  credit  his  story,  by  the  grasp  of  the  coman- 
dante  himself."*^  John  Chamberlain  was  arrested  at 
liis  s]io[t  early  in  the  morning,  and  on  his  arrival  at 
the  calabo/o  Ibund  six  or  seven  others  alrijady  there.''' 
Charles  Brown  was  also  arrested  in  the  redwoods; 
and  at  one  time  he  enjoyed  the  distinction — so  he 
says — of  being  chained  to  Isaac  Graham,  but  was  soon 
released.^"'    Marsh,  visiting  ^lission  San  Jose  on  busi- 

"  Mcudoir.i'  fi'rali'im  Affdir,  MS.  On  the  way  a  Mexican  fircil  a  pistol- 
ball  vc'i'y  near  Meadows'  head. 

''•  I'hito,  Ajtitiif.,  MS.,  41-.")1.  Those  two  arrests  were  made  the  same 
night  as  tliose  at  Xatividad. 

-'■^O'dlindo,  Aj)iuiti't,  MS.,  44. 

^'  ItO(lr!(/U('z,  S/ulcmeiif,  MS. 

^' Weeks,  Itemiii.,  ilS.,  101^10,  says  'Covarrubias  came  putting  on  airs 
worse  than  the  devil,  and  looked  nie  up  as  if  I  had  ))eon  u'alker  or  sonic 
iithvv  i/ra II  Jililiiistcro.'  At  S.  Jose  ho  'iuiil  the  satisfaction  to  see  a  ])aok  oi 
(  liiisliana  and  peoi)le  of  reason  overhauling  my  writing-desk  and  pillaging 
every  little  thing  that  .satisfied  tlicir  gluttoiinus  cyo-i.  They  sot  in  robbing 
iw.  froMi  tlie  word  go;  said  they  were  looking  fur  dooumeiits  to  prove  conspir- 
ey.'  On  tlie  way  t^'  Monterey  they  met  Castro  and  Montenegro  at  the  lloblar 
do  la  Laguna. 

'^Iki'.H  Jt'rcoll.,  !MS.,  21,  etc.  They  were  taken  to  Monterey  on  horseback. 
Bee  was  a  married  man,  as  was  Weeks  also. 

^'' C/iainhcrl'iiii,  Mem.,  MS.,  .VO.  Among  the  others  were  Ed  Watsou 
and  -Mark  ^Vost,  wlio  witii  Chamberlain  were  released  next  day. 

'^''  BrowiCs Earl jj  E cents,  MS.,  lo. 


"W 


24 


ALVARADO'S  RULE— THE  GRAHAM  AFFAIR. 


ness,  was  dotained  there  for  two  days,  and  tlien  witli 
four  otlie^^s  sent  under  guard  to  Monterey,  wliere, 
liowever,  he  was  released  on  parole."  I  have  no  nar- 
rative from  any  of  the  persons  arrested  in  the  south; 
but  George  Nidever  tells  how  he  and  several  others 
escaped  at  San  Diego,  by  at  first  threatening  to  use 
force,  and  then  dropping  down  the  coast  to  a  jjosition 
whence  they  saw  the  Giiipuzcoana  pass  within  a  sliort 
distance.**' 

In  confitiement  at  the  capital,  all  the  prisoneis  and 
their  friends  agree  that  they  were  badly  tn-ated. 
There  were  many  persons  shut  up  in  a  small  room, 
where  I  have  no  doubt  thoy  passed  an  uncomfortable 
ftrtnight.  There  was  certainly  over-crowding  and 
defective  ventilation.  For  two  or  three  days  the  food 
supply  was  ii-regular,  and  ])r()baV)ly  insufficient,  ^[or- 
ris says,  "For  threes  days  I  did  not  tasti^  a  morsel  of 
any  kind  of  food,  for  there  was  no  person  humane 
enough  to  send  mo  any;"  but  ho  seems  to  have  been 
confined  separately  from  m(jst  of  the  others,  and  liis 
fasting  was  in  the  last  days  of  the  general  cai)tivity.^^ 
Thomas  O.  Larkin  later  in  the  vear  certified  that  on 


'■'•^  Marxhli  L<  tier  to  Com.  Jones,  MS.,  11-12.  iMarsli  Iwul  a  niiicho  in  the 
Mt  Diiibli)  region. 

*'^  Xidcrrr'^  Lifo,  MS.,  104-5.  Sparks  ami  Hewitt  are  nameil  aiiinng  liis 
conniiiiiioiw.     Tliey  were  engaged  in  uttcr-liiuitiiig. 

"  J/omV  lUiiri/.  MS.,  8-0,  'J,')-!),  lie  adiiiit.s  that  Larkiu  furnisliod  him 
food  at  the  eoniandante's  order  for  .a  day  or  two  before  the  sailing.  In  die 
I'olfHicsiai),  .lunc  "JOth,  we  rer.d:  'Tlie  governnuiit  did  nf)t  furnisli  them  wiih 
anything  to  proteet  them  from  the  damp  grcnuid  tloor  of  the  prisun,  and  it  is 
p.'.ibable  they -wouUl  have  liad  no  otlier  i)ed  had  not  Mr  Spenee  p' iniaiK' I 
the  governor  to  jierniit  him  to  provide  tiiem  with  a  few  ludloek  hide.-.  Oa 
eoiiiplaint  being  maiU'  by  tlie  same  gentleman  that  the  men  wt^ro  aetuidiy 
f'.'.ll'ering  from  want  of  air,  he  had  some  of  them  taken  out  and  put  into  aii- 
otlier  room.  One  they  liljerated,  lieeause  liebeeame  so  faint  they  were  afraid 
h:' wouht  lose  lii:i  life.  His  store  was  broken  open  dniing  his  eonlinemint.' 
(ionzalez,  J!f  ro/iirioiirn,  }il>i,..  Ill,  says  he  iveeivcd  (irahani  ami  his  comjian- 
ioH)  from  Soto  at  15aenavista,  and  treated  them  kiinily  until  delivered  to 
AJ.varado.  Brown,  J'urhf  Da;!--',  .MS.,  j.V-17,  says  about  100  men  were  eon- 
lined  in  a  room  ISx.'iOft,  so  that  oidy  a  few  eonkl  lie  down  at  a  time;  but 
siiiue  of  them  weie  soon  put  in  another  room.  I>ee  says  there  were  10  in  tlie 
room,  and  tliat  no  food  was  furnished  by  the  aut!iorities.  liicall.,  MS.,  'Jl-S. 
Weeks,  Ji'pmiii.,  .MS.,  100-11,  tells  tis  ti'iat  40  or  ."iO  were  huddh'd  together  in 
one  room.  Meadows, ^t';'(t/«(/(i  Ajlair,  MS.,  4-0,  has  it  that  110  men  Mere 
eonlined  in  .a  room  Ifix'JO  ft,  it  l)eing  inipossil)lo  to  lie  or  even  sit;  but  (ira- 
hani.  Chard,  Majors,  Haly,  Morris,  and  0  others  were  later  put  in  another 
room. 


i« 


I 


I 

i 


uS 


FARXH.m  AT  MONTEREY. 


25 


n  tho 

iiig  lii.s 

.1  liiiu 
In  i!iu 

II  \vi!!i 
it  is 

lUhicl 

Oil 

ii;iliy 
I)  1111- 
tV.ii.l 

Hilt.' 

ipaii- 
o.l  t.) 
coll- 

:  luit 
11  tiio 
•Jl-S. 

UT  ill 
MCl'l! 

(Jr;i- 
jthor 


ami  after  tlio  third  day  of  the  imprisouinont,  that  is, 
Ajtril  9tli,  lie  had  at  the  request  of  the  eoinandante 
I'uriiished  to  the  prisoners  daily  and  ample  Kupi)lies  of 
meat,  hivad,  beans,  and  tea.  This  should  be  a  siitfi- 
cient  refutatic.n  of  the  eliarges  of  starvation.*^ 

On  tlie  18th  of  A|)ril  the  Don  Quixote,  Captain 
Paty,  arrived  from  Honolulu.  On  her  as  a  pas.siiii,^er 
^vas  Thomas  J.  Farnham,  an  American  lawyer,  who 
jiulilished  a  book  as  the  result  of  his  visit.  His  ver- 
sion of  tlie  Graham  affair  is  better  known  than  any 
other.  He  was  apparently  an  intelli^vnt  man,  and 
V  as  eertainly  in  some  rospeets  a  brilHant  writer.  Hail 
lie  been  wise  enouuli  to  show  a  defjfree  of  fairness  in 
his  observations  on  various  nunor  matters,  his  state- 
Uients  on  the  subject  of  this  chapter  would  be  entitled 
to  sonic  weight,  (jn  account  of  his  opportunities  for 
Icnowiii'jf  the  truth.  As  it  is,  his  remarks  on  mon  and 
(.■\  cuts  at  ^lonterey  are  so  evidently  and  absurdly  false 
as  to  tln-ow  more  than  a  doubt  upon  all  that  he  says. 
I'^roin  the  moment  that  some  slight  obstacle,  like  the 
necessity  of  a  [)assp(ji't,  was  thrown  in  the  w-ay  of  tho 
sea-sick  passenger  landing  as  soon  as  he  wished,  there 
arose  in  him  hatred  and  C()ntem[)t  for  all  that  was  Cal- 
]\\ •niian.  X(jr  was  his  rasfc  mitigated  when  he  learned 
"that  one  hundred  and  fifty  odd  Americans  and  Brit- 
ons were  thirsting  and  starving  in  the  prisons  of  the 
town,  and  destined  to  be  sacriticed  to  Spanish  malig- 
nity." Travellei's  of  all  nations  had  visited  California 
ill  ])ast  years  and  publislied  tiicir  views  of  its  inhabi- 
tants, favorable  or  unfavorable,  but  it  v^'as  reserved  for 

^^Dcc.  f),  1840,  Larkin'.s  ceitilicale  in  Lnrkhi'n  Doe.,  MS.,  i.  10.').  (Iriilium 
nud  '.)  others,  J'e/!/!u>i  tn  U.S.  G>vt,  IS.'fJ,  say:  'The  room,  alxuit  '2'.)  It  sij., 
Viitlinut  1)1  ing  ilourc'il,  l)ocaiuc  very  ilninp  !nicl  (iiyciisive,  i'liilaiigeriiig  oiir 
lieahli  at  tiiiius.  One  liail  to  staml  while  another  slept,  ami  during  the  lirst 
tliiie  (lays  not  ;i  mouthfnl  of  fooil  t'oiiml  fir  otForcd  us  by  our  o[:pressor.-*,  l>nt 
living  oil  the  charity  of  them  tliat  pitied  us.'  Larkiii  'a.^ssistoil  u.s  not  only 
in  I'lod'  hut  in  other  iieee.ssarici  allowed  to  he  introduced.      'Some  of  us  M-ero 

f 

lerato 

ha<l 


taken  out  of  )iriaoii  from   time  to  time  and  released  by  the  inte 


ree.ssion  o 


f, 


leiiils  uv  tur 


This  it  will  h' 


seen    IS   liuiell   more  luoi 


th.ui  Farnhaiu  s  version.  I'iiito,  Ayviif.,  MS,,  r»4,  says  the  inisunerfi 
plenty  of  food,  and  were  treated  as  Mell  as  was  jiossiiilo  uiuler  the  eii 
btaiiees.  Faruliaui  stu,tea  that  tho  cuntract  wit  i  Liirkin  was  not  iiioli' 
Ai.ril  IDth. 


iitil 


2G 


ALVAEADO'S  RULE— THE  GRAHAM  AFFAIR. 


tliis  iiidividiuil  to  discover  tluit  tlio  people  luid  not  a 
siu<^le  o'ood  qualit}^;  that  the  kadinjj;'  men  wci'e  nob 
only  villains,  cowards,  and  brutes,  but  displayed  their 
character  clearly  in  every  feature  and  action.  I  have 
already  qr.')ted  extensively  from  this  writer,  and  shall 
ha\e  occasion  to  cite  him  again;  but  quotations  would 
not  do  justice  to  the  chapters  in  which  he  pictures  the 
terrible  sufFeriiigs  of  the  captives,  the  fiendish  outrages 
committed  by  the  C'alifornians,  and  the  zealous  efforts 
of  himself  and  a  companion  by  whom  alone,  as  is  im- 
plied, the  lives  of  all  were  saved.  It  is  with  regret 
that  I  am  obliged  in  a  sense  to  give  to  this  author 
more  ])romineiice  than  to  others  who  have  told  the 
truth.  Farnham  sailed  ^NEay  5th,  and  met  the  exiles 
again  at  Santa  Barbara  and  San  Blas.*^ 


There  was  naturally  an  attempt  to  obtain  evid('nco 
of  a  [)lot  on  the  ])art  of  the  prisoners  before)  sending 
them  away;  but,  although  there  is  no  record  extant  of 
the  investigation,  it  was  evidently  unsuccessful.      The 


^■'  Fanihnm'.f  Lit'''  in  CiL,  50-1 1(5,  402-10.  I  sluill  linvo  more  to  say  of  tlio 
Ijodk  ilscw  lioro.  The  autlior  rcjiroscntsi  the  arrangoiiiuiit  with  Laikiii  about 
.Mil>iilyiii;_;  <'o(k1  to  havo  liceii  niailo  after  his  arrival — that  i^,  iiuarlytwo  WfcUs 
after  the  arrests!  He  cdiistantly  alludes  to  'an  Aiiieiieau'  wiio  liy  his  active 
clVovts,  liis  iiiiK'peiKhnit  way  of  threatening  tiie  governor,  and  his  inyuterious 
manner  of  siL.aialling  the  }>oii  (Jitlxntc  as  ..lie  repe.atcilly  entered  ami  left  tlio 
liarlior,  did  mueli  to  save  the  pri.souers'  lives.  From  the  narrative  I  should 
t.u|i[io,se  this  American  to  have  been  Farnham  himself;  hut  Morris  says  there 
M  as  anjthei' whose  name  lie  foru'cts.  It  may  have  been  Chamberlain,  an  ag<'nt 
of  American  missions  at  the  Sandwich  Islands,  who  was  a  passenger  by  tlie 
Ves.-^cl.  Once  Alvar;ulo  in  '  a  most  sublime  rage  ordered  the  guards  to  lire  on 
tlie  American,  an<l  strode  through  his  apartment,  bellowing  fearfully  and 
raising  a  \(M'y  dense  cloud  of  dust!'  Farnham  was  kept  awake  at  night  liy 
the  piteor.s  apjK'als  of  the  jirisoners;  and  he  sometimes  went  near  enough  to 
(Ir:'_!i '.'.n" !  cell  'to  hear  the  liondiearted  old  man  roar  out  his  indignation.' 
'  Snll'icalion,  the  pangs  of  death,  one  at  a  time  coming  slowly  by  daj'  and 
amour  t'le  sleepless  moments  of  the  long  and  hot  night,  life  pendent  on  the 
ni<",\ y  of  a  (Adilornian  Spaniard' — this  was  their  condition,  yet  'dying  Amer- 
icans, nnconipierable  sons  of  the  republic,' sang  at  the  last  'Hail  Columhia;' 
and  'sturdy  ISritons  were  thert^  tosing  "  Rule  Kritanida,"  when  the  American 
pr.ipo~el  to  aid  them  inbrcaking  ]irison,  takingthe  town,  and  ilis[iosing  of  tho 
iiutli'iriiiesat  the  ropo'send  if  they  did  not  gi'c  thcm;i,  fair  trial  within  three 
daysl  I  Listings,  i;'»)J,'/;'"»/.s'  (•'ii'itlr,  llS-i!l,is  as  vi(klent  and  inuecurate  as 
l''aniliam,  thouu'h  his  version  is  briefer.  In  (•/.  /'.  1!.)  Lmn ^  from  mil  .lour- 
nal,  in  //•■iin'ii!u  Pul;nu'<iaii,  ii.  77,  Sli,  .ill,  fll>,  isanothernariativ'  of  Mie  voy- 
age of  the  Hon  (Jni.colf,  nuicli  more  moderate  in  tone  than  l'"arn!iam's,  but 
takin;,'  the  sann^  general  view.  The  autlior  says  one  man  was  arrested  and 
sent  by  land  from  Monterey  to  be  put  on  the  vessel  at  Sta  Barbara. 


f 


m 


FORMP  OF  TRLVL. 


27 


Th 


:iy  of  tlio 
in  about 
>  wetks 
s  111.' live 
tcridiis 
eft  t:io 
mIhuiIiI 

.•S  tll(.'!'Ci 

11  nLrcnt 
1)y  tlio 
liri.'  oil 
Uv  ana 
irlit  hy 

U,L,'ll  to 
latioii.' 
ly  and 
(111  tlio 

Amcr- 
uiiihia;' 
U'ricaii 
ottho 

1   tlu'l'O 

itu  as 
1/  ■/our- 

('  \  ov- 

s,  liiit 
1 1  uiul 


version  of  Fariiham  and  ]\I()rris,  slio'litly  supported  by 
the  testimony  of  several  others,  is  that  the  i)risoners, 
questioned  one  after  another,  uniformly  denied  any 
knowledge  of  a  jilot,  and  were  forced  to  sign  what  was 
said  to  be  their  testimony,  but  was  presumably  a  eou- 
fession  of  guilt,  without  being  permitted  to  know  the 
])urport  of  what  they  signed."  These  statements, 
to"ether  with  Garner's  eharges  now  deliberately 
re[)eated  imder  oath,  were,  according  to  this  version, 
sent  to  Mexico  as  justifying  the  exile.*'  That  this 
■version  is  false  is  evident  I'rom  the  fact  that  the 
^lexiean  government  subsefjuently  blamed  Alvarado 
for  not  sending  legal  proofs.  It  would  not  have; 
j  qnii'ed  n)any  confessions  of  acc()m[)lices  to  constitute 
•-  h  jiroofs;  and  if  Alvarado  liad  set  about  the  manu- 
i,(eture  of  forged  testimou}',  there  is  no  reason  to  doubt 
tliat  he  would  have  made  it  stronn*  enoU'>'h.  Indeed, 
tlier''  is  nuicli  reason  to  believe  tiiat  even  (Earner's 
testimony  was  either  not  formally  re})eated,  or  was 
indefinite,  and  that  I^idre  lieal's  original  letter,  with 
Garner's  first  denuneiation  and  several  vague  rumors, 
constituted  the  only  su[)[)ort  of  the  charges  })relerred. 
.\l\arado  realized  perteetly  that  the  legal  groimds  of 
his  action  were  weak.      But  he  believed  the  forei-j^ners 

■"  .M<iiri.-!.  IHitrij,  MS.,  '2()-!»,  pays  lie  refused  tosiira  tlie  deposition  at  first, 
but  tiiially  yieiued.,  ^liercat  tlio  judi:es  '  prii  Ued  up  their  ears  and  looked  at 
caeii  other  a;  \\\^m  .is  a  jackass  that  had  reeeivi'd  a  shock  from  ii  pilvanic  liat- 
tery.'  Moi  its  fiuther  ailirnis  that  lie  was  once  taken  out  to  lie  shot,  Init  was 
saved  liy  i'lrubtii'.  This  iseoulirmed  tiy  Meadows  and  Chanilierlaiii.  I'ain- 
)!.■  1.  .  ok-trial  was  on  April  "Jl'd,  when  '1\  of  the  ]irisoners  \\e;o 
!  oated  on  the  mass  liuforo  th' 


ha 

lirou 


sa>'s  tii>:   u 


ivi'rnor's  house.  Mach  rnMi 
was  ahlvc'i  f.ir  his  pmsport,  which,  of  course,  he  could  not  produce,  as  it  had 
licen  stoit."  fro'  liis  '  ouse,  ev  u  if  he  iiad  lieen  allowed  to  j,fo  there  for  it. 
Then  each  was  »..  •■.    iiwcd  about  the  plot,  and  denied  the  services  of  an  iiiter- 


I'l 


Their  staUnients  were  redr.ced  t^ 


taiiied,  n^  I  afterward  learned  in  Mexi 


o  writing,'  111  Sp.iiiisli. 


T 


lev  con- 


tl 


liners  ue\-cr  said,  nceounts  ot  act^ 


never  pciformed,  and  licquests  of  property  to  their  persecutors,  tin  ir  jaik'r. 


Th 


eiidetl  the  trial  of  IliO  odd  (!)  Ainericans  and  J> 


befi 


court  of  ( 'alifornian  Arabs  ! ' 


A  writir  in  the  iSV"  Cruz  Srniiiicl,  April  .'t,  ISiiO.  claiiiiiii;,'  to  have  been 


>f  i\v 


le  prisoners,  says  that  (!ainer;>t  this  trial  hesitated   tore-all 


h 


Iciiunriatiun,  but  was  forced  to  si-^n  the  dociiinent  and   take  the  oath  by 


Al 
(/  nl.. 


wh  >  threatene 


d  tc 


)t  him  next  dav  if  lie  refiiscil.      In  (im/iiini 


■'ion,  'X\,  it  is  stated  that  S  i 


lien  were  senai 


atelv  ixamincd  wiili  a. 


bad  1.1     pictor,  and  were  later  taken  to  another  room  ami  kept  numaclcd  until 


their 


•J  .'0. 


28 


AL\'Ar.ADO'S  RULE-THE  GE.  JIAM  AFFAIR. 


wore  plottiiiijf.  He  knew  that  tlu'V  formed  an  undo- 
sirabli'  oloinont  of  jK)])u]atlon,  and  lie  had  resolvud  to 
got  rid  of  thorn.  If  liis  loy^al  proofs  of  coiis})ira''y 
wore  .sh^•ht,  lie  trusted  much  for  his  vindication  to  the 
lact  that  nine  tenths  of  the  exiles  had  entered  the 
country  in  defiance  of  law;  and  at  the  worst,  what  did 
it  matter  to  jiini  if  Mexico  should  be  required  to  pay 
dania<>es  to  the  extent  of  a  few  thousands  of  dollars.^ 
Safety  and  quiet  would  in  such  case  be  chea})ly  i)ur- 
chased.*''  The  governor  believed  he  had  a  right  to  put 
the  offending  foreigners  at  the  disposition  ol*  the 
supreme  govcrmiiont. 

The  irons  were  ■  iinn-c'd  from  such  pi-isonoiN  as  had 
worn  them,  except  [  ps  Graham  and  ^lorris,  wlien 

they  were  sent  awav  ■  boats  to  the  vessel;  but  on 
board  tlio  (Juipuzcoana  they  wore  again  ironed,  John 
CMiamberlain  doing  the  work,  after  Freeman  Fling, 
anotlier  blacksmith,  had  doclineil.'*'  Their  condition 
on  the  vessel  was  not  more  comf  )rtablo  than  in  the 
prison;  indeed,  there  must  have  boon  much  suffering, 
even  if,  as  Alvarado  claims,  they  were  well  fed  and 
not  exp(»se(l  to  unnecessary  discondorts.*^  At  Santa 
liiirbara  all  were  landed  and  confined  on  sliore  lor 
several  days.  Hero  one  or  two  of  the  nundjor  were 
loft  on  account  of  sickness;  here  Farnham  again  aj)- 
poared  as  their  guardian  angel;  and  hero,  if  we  may 

'"  Alvai'ado,  Hist,  Cal. ,  MS. ,  v.  2-13,  expresses  these  views,  attachiiiu'  some 
iniiKiitance  also  to  tlie  fact  that  there  were  in  Califuniia  no  proiier  tiihuuald 
for  tlio  trial  of  sucli  cases,  no  fnrcigu  consuls  to  whom  the  matter  ooiiM  be 
iifcrrcd,  and  no  national  vessels  to  the  captouis  of  whicii  forci_;ncr.s  ille- 
gi!!y  in  tlie  country  could  be  delivered.  He  expressed  somewluit  siiuilar 
views  at  the  time.  Jlobimtoii'ii  Ll/v  in  <'aL,  184. 

"  Cliand)(rlain,  Memoirs,  MS.,  Ti-l-l,  says  he  was  obliged  to  iron  the  [iris- 
oiiert!  or  be  .-cut  away  with  thcni.  Tliey  were  shackled  Ijy  the  lc;j  to  bijrs  of 
iron  in  groui)s  of  from  'Jto  ((  accordini;  to  the  IcuL'th  of  the  bars;  and  wine  at 
iiist  pat  lictwccn  decks  in  rows  facing  eaeli  other  and  fur  enough  apart  for  a 
nuin  to  walk  between  tliem  with  a  tub  of  food,  from  which  each  secured  as 
m.uh  ;is  his  hand'i  woidd  hold.  Mtnulows,  (IruhrtDi  Ajiair,  MS.,  l."i-"Jl,  gives 
fi  similar  account,  stating  that  Fling  refused  to  jiut  cm  the  irons.  Xcither 
!Meado\\  s  nor  Moi'ris,  who  narrates  somewhat  minutely  the  ev.nts  of  t!ie  vny- 
n','e,  makes  out  a  very  bad  e'lse  about  their  treatment,  and  Morris  admits  that 
tluy  Were  allowed  to  spend  the  days  on  deck  under  guard  after  passing  Sua 
Diego. 

^Tinto,  A/utiit.,  yiA.,  53-0,  who  was  one  of  the  guard,  protests  that  all 
charges  of  ill  treatment  arc  false. 


I 


I 

i 


THE  EXILES  AT  TEPIC. 


20 


:i)  tlic 
.1  tho 

it  aid 

I)  [Kxy 
Hans? 


s  liad 
when 
ut  oil 
Jo!  Ill 
•'ling, 
litioii 
II  the 
I'rliig, 
nd 
iiita 
tor 
ere 


;  Some 

UlKll.S 
1)0 

ille- 

l.i-is- 

rn  of 

:'rc  lit 

fi  >r  a, 

■itliL'r 

\-ov- 

that 
S;ui 

it  all 


cre<lii  ilie  narrators — as  we  certainly  niny  not — wore 
repeated  all  the  horrors  of  the  Monterey  prison,  and 
worse.'*"  We  arc  told  l)y  ^Meadows  that  at  San  Bias 
Castro  wished  to  scuttle  the  bark  and  drown  the 
jirisoners;  but  he  failed  to  make  a  satisfactory  ar- 
rani^n-mcnt  with  the  master  about  the  price  to  be  paivl 
for  the  vessel!  Wilkes  continues  the  chapter  of  hor- 
rors by  dwt'llin^-  on  the  sufferinpjs  of  the  victims,  as, 
heavily  ironed,  barefoot,  and  without  food,  they  were 
driven  nnder  the  lash  to  Topic — sixty  miles  in  two 
davs,  with  tlie  thermometer  at  !)Ode<^reesI  And  Hnal- 
Iv  Morris  informs  us  that  Castro  attom[)ted  on  the 
way  to  get  rid  of  Farnlvim  by  assassination!'"^ 

At  Topic  tho  snflerings  of  tlie  prisoners  wore  ]>rac- 
ticrillv  at  an  end:  for  we  must  not  through  the  false- 
hoods  extant  be  led  to  t'orget  that  they  really  suffered 
great  hardships.  Though  they  continued  under  arrest 
lor  several  months,  they  wore  kindly  treated,  lodu'ed 
in  (•(iin[)arativi'ly  comfortable  (piarters,  and  well  fed; 
and  they  had  the  additional  [)leasure,  one  which  went 

^''f  iiiiliam  ct  al.,  P'tiJion,  say  .S  men  in  irons  were  put  in  an  nx-cart;  tlio 
rest  went  on  foot,  r.oini'  eliaiiied  in  pairs.  No  food  nor  water  for  i2t  lioiiis. 
One  would  have  died  Imt  for  the  Uin  huss  of  Dr  Den,  who  eau.sed  food  and 
v.ater  to  lie  supplied.  Some  of  the  eap;ive:<  from  Monterey  were  released 
and  sent  l)aek.  liotii  in  prison  and  on  the  vessel  'we  were  freijuently 
threatened,  pricked,  and  striiek  witli  swords  hy  tho  sultaltern  ollieeis  of  t!io 
Mex.  f,'ovt.'  Meadows,  Morris,  and  Farnham  vie  with  caeli  other  in  exa;^- 
j;erating  the  hardships  and  outrages  at  Sta  IVubara,  whieh  Farnham  extends 
to  thi^  voyage.  It  is  stated  that  tho  inhaliitants,  all  except  tho  women,  ;;  ;- 
semMed  on  one  oceasion  to  amuse  themselves  liy  seeing  tho  captives  eat,  and 
note  tiuir  disgust  as  tlie  hreeeh-elout  of  tho  Indian  cook  was  found  in  t!:o 
soup,  where  it  had  heen  put  as  a  joke  by  Torre's  direction.  Meadows  says 
that  about  a  do/cu  were  lott  here  on  plea  of  sic':ness.  Farnham  .sailed  on  tiio 
Jjhii  (Jiii.rote  before  tho  departure  of  the  (!ntpiiz<'ouiia. 

''-' Morris,  however,  JJi'irif,  MS.,  ','>',] -S.  states  that  the  prisoners  liad  sev- 
eral asses,  in  the  use  of  whieh  they  took  turns;  that  at  the  half-way  station, 
l)y  the  agents  of  ]>arron  and  Forties,  tlu.y  were  allbrdiMl  a  good  night's  vr.<t 
and  plenty  of  food;  and  that  from  that  point  to  Topic  they  were  well  cnon'.'Ii 
treated,  (.'apt.  ClilTord's  narrative— taicen  iloubtless  mainly  from  Faridia;:i':5 
lips — in  the  X<'i''  l'o/7,'  J'liirnnl  of  Coin}iii'rci-,  an<l  reprinted  in  the  /'<i/i/iir.^!ini, 
Pee.  .5,  1S4(),  gives  at  some  len.;th  the  aeeoiint  of  tin' teriible  siitlrrings  iri- 
dured  on  the  journey  by  sea  ami  land.  '  During  the  marcii,  whieh  was  lal)o- 
vioiis  enoiigli  to  exhaust  the  stoutest  franu',  the  prisoners  were  urged  forward 
by  lashes  inllicted  upon  their  naked  bodies;  and  one,  wlio  sank  under  fatigue, 
was  barbarously  beaten  with  the  butt-end  of  a  musket,  to  renovate  hia 
strengi.li,  and  arouse  his  drooping  spirits.'    Also  in  A'<7c.s'  L'<  j.,  Ixviii.  ojl. 


30 


ALVARADO'S  RULE— THE  GRAHAM  AFFAIR. 


far  to  ooiDpeiisate  tlioiii  for  all  their  wrongs,  of  sceinj^ 
tiic!  Califoniians  of  their  guard  kept  iiuder  arrest  for 
sonic  two  weeks  until  orders  for  their  release  came  from 
]\[exico/^  All  this  was  duo  to  the  inHuonce  of  Eustace 
Barron,  the  British  consul  at  Topic,  upon  the  comau- 
danto  general  of  Jalisco,  Don  Mniiuel  Castillo  Negrcte, 
a  brother  of  Don  Luis  known  in  California.  Farnham 
had  arrived  in  a  schooner  from  ]\razatlan,  and  had  lost 
no  time  in  bringing  the  wrongs  of  the  foreignei's  to 
tlie  consul's  attention.  There  is  no  otficial  record  of 
events  at  Topic.  Bafael  Pinto,  and  Morris  more 
briefly,  give  some  details  of  ex[)ericnce  there  from  the 
standpoint  of  Californian  and  foreigner  respectively; 
but  their  narratives  contain  little  or  nothing  of  gen- 
oral  interest  to  the  reader."^ 

Castro,  having  l)een  [)ersonally  under  arrest  but  for 
a  day  or  two,  proc'ceded  to  Mexico  in  accordance  Avith 
his  instructions  iVom  Alvarado,  lie  was  accompanied 
by  Covarrubias  and  ►Soto,  Torre  being  left  in  connnand 
of  the  guard  at  Topic,  and  Pinto  being  also  left  behind 
sick  with,  a  fever.  Covarrubias  and  Soto,  the  former 
g.aining  in  the  mean  time  a  cross  of  honor  for  having 
od'ered  his  service--;  in  defence  of  the  president  on  July 
1  yth,"''^  soon  returned  to  Acapulco  antl  sailed  for  Cali- 
f  )riiia  on  the  Oifch'/Ki.  Torre,  Pinto,  and  the  Cali- 
f  )rnian  troops  embarked  also  on  the  C<d<duHi>  when 
she  toucluxl  at  San  Bias  in  Se[)teinb(M'.  Tliey  arrived 
at  San  Diego  about  the  middle  (^f  October,  with  news 

'■'  Moi'i-i^,  D'tiinj,  MS. ,  ;)"-l-41 ,  writes:  '  From  the  top  of  our  prison  wo  hchclil 
t!i(j  )iii;j;lity  dons  of  ("aliforjii.i  talciii'^  tlio  (.■uol  air  on  the  top  of  tlii.'ir  prison. 
"All,"  tliouulit  I,  '"yo'i  liavc  caught  a  Tartar."'  My  comjiauiona  were  i-vcr- 
j  lyed,  and  1  thoiiLiht  t!iey  v.-ouKl  luivc  huiisL  tlienisclvcs  with  laughter.  Sonic 
c  1  tliein  eanio  runnin;j;  (o  nie  Having,  "JJainn  my  eyes,  ])ut  the  consul  has  put 
( ':istro  and  iiis  damned  l)ng','ers  ia  prison."'  He  delights  ospeeially  in  the 
ijianner  in  which  Cajlro  wassnuhhcd  l>y  Jiarroii.  Aug.  4th,  letter  from  'J'epio 
t  )  X.  Y.  J'>iir.  (Join.,  in  JlaiiolitJa  Pc/ijiiC'^aiii,  i.  IVi'A,  announcing  arrival  of 
prisoners  at  'J'epic. 

'^'-Piiito,  Ajiiiiif.,  !MS.,  41^-74,  deserves  special  nienlion  as  .a  fair  and  com- 
plete account  of  tile  whole  iillair,  a  mention  the  more  neces.sary  on  aecount  of 
i'lirnham's  nnjust  almso  of  this  Oiiicer.  Osio,  IliM.  Cal.,  MS.,  400-10,  is  bit- 
ter in  his  denunciations  of  (jastillo  Xegri'tc,  stating  that  he  was  uot  only  or- 
dered to  release  the  Califoniians,  but  was  severely  reprimanded. 

■■^  Original  document  confei-ring  the  cross,  dated  Sept.  1,  1S40,  iu  Vulkjo, 
Doc,  MS.,  ix.  U33. 


■;.■*). 


I 


RESULTS  IN  MEXICO. 


ni 


geil- 


•inor 

July 
Cali- 
^.li- 
licii 
■i\'cd 
news 

l.rhcia 

K-isoii. 
'vcr- 
Soino 
IS  jiut 
111  the 

ival  of 

C()lll- 

iiuit  of 
in  bit- 
Illy  or- 

'cdlejo, 


# 


I 

,1 


that  the  fDroIucners  wore  still  prisoners  at  Tepic,  and 
that  Castro  was  detained  in  ]\[exico.''* 

On  the  2J]d  of  Septeuiher  the  minister  of  the  inte- 
rior informed  Alvarado  of  the  govermnent's  (lisj)osi- 
tion  of  the  prisonin-s.  The  governf)r's  zeal  in  pi'event- 
in<T  a  revolt  was  a{)prove(l,  and  he  was  ordered  to  see 
to  it  that  no  foreigners  should  in  future  he  allowed  to 
enter  California  except  in  aceordanec  with  the  laws; 
hut  should  the  necessity  again  arise  to  expel  them,  lie 
must  h(.'  careful  to  send  proofs  of  their  guilt  in  order 
to  avoid  reclamations.  Of  the  prisoners,  (Jraliam, 
]\[orris,  Chard,  and  Bowles^'' were  to  remain  in  con- 
finement, suhject  to  the  courts  of  Tepic.  Such  of  the 
others  as  were  natui'alized  or  married  to  ^lexican 
wives  were  to  he  freed,  on  giving  h(mds  to  await  at 
Tepic  the  result  (»f  l(\gal  investigations;  and  tlie  rest 
wwo  to  be  sent  out  of  the  republic,  and  not  allowed 
to  I'etuni  to  California.  Orders  to  this  etfect  were  is- 
sued on  the  same  date  by  the  minister  of  war.''*' 

T  have  no  otlicial  record  of  any  subsequent  order  of 
the  Mexican  go\'ernment  respecting  the  [)risoners,  of 
correspondence  with  British  and  Amei'ican  consuls  (m 
the  subject,  or  of  the  final  investigations  in  the  case 
of  those  who  remained  in  prison  or  under  bonds  at 
Tepic.  It  a[)})ears,  however,  that  the  order  of  Sep- 
teml)er  2:3(1  must  have  been  modified,  at  least  so  far 
as  to  include  in  the  class   not  banished,  not  only  the 

•">' Arrival  of  the  Catarina  at  S.  Diego  l)cforo  Oct.  22(1.  Dept.  Sf.  Pap.,  Bm. 
Cii^f.-I/.,  MS.,  V.  7-S;  Vnllvjo,  Doc,  MS.,  x.  ;?2I.  I'iiito,  Aimnt.,  MS.,  (i.")- 
71,  tells  till!  story  of  the  voyaije,  and  of  eertain  troul)les  be  twecu  tli(,'  troojis 
;  ;i(l  the  eaptaiii  of  the  vessel,  Karl  (.'hristiaii,  whom  ho  rejiresents  as  partially 
insane.  On  the  (%\1aVnHi  eaiiic  also  <at  this  time  Manuel  Castanaiea  to  take 
eli;u'!,'e  of  the  Monterey  custom-house;  his  brother,  .Toii' Mari'a,  letiirniiii;  to 
Caliioniia  by.stealth  on  account  of  certain  troubles  at  Mazatlan;  the  artillery 
caiitain,  Mariano  Silva;  and  Maurieio  (jonzalcz.  Feb.  1,  ISt'J,  gov.  order.s 
payment  of  SI,"mO  to  Cells  for  passa:.,'c  of  ofllccrs  and  troops.  Dipt.  Sf.  I'op., 
Jim.  Com.  find  Tirci.,  MS.,  iv.  (iS-!). 

■'•'('ailed  Jorge  Jos(5  ]>ouils,  or  Bouils,  or  Bonis;  liut  it  must  have  been 
IJowles,  I  tliinlv. 

■'"''Sept.  '2',id,  niin.  of  int.  to  pov.  Sit]it.  Govt  Sf.  Pup.,  MS,,  xvi.  7-8; 
S.  Dir.jo.  J/-r'/),  MS.,  •272;  Drpt.St.  Pop.,  MS.,  iv.  VM);  /d.,  An;/.,  \i.  2<.\' 
:((!;  xii.  40-.")(l;  Ar<-h.  Sta  Cruz,  MS.,  ."»;i-'>.  June  2,  lS-10,  niin.  of  war  has 
received  Valle jo's  despateli  of  April 2oth.  »S'arrt;/c,  Z>oc.,  MS.,  iii.  1.  rublished 
in  California  in  May  1841. 


rw 


32 


ALVARADO'S  HULK— THE  GRAHAM  AFFAIR. 


naturalized  and  married,  l)ut  all  who  had  passports, 
])crinit,s,  or  other  evidence  of  liaving  to  any  extent 
complied  with  the  requirements  of  the  laws.  At  any 
rate,  the  class  was  made  to  include  about  twenty  men, 
many  more  certainly  than  had  naturalization  papers, 
if  indeed  any  had  them.  The  rest,  or  al)out  thirty, 
were  doubtless  sent  out  of  the  republic  as  ordered, 
liavinof  no  le<jfal  claims  whatever  for  damaijes.  The 
current  idea  that  all  or  nearly  all  were  awarded  dam- 
aLircs,  or  at  least  sent  back  to  California  at  <;overnment 
cxjicnse,  is  erroneous. 

The  detention  of  Graham  and  his  companions,  and 
the  investicration  of  their  wrons^s  a!:jainst  or  at  the 
hands  of  Mexico,  lasted  until  June.  During  the 
time  Larkin  visited  Mexico,  where  he  doubtless  tes- 
tified in  this  matter.'^'  The  result  was,  that  tlio 
prisoners  were  found  innocent  of  tho  charges  against 
them,  and  were  apparently  adjudged  entitled  to  com- 
pensation for  actual  losses,  including  lost  time.  Some 
of  them  were  paid  !i?250  each  by  Consul  Barron — of 
course  with  authority  from  the  government  and  for- 
eign ministers — and  for  that  sum  released  Mexico 
from  all  further  claims.  Others  perhaps  received 
smaller  sums  on  account;  and  all  were  sent  back  to 
California  at  expense  of  the  government,  there  to 
procure  legal  evidence  of  their  losses  in  consequence 

'•'Jan.  18,  1841,  Cavniiehaol,  one  of  the  prisoners,  writes  from  Topic  to 
Larkin  as  follows:  '  It  is  tlie  j:eneral  opinion  of  the  foreigners  of  this  plaeo 
that  you  have  gone  on  to  Mexico  on  secret  business,  business  against  us  tluit 
were  of  late  prisoners  iu  tliis  place.  As  for  my  part,  I  believe  nothing  of  tlic 
kind;  at  all  evt'nts,  if  you  should  be  al)le  to  do  nothing  for  us,  plcuso  try  and 
do  nothing  against  us.  It  would  be  niadi;  known  in  the  course  of  time,  and  aa 
you  i.re  doing  business  in  Monterey,  it  would  cause  you  to  be  very  unpopular. .  . 
Try  and  eil'cct  all  you  can  with  his  excellency,  I'owliattan  Ellis,  in  behalf  of 
your  countrymen.  ^Ir  (.!ra!iani  hail  a  rehearing  on  Friday  last;  lie  w.is 
asked  by  tiio  judge  some  of  tlie  most  frivolous  (juestions,  such  as  what  w.:s 
Ids  motlier's  name  b.fore  marriage,  etc.  So  far  as  I  can  sec  into  (lra!ia:i:".s 
business,  this  govt  is  making  nothing  but  a  ]icrfect  humliug  with  hi.s  ease,  wiih 
a,  view  of  detaining  him  a  great  length  of  time  in  tlie  country.  I  heard  yi  3- 
tenlay  by  one  of  the  clerks  that  ovcrliaalcd  the  dcieuments  tliat  came  on  of  late 
from  (ral.  tiiat  you  had  swoni  againtt  us,  though  I  tliink  there  is  notliing 
more  of  it  than  you  informed  mi;  when  here.  .  .As  you  are  now  at  head.pwr- 
tcrs,  please  try  an<l  ii?\d  out  if  possible  tlie  result  of  tliis  business,  whether  v,o 
are  going  to  be  jiaid,  anil  liow  much. .  .1'.  S.  I  liave  just  heard  that  (Jivi- 
luun'd  buijiiiess  v.iil  be  b, ought  to  a  ckise  soon.'  LarLun'fi  Doc,  MS.,  i.  120. 


DAMAGES  TAID. 


33 


'pic  to 

is  plauo 

us  that 

of  the 

:ry  iiml 

)ul;ir.  .  . 
'Iwlf  of 
he  w.is 
lat  w,,s 
•a!j.i:!;".s 
'C,  wicU 
1  yc3- 
if 'laic 
iidthi'.v^ 

hvv  v,o 
it  (jra- 
IJO. 


of  arrest.  Tlicy  woro  jtrovidod  with  cartas  <le  se- 
ipo'idad,  and  the  authorities  were  to  aftord  faoihties 
tor  VfrilViiu''  the  aceouiits.  Up  to  this  i)oiiit  ilie 
Eni^dish  and  Auieriean  elaunants  appear  to  liave  been 
treated  exaeth'  ahke,  ]]arron  liaving  acted  tor  llio 
American  consul,  who  was  ahsent.  The  scliooncr 
IJo/ina  was  chartered  lor  the  trip,  and  the  returniiiL,^ 
exik'S,  |)erha})S  twenty  in  number,  thoui^h  prohahly 
a  lew  (Hd  not  find  their  way  haclc  till  later,  were 
landed  at  Monterey  in  July   1841.''"*     It  is  evident 

'''' Juno  3,  1841,  IJarrou  to  T>atkiii.  aniionncins  the  result  anil  i'0((ir'stin'» 
iiiin  to  iii.l  in  estal)lishin,L,' claims,  lie  implies  clearly  that  money  iwul  ii.eii 
pai.l  to  Ami  lieans  as  well  as  l'h»L:lishmeu.  harkin,  writin;;  to  the  U.  S.  see. 
of  state  in  1.S44:,  says  also  that  some  claims  of  h.ith  classes  were  ivlinipiislieil 
for  .S-oO  each.  J'l.,  (Jfih-Uil  Ci)rir-<ii.,  MS.,  ii.  .")-(!.  Farnham,  continniii;.;  his 
lies  to  the  last,  says  they  were  tried  a^ain,  '  ami  eoncler.meil  to  |)erpetMal  im- 
piisounient  upon  an  island  in  a  mountain  lake  of  Mexico,'  hut  were  saved  hy  the 
consul!  Meailows,  (I'rahinn  Ajjiur,  MS.,  •JS-li;),  was  one  of  the  men  w!io  got 
!*:2.")l),  which  he  rejiresents  as  sim])ly  an  advance  made  to  those  who  wished 
to  leave  Te[)ic,  those  who  remained  ;,'ettinL,' .SiMI),  luit  in  this   he  is  in  err.jr, 

'  il 


lUy 


since  his  name  does  not  appear  ill  the  later  list  of  Mni^jlish  claimant 
•2l.M,  e'onianilante  Flort'S  at  Monterej-  announces  arrival  of  the  IIiI'iki.  witli 
(irahaniaiid  KS  otiiers  on  July 'iOth.  Vallrjo,  Do'-.,  .MS.,  x.  iM.").  Alvaiado, 
on  July  L'Dth,  speaks  of  (!r;diani  and  about  I.")  IviLjlishnien  liavin;;  arrived, 
41)  (?)  haviiiL;  heen  scattereil.  /-/. ,  x.  •_'.'}(!.  Those  known  to  have  heen  scut 
liaek  ut  this  time  were  (Iraham,  Morris,  Clianl,  C^i-micliael,  Meadows,  An- 
derson, OUrien,  Dove,  Price,  Ciiapel,  Lan^lois,  and  Warner.  There  wi  lo 
others  also,  appai'cntl}',  as  they  .seem  to  have  heen  in  the  counti'y  liter. 
These  were  Jjarton,  Bowles,  Cooper,  Fr.rzer,  L(;wis,  Lucas,  Medloiio,  ami 
i'eace.  Perhaps  MeAlIi.^tcr  and  Mayuard  also  returned.  In  most  printed 
accounts  it  is  stated  that  ail,  or  nearly  all,  the  exiles  came  hack.  Uohiason, 
L'j'i'  i,i  Cal.,  IST-M,  asserts  that  they  e;imc  haclc  well  dresse<l  ami  armed,  and 
lo'/,;in,!:C ''^^tter  t'.ian  when  they  left.  Tins  writei',  follov.ed  by  Tuthill,  ///■•''. 
(Jul.,  140-7,  dates  the  return  a  year  later,  by  the  t\>!iim'iiiii'.  .Mofras,  L'.rp/o- 
ratioii,!.  304-11,  says  the  aiirecmcut  was  for  each  indivitbial  to  i-eceivo  ^3 
per  day  for  his  timi^  besides  in<lemnity  for  losses  of  property.  They  eaino 
back  e.xultiu'j;  in  their  success  and  full  of  projects  for  ven;_'eanec  ayaiust 
.Vh.arado  and  Castro.  They  would  nn!;c  auoLlur  Texas  of  (.'al.  as  .soon  .as 
they  were  strong  enou'^h,  being  assured  of  the  Hupp  )rt  of  the  U.  8.  Mofras 
makes  out  very  erroneously  that  of  the  40  prisoucrs  sent  away,  (j  died,  'Al 
retur.ieil,  and  !>  refused  to  return. 

Marsh,  Litdr  to  Com.  Joiiffi,  ^IS.,  12-1,1,  Avrites;  'T''ho  American  consul 
did  nothing,  and  seeina  to  have  been  a  perfect  eiplier.  Two  of  the  ]irisoner.s 
after  their  enlargement  Avent  to  the  city  of  Mcxicr),  where  the  ISritish  uuni.-.ter 
uiacle  every  exertion  to  obtain  for  these  unfortunate  men  some  reuuineratioii 
from  the  Mexican  govt  for  their  losses  and  sutlerings.  The  American  iniuis- 
t.T  is  understood  to  have  done  absolutely  nothing.'  Morris  writes,  J)Uirif, 
MS..  41:  'Tliey  v.'ero  compelled  to  charter  a  schooner,  furnish  her  witii  every- 
thing necessary  for  the  voyaga,  and  bring  us  all  back  to  Monterey.  v\  iiere  wo 
arrived  on  July  1.")  (?),  1S41,  to  the  very  great  surprise  of  many  a  treacherous 
Spaniard  and  foreigner.'  ("apt.  Clill'ord,  in  Xili-i'  J'li/.,  Iviii.  .'>71,  says:  '()lli- 
eial  accounts  of  this  infamous  transaction  have  been  forwarded  to  tlr;  British 
and  ^Vinericaa  governments  by  their  respective  ministers;  aiulit  is  confidently 
hoped  that  prompt  and  energetic  measures  will  be  pursued  to  obtain  ample 
ni8T.  Cal.,  Vol.  IV,    3 


34 


ALVAPwADO'S  RULE  -THE  GRAHAM  AFFAIR. 


i: 


tliat  PresidiMit  Bustaniniite  liad  been  UTiwillinLj;  to 
coiuplicute  oxistiiii^  tr(Hil)lc8  by  cnijagiii^'  in  a  contro- 
versy witli  Ibreii^M  ])o\V(jrs. 

jMoanwliilc,  Jose  Castro  was  .subjected  to  a  trial  by 
court-martial  at  the  national  caj)ital,  on  cliai'Lj^es  pre- 
ferred l>y  the  IJritish  and  American  ministers.  Of 
course  in  conveyin^'the  j)risoners  to  Tei)ic,  Castro  had 
mei-cly  obeyed  the  orders  of  his  superiors,  Alvarado 
and  Vallcjo;  and  the  changes  of  ill  treatment  could 
not  be  Hubstantinted.  The  proceedings  began  before 
the  end  of  1840/"  and  lasted  until  ^Mav  1841.  It  is 
understood  that  Miclieltorena,  later  governor  of  Cali- 
fornia, conducted  Castro's  del'ence;  and  the  result  was, 
that  he  was  fully  exonerated  of  blame,  and  permitted 
to  return  to  California,  where  he  arrived  in  SeptcMu- 
ber,  having  made  tlie  trip  chiefly  by  land."'^  Ther<3 
seems  to  be  no  foundation  for  the  later  rumors  that 
he  narrowly  csca[)ed  conviction,  or  that  he  had  to 
run  away  iron  1  ^lexico  in  disguise.*^^  TJie  funds  irom 
which  his  ex[)enses  were  paid  were  furnished  by  En- 


justice  and  ronninei'fitioii  for  tlie  prisoners,  and  satisfaction  for  the  national 
insult."  '  DoulitlfNstlii'  Anicricanand  KnglisliKOvcrnnu'ntsvill demand  ample 
satisfaction  for  these  unfortiuiate  men.'  J/oiiulidii  I'uli/iiisiaii,  June  "JO,  IS4(). 
Farnham  on  May  "Jllh  was  \varMily  thanked  in  vriting  by  the  prisoners  at 
Teiiicfor  his  sei\  ices.  /(/.,  Dee.  ."),  1S40;  aiulinhis  Z(/r' ?»  <^'(il.,  414,  conclndes: 
'( J ralmin  returned  to  California,  a  l)roken-spiriteil,  ruined  man.  The  otliers 
are  disper.-ed  elsewhere.  Our  government  has  never  avenged  tlieir  wrongs.' 
'  Fifteen  nKjnth.s  later  the  governiueiit  of  Me.Nieo  sent  part  of  tliein  bacli  to 
Monterey,  sever;;!  <lying  from  fatigue  and  privations.'   A'fVc?'  Itcj.,  l.Kviii.  '-'1 1. 

^'•' Aug.  *J'J,  l!St(),  \'irniond  to  \'allejo,  cxfdaining  that  Castro  was  not  al- 
lowed to  leave  the  city.  VuUija,  Jhic,  ^IS.,  ix.  i221(.  ])ec.  17th,  Hen.  Valen- 
cia, chief  of  stair,  to  Vallcjo.  Coui't-nuirtial  in  progress.  Record  of  Castn/s 
services  recjuired.  A/.,  ix.  Uoft.  Jan.  -3,  1841,  Virmond  to  JIunraa.  Castro 
will  come  out  all  right,  Is  living  unmolested  at  writer's  house.  Id.,  xxxiii. 
184.  June  ]•_',  1841,  news  of  C.'s  arrival  at  Mex.  has  reached  ISta  B.  Uta  li., 
Arch.,  MS.,  -IX 

""April  ."),  1841,  Valencia  announces  Castro's  acquittal  to  Vallcjo.  VaWjo, 
Dor.,  MS.,  X.  {)7.  May  l'2th,  (Jastro's  return  ordered,  and  expenses  to  he 
paid.  /(/.,  X.  I.'IG.  May  l.")tli,  Castillcro  says  that  the  acquittal  was  an  hon- 
orable one.  /(/.,  X.  1.S8.  Sept.  18th,  Alvarado  speaks  of  Castro's  I'cturn.  /(/., 
X.  *JSI.  Oct.  1st,  oi'ders  for  payment  of  dues  to  Castro.  JJi'^d.  tit.  Pap.,  Utn. 
Com.  and  Trcnu.,  MS.,  iv.  50. 

®'  t)sio,  ll'mt.  Val.,  MS.,  410-11,  saya  that  in  consequence  of  Barron's  per- 
Bccntions,  Castro  had  to  come  by  by-roads  via  Durango  to  Mazatlau.  Rob- 
inson, L'lj'e  ill  CaL,  188,  remarks:  'It  is  said  it  would  have  gone  hard  with 
him  if  he  had  not  managed  to  escape  through  the  counivance  of  his  govern- 
ment.' 


■^ 


A  FRi:XClI  MAN-OF-WAR. 


Ird  with 
1  govern- 


.:| 


Valh'Jo, 

3S    to    l>C 

an  hi>n- 

rn.   /'/., 

tp.,  lien. 

i 

)n's  per- 

^1 

riqno  Virmond,  to  bu  rci)aid  in  Culiforiiia  hides  and 
tallow. 

The  Gin'puzcocnvi.  had  suil(>d  from  ]\[ontoroy  in 
April,  1S40,  and  for  nearly  fifty  days  all  was  (|uiet, 
with  no  tidings  of  the  I'xiles  and  tluiir  i,niard.  ThtMi 
came  news  in  an  unexpected  and  even  threaten iiisjf 
form.  On  the  1  1th  of  .June  there  anchored  before  tlie 
town  the  French  slooj)  of  war  Damiulc,  whoso  com- 
mander, J.  di'  liosamel,  had  couio  to  demand  an  i;k- 
planation  of  the  outra_<j^e  lately  committed  up(;n  his 
countrymen — perhaps  to  aveUL'-c  it — and  at  any  rate 
to  pi'otect  sucli  Frenchmen  as  were  yet  in  danj^er.  I  [e 
had  been  about  to  sail  from  ^lazatlan  for  Honolulu 
when  by  the  arrival  of  a  schooner  from  Santa  Barbara 
lie  heard  a  grossly  exaggerated  report  of  the  Ibreign- 
ers'  arrest  and  banishnuMit,  including  the  statenu'ut 
that  two  Frenchmen  had  been  killed  and  othei's 
severely  wounded.  He  was  of  course  delighted  to 
learn  tliat  the  rumor  was  false,  that  not  a  single  one 
of  his  compatriotcs  had  even  been  sent  away,  and  that 
one  or  two  who  had  been  arrested  wer-e  released  ap- 
parently for  no  better  reason  than  that  they  wi're 
Frenchmen.  There  being  no  occasion  for  warlike  or 
even  diplomatic  demonstrations,  Rosamel  and  his  men 
proceeded  to  enjoy  themselves  for  twenty  da3-s,  to  the 
mutual  satisfaction  of  themselves  and  the  ]\[onterey- 
ans,  with  whom  they  established,  as  earlier  visitors  of 
their  nation  had  usually  done,  the  most  friendly  and 
agreeable  relations.  Ou  July  2d,  the  Danahlc  sailed 
away 


62 


^' Juno  19th,  July  12th,  com.  of  ^Monterey  announces  arrival  ami  departure 
oi  Dana'kle  and  St  Loh'ik.  Each  left  two  iloserters.  hut  the  Freiiohnioii  woie 
captured  and  restored.  Vallfjo,  Doc,  MS.,  ix.  l.JO,  174.  July  Ist,  Rowinud 
to  gov.,  explaining  his  motives  in  coming,  and  expi'essing  his  pleasure  tiiat 
Lis  countrymen  had  been  so  well  treated.  He  concludes  as  follows:  'CV'st 
avcc  le  plus  vif  regret,  Monsieur  Ic  CJouvcrneur,  ([ue  je  suis  iorc6  de  vous 
quitter,  niais  ci'oyezbien  que  partout  ou  me  porteraht,  destiuee  jo  n'oublieiai 
jamais  la  bonne  reception  quo  voua  avez  fidte  A,  la  Jkiiiaidc,  et  les  relations 
amicales  qui  sc  sont  ctablies  entre  nous  pendant  mon  sejour  sur  votrc  radc,' 
Original  letter  in  /(/.,  xxxiii.  88.  Robinson's  story,  Li/c  in  Cal.,  lSl-3,  fol- 
lowed by  Tuthill,  Hist.  Cal.,  UC,  that  Alvarado,  in  his  fear  and  perplexity, 


^ww 


so 


ALVAllADO'S  UULF.-TIIE  GRAHAM  AFFAIR. 


Nor  was  tlio  Dana'idc  tlio  only  vessel  that  oamo  on 
this  luisiiu'ss.  Tlic  U.  S.  man-of-war  St  Louis,  Cap- 
tain Ficnch  Forrest,  was  only  two  tlays  Iteliind  the 
Frenelinian,  arrivinijf  June  llith,  and  sailinij^  July  4lli. 
Forrest  in  a  letter  to  the  fjfovernor  denuindc'd  an  ex- 
planation of  the  report  that  Americans  had  heen  at- 
taclied  in  their  houses,  wounded,  rohbed,  imprisont'd, 
and  sent  away  in  violation  of  existing  treaties.  The 
re(jnired  explanation  was  j^iviMi:  namely,  that  certain 
foreii^ners  had  been  sent  away  accord inn,^  to  law,  either 
for  oU'ences  a<;ainst  the  public  ]ioaee,  or  for  having  en- 
tei'ed  the  country  illegally;  that  they  had  l)een  so  well 
treated  that  on(n)f  them  wrote  a  letter  of  llianks;  and 
that  none  had  suffered  spoliation,  none  but  (jlraham 
having  any  property.  If  Forrest  was  not  satislied 
with!  his  ex[»lanatio!i,  he  took  no  further  steps  in  the 
matter,  except  to  colle(;t  testimony  from  c(>rtain  resi- 
dent Americans,  who  claimed  to  have  suifered  losses 
in  conse(|uence  of  their  arrest.  On  his  d(  patture, 
during  Alvarado's  absence  in  the  interior,  he  lel't  Ethan 
Estabrook  to  act  as  cf)nsular  agent,  of  whose  experi- 
ence in  California  I  know  nothing,  exce])t  that  the 
governor  n^fused  to  recognize  his  authority.  l£e  ob- 
tained a  passport  to  travel,  and  probably  left  the 
country  in  1841,  after  taking  a  few  additional  state- 
ments."^ 


• 


loft  the  town  on  pretext  of  an  Fnilian  campiiign,  and  remained  absent  nntil 
the  vessels  sailed,  has,  I  suppose,  not  much  foundation,  tliouu'h  it  i.s  true  that 
A.  did  leave  town  and  was  ahsent  at  the  time  of  departure  of  both  vessels. 
Melius,  JJiari/,  MS.,  5-0,  say.s  the  D'Huiidti  entered  with  open  ports,  icady  to 
open  lire;  but  cooled  down  on  hearint;  how  matters  stood.  Cnpt.  Phelim  of 
the  Alirt,  Fore  iiiul  Aft,  '1T)\~1,  was  at  Monterey  at  the  time.  ]Io  say.s 
the  Frenchman  was  'much  disappointed'  at  linding  no  excn-ie  to  lire  on  tlio 
town.  He  tells  us  the  Frenchmen  became  great  favorites  with  the  ladies. 
Once  they  were  so  attentive  to  them  in  cliurch  that  tlu;  padro  ordered  them 
to  leave  tlic  building;  but  the  ladies  protested,  and  the  padre  had  to  yield. 
Phelps'  account  also,  in  S.  «/o*;  Patriot,  .Tan.  '22,  18G9.  Mention  of  Rosamel'd 
visit  also,  in  MofriM,  Explor.,\.  304  G;  VaUejo,  liht.  C'al.,  MS.,  iii.  318;  iv. 
131-7;  Alrurado,  JliHt.  Cid.,  v.  14-15. 

''In  his  roport  of  Deo.  4,  1841,  27th  cong.  2d  .seas..  Sen.  Doc.  1,  p.  ,3(>8, 
the  see.  navy  writes:  'In  the  midst  of  these  outrages,  ("om.  Forrest  arrived 
upon  the  coast,  and,  by  his  prompt  ami  spirited  interposition,  vindicated  aiul 
secured  the  rights,  not  only  of  American  citizens,  but  of  British  subjects. 
For  these  services  he  received,  and  appears  to  have  well  deserved,  a  formal 
expression  of  the  thanks  both  of  American  and  English  residents.'    June  14, 


RETURN'  or  THI']  KXiLKS. 


37 


t   tlio 

e  <»l)- 

tlie 

statc- 


■nt  until 
•no  tliiib 

•t'^■>SL'ls. 

■iiily  to 

llcl])S  (if 

[c   s;iys 
(III  tiio 

lailicM. 

ll   tlllMIl 

o  yiold. 
)aiimera 
IS;  iv. 

p.  3<;8, 
irrived 
tcil  aiul 
^ilijocts. 
ton  Hill 
line  li. 


i 


Tn  St'|)tenil)or  tlic  (fnipir.i-uthKi  vvi\\v\\r(\  with  iicwij 
iVoiii  T('iti(^  JJclore  timt  tiinc,  in  .Inly  .'HkI  Aii'^iist, 
(lis(|niftiii,ijf  riiinoi'8  liml  comk!  by  other  vessels,  t(»  the 
oll'ect  that  tlie  pi'isoiiers  had  all  heen  ri'leased  and 
(Jastro  arrested  as  a  r<'r<i/iicii>ii<ifio.^^*  In  ()('tul»er,  as 
Mt;  ha\u  seen,  the  ti-()(»|»s  ot"  tlu-  i^iiard  eanie  hack  <»n 
tliu  C'lttdinti;  in  May  of  the  nt^xt  ycjir  came  ollicial 
des]»atches  tVoni  ]\[exico;  in  July  tin;  ll>llim  brought 
nineteen  of  the  I'eK'ased  ]>i-is(»ners;  and  tinally,  in  Se[)- 
teiiihcr  Jose  Castro  niadi;  his  a|ij)earance. 

The  I'eturnini^  exiles  in  July  JHU  came  |»i'o\i(lcd 
uilh  I'cL^ular  j)assj)orts,  and  |»artof  them  had  le^alizi'd 
claims  Jiijfainst  ^lexieo  for  the  l(»sses  thev  had  incurred, 
iwvA  the  authorities  weii;  instructed,  at  least  in  the 
case  of  nine  I'^n^lish  suhjects,  to  facilitate  the  ohtain- 
iiiL;'  of  proofs  us  to  the  amount  of  those  losses.'"'    'I'he 


1S40,  ('apt.  F.nTcst  tn,i;tiv.  D'lit.  St.  P'i/k,  MS.,  v.  12;  .hiiio  I!)tli,  :,'<iv."rt  ro- 
)ily.  /(/.,  V.  10-11.  Div.  l-2tli,  j,'(>v.  to  Miiii.  int.  Jt.scciiis  tliat  tlK'.V'  /.miia 
saili'il  uiiilf  Alvarailo  was  tt'iiipciravi'y  alisciit,  ami  left  tin:  iii^iiiL  witli  .:U  ob- 
serving^ any  formalities.  J)c/il.  /,'-r.,  .MS,,  xi.  73-1.  July  lllii,  ivitalnoiU  to 
gov.  Js  aware  of  formalities  necessary  in  aiipointin;;  consuls,  lint  tlies.'  do  not 
iipjily  to  a  mere  a;,'ent  whose  bn.siness  is  eliieliy  eonnneicial.  ('apt.  I''orrest 
liail  a  ri-iit  to  imjnii'e  into  infrin.'ement  of  treaties,  and  to  appoint  an  a;^ent  for 
thai  |inrpor:e.  /)i/it,  S>.  I'd/'-,  MS.,  v.  HI  Is.  His  ]ireseneo  also  me.itinned 
in  Vtdliji).  hi)'.,  .MS.,  ix.  171.  Mofrus.  Jyrjilor.,  i.  30!),  is  the  only  authority 
ti;at  names  Kstalirook.  Melius,  iJiiiri/,  .M.S.,  ."i-li,  says  t!i:;t  Foirest,  from  thu 
ile(  larations  taken,  set  the  damages  at  over  .SIO:>,()i).),  exclusive  of  the  claims 
(if  those  wJio  had  lieen  sent  away!  Jlai'ry  IJei!  was  one  of  the  witnesses, 
Ji'(  I-  ill.,  MS.,  'J I  -S,  ;iiid  till'  oidy  wonih.'r  is  t!iea,L,"4r(\i;ate  of  loss  was  not  laruer. 
In  .Tune  IS-II  Jacoli  Leesc  testilied  tliat  tile  lie.itiiiant  in  command  of  the  St 
Jy  'iiii  had  announced  in  thu  iiresenee  of  sevci'al  poisons  his  intention  to  seize 
tlie  LTovernor  and  carry  him  to  Mexico.  Nathan  Spear  could  not  I'emendier 
any  sucli  statement,  tii(jii^h  it  was  said  to  have  been  made  at  hi.i  house. 
J)</it.  St.  J'djK,  .MS.,  xvii.  7 !-■">.  July  '_M,  Spenco  writes  to  Alv.ir.ido  that 
Forrest  wishes  to  know  wiicn  he  will  ictnrn,  in  or  U.'r  to  arraiiL'o  his  Imsiness 
speedily.  Xo  truth  in  tlie  rumor  that  he  intends  harm  to  .V.  July  7th,  A. 
ie|ilics  that  Imsiness  detains  him.  A/.,  v.  PJ.  The  salutes  to  the  two  war- 
ve-iscls,  wi;h  i\\i'/iitl<(  of  Corpus  (Jhristi,  had  very  nearly  exh.'iusted  the  sup- 
ply of  jiowder  at  Monterey.     /V  07.-1,  in  I'd!/- jo,  Par.,  .^is.,  ix.  1.".'!. 

"'■'/>-/-/.  .S7.  /'((/'.,  MS., 'v.  IS-|<);  /,!.,  /Irii.  P,-rf.  ij  Jii-<i..  ii.  !t4  0.  Cham- 
licrlain,  M(iii<>ii:<,  M.S.,  i)-\\,  s[ieaks  of  j^cttim,'  letti'rs  from  I!  iwles,  which  ho 
showed  to  Larkin.  Spence  was  angry  \\hen  he  heard  the  prisonirs  liad  Inen 
released,  and  dei'l.ired  it  a  lie. 

'''The  ',)  were  ( 'armichael,  Anderson,  O'I'iiien,  Dove,  Prii.-e,  M<irris.  Cliapel, 
Langlois,  and  Warner.  Dijit.  Il>'c.,  MS.,  xii.  .'!(i.  Dec.  I  I,  IS  10.  the  liritiJi 
inin.  to  Mexican  govt,  sent  to  gov.  of  (Jal.  Dec.  lilst,  and  rcceiveil  in  July 
]'vH.  Dii't.  SI.  Pap.,  Mont.,  MS.,  iv.  .^.1  3;  Lirkhi'x  Dor.,  M.S.,  i.  Ijil;  Sta 
Cm-.,  Airh.,  MS.,  '_'3-(i;  Cantro,  JJoc,  MS.,  i.  ."i."i.  This  commuui.'ation  camo 
jirolialily  on  the  same  vosselas  the  claimants.  The  l>rili>h  niinisterexp'ainej 
that  Carmichael's  claim  was  the  largest,  .';7,3S0,  he  having  had  a  shop  at 


ill! 


38 


ALVAK ADO'S  RULE-TIIE  GRAHAM  AFFAIR. 


coming  of  a  war- vessel  to  settle  the  matter  was  an- 
nounced; but  what  Avas  done  meanwhile  in  Cahtoniia 
I  do  not  knt)w,  except  that  Alvarado  int'ornied  tlio 
jxovernmont  that  the  Enu'lish  claimants  had  not  been 
able  to  j)rove  the  alleged  losses.*^"  At  last  in  X<»veni- 
ber  the  EnL>Tis]i  man-ot'-war  Ciorc^'oa,  Cafttain  Jones, 
a)Tived  at  JMonteroy,  and  a  settlement  wiis  cHecti'd. 
JMofras  states  that  the  totid  amount  of  compensation 
allowed  was  $"24,050;  and  I  find  no  otlier  dctinito 
record  on  the  subject.  If  they  received  one  half  that 
sum  the  exile  had  proved  a  brilliant  s[)oculation  for  the 
Englishmen.  Ap[)arently  there  was  no  controvt  rsy, 
and  Alvarado  was  not  disposed  to  drive  a  close  bar- 
gain in  the  interest  of  the  national  treasnrv.  "  What- 
ever  the  terms  agri^ed  upon,  it  is  not  likely  that  any 
money  was  advanced  by  .Fones  at  the  time;  and  if 
any  money  was  paid  over  by  the  English  government 
to  its  subjects  later,  I  have  found  no  positive  record 
of  the  fact. 


i 

1' 


The  claims  of  Americans  were  still  pending,  and 
remained  in  that  condition  lor  a  long  time  if  not  Ibr- 
ever.  In  November  1841  the  Vorkfon'ii  had  In^en 
at  Monteri'V,  and  the  commandi-r,  J.  H.  Aulick, 
had  })robably  carried  away  some  testimony  oi;  thi' 
subjct .'  '^^     Of  corrosponden'^e    between    Washington 

Monterey  at  the  timcof  his  arrest,  ami  Iieiiiy  about  t-<  carry  out  a  liifinesa 
matter  of  j^'reat  iniportanei",  that  tlie  otliers  were  nuieli  k'ss,  ami  thai  it  was 
supijosed  thi;t  a  part  of  the  jiroperty  lost  eouhl  lie  returned  l)y  th'^aid  of  thu 
local  autliorities.  At  any  rate,  it  was  for  the  interest  of  Mexico  to  closely  iu- 
vesti.L'ate  each  claim;  ami  the  authorities  were  accordingly  instructed  tu 
iuteipose  nc>  ol)staclcs. 

>'"'July  ■-*(;,  1S41,  A.  to  min.  of  int.  Depf.  hW.,  MS.,  xii.  ,T')-(!.  .Inly  '2_M, 
Flores  to  \allejo.  'I'wo  war-vessels  expected.  The  atl'air  seems  settlcil  witli 
tile  Ihitish  minister,  hut  is  still  pending  with  the  Aun'rican.  \'al/ijo.  Dot'., 
MS.,  X. -J-JO. 

"'  \ov.  I'i,  1841,  A.  to  niin.  of  int.  Reports  tliat  the  f'tirtiron  arrived  on 
Nov.  Sth,  aud  that  an  estimate  of  the  value  of  the  lost  time  of  tiie  !) 
men  had  Iiecn  made.  Jhjt!  J'rr,,  MS.,  xii.  litj.  According  to  J/(i//vr-', /.'.c/iAic., 
i.  ;iOS-<,l,  Carmichael  was  allowed  .S4,.')0l)  for  his  shop,  etc.,  othcis  .s-J,(l(H) 
for  miscellaneous  property  lost,  and  each  of  l.")nu'ii  .S|,17<K  or  S7S  per  month 
for  l.">  months.  1  douht  the  accuracy  of  this  statement,  especially  on  account 
of  tiie  nuud)er  of  men  mentioned.     Morris  at  lirst  claimed  i";>7.*HM). 

'"Nov.  'J(i,  1S41,  Aulick  to  Larkin.  Oraham  and  othei's  ask  too  much 
when  they  ask  him  to  wait.  They  must  have  tlii'ir  papers  ready  to-morrow. 
Luikin'ii  'Uui:,  MS.,  i.  VM. 


f 

I 

-4 


■.3 


% 


I 


THE  AMERICAN  JOXES. 


r,  and 
it  lor- 

Jilifk, 

i:    tlu" 

il;^t,t)ll 

liu-iiicss 
it  w.is 

'1  of  tliu 
■ly  iii- 

iL'U'il  to 


4 

# 


and  ]\rexifo  on  the  subject  I  find  no  trace;  but  it 
came  up  in  Cali^'oinia  on  the  occasion  of  Ct)nunodoro 
Jones'  visit  in  November  IS42.  Jones  wislied  to 
settle  tlie  claims  as  his  English  namesake  had  done  a 
vear  earlier;  and  a  lonij^  correspondence  ensui'd  i»e- 
tween  him  and  tho  Calilbrnian  autht»rities,  mainly 
with  .lose  Z.  Fernandez,  the  jnez  at  ^Monterey.  It 
snon  became  aj)parent,  however,  that  the  secoiul  Jones 
Nvonld  encounter  obstacles  unknown  to  the  first.  The 
coi'resjiondcMce  was  mainly  desoted  to  a  discussion  nC 
the  manner  in  which  tl)e  claims  weri'  to  be  vi-rilifd. 
Each  party  sought  to  <4'ain  an  adxantan^'  and  throw 
the  hurdcii  n|'  proof  Uju)n  the  other,  .bmcs,  desiriuLj 
to  taii'v  the  claims  in  the  stronj^'est  possible  shape  to 
A\'asliiii'j;ton,  wished  to  have  the  sworn  statements  of 
the  claimants  acce|)ted  and  approved  by  the  courts, 
c\cf]i;  so  tar  as  tlu-y  could  he  proved  false'  by  wit- 
noses  under  a  strict  cross-examination.  1  le  wished  to 
dispense  with  trouhlesome  i-outine  formalities  of  Mexi- 
can law.  He  chai'n'i'd  that  various  alcaldes  had  refused 
to  take  testimony  otfered,  and  complained  that  the 
American  claims  wei'o  not  favored  as  the  lOu'ulish  had 
been,  (>!•  were  po|»nlarly  said  to  have  l»een.  .ludn'e 
l"\'i'iiande/,,  to  whom  .Vharado  left  the  mattei'  almt>st 
enlii'ely,  iiad  mauHV'sted  a  ri'adiness  to  Ic^'alize  the 
just  claims  of  Anu'rican  citi/ens,  and  at  tlu'  eai'lier 
inlei'views  between  him  and  dones  all  went  sm(M,tlily 
eU'iU'^h:  but  when  (he  investin'atiou  ri'ally  bewail,  the 
judn'e  insisted  on  following'  in  his  ow  n  couit  his  ow  n 
ii!(  as.  i-athcr  than  those  of  the  commodore,  ri'spectiiiL;' 


nu 


hods  oi 


)iMce(UU'e 


II. 


prop 


to>ed   to   UlNestl-'att 


each  case  by  an  examination  if  all  obtainable  te>ti- 
moiiy.  lie  declined  to  be  used  as  a  mere  machine 
\\>v  cei'f  ilyin'4"  the  ac»"uraey  of  t  !ie  .\nieiicaiis"  estimates 
and  declai'ed  that  he  had  no  authority 


ol    tlieU' 


li  iswes. 


to  enter  liito  diplomatic  discussions  vespectiuL''  the 
compavatixc  status  <if  I'^nu'lish  and  Ainei-ieaii  "laiins. 
(  haid  and  («raham  are  the  only  claimants  named, 
ihou'jh  others  are  alluded  to;   and  wlu'U  the  case  of 


40 


ALVAr.ADO'S  nrLK— THE  GRAHAM  AFFAIR. 


$ 


W 


tlie  former  cniiio  iij)  hv  was  adiudLj^C'd  to  l)e  a  iiatural- 
izt'd  r^Iexicaii  citizen,  entitled  to  no  dania^xes  i'roni  any 
nation  but  Mexico,  and  lie  was  condennied  to  pay  the 
cojsts  of  the  suit!  Tliis  was  not  encouraginu;':  and 
Jones,  alter  stii\in<^  inetFectually  to  ri'f'orn)  C.difor- 
iiiau  ('(uut  pi'oceedings  in  accortiance  with  the  inter- 
cuts t)l"his  countrymen,  determined  to  content  himselt 
wi'ih  carrying'  away  tlieii-  sworn  statements,  unen- 
ound)ered  l»y  troulilesomc  comments  from  other 
sources,  lie  doubtless  iniderstood  that  the  claims, 
if  investi;j;ate(b  would  dwindle  to  such  insi^'nilicant 
f;.)^ures  as  to  play  no  part  in  international  complica- 
tions.'^' 

Nothinix  more  is  heard  of  tlie  American  claims,  ex- 
cept  that  in  lS4o-4  they  had  not  been  jiaid,  nor  in 
184().''*  I  lind  no  proof  that  (irahamand  his  compan- 
ions ever  received  a  cent  from  tin;  Lnitt'd  States, 
thoULi'h  there  lias  always  been  a  [)revalent  tratlitioii  in 

^"Oue  (if  llic  Htatciiioiits  wliieli  I  h;i\  o  cited  iia  f!mh<(iii  i-f  a!..  I'diiiciii  to  (J. 
S.  Port,  lS.'/.\  v.jis :  iu'iif  1  l)y  I  iiali.uii,  ('Imrd,  Ahi  jor.s,  J)i(j\vii,  ll;nii.L',  IJ.irloii, 
AVilsoii,  I'Di.iior,  Tciiilinsoii,  iuid  X.iili' — loiiiuof  tliciii  not  nciit  to  S.  ]51;js  - 
on  Xov.  !l,  IS-IJ.  It  is  ii  luuili  nimv  niodcratu  pivsintnifiit  of  the  c.i.io  tlian 
tlid.so  inad(^  <iiirfnt  hy  I'ir.iihani  .iiid  otiiers.  'i'\w  docuait  iit  was  fiiniislird 
]r:  I!('v.  S.  ]1.  Willi  y,  a  j;i  iiilrniaii  wlio  lia.s  done  iiiuih  good  ^vol■k  i:i  liio- 
torical  rc-'caivli,  and  \ias  ]nililisii<(l  in  SlaVmzCu.  J/'.<l.,  (.f-lO;  Monfrni/  Cd. 
Il'ifit.,  ',:--\.  \o\.  i:iili  to  l)ic.  .'ih-.t,  vonc'sp.  lictwi'cn  Com.  .lonos,  (!ov.  Al- 
vafado,  a!id  .Tud.,'o  l'\'fnand;';;.  Cliiell^'  oii,L;inal.s,  iu'Vr^Ov,  Ihtc,  MS.,  i.  (;(i- 
114;  ri'/.'r/'.),  I'O'-.,  .MS.,  N.\,\iii.  .'iol  •_',  .SltS.  Two  of  Uio  minor  coninmniia- 
tioi!.-*  aro  ."Iwo  j.'ivcn  in  .hnnA  nt  Moult roj,  \\\-'l.  'JVstiiiiony  of  <lral;aiii  and 
C'haiil  t'.iat  llu  ir  .swoi  ii  .statcnu'iit  of  lot^sis  liad  lici'ii  ivfusud  liy  Uie  alcalde  of 


i  forte.    Willi 


I: 


-MS.,  xxxiii.  'J!)!t  :!00.     Rironl  of  ("liaurs 


ii  ilaini  was  lor  .Vl,()-U.    Moulin  >!,  Arrh.,  MS.,  vi.  11.    'I'lie  ovidoi 

th 


■f  ii 


iiatir.Mli.;ation  is  not  uivcn.     Mofras,  A'.rjilnr.,  i.  ."(0!)-lI,  gives  the  ilainis  i 


.f 


tlio  A  mi;  ri  aim  i 


.s|'J!l,-_'l();  Craliam,  .sU,!),(,l)();  {'hard,  .s.'i,UO(l; 


am 


1  1 


>  film  rs 


tor  ti 


in  I.s4i,  tiiat  th 


M.IT^I  «.'a(li  (as  for  th(^  llnglishmi'ii),  or  .S1.'),'JI0.     He  sa\.s,  writiiii' 


diinct  at  \\'asliin''ton  .allowi'cl  t!ic  claims  to  ilrai 


;on''  un- 


paid i 


dcr  ti 


thing  more  than  jici 


1  accmnulate  injuncs  a 


t  th. 


lands  of  .Ml 


cMco,  lor  u  Ilk  Ii 


ome- 


ly  indi'iniiity  would  one  I'ay  he  itcniandcd.     Willus, 


)f  tl 


V.  I.SO-'J,  coiii|ihiiiis  of  tlic  negligence  of  his  govt  as  iiniilyiug  u  d'uht 


ntmiaev  of  liie  c.auns 


'.Mexico  I  idiiiiscd  to  pay  a  ceitain  indemnity  to  each  of  these  men,  w!.ic!i 


le  has  never  vet  done,  ar.d  one  ol   thv  ni  is  now  in  this  1 1 


;vl-M 


e.Mco    in  llie 


(/   J>o< 


st  povci  ty,'  wrote ^Vaddy  Thoi'.i|is(in,  Dec.  .'U,  islll.   J'n  •i(kiii\-<  Mi 


(  -w. 


JMl 


I  con:'. 


1st 


,s-», 


J)n 


;!1H),  p.  II.    April  •_'.>,  l;14,  Laiiun 


to  I".  S.  see.  of  st.ati>,  ( iiclo^ing  (Jral;am's  statcineiit.  (irahani  clainuil  S7-',.)()l) 
liesides  t'le  value  of  the  projierty  he  had  lost,  inehlding  pay  for  lost  time  at 
)<l, ."(()()  per  moiithi  l.tirkiiiK  <  ift'.  few-//.,  MS.,  ii,  ."i-li,  Ju.liine,  1S4(I,  i,ar- 
Kin  also  \Mites  on  the  ^.ullject,  ami  maintains  that  these  (,'al.  elaiiim  are  the 
strongest  that  can  be  brought  forward  against  Mexico,  /(/.,  ii.  t»4. 


INDEMNITY  FOR  EXILE. 


41 


IKH-    lU 


Call  loll  I  in,  among  both  natives  and  foreijvners,  tliat 
Uraliani  diil  get  a  large  snni.'^  I  ])ut  no  reliance  in 
the  tradition.  ^Many,  pos^-ibly  all,  of  the  twenty  who 
i-etnrned  received  a  sum  of  money  at  Topic,  $250 
Iteiii"'  the  larijcest  amount  ijfiven  to  any  (nie  man.  Nino 
of  the  Englishmen  probably  received  a  small  additional 
sum,  and  there  is  a  possibility  that  four  or  five  Amer- 
icans in  later  years  may  have  disposed  of  their  claims 
at  a  low  tigure.  If  each  of  those  adjudged  to  have 
been  illegally  exiled  could  ha\  e  received  ii^aOO  in  com- 
j)onsation  for  his  losses,  it  would  have  been  a  bettor 
use  of  his  time  than  any  one  (jf  the  number  was  likely 
to  have  made  in  California.'^ 

"'  Members  of  Ciraham's  family,  and  rcsitlents  of  Sta  Cruz  who  knew  liiin 
well,  s:;y  that  (!.  certainly  received  a  large  sum;  hut  when  )U'e.sscd  for  delinito 
SiateiMcntH  of  d;ita  and  eireuiiistanees,  they  arc  ^^ihiit.  AVillev,  Ci'iilen,  Shtih 
Sfn  Ci-ir:,  1!»,  also  in  S/a  Cnr.  Co.  llUt.,  says  ({raliani  got  .^iid.OOl),  and  that 
Mr  Meder  was  with  him  when  it  was  paid,  ^leadows,  d'ra/iam  Affair,  MS., 
.">!,  tr'.ls  us  that  (i  nien  went  to  N.  Y.  and  reeovered  !?I-.'HX>  each,  giving  half 
t  )  their  h:\vyers,  so  IJoules,  who  was  one  (jf  them,  said!  Others  at  Sta  Cruz 
sold  their  elaims,  for  how  much  he  does  not  know.  {!rahani  is  said  to  have 
got  !7:i."),(>(>0  or  .S;!(i,0()(>.  (deeson,  HiM.  Cnlh.  Churrh,  ii.  l.VJ-.'i,  tliinhs  tho 
exiles  r-ntSl.")!),()!;0.  Serrano,  ^l//«i(/f.s  MS.,  OS-!l,  jnits  it  at.^'-'oD.OOO.  Others 
tt  U  us  that  (Iraham  Inst  most  of  his  large  property! 

'-  In  a  1  tter  of  .lime  l."i,  1M(>,  to  tho  U.  S.  see.  of  state,  Larkin  ])romises  a 
full  lii-liivy  of  tlic  tiraliam  afl'air,  to  be  eompiled  from  tiie  ikiLtiments  in  his 
tillice,  tho  next  siunmer;  but  I  have  found  no  snih  history.  L(iil'/)i'n  Ojl". 
( \,rri-i'.,  ?*IS.,  ii.  ,".!).  On  Feb.  10,  1S4(>,  in  a  letter  to  .I.is  CoVilon  IVnm  tt'of 
tlio  j\'.  )'.  //' /V//7,  l.arki.'i  briefly  deserilies  th..' allair,  and  s;iys.  '  I  haV'  read 
the  Sta  V6  history;  it  is  nothing  to  the  California  all'air.'  /(/.,  I>(>'-..  ii.  (i. 
See  also  reneral  areoiints  in  Ferr;/,  La  Cal.,  '2'2-',];  So^fA  V  Ainnd-t  of  S.  /"co, 
S;>-4;  «3.  /'.  Cal,  Slur,  Feb.  'Jt),  1S47;  Ilurtmaun,  Ucoij.  Cali/oriih  n,  i.  .')7-8. 


n,  w'.ii  ii 
lo|  in  ihe 

»,Fai!,in 
|lV7-',.>00 
lime  at 
h4(t,  i.ar- 
Is  are  the 


p 


CHAPTER  11. 


]\nSSION  ANXALS  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 

183G-1840. 

Condition  of  Missions  in  1S.S6— Secclarization — Acts  of  ArrnoiuTiES 
183G-8— Ciiico's  Policy — Seculaiuzation  of  Five  Missions — New 
Missions  Proposed — The  Revolution  and  its  Effect — Spoliation — 
Alvarado's  Efforts  for  PiFform — Reolamknto  of  1S39 — Harpnell 
AS  VisiTADoR  General — Reolamknto  of  1840 — Di-ran's  Vifavs — IIart- 
nell's  Si;ct)ND  Visita — REsit. nation — Mission  Statis tics — President 
AND  Prefect — Ecclesiastical — Garcia  Diego  as  Bishop— Stipends 
of  Friars — Piocs  Fcnd— Indian  Affaihs — Tkoi'iiles  on  the  8an 
Diego  Frontier — Ranciios  Plundered — Sonoma  Frontier — Vallejo's 
Policy — Fkhits  and  Treaties— Small-pox— Soitii  of  the  Bay — 
IIorse-tuieves — The  Cuaguanosos — Seasons  and  Earthquakes. 

Before  the  beginning  of  18.36  sixteen  of  the  twenty- 
one  missions  liad  been  secularized  under  tiic  Mexican 
law  of  18.33,  Figueroa's  reglamento  of  1834,  and  sup- 
j)k>inentary  reguhitions  of  the  diputacion.^  For  each 
of  tliese  missions  tlie  governor  had  appointed  a  conii- 
sionado,  wliose  duty  it  was  to  re-organize  them  in  ac- 
cordance with  tlie  new  system.  In  most  instances  the 
comisionados  liad  completed  tlusir  la])ors;  lands  had 
b(M'n  assigned  to  the  ex-neophytes,  who  liad  also  re- 
ceived a  portion  of  other  mission  pro|K'rty;  majordo- 
mos  were  in  charge  of  all  property  not  distributed,  for 
which  they  were  responsible  to  the  teri'itorial  govern- 
ment; the  i'riars  were  serving  as  curates,  being  re- 
lieved of  the  temporal  management,  but  cooperating 
with  tlve  majordomos  in  supervising  the  labors  and 


^ 
^ 


I 


I 

A 

M 

i 


'  On  mission  anuals  for  1831-5,  sco  chrp.  xi.-xii.  of  vol.  iii. 


(42) 


SECULARIZATION. 


48 


;   Bay— 

vliS. 

1 

'cnty- 

ixican 

% 

1  sup- 

';? 

•  eo-eh 

■< 

conii- 

iii  ac- 

V:', 

's  the 

'-  liad 

;o  rc- 

■  V 

ordo- 

\l 

1,  tor 

Ci'l'U- 

:■/<( 

Jf    ]'0- 

^- 

conduct  of  the  Indians,  who  were  not  yet  altogether 
free  from  control. 

Several  of  these  missions,  however,  seem  still  to 
have  been  in  charge  of  the  comisionados;  and  in  others 
the  new  system  had  been  only  partially  introduced. 
In  few,  if  any,  was  the  secularization  provided  by  the 
reglamento  complete,  and  indeed,  it  was  not  designed 
to  be  immediately  complete.  Even  of  those  supposed 
to  be  in  the  same  stage  of  development  so  far  as  the 
appointment  of  majordomos,  making  of  inventories, 
assignment  of  lands,  distribution  of  property,  etc.,  were 
concerned,  no  two  establishments  were  in  exactly  the 
same  condition.  The  diftcrences  resulted  from  the 
dispositions  of  friars,  majordomos,  and  Indians,  and 
tlie  resulting  mutual  relations.  In  some  places,  where 
the  Indians  were  most  docile  and  industrious,  the  ])a- 
dre  energetic  and  popular,  and  the  majordomo  n(jt  too 
much  of  a  politician  and  speculator,  there  was  practi- 
cally little  change  from  the  old  system;  but  in  otlier 
|tlaces,  where  the  three  elements  were  continuall}'  at 
war,  the  old  methods  were  completely  revolutionized. 
Five  missions  were  still  under  the  friars'  control  as  cf 
old.  All  were  declining  in  prosperity,  as  the  reader 
knows.  The  enforcement  of  the  reglamento  had  in 
st.nie  instances  slightly  checked  the  decline,  anti  in 
others  hastened  it;  but  on  the  whole,  secularization 
in  its  latest  phases  had  done  little  or  no  harm  at  th" 
beginning  of  183G. 

The  general  ])olicy  of  secularizing  the  missions  was 
a  wise  QUO,  entirely  in  accordance  with  the  spirit  of 
Spanish  instit'itions  under  which  they  were  founded, 
and  rendered  an  absolute  necessity  by  the  growth  nf 
I'cpublican  ideas  in  America.  The  change  by  which 
the  monastic  monopoly  was  to  be  broken  up  involved 
no  wrong  to  the  church,  the  Franciscan  order,  or  to 
the  Indians.  Figueroa's  regulations,  bv  which  tlu» 
policy  and  the  law  were  to  be  carried  into  etfect,  were 
also  wiselv  conceived  in  theory.  To  enforce  them 
wjsely,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  wrong  no  interest  and 


T 


44 


MI.SSIOX  ANNALS  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


M  1;.  Ill 


avoid  tlic  evils  existiiifj  as  well  as  those  likely  to  at- 
tend  a  cluuige,  rerjiiired  certain  favorable  conditions. 
Sueii  \vere  the  eniploynicnt  of  able  and  honest  admin- 
istnitors,  a  degree  of  intelligence  and  civilization  on 
the  part  of  the  neophytes,  the  hearty  cooperation  of 
the  niissioiiaiies,  a  strong  and  watchful  territorial  gov- 
ernment, a  healthful,  intelligent,  and  liberal  public 
spirit,  and  freedom  from  sectional  strife.  All  these 
conditions  being  more  or  less  wanting,  success  was  im- 
jiossible.  Failure  was  a  foregone  conclusion ;  and  it 
is  the  annals  of  that  failure  that  I  have  to  present  in 
this  chajtter.  I  begin  with  a  record  of  what  was  done 
by  the  authorities  in  183G-8. 

We  have  seen  that  no  action  had  been  taken  in 
Mexico  on  Fiijfueroa's  reulamento;  but  that  bv  the 
decree  of  November  7,  1835,  it  had  been  ordered  that 
tiie  missions  be  ke[)t  in  the  same  condition  as  before 
the  law  of  1833,  until  tlu;  curates  mentioned  in  that 
law  should  take  possession.  This  virtually  nullified 
the  reglamento,  and  if  enforced  must  have  ci'eatcd 
much  conl'usion  without  leading  to  any  good  results; 
but  tliouLih  known  in  California  on  the  coming  of 
Chico,  and  unolKcially  somewhat  earlier,'^  no  attempt 
was  ever  made  to  cany  out  its  provisions.  Chico  in 
his  discourse  before  the  diputacion  alluded  to  the  or- 
der as  one  issued  by  congress,  of  which  he  had  been 
a  mend)er,  with  the  best  intentions,  but  without  prac- 
tical knowlcnlge  on  the  subject;  as  one  which  it  was 
impossible  to  carry  out  in  every  respect;  but  yet  one 

-  Aiiiil  7,  1S.3(1,  Ciirlos  Carrillo  to  Vallcjo.  Mentions  the  decree  of  Nov. 
7tli  !i:;li.iviiij;  licoii  sent  tu  I'lrs.  l)iir;in  liy  tlicl)ishopof  Sonora.  Vol/' jo, Doc, 
Ms.,  iii.  ]to,  'i'liire  is  no  e\iileneo  tlwit  the  dccico  was  ever  officiiuly  pub- 
lislu'il  in  (,'al.  It  soeins,  however,  tliat  the  friars  expected  a  compliance  witli 
the  dcci'i  c,  v'nu'ii  on  ]\]ay  7,  IS.'U,  Vice-]iref(.ct  ^Moreno  to  the  Zacatecanos 
pro] II ISC  I  that  fur  cliarity'a  sake  1  hey  shoidd  make  tiicsacrilieoof  taking  charge 
oi'  111'.'  U'inii  ira'.ides  s  )  as  to  prevent  t'le  utter  rain  of  tlio  nussions  under  the 
niisni.inagi'nient  of  the  comisionaiUjS  and  iiiajor(h)mo3.  Airh.  Ohi.yiatlo,  MS., 
.'is  'J.  Aug.  i;?,  IS.'i7,  Durau  to  diji.  Says  lie  had  in  July  called  for  tiic  eu- 
forceinent  nf  tiic  decico  of  Nov.  7.  is.".."),  lint  he  hears  the  dip.  has  resolved  to 
treat  other  mattcis  first.  Cannot  umhMstand  that  anything  can  he  more  im- 
portant ihan  enfufcing  the  laws,  or  why  tiiousandsof  Indians  sliould  sutler  to 
pkase  'four  interesteil  persons'  (?).  Arc/i.  Arzob.,  MS.,  v.  pt  ii.  17. 


I 
I 


THE  GOVERNOR'S  ACTS. 


48 


:  one 

f  Nov. 

•') 

y  i>iib- 

e  witli 

-/ 

ccaiioa 

c!uirc,'c 
lor  thu 
,  M.S., 

-i 

lie  cn- 
veil  to 

'!^ 

ro  im- 

-..;. 

tier  to 


which,  coming  from  tlie  j^ovcrnmeut,  must  bo  ohoycd.^ 
Ho  asked  advice,  but  if  any  was  given  it  is  not  of 
record.  Perhaps  it  occurred  to  governor  and  diputa- 
cion  as  a  plausible  plea  that  the  friars  were  serving 
practically  as  curates,  and  might  be  regarded  as  tlie 
curates  provided  for  by  the  law.  At  any  rate,  the 
decree  was  not  obeyed;  and  not  only  was  the  regla- 
mento  continued  in  force  in  the  sixteen  missions,  l>ut 
its  provisions  were  soon  extended,  as  we  shall  see,  io 
the  other  five  establishments. 

On  May  2r)tli  Chico  issued  an  edict  intended  to  pre- 
vent the  Irequent  desertions  of  mission  Indians.*  In 
his  speech  of  the  27tli  he  devoted  more  attention  to 
the  missions  than  to  any  other  topic,  and  in  their 
condition  he  found  nothing  to  encourage  a  hojie  of 
their  escape  from  utter  ruin.  His  predictions,  found- 
ed on  the  character  and  actions  of  Indians,  majordo- 
mos,  and  padres,  were  accurate  enough;  though  his 
views  of  the  actual  condition  were  exaggerated."  Be- 
fore he  had  occasion  to  develop  further  his  views  and 
policy,  he  was  called  to  the  south;  and  there  occurred 
a  controversy  with  the  friars  in  June  with  which  the 
reader  is  already  familiar."  Chico  deemed  himself 
neglected  and  insulted  by  the  jiadres  Jimeno  at  Santa 
Ines,  and  M'as  subsequently  nnich  offended  at  Duran's 
refusal  to  cooperate  with  ndigious  service  in  the  swear- 
ing of  the  constitutional  bases  at  Santa  Barbara. 

One  of  Chico's  grourids  of  complaint  being  that  the 
padres  at  Santa  Ines  had  refused  to  aid  him  on  his 
journey  with  animals  and  other  supplies,  lie  called 
upon  Duran  to  state  clearly  whether  he  recognized 
the  obligation  of  unsecularized  missions  to  lurnish 
such  supplies.  Duran's  reply,  dated  June  15tli,  was 
an  elaborate  and  able  argument,  to  the  effect  that  no 

^  Chico,  Dimirso.  .  .S7  dc  Mayo,  1S3G. 

*Miiy  23,  183(5,  Cliico'a  cilict.  Circulated  in  south  in  Juno  and  .July. 
Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Aug.,  MS.,  ii.  .")2-4;  xi.  :A;  hi,  S.  Jose,  iv.  111-12;  JJaycn' 
Mm.  Book;  i.  297. 

''Chico,  Disciimo.     See  alsouhap.  xv.  of  vol.  iii, 

*  See  chap.  xv.  of  vol.  iii. 


46 


MlSiSIOX  ANNALS  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIIIS. 


':.[ 


i  m 


sucli  obligation  existed;  that  all  the  aid  rendered  hy 
the  missions  for  sixteen  years  past  had  been  lent  as  a 
matter  of  voluntary'  courtesy;  that  the  government 
had  no  right  whatever  to  the  mission  property,  whieli 
belonged  to  the  neophytes,  and  could  be  taken  for  pub- 
lic uses  in  cases  of  extreme  necessity  only  as,  and  ev(,'n 
less  easily  than,  other  private  property.  In  the  future 
as  in  the  past  the  ])adres  would  render  voluntai'ily 
such  aid  as  they  could  consistently  with  the  needs  (»f 
their  neo])hytes;  ]}ut  they  would  recognize  no  such 
duty  legally.  They  would  not  resume  the  manage- 
ment on  any  such  terms;  and  if  it  were  pro[)osed  to 
enforce  such  an  obligation,  it  would  be  best  to  secu- 
larize the  remaining  establishments  at  once.^ 

In  reply, Chico  declined  to  discuss  the  rights  of  un- 
secularized  missions;  but  announced  that  he  had  or- 
dered the  padres  of  Santa  Ines  and  San  Buenaventura 
to  surrender  the  property  of  their  respective  missions 
to  J.  M.  Ramirez  and  Carlos  Carrillo  as  comisionados. 
This  he  made  known  June  20d  to  the  junta,  explain- 
ing his  reasons,  and  declaring  it  impolitic  to  leave  the 
control  of  such  property  to  subjects  of  a  hostile  na- 
tion.^ The  junta  on  June  29th-30th,  having  as  yet 
no  quarrel  w'ith  Chico,  or  rather  not  unwilling  to  pro- 
voke one  between  Chico  and  the  friars,  approved  his 
action;"  and  tlie  secularization  of  the  two  southern 
missions  went  into  eftect  immediately.  Chico  had  an- 
nounced his  intention  of  secularizing  San  Miguel  as 
soon  as  he  could  iind  a  suitable  person  to  take  charge; 
and  accordingly,  on  July  14th,  Ignacio  Coronel  was 
named  as  the  comisionado.^'^ 


'  Diirav,  Carta  al  Cohr  C/i'iro,  ni  que  n'lcga  la  obligncion  <lc  las  Misiones  ile 
anriliiir  al  Oohimio,  15  dr.  Jiin'm,  JS.IO,  MS. 

"Juno  23,  lS3(i,  I'liico  to  junta.  t>t.  Pap.,  M'ti^n.  and  Culon.,.'M^.,  ii.  308- 
73;    \'<dl<;n,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxii.  '24. 

^L('i.  Ilcc,  MS.,  iii.  23;  St.  Pap.,  Miss,  ami  Colon.,  MS.,  ii.  3S4-C;  Va- 
llcjo,  lioc,  MS.,  xxxii.  .30. 

^"Coronel,  Doc,  MS.,  189.  Sept.  .30th,  P.  Moreno  to  Capt.  Guerra.  Says 
that  all  the  property  had  been  distributed  to  the  Indians,  except  a  little 
grain.  Gittrrn,  Doc,  MS.,  vii.  4.  There  were  troubles  with  P.  Abella  about 
reudering  accounts.  Carrillo  {/.),  Doc,  MS.,  37. 


SAN  J0S6  AND  SANTA  CLARA. 


47 


i-j» 
% 


4 

'.if*. 


Two  missions  onlv  were  now  \v^t  in  tlicir  orioiual 
condition.  Cliico,  by  reason  of  political  trouMis,  was 
iinaMo  to  jiroccod  with  the  work  of  secularization,  but 
that  work  was  undertaki'n  before  the  end  of  the  year. 
]n  XoNtMuher  the  di[)utacion,  or  congress  of  Califor- 
nia, ordei'ed  the  path'e  at  San  Jose  to  tur-n  over  the 
iD'operty  to  Jesus  Vallejo  a.s  coniisionado,  and  the 
transfer  was  effected  in  JJcceniber."  The  order  in  the 
case  of  Santa  ('lara,  the  last  mission  secularized,  was 
issued  1)V  \'all(-'io  as  coniandante  «j'eneral  Decendter 
27tli,  and  the  coniisionado,  Jose  Kanion  Estrada,  did 
not  take  possession  probably  until  the  beginniuij;'  of 
18;{7.'-  It  would  a|)[)ear  that  most  of  the  men  put 
in  cliarin^e  of  missi(»ns  in  1830,  after  j)erfornHni^  their 
diitii's  as  comisionados,  became  majordomos,  and  thus 
retained  their  places.  The  term  'administrator'  is 
ol'ten  used  in  speakiui*-  of  them  and  the  others;  but 
no  such  ofKce  existed  before  1839. 

JJuriuii^  the  years  1837-8,  the  attention  of  the  au- 
thorities beiuL!,'  fully  occupied  with  political  aflairs,  and 
with  the  struggle  to  keejt  themselves  in  power,  there 
was  no  chaui^e  introduced  or  attempted  in  the  mission 
rej^ulations.^^  Carlos  Carrillo  had  no  distinctive  mis- 
sion policy  so  far  as  can  be  known;  but  though  repre- 
senting southern  interests,  Don  Carlos  was  supported 
bv  the  Zacatecanos  of  the  north— or  at  anv  rate,  their 


jlat 


prelate  recognizea  nun  as  gov 


11. 


nandinos   of  the   south,  as  represented  by  President 
Duran,  favored  Alvarado's  cause.^"'     l'li<^y  ^l*^o   con- 


'*  while  the  Fer 


J  Says 
■little 
libout 


"Nov.  29,  183C,  order  of  dip.  An-li.,  ^ta  B.,  MS.,  ix.  IW-l;  xi.  1 U. 
Pec.  Kith,  possossion  taken,  ('(///^'o,  iJoc,  MS.,  xxxii.  .SO'.  Jan.  15,  18U7,  in- 
vciitorv.  LI.,  XKxii.  (U;  .SV.  Pop.,  Mian.,  MS.,  vii.  4'J-.")1. 

'-  liec.  '_'7,  18.W,  v.  to  Estrada.  Val/rjo,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  45.  There  liad 
pevliaps  lieeii  some  previous  .action  by  the  dip. 

'''Feb.  1,"),  1S37,  Alvarado,  in  a  circular  to  those  in  charge  of  missions, 
c.'dls  for  careful  balance-sheets  and  inventories  for  a  general  settlement. 
VcdUjn,l)oc.,  MS.,iv.  37. 

"  I)ec.  14,  18,'^7,  P.  Moreno  to  the  padres.  He  also  says  there  is  a  prospect 
of  their  return  to  the  college,  since  the  question  of  ceiling  (Jal.  to  a  foreign 
power,  '  which  God  forbid,' is  being  considered  in  Mexico.  Arch.  ObiKpado, 
MS.,  59. 

'■*  .Vlvarado  and  Vallejo,  in  their  histories,  claim  that  Duran  made  an  ear- 
nest but  unsuccessful  eli'ort  to  obtain  from  the  governor,  in  reward  lor  the 


48 


MTSSIOX  ANNALS  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


seiitod  to  tako  the  lon^'-clolaycd  oath  in  support  of  tho 
constitution,  now  that  Spain  had  rccoi^nized  Aloxican 
indepondencu;  and  the  Zacatocans  were  also  wiHinL,'' to 
tako  tho  oath,  being  jMexicans.'*'  Tliero  is  some  evi- 
dence that  in  1838-0,  Vallejo  agitated  the  project  of 
founding  a  now  hno  of  four  or  five  frontic>r  missions  in 
tlie  east  and  nortli,  particularly  one  at  Santa  Rosa; 
hut  the  Zacatecan  friars,  who  were  requested  to  un- 
dertake the  work,  declined.^" 

I  have  remarked  that  the  essential  conditions  for 
carrying  into  eifect  wisol}^  the  reglaniento  of  seculai'i- 
zation  did  not  exist  in  California,  and  that  failure  was 
inevitable.  If  otherwise  there  had  been  a  possiI)ility 
of  })artial  success,  it  disapjieared  with  the  outbreak  of 
Alvarado's  revolution  in  18:U5,  or  rather  with  tlie  sec- 
tional oj)po;sition  to  Alvarado's  rule  in  the  following 
years.  A  wise  and  honest  administration  of  the  mis- 
sion interests,  difficult  under  tho  most  favorable  cir- 
cumstances, becanie  impossible  during  the  struggles 
of  I'ival  political  factions.  Since  1810  the  missions 
had  been  obliged  to  make  up  in  one  way  or  another 
the  large  deficiency  of  revenue  for  expenses  of  the  gov- 
ernment, civil  and  military;  and  of  course  they  had 
to  do  this  still,  now  that  a  large  portion  of  the  mission 
]iroi>erty  had  by  secularization  been  set  apart  a-;  a  pub- 
lic funtl.  That  an}^  ruler  struggling  to  maintain  his 
power  should  not  have  drawn  on  that  fund  without 
limit  would  be  too  much  to  expect  of  political  human 
nature  in  any  country  or  any  age.  The  government 
had  rights  as  had  the  Indians;  but  as  usual  in  earlier 
and  later  times,  tho  rights  of  the  natives  were  practi- 

fiiars'  support,  an  agreement  to  suspend  secularization,  and  restore  the  niia- 
wions  to  tlicir  former  condition. 

'"July  8,  1SH7,  Duran  to  Alvarado.  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxii.  9G.  July 
2.jtli,  Moreno  to  A.  Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  v.  pt'ii.  18. 

"  Mar.  19,  1S3!),  P.  Quijas  to  V.  Will  undertake  a  mission  at  Sta  Rosa 
if  P.  Gonzalez  consents.  I'allrjo,  Doc,  MS.,  vi.  3'25.  May  Htli,  V.  to  Alva- 
rado, urging  Importance  of  the  Sta  Rosa  mission.  Id.,  vi.  Go;  Jhjit.  S'.  J\ip., 
MS.,  iv.  23.3.  'tcneral  account  of  the  proposition  to  found  nnssions  in  tho 
Tulares,  San  Joaquin,  etc.  Valdjo,  Illst.  Col.,  MS.,  iv.  02-70;  Alvarado, 
Hid.  Vol.,  MS.,  iv.  151-3. 


PLUNDER  OF  THE  MISSIONS. 


40 


callvtlisivi^fanli'd.  TluMloinaiids  for  supjilii's  were  m  )vc 
iVo(jUL'iit  and  hirj^er  thiui  ever  before;  and  tlie  produe- 
livent.'ss  ul' tlu;  niissioii  estates  was  lai'n'ily  diniinislu-d. 
In  ordinary  times  of  [)ul)lie  tran(juillltv,  it  would  luive 
lieeii  dillicult  to  select  twenty-one  men  (jualiiietl  to  ad- 
minister honestly  and  judieioiisly  the  estates  under 
the  careful  supervision  of  higher  authorities.  Xow 
iKjt  oidy  there  could  bo  no  such  supervision,  and  the 
majordomos  and  administrators  were,  like  other  classes, 
ailected  by  the  prevalent  controversies;  but,  wor.-o 
still,  these  positions,  the  only  ones  of  value  at  the  j^ov- 
ernor's  tlisposal,  had  to  be  bestowed  as  rewards  ior 
political  suj)port,  with  slight  regard  for  the  fitness  of 
ai)i>licants  or  acts  of  incundoents.  Add  to  these  dilli- 
culties  the  j)revalent  demoralization  of  the  Indians  for 
several  preceding  yeai's,  old  ago  and  peculiar  tempt-ra- 
mentof  the  friars  of  San  Fernando,  and  the  character 
of  the  Zacatecanos,  and  the  reader  might  easily  [)ro- 
dict  the  result. 

l)enod  c 


ipp 


2tly 


pa 


ted.     All  writers  and  witn 


esses. 


both  Caliibrniau 


and  foreign,  who  menti(jn  the  subject,  arc  unanimous 
in  describing  Alvarados  rule,  from  18o(j  to  1842,  as 
a  ]ieriod  of  plunder  and  ruin  in  mission  history.  So 
unil'orm  is  their  testimony,  that  there  is  no  need  to 
cite  individual  e'Xj)ressions  of  opinion,  though  of  i-ourso 
there  is  no  lack  of  e.\aggeration  for  and  against  per- 
sonal friends  and  foes  oi'  the  wi'iters  who  chanced  to 
take  some  part  in  secularization.^'^     The  methods  of 


|he  mia- 

July 

la  Rosa 
I)  Alva- 
Pap., 
J  in  the 
wurado, 


m 

"k 


'''(^f  inv  stiitcinciit3  in  manuscript  on  tlie  conilitidu  of  tlio  missions,  I  clto 
tlif  f.lIowiiiL;:  liiuHliin,  JIUl.  CitL,  MS.,  .Vt-it.  SI-,');  Almnvln,  llUt.  C'tl., 
:\1S.,  iii.  10;{-1,  -JU;  iv.  ,J-7,  .T),  .Tt-Ol.  l(J(J-7,  I'Ji:!,  •JI'J--JU;  i.il/<io,  lilt. 
C'l..  -MS.,  iii.  ;j;iO-l):);  iv.  lt-'j:>,  S:}-.");  Cur., lid.  Cams  ,1,-  CiL,  MS.,  :M-."), 
'Jltl,  -J'J-l-r);  Ton-e,  llimhi.,  MS.,  SO-!!;  Serrano,  Apinitr.-i,  MS.,  ."lO-OI,  IT:)-*); 
Aiii'iilur,  Mrm.,  MS.,  !)-!:«,  147-S;  Vallrjo  (./.  J.),  llnniii.,  MS.,  40-1.  (;_■-;{; 
Vturii,  Ificlios,  MS.,  r>7-7;{;  (Jrtl,  <)rurrcif'i<ix,  MS.,  l(CJ-;{,  IIS-'JO;  Jioid/c, 
Ajiiinli.-t,  Ms,,  42;  Av':la,  Cimi.t  dc  Tr;/. ,  MS., 'J;!-.");  ilonzaliZ,  Ki)>i'rh-,ii'i"H, 
MS.,  .SO;  Ju'io  Ci'.iar,  (Wfs  <li'  luiliox,  MS.,  IS;  I'iai,  Aran/.,  MS.,  'JI-J,'); 
Janss' 11.1,  Vila,  MS.,  I(i4-S;  2[nrdi\-<  Lclttr,  >iS.,  S-!);  Rvhtn.^oiiH  Stuliimi'l, 
Ms.,  0-7.  Tlio  following' forc'igUfi'M  havo  also  j^ivcn  attention  to  tliu  ikcu- 
dciici'  of  the  missions  at  this  time,  in  iirintcd  vorks:  Mol'rn<,  Kr)i!<,ralhiii,  i. 
•J7-2.  •2117.  ;!<»:!,  3_M-2.  :!4:{,  .•(47,  lilJO,  .T.K),  410-11,  4'.'i)-l ;  'l'i't,t.lli<,iiar<,  I'.//- 
wj€,  ii.  S(i  lO.S;  H'ilLr.i'  Xnrralive,  v.  17^-^3;  IJddn^r's  \'vy.,  i.  117-lS,  o26; 
Uisi.  Cai,.,  Vol.  IV.    i 


r>o 


MISSION  AXXALS  AND  IXDTAN  AFFAIRS. 


mission  spoliation  jit  tliis  jHTiod  were  suUstatitially  as 
Inliows:  The  novcnior,  and  subordinate  oilicials  l»y 
Iiis  autlioritv,  usod  tlie  cattle  and  erain  of  tlio  niis- 
sitms  as  iVcelv  as  tliov  used  the  reveiuies  fVoni  other 
sources.  J  I'  the  n()verntnent  contracted  a  deht  to  a 
trader,  the  n'overnor  <j^ave  in  payment  an  order '>m  any 
mission  I'nr  wheat,  tallow,  or  hides,  just  as  he 


)U 


1<1 


draw  a  check  on  the  tivasury.     'J'he  majordonio,  he- 
inn*  ii'i   cmployu  of  the  o'overnment,  oheyed  the  oi'- 


dei'  as  a  ru 


k'   wl 


lenever 


tl 


10  ai 


■tici 


es  ca 


Hod  t 
d 


or  ox  IS 


ted 
1 


at  his  mission.  Theru  wore  occasional  refusals  an( 
pleas  in  hehalt'  of  the  Indians,  hut  of  cotu'se  these 
jileas  were  much  less  I'requent  and  zealous  than  those 
of  the  lViai-s  in  earlier  times.  Mow  far,  if  at  all,  ho- 
yond  the  limits  of  sti'ictly  [)ul)lic  expenses  the  de[)ai't- 
nu-ntal  authorities  went  in  their  drafts  upon  mission 
]ti-(ij)ei'ty,  it  is  hard  to  say.  The  most  e\ti'ava<jjant 
and  sweepiniL;'  chai'i^c^s  are  made  of  a  <U'libi!i'att!  plun- 
der antl  (hstrihution  of  the  s[)oils  l)y  Alvaradoamont^ 
liis  friends;  but  no  proofs  arc  presented,  the  chariLjes 
have  always  been  denied  by  iVlvarado  and  ur^ed 
mainly  by  his  enemies,  and  they  are  jtrob  ibly  false. 
Un(>  charge,  however,  isHup])ort  d  by  evidence  in  the 
archives  and  bv  the  i>()vernor'sown  admission,  namelv, 
that  of  havinsj^  authorized  loans  of  mission  cattle  to 
jirivate  individuals,  on  the  condition  that  a  like  num- 
ber of  animals  should  be  returned  later.    Alvarado  had 


cer 


tainl 


V  no  ri'. 


■lit  t 


o  make 


tl 


lese  loans 


but  he  de- 


fends his  action  on  the  <j^round  that  he  had  no  other 
means  of  rewarding'  men  for  patriotic  servicer  to  the 


L'l  I'lai'f,   l'i>}/ii'ii\  vi.   lO."'!— f;  lioh'nisoilii  L'ifc  in  CitL,  1()7  S;  Cdji. 


lll^t. 


(•ill.,  ;;.'-(! 


il  (ith 


I   niriy  iil>!<'  t'ito  lii'i'o  as  apprnpriiitcly  as  clst'u  lit  ri; 


tlio  liilldwiiitf  works,  wIiJlIi  tmu'li  in  a  gi'iicral  way  tht  siilijoct  of  sucnlai  i/a- 
ti  Ml,  giviim  sUcti'lics  iiiurc  or  loss  ciiiiiplL'to  oftlii'  successive  inuasiiics  adopted, 
witli  soiui'iliini,'  of  results  and  theories.  Some  of  the  works  are  i|iioleil  else- 
wliere  as  authorities  on  certain  ]ioints;  tlio  I'e.st  retjuire  no  more  than  tiiis  men- 


tion.   ll,iir-<  nixf.  S.  Jo 


A'.M;   Ihiin 


m; 


llid.Culh.  C/ii 


'/  ('ill.,  p; 


issiin; 


^•A 


lyK  III  -i 


li:!-!-!;  ii.  llT-.'i.");  Jhn/cs'  Lcijal  llht.  S.  7>(V-/o,  MS. 


i.  no.  .")(i.    (id;  /,'n,nliili,h'.i  Onitioii;  Fi.rUs'  //^s^    ('.</.,  I:>7-S;    TiithiU'.-i  llUt. 
i'lil.,  I'JCi;  Furiihiiin'A   l.'il'i'  in  ('«/.,  *J.Sl-(i;   Urspi  ri'tii,  x.   .'iT-S;   /' 


Cnl.,  r.-l-d;  C 


:X,if.  Wiiillh,  1(5-17;  Min:<li.ill'.-<Chri.ft.  Mi< 


'■"J" 


t.   La 


i!>,  ii.  'J.'iO- 


Gl»;  f'lilil'iiriiin,  I'lii^l,   P 


Mttijlii 


ul,  lie,  (iO-1;  li'i/iiii'.''  JiiiliiM  and  Criin., 'Sij-4l; 


I  St  rraiiciti,  563-.");  llulimkl,  Li  Cnl.,  176-60. 


S!:iSf 


IIS    llhf. 

I'liliii  i/;i- 
i|iti'(l, 
leil  clsf- 
liis  mcii- 

(I'/cfS  Ill's 

</",  MS., 

v.w/;.s/. 

iiiif,  Ln 
ii.  •-'.")()- 
,  3G-41; 


ItASCAIJTY  (jr  ADMIXrsTKATOIl.S. 


SI 


couiitrv,  iifti'ii  iiivoK  iii'^''  tlx-  Inss  of  tlifii-  owd  ])ro|»ri'1  y 
jiiid  ii(\i4lt'<-t  of  all  tlit'ii-  privatf  iiitcri-sts.  Tlic  worst 
fcitiin'  of  tiu's.  traiisartioiis  was  that  in  ninr  ca^cH 
otit  ot'  It'll  tilt'  ]t)aiis  wi'i't.'   iK'NiT  ix'paiil  to  tlit,'   iiiis- 


.--IdllS. 


.Vs  ti)  the  eoinisioiiados,  iiiaj<>nl(tint»s,  ami  adininis- 
ti'aloi's  who  siK'fcssiNtly  inaiia^t'd  tin;  iiiis.-i'-iis,  many 
wt'i't'  siiiiply  iiicom])i'ti'iit  ami  stiipiil.  cshaiistiiiu' 1  litir 
lift  It'  t'lifi'n'v  aiitl  ahility  in  ihi'  ta>k  of  ft)lli'ftiiin'  tlit  ii' 
salary,  lilliii,L;'  tlu'  ^'tjvci'iior's  oi'dcis  so  loii<^  as  tins 
oi'aiiiii'ifs  and  ht-rtls  hohl  out,  t'.\t'rrisiii<^'  no  i-cslraiiit 
or  inilui'iH-i;  on  the  i'\-neo|)hyfi's,  and  allowiii'^  tho 
allail's  of  their  resjicctivc  estahlishnionts  tt»  diift — • 
not,  i  ■  may  hf  ima^Int'd,  in  the  dii-cction  t>f  i^cnfral 
]iros[H'rity.  Others  wi'i'o  vicious  as  wi'll  as  in<M)ni|>f- 
tiut,  always  ready  to  soil  any  aiiiflc  t)f  mission  |)ro|i- 
t^'iiy,  nt»t  t»nly  live-stoek,  hut  kitehtii  utensils,  farm 
injjilenicnts,  tt)t)ls  from  the  sho])s.  antl  tilfs  fri>ni  (he 
I'oofs,  for  nionty  with  whieh  tt)  ^ratily  their  prt)j)cn- 
sity  lor  ^aiuMiiiLj.  Still  othei's  woM:'  disliDUest  antl 
ahli',  ih'VotiuL,'  their  enero-ios  tt)  layino"  the  founda- 
tions u'i  ii  ture  wealth  foi-  thenisclvos  ami  friemls,  op- 
jirt'ssin:,  i  he  Imlians,  i|uarrellini4-  with  such  ])ailrt's, 
tillicials,  antl  assistants  as  they  t't)ultl  nt)t  et)ntrol  or 
tl'cii\(\  and  disj)t)sinL;'  <A'  the  mission  we;dth  witht)ut 
sciiipli',  for  their  t>wn  interests.  i'^inally,  thert.'  wore, 
1  su]iitt)st>,  st)me  ht)nest,  faithful,  antl  ttilci'ahly  olli- 
t  jiiit  nianao'ers,  wlu)  did  as  well  as  was  possihk-  uiitlcr 
ilillii'ult  eireumstanees.  ]']very  narrator  names  a  few 
t.'f  his  relatit)ns  ov  i'rientls  as  e.\fe|)tions  to  the  j^fnei-al 
r;il' of  I'ascalitv  and  inetmipetenee;  ami  thus  it  would 
he  easy  tt)  tiiitl  autht)ritv  tif  this  kintl  for  elassiuLf 
ncMrly  all  tho  administratoi-s  at  will  with  the  ^Mod  or 
li.il.  It  is  wisest  not  tt)  attempt  any  classilicat  ion, 
ail  1  to  eite  no  imlivitlual  accusations  liere;  tliou-^h  [ 
iiiav  llnd  it  necessary  tt>  make  some  sli^'ht  use  of  such 
material   in  the  prei^ai-atitm  of  l)ionra[»hieal  sketilios. 

Of  the  pat  I  res,  a  lew  aeeejitetl  tho  new  situation 
auvl  made  the  best  of  it,  striving  to  roconcilo  discord- 


62 


MISSION  ANNALS  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


ant  t'lcnicnts,  retairiiiig  a  d;  gr^'C  of  iailucnce  over 
tbo  Indians,  lor  tlioir  spiritual  and  teun»oral  Avclfarf, 
and  i'W'V  n-ady  to  aid  with  tlii-ir  counsel  any  |)erson 
liiL;h  or  low  in  station  Avlio  would  listen.  Friais  of 
anotlicr  tenipei'anu'iit,  soured  and  disaj»pointed,  retired 
sulleidy  to  the  habitations  assigned  them  b}-  law, 
a\oidcd  all  controversy  and  intercourse  with  tlie 
world,  and  mechanically  performed  tlie  duties  of  par- 
\<]\  priests  for  all  who  made  ap}»lication.  Otliers 
assumed  ji  belligei'ent  attitude,  quarrelled  with  e\eiy- 
bodv,  and  i)rotested  a'>ainst  evervthin<>;  on  every  l>os- 
sible  occasion — too  often  with  ample  cause.  And 
tluMv^  W(Me  doubtless  several  (»f  the  Zacatecauijs  who 
looked  oidv  to  their  own  comfort,  and  made  them- 
selves  heard  only  in  ojiposition  ts)  such  rascalities  as 
tended  to  interfere  with  tlieir  selfish  pK-asures.  l\arely 
was  a  j^adi'e  insulted  or  subjected  to  any  harddiij), 
and  as  a  I'ule  tbev  were  as  comfortably  situated  as 
any  in  California,  being  hiij'hly  respected  and  most 
kindly  treated  by  all  classes.  Secularization  had  been 
no  wrong  to  them,  or  to  their  order,  or  to  their  church. 
Fiiially,  I  conie  to  the  Indiaiis — the  real  victims,  as 
tluy  always  have  bt'en  in  their  contact  with  civilized 
]>eopli's,  and  as  they  always  will  be,  until  religion, 
]iliilan{liroj)y,  connnon  sense,  justice,  honesty,  power, 
social  science,  and  a  yaiiety  of  other  ingredients  more 
or  less  unkno\ni  sliall  in  some  conunvmity  have  been 
lileiidt.d  in  pro])ortionsand  conditions  hitherto  unheard 
«if,  and  respecting  which  I  have  no  recij)e  to  offer.  In 
some  instances  the  ox-neophytes,  or  a  majority  of  their 
nund)er — from  force  of  habit,  inherent  stui)idity,  or 
iiilluence  of  the  padres — were  kept  together  and  at 
woi'k  much  as  in  former  years.  Let  us  lu»pe  that  tlic; 
souls  of  the  living  and  of  those  tliat  were  dead  had 
been  saved  in  large  nund)ers;  l)ut  in  no  respect  had. 
the  mission  syst-'m  left  tliem  better  qualilied  to  i)er- 
Ibrm  tlie  duties  of  citizen-hip  than  in  I7<)lk  Those  to 
v.hom  ))ro|)er(y  was  distiibuted,  as  a  rule  made  no 
ood  use  of  it.     Tiie  cattle  required  care;  the  tools 


o 


lUl 


CONDITIOX  OF  THE  NKOPIIYTES. 


r,2 


4 


\n\\t 


«'( ii] 


ilicd  Avorlc:  and  it  was  <j:on(n'a]lv  deemed  l»est  to 
Ncrt  all  as  I'ajiidly  as  j)()ssil»k'  Into  li(ju«)r,  steal  cat- 


aiK 


I  \aii()us  artirl(,'>  as  needed,  and  when  all  wa- 


ll. 


'L;i>ne,  and  the  vigilance  oi  local  alcaldes  niteriered  witli 
t!ii.' ])leasuft.'S  of  a  van'alxind  life  altdut  the  towns,  to 
di citk-  butwi'en  a  ivturn  to  mission  labor  or  flight  to 
join  the  i,^fntiles.  PillVrii-.g  and  <lrnid;eimcss  increased 
iM'iidly,  as  did  the  rava^'es  of  svi)hilitic  disease,  and 
r(Ia])se  to  harharism.  At  Uie  niissit^ns  but  little  at- 
tention was  paid  to  the  welfare  of  the  ex-neophytcs, 
vdio  were  practically  re^virded  as  slaves,  and  often 
most  cruellv  treated.  The  larue  nundjers  hired  out 
to  rancheros  and  town  peo[)ie  as  servants  were  per- 
lia]>s  more  eond'ortahlv  situated  than  any  of  the  rest. 

1  t  t^ 

\rt  such  was  the  inherent  stupidity  of  the  native 
( 'aliforidan  charactei-  that  no  <jfreat  revolts  or  outraj^'.^.s 
have  to  be  chrt)ni<'le(l.  Thousands  toiled  patiently  on 
\car  after  veai'  and  the  evidence  is  but  sli''-ht  tlia.t 
anv  ureat  number  realized  that  their  lot  was  a  ha]'(! 


one 


15c>i(les  th<^  testimonv  of  writers,  native  and  foi'- 
ei^n,  res[»ectinL;'  the  condition  of  the  nussions  in  I  H'-U'>— 
r>,  as  represented  in  the  preceding,'  paragra[)hy,  I  might 
cite  a  large  number  of  items  more  or  less  contirmatory 
IVom  the  archives — contemporary  orders,  complaints, 
usatioiis,  and  oorres])on<lence  of  departmental  (»ili- 


ac( 
fia 


Is.  ad 


nnnistrattir; 


deald 


es. 


I' 


)a(li'es,  ana  even  n 


phytes;  but  for  such  items,  and  for  some  fragmeniaiy 
statistics  that  might  ser\"e  a  similar  }>ur[)ose,  to  a\"oid 
n(.'edlcss  rtpetition,  I  ivfer  the  reader  to  the  chapters 
on  ^)cal  annals  of  the  missions  for  this  p(>riod,  a[)i»eirl- 
icg  here  oidy  a  few  note^  of  a  general  rather  than  a 
local  nature."^ 


'"  t^no.  roi'i-c'STiitiiti'iii  Fiiriicil  'Ciiiitro  Yiulijri'iias,'  iu  whicli  tho  friar-'  are 
t'li'ilc'il  iV.r  giving'  iiji  llic  iiii>.,inii  ]iro|.iitv,  ami  ui'l'ciI  to  lUfi  iid  tlio  ri^lits  nf 
ti,.ii- wards.  An,',.  Sfa  Jl.,  .MS.,  iv.  -Jiri-'JO.  .l.iii"  Mh.  I'.  .Moriiio  to  ( 'as^r,,. 
C:iiiiii«t  iiiidt  rstaiid  \Miy  DllinTs  idiiiiiijr  t'n)iu  Mixico,  wlaio  all  liiivi'  t.«  |i;iy 
til.  ir  way,  slimild  want  <  \nytliiii:;  fivo  in  Cal.,  and  tivat  the  Iiid.  us  slavii. 
>'.  /'"/'.,  Mi-.i.,  -MS.,  .\.  7."  Maivji  -Jllh,  ri".  lli;raii  r.iid  Jiiiaiii  to  j.ov. 
riiitr.>t  that  tiny  lia\c  no  \\isli  tn  juti!  ft  re  in  iiiis>ion  ^'ovt.  LI.,  \.  7.  .Mi.ixli 
-~<tli,  I'liUicisLo -M.  Alvuiiuio  ai'i^uc.s  that  li.d.  eauKut  Ijf  c  ■.droikd  i.'Xi.i'[);  liy 


Ci 


MISSION  ANNALS  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


T\\o,  r("apoiisll)ility  and  l)!aino  for  tlio  s|i()liation  of 
1]ic  missions  dui'inL^  this  period  nuist  of  oi»urso  l»u 
lionu-  to  a  (x'rtaiii  extent  by  Alvarado  and  his  asso- 
ciates in  ])o\ver,  tlionnh  th.o  statement,  more  or  less 
enrrcnt  sinc(%  that  the  missions  were  ])lun(lered  by 
Alvarado,  Vallojo,  Castj'o,  and  their  Jiarty,  must  he 
aecv'pted  with  much  all(nvan(?e.  Not  only  is  it  not  in 
])i'oi>^'  that  the  leaders  profited  personally  by  the  spo- 
liation, but  the  inherent  danjj^ers  of  secularization, 
iind  the  [lolitical  ditficulties  which  surrounded  those 
lejiders,  must  be  considered.  I  lad  Mexican  rulers 
continued  in  ]»ower,  or  had  Alvara(h)'s  Californian 
ii\als  triumphed  over  him,  there  is  no  reason  to  be- 
lieve that  mission  affairs  would  have  been  in  any  re- 
spect better  nianaLI'«-'d.  The  disastrous  result  was  due 
more  to  cii'cumstan<'es  beyond  the  control  of  the  ijov- 
eriior  than  to  any  lack  of  wisdom  or  lionestv  on  his 
))art.  ^[oreover,  I  have  yd  to  ivcord  some  earnest 
ii'  not  very  succes.sful  ellorts  by  Alvarado  to  check  the 
torrent  of  disaster. 

On  the  17th  of  January,  1839,  Alvarado  issued  a 
new  series  of  rcLi'uIations  for  missicju  manaiivnient,  not 

llii^'iziiiL':  that  ir.:<stei's  have  to  use  tht?  sainiMiu'thoil.s  as  iidiuiiustnitors;  aiiil 
that  III'  (uiglit  iiiit  to  have  ti>  jiay  the  lino  (jf  $','■•  iiiiposiMl  on  him  far  whipping 
his  Inil.  .sii'>ant.  Jl(t;i(.i'  Mis.^hin  JS(iiik\  '.\'M.  A\n\\  Kith,  I'io  I'ico  ihiini;  that 
tho  nii.ssions  arts  in  piml  c(pn(liti(jii,  1'Xi.cpt  that  tlio  Ind.  havcliotdnie  hail  ami 
will  Hot  work.  Vullijn,  J>o<\,  MS.,  iii.  V.Vl.  July  1st,  Pico  .siill  in-ottsts 
au'ainst  tin.- iiirrent  calunniics  on  the  in.-inaLi  niint  of  uiissi'  us.  ,SV.  /'fr/.'. ,  Mi<>t.. 
!MS.,  xi.  ."i4^,").  .Inly  Uh,  -\l\arailo  ik'cla.is  iho  trials  still  long  for  tcniimral 
power.  V(ilhj<\  Dor..  MS.,  iii.  '_MS.  ls:!7.  March  Sttli.  Alvarail.-  spraUs  of 
till'  missions  as  sturus  of  ■  njiiilics  which  llic  govt,  iniy  nsc  lo  Imy  vessels,  .inil 
other  purjio.scs.  /il.,  i\.  \1\'2.  March  I'Jtli,  <  arlo.s  Carrillc)  to  X'aUejo.  The 
gov.  Iieset  with  jietitions  for  aiIinini--tr.itors'  positions.  To  grant  all,  tho 
missions  WDuliI  have  to  I.e  extended  to  Ciipc  IIoiii.  A/.,  iv.  •2\l.  .Tniie  'JOtii, 
\  .dhjo  malies  a  ride  tnat  rancheros  n;ust  jiay  hall'  tin  ir  lud.  lahorei.s"  wages, 
.sj  per  month,  to  tho  missio'.s.  /(/.,  iv.  'J.^S  is.'is,  Feh.  IDth,  young  Jnd. 
disi;iliutcd  among  piivate  individuals  liy  authority  of  I'ariillo  a.s  gov.  //ny- 
/.'/(.■i'  Traii.<l'i/i"ii^.  S.  .May  1st,  X'allcjo  writes,  '  1  lielieve  in  order  t(j  get  rid 
of  the  ras(  ally  administrators  t  he  missions  will  lie  given  hack  to  the  friars; 
and  then  that  "  ronilii  do  lalirones  "'  may  go  and  rol>  the  devil.'  I'k/A/i..  I  oc., 
Ms.,  Nxxii.  I.Ti.  .Tune,  the  administrators  should  lie  made  to  nnder  accounts 
and  pay  their  de))ts.  'J"ht  y  do  nothing  hut  roh.  /</..  \[v.  'J4.  Sept.  I'.ltli, 
-VIvarado  has  tirderid  that  half  the  means  of  t!ie  I!  nortluni  mis.-,ioii:i  lie  put  at 
\'alejo"s  disposal  for  the  relief  of  till  army.  /(/..  v.  177.  May  II,  l.S.'til,  \'a. 
llejo  to  Virmond.  Some  missions  liave  snllVivd,  others ad\ancod.  Th  friar.s 
aim  toget  liackall  they  h;id  in  l&Lll>;  but  their  j^in.'teiisioU3  will  nut  be  listeued 
to.  II.,  vii.  00. 


AL  VAR  ADO'S  REG  LAM  ENTO. 


65 


liation  of 
•ourse  1»L! 

his  asso- 
•0  or  less 
lerecl    by 

must  be 
;  it  not  ill 
■  tbe  s})0- 
arizatioii, 
.{'<l  those 
m  rulers 
ilit'oriiian 

on  to  b(.;- 
u  any  iv- 
t  wasiUie 
tlie  giiv- 
ty  on  his 
o  cariR'st 
.•heck  the 

issued  a 
ncut,  not 

tr.-itoi's;  .'lud 

I'  .r  u  liiii]iiii,:4 

>  claims  that 

nil'  liMilaiiil 

II  pniti'st.s 

^7^,  .!//>■,«., 

ir  tc'iniKiral 

sJhmU.S  (if 
li'ill,       I'lio 

r.all.  tin; 
1 11110  -JOtli, 

liTs'  Wa.L;V.i, 
touiig  llid. 

LOV.     Il„l,. 

to  fiot  rid 
the  iViai's; 
illiji',  I  or., 

TilCCOUlltd 

•pt.    I'.lth, 

i.i  III'  imt  at 
ls:i!»,  \:i- 
'I'll  ■  tViai'3 

ln-'li-stoiU'il 


nioihfvin'^^  csscntiahy  FiL^ueroa's  rej^'ianiento,  but  sup- 
jiK'.'ucntaiy,  aniUU^ii^ULHl  to  secure  a  t'aithfnl  jjcilorni- 
ance  of  <.hity  by  the  administrators,  ho  called  in  the 
docuncnt,'"  of  which  I  a})[)end  the  substance  in  a  note'-' 
It  \Vc  s  little  more  than  a  restriction  of  p'.'crs  which 
the  aiiniinistrators  had  assumi'd,  and  a  i..|uii'emcnt 
tliat  strict  accounts  be  rendered  of  mission  manage- 
ment in  all  that  affected  the  disposition  of  pro[terty. 
To  obtain  these  accounts  forjiast  years  was  a  hopeless 
task,  iiotwiiustanding  the  governor's  orders;  but  there 
was  certainly  room  fttr  reform  in  the  present  antl  future. 
For  the  j)osition  of  visitador  de  misiones,  or  in- 
s) lector,  ]»j'ovided  lor  in  the  re^lameuto  lor  its  own 
oi'oper  enforcenient,  Alvarad(j  made  a  verv  jjood  selec- 

-' T  kniiw  of  111)  It'iral  authority  for  the  use  of  tlio  term,  unless  its  use  i-i 
this  iliieuiiieiit  may  he  enisidereil  sueli.  In  l''ii;iieri>a".s  reulamentu  eiiini>iiin- 
nilos  and  majordonuis  only  are  jimvided  for,  and  there  was  no  Mihsi'ijueiit  law. 
Jl  had  heeoiiie  eustuiiiary,  however,  to  s|ieak  uf  the  ma jiprdoiiios  a.s  admiiiis- 
trators  in  jiiivate,  and  niiire  I'arely  iu  otlieial,  eorrespoud^nce;  and  now  .\1- 
vaiado's  use  tif  the  term  gave  it  a  sort  of  le^'ality. 

-'  Alfdfddd.  L'tt/luiiiciifi)  I'i\ic'isk>ii(il  puni  ^liliiiini^tr'nlcri  .■<  <><'  .l//v/'o»<.-.',  17 
<h'  Kiiiro,  IS.l'j.  MS.,  in  ])i i^t.  S'.  P'i/>.,  S.  Ji,.<r,  v.  o-J  .">;  /./.,  J/vk/.,  iii. 
C'.l-T.'c,  Airli.  S/a  Ji.,  x.  •Jdo-l-J;  translatiun  in  //nfhrl'i  y.Vy,oW,  l.Vi  (1; 
Jhrir-'Ui'ti  till.  J/it^l.,  add.,  ."i.l-d.  In  the  piiamhle  the  piv.  sjnaks  of  the 
'jiilil'ul  state"  of  the  mission  estates  sini'i'  the  siicalli'd  si  eulaii/ation,  iii 
aerount  of  the  nnliiuited  jiowers  of  tlit!  administrators  and  their  iL;iuir;uiee  of 
till  ir  true  lelalions  to  the  !,'ovt.  Art.  1  ;}.  .Ml  w  ho  , -ire  or  luivt  liein  aiiniinis- 
trators must  present  their  aeeounts  to  the  p>vt.  at  onee,  down  to  ind  of 
1  ^iS.  Art.  4.  Admin,  are  to  render  also  a  detailed  aeeount  of  the  deiits  and 
eredits  of  caeh  mission.  Art.  ."i-7.  They  shall  not,  without  the  order  of  tho 
j;ovt,  contract  or  jiay  any  dehts,  or  slau;,'!iter  any  cattle  lieyoiiil  what  i< 
necessary  for  thu  maiiiienaiue  of  the  Indians  and  ordinary  eonsumiitinu  if 
the  hiiuse.  .\rt.  8.  The  traliic  of  mules  and  horses  for  woollen  stud's  now 
]Hiictised  (the  \ew  Mtxican  trade)  is  ah.soliitely  iirnhiliited;  and  instead,  tho 
iiMinis  must  lie  started.  Art.  !(.  A  monthly  rejinrt  nnist  he  readen'd  of  all 
jii'oduce  stored  or  distrihnted.  Art,  10.  -\dmin.  must  Imild  during;  thin 
yiai',  at  cost  of  the  eslahlishnient,  dwillin,L;s  tor  thcmsehes  so  as  to  \acati! 
their  present  <|Uarters.  .Vrt.  11.  Xo  ^'ente  de  ra/ini  must  l>i'  allowi'd  to  set- 
tle at  estal).  where  the  Ind.  remain  in  commr.iiity.  .\it.  I'J.  .\  elassi.'ieil 
census  of  all  inhab.  to  he  formed  at  an  tally  date.  .\rt.  I.'t.  S.  ( ',ir!os,  S. 
iliian  iiautista,  and  Sonoma  are  not  includi-d  in  tlie  pi'i>\  isions  of  this  rc^ula- 
tinii,  except  that  accounts  of  past  maiiai'i'mint  must  le  reiidiied.  .\rt.  It. 
An  account  I't'  all  s.darics  p,nd  to  cniiiloyes  or  p.idi\  s  must  hi- iciideicd;  and 
salaries  must  imt  Ik'  paid  in  livestock.  .\rt.  l."i.  -Admin,  to  nhiy  ^tlictly  ai.d 
.■■i  lid  the  iei|iiireil  infiirniatidii  w  ithin  ;i  month.  .\rt.  Iii.  The  uo\  t.  will  i»uo 
fiiitlier  iVL.'ulatii)ns  on  pulice,  etc.,  as  nctijed.  Art.  17.  Tlie  uovt.  will  ap- 
point ii  visitador,  with  a  salai'y  to  he  paid  frnni  the  estates,  to  superiutei.il 
l!.'  c'.rryiiiLtoat  of  this  reu'iila'tioii.  .I.in,  iNih,  A.  i  iinplaiiis  to  \alh  ji  that 
ceit.'.in  milit.iiy  oliicers,  v.  ho  had  hcen  administi  i^irs,  showed  no  si;.n>  of 
c  iai|lyiny  with  the  retilauiciilu  hy  icuderiu^'  accounts.  Vallijo,  JJo-,,  .Msi. 
\i.  17o. 


iHi  -II 


W: 


S6 


MISSION  ANNALS  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


tion  ill  tlio  ])ers()n  of  W.  E.  P.  Hartncll,  an  old  Eiig- 
lisli  resident  and  naturalized  citizen.  He  had  been  at 
first  a  merchant  and  later  a  teacher;  and  though  now 
in  r(jdi  eed  circumstances,  was  an  intelligent,  popular 
man,  with  a  good  reputation  for  honesty,  which  he 
]!iaintained  during  the  two  years  that  he  held  this 
oiiice.  llartnell  was  appointed  January  19th;  and 
liis  salary  of  .S2,000,  to  be  paid  pro  rata  by  fifteen  mis- 
f^ions  according  to  their  wealth,  was  to  run  from  the 
25th. ^'^  ]^y  his  instructions  issued  on  April  24th,  ho 
was  required  to  make  a  tour  of  inspection,  and  besides 
beiui''  authorized  to  systematize  the  mission  adminis- 
tration  in  a  general  wav,  according  to  the  reglamento, 
lie  was  em])o\vered  to  hear  comj)laints  and  to  intro- 
duce minor  reforms  according  to  his  iudixinent."^ 
The  new  reglamento,  the  instructions,  and  the  choice 

"Jan.  10,  IS.SO,  aprointiiiont.  Drpf.  R>'r.,  MS.,  x.  2,  8,  11;  St.  Pap., 
J//.SS.,  MS.,  vii.  l!l;  \'(i.ll(J(i,  Iki''.,  MS.,  vi.  47t.  Tlie  assignnieut  of  the  sal- 
jiry,  fjliowini,'  the  ivliitivo  v.cnltli  uf  the  (liUbrcnt  cstablisliinoiita,  wna  as  tVil- 
hi-.ws:  S.  IJiiciiavi'iittira,  Sla  ]!;irl)ara,  I'urisiiiia,  S.  Luis  Uljispo,  S.  Mic,'iH'l,  S. 
Aiiti»iiit>,  ami  S.  Uafail,  ^."lOcaih;  S.  J'ranciscd,  !?7.">;  S.  Luis  llcy  and  S.  (la- 


l);icl.  !i^l.")0;  S.  Fir 


Haiiili)  am 


1  So 


.^-*0i);  Sta  Lu's  ami  Sta  CI 


lira,  S::5;i: 


and  S.  Jd.st'',  .S.'iOO.  (Jf  coiir.so.  lioweviT,  past  hunlons  wore  taivon  al.so  into 
iiinsiih'rati'in,  as  well  a.-i  wt'iltli.  Mrs  llaitmll,  A' awi/avf,  MS.,  ;j  4,  tells 
lis  tliat  her  Iiushand  ac('('ptc<I  tlu;  place  chiefly  to  please  Alvaradu,  since  it 
involveil  nr.K'h  aniioyanco  ami  little  profit.     Alvarailo,  llisf.  ('nl..  MS.,  i\ 


111 

))ndi 


is  of  tlie  opposition  to  IlaitncU  fi'oni  adniinistiatois,  Zacatecau 


•-1" 
iiiilitiiry  ollicia 


d  n 


Mareli  Otii.  JIaruK 
1 


U": 


IS,  rendering  his  position  no  .^iiuM 


H'V 


liiitnicnt  announcul  to  admin.,   with    orders    to 


recou'ni/.i.' his  authority.    IVr//. 


.1//V 


/o,  /he.  MS.,  vi.  'J'Xh 
,1,  /„■ 


III    liistnirciniii'K  ivio  th  hfrd  Dh.irmtr  it  Sr  VtMtndur  J).  Oiii'li 


E.  llurtui il  ca  la  hi^i'i  rrhm  ilc  hm  K.-i'nhlci 


itDX  (Ir  hit  mWio'ii-*  <lr  la  Al'tt 


( 'alii'' 


',  <!'• . I hiil.  JS.H),  MS. ;  //,il/rd\--  l,'ij,„ii,  l.')(j-7;  //",'/'■■<'  L'ipil //;.•>'. 


S.  J)ti<ji>,  i.  Tu,  \\  IT-li*.  ills  duties  were  in  sulistanee  as  follows:  Ait.  I.  To 
iiiethodize  tlie  matter  of  aeiount.s  and  re[)orts,  instructing  the  adniiu.  .\rt. 
'2.  'I'm  make  an  inventory  of  property  at  e.-ieh  mission.  Ai't.  ,'{.  'J'o  have  an 
assistant  at  a  reisonalile  eouipensalion.  Art.  4.  To  show  the  laws  to  each 
admin,  and  exiilain  the  olijcct  of  his  visit,  so  as  to  avoid  pretexts  for  not 
(I'lcying.  Ai't.  .").  To  renieily  actual  and  urgent  needs  reiio\tecl  liy  ailniin., 
using  iiiissidu  jiroduee  for  that  pMr]Hise.  Art.  (i.  'J'o  decide  res|ieitiiig  coiu- 
phdnts  of  jiadres  aiiil  emiiloyi  s  against  admin.,  and  to  promote  Iianiioiiy  lie- 


twecii  .'i 
to  pr<imi 


llcla 
ite  tl! 


Art. 


o  cnioin  uj)ou  ailmiu.  all  jio-sihie  ecoiion.y  so  as 


ihlc 


increase  o 


f  the  estates.     Art.  .S.   T( 


•uulate   the  \\fcli 


d 


d  sla 


iter  of  cattle  in  such  ji  niaiuier  that  the  live-st<ick  niav  lut 


crease.     Art.  it.  To  recouimeml  to  the  admin,  totn.it  the  Ind.  kindly,  iiii!icfc 
liiit  !uo<1erate  jiuuishmeiit-i,  ami   s"e   that  tiny  attcml  faithfully  to  flicir  leii- 


glous  dull! 


.\rt.  10.  T. 


■pi 


rt  to  th 


ovt  any 


faih 


if  the  admin,  to 


pcildiiu  their  duties,  and  evel'i  to  ."iis]ieiul  them   tcm]ioriirily  fropi   (iljice  if 


necessary. 


Art.  11.  Tol 


le  (liliL'i'nt 


illcct  all  kinds  of  iiiforniati 


d 


to  make  sii'"'esiious  for  the  fi. 


ilion  of  pel 


"latious. 


m 


HARTNELL'S  TOUR. 


57 


of  a  visitndor  all  soeiii  to  have  l)ocii  Misely  j»laiinetl, 
even  it"  the  reader  may  decide  in  advance  that  these 
measures  were  not  likely  t(^  reform  all  existing  abuses. 
Preside!it  Dui-an  approved  them,  though  in  a  tone  sug- 
gestive of  douhts  res})ecting  success.'-*  In  ]May  the 
visitador  went  south  to  hegin  his  tour  of  inspection. 
Thence  proceeding  northward,  he  visited  oui'  id'tcr 
aiiothei'  every  mission  from  San  Diego  to  Sonoma, 
tliough  in  several  of  them,  as  we  have  seen,  he  was  not 
authorized  to  interfere  officially.  His  original  diaries 
and  l)lotters  of  correspondence  for  this  tour  and  another 
made  the  next  year  are  in  my  possession — a  most  val- 
uahle  historical  record,  contributed  to  my  collection  by 
Dona  Maria  Teresa  de  la  Gu<M']-a  de  Hartnell,  willow 
of  the  writer.''"  By  the  end  of  June  the  inspection 
had  been  completed  as  far  north  as  San  Buenaventura ; 
in  July  the  missions  from  Santa  Barbara  to  San  J^uis 
Obisjx)  were  inr-pected;  August  saw  the  work  done  at 
San  dose,  and  the  pi\)mulgati()n  of  an  order  f  irbi<lding 
the  hiring-out  of  Indians  away  from  the  community, 
exce})t  with  special    license  from  the   governnieut;-'-' 


-'May  13,  IS.IO,  Dur.in  to  Alvarado,  tliaij;in;,'  liiin  fm*  tlic  iiistructiong 
to  lI.utiRll.  Of  Lite  has  licanl  tViw  C()nii)l;unts  against  tlit-  ailniiii.,  wliiili  fa.t 
li:iili  him  to  suppose  the  Jnd.  to  lie  very  lon^^-.-iUllfriiig  or  thoaihaiu.  very  e.  :i- 
si. It  rate.  Kegi'ets  that  11.  wasnot  deriuit'ly  iiistructe'l  to  iusi.st  on  tlic  pa- 
il;e's  ptjvertif  coercion  over  the  Iiid.  in  the  matter  of  prayers  and  oilier  rr- 
li.  iniis  oljligations.  Some  admin,  had  L'ono  so  fiiras  to  tlireateu  to  remove 
the  clappers  from  the  hells  to  prevent  sunimoniiig  tlie  Ind.  to  recite  therosaiio. 
Ai-'h.,  Mi-^/oiieit,  ^IS.,  ii.  NSl. 

■■' lldftni II,  l)i(ino  !/  llorriulnrrs  ilc  /'.•••  'luft  ri-'ifrc.-i  i/wrn  lS.19-.y)  /(/;■)  d  I'Ij- 
i'ltdnr  Ocii.  de  Miioiic.i  ei)  Ahn  ('dl'fi.riila,  M.S.,  10!)  p.  This  nianu>cript, 
v.liieli  unfortunately  is  not  (]uito  complcc,  contains  a  daily  journal  or  ilia; y 
(if  the  two  ?v'.>(V'(-^';  hlotters  of  letters  addressi'd  hy  H.  to  othei- ])er.Mjiis  in  his 
or;ii.ial  capacfty;  imliees  of  commnn.  reeinveil,  with  mention  of  their  purp(;rt; 
and  the  ".'ciuumI  report  of  the  lir.-^t  tour  in  ISDO.  A  few  leaves  are  missini,'  iu 
r:ii-!i  of  the  4  [liirts;  Imt  the  losses  are  so  scattered  as  n  it  to  iuip;iir  {,'reatiy  tlio 
historii'al  vain,  of  the  reeonl.  Besides  these  document.s,  there  is  nnicli  eci- 
Y'  sjiondenec  respecting  H.'s  tour.i  seattcrecl  in  diileri'iit  archives,  particularly 
in  . I <•''/(.  .l/wx. ,  MS.,  torn,  ii.;  Dcpt.  SI.  Pnp.,  Mi.<i.,  MS.,  torn,  vii.-xi.;  anil 
/'(■".  /'(fi).  </r  .1/;.<.-i.,  MS.  Miu'e  pa.rticul.-ir  refcrcnres  ni;iy  he  found  iu  Incil 
aun.'ds  <:iven  in  later  chapters. 

-'"Auf,'.  '22,  ls:!!t.  Acting;  <!ov.  .Timeno  to  H.  VdH'jn,  /)<>'■.,  MS.,  viii.  ()■_>. 
'I'!;i  i  is  a  copy,  and  possihly  ji  fur  ;cry.  .T.  ,1.  Valh'jo  on  Sept.  •ll!i,  howexcr, 
s'ems  to  idlude  t  •  a  circul.ir,  forhi  IdiuL;  tin;  admin,  tou'  t!ie  Indians  f.jr 
tlieirown  v.-ork.  /'/.,  viii.  77.  .Mv.n-.nlo.  ///«'.  C  i^.,  MS.,  i- ,  1l'!-7,  i;ii  :r.io;i:i 
ii-;  the  reason  for  issuing;  th<'  order  that  ."ii  old  In'iim  of  S.  .Iu;in  (  a]  i- ti'an>, 
let   out  to  a  rancliero,  stole  a  horse  ar.d  can  e  to  Monterey  to  coiiipluiii  lA  ill 


'1  i 


m 


%\ 


58 


MIS.SIOX  AXNALS  AKD  INDIAN  Al  "AIRS. 


Se|)l»'iiil)('r  sulMrcd  tocf)nclu(lo  tlio  visifa;  and  l)y  Octo- 
])(M-  i  Jill  I  !artiu.'irsi'0[)()rt  was  coin |>letc(l,  chotinliat  liia 
olHcc  in  Monterey  lie  continued  to  attend  to  the  duties 
of  lii.->  position  during  the  rest  ot'tlic  year.  The  records 
of  this  inspection,  to  which  I  liave  ah'ondy  alluded, 
ihou'^li  voluminous,  arc  almost  exclusively  devoted  to 
local  niattirs,  none  of  them  of  sutHcient  importance  to 
re(piire  attention  here,  llartiieirsohservations,  in  the 
ML(ni"ei4'ate,  tend  to  confirm  in  most  res])ects,  and  to  re- 
fute in  none,  the  conclusiisns  expressed  earlier  in  this 
cli;>pt(.'r.  Evei-ywhere  complaints  were  heard,  which 
in  most  instances  proved  well  founded.  There  is  no 
reason  to  douht  that  much  good  was  eifected,  though 
it  is  to  he  feared  that  the  reforms  introduced  wer'O 
not  very  thorough  or  permanent,  to  say  nothing  of 
the  fact  that  they  were  for  the  most  jiart  but  a  put- 
ting-up  of  the  bars  after  the  cattle  had  escaped.  At 
most  cslahlishments  Don  (juillermo  left  the  discordant 
elements  temporardy  somewhat  more  tranquil  than 
before;  but  he  was  an  easy-going  man,  not  disposed 
to  quarrel  when  controversy  (.'ould  be  avoided.  In  his 
rejiort  he  simply  ])resented  tlie  state  of  affairs  at  each 


m 


ission;  but  made  no  ijfeneral  sui>u'e«tions  for  ivft)ri 


n. 


I  shall  have  occasion  to  refer  a  little  later  to  his  sta- 
tistics.-' 

'In  consequence  doubtless  of  ITartnell's  rejiorts, 
writlcn  and  verbal,  Alvarado,  on  ]\larch  1,  1840,  is- 
sued a  new  reglaineiito  tor  mission  management,  by 
^  irtue  i'''  wliicli  the  administrators  were  i-i'placed  by 


niajortlomos 


at  I'cduci'd   salari 


es. 


Additional  restric- 


tions Wi'ie  placed  upon  their  actions;  the  authority 

ti\ati!iint,  aiiil  to  ask  cither  to  lie  shot  or  to  be  rdcusetl  from  his  «ervioe — ho 
iliil  not  cure  whieli. 

ei;!) 


NEW  RKGULATIONS. 


50 


0,  is- 
nt,  l)y 


.1  I 


J 


of  tlio  friars  was  increased  in  some  respects,  ami  llio 
visitaJor  was  coutiiiiied  in  olHce  with  a  larj^er  sabuT 
and  aiigineiited  powers.  As  of  tlie  earlier  regula- 
tions, 1  give  its  substance  iu  a  note.-'     IJefore    this 

-*  A!vnr(i<I«,  J'"jliiwi)itn  <lc  Kx-Mitinin"',  1"  ili'  Murzo,  IS.'fii.  rrinteJ  tlor- 
uii:in*  i>i)  oiii'  lar;,'f  slui't,  with  niliric  si'^T.ut'.'.yx.  in  KuHii-il  /'rin/in'/;  ori^i- 
ii.il  -MS.  ill  Vnllijiiy  Ikic,  MS.,  xxxiii.  ISO;  timisliitinii  in  /Iti//' i/.'s  Ucjunt, 
l.'i7-(i(l;  Diriiielk'a  Col.  Ili.il.,  add.,  .^J-'iO.     It  «;i.s  issia-il  iis  ii  Imiulo  witli- 


it    losses   ami  alinsrs 


tlio 


(•lit  ;iiiy  title.  Kxporifini;  liuNiiii 
ini.-isiiiiis;  tin' riglaiiiouto  of  IMiit  not  liaviiiLT  sutliiM'il  to  rcfoi'iii  the  <'\  ils.  ou 
iicioi'.nt  L'siU'Liaiiy  of  f\c(.'.>si\c'  t-alaiits;  and  it  heiii^'  di'siraljlu  to  |iroiiioto 
(■t'ii;ioiiiy  and  a  .stiiit  administration  until  the  Binironiu  govt  may  iliiidi-  wliat 
i.s  lust — tlio  foUi.wiiii;  is  jmlilislu'd; 

Art.  1  .'?.  .Mnjoi-domos  to  take  the  place  of  ailiu'.n.  iit  s;ilarics  from  >}\S0 
tofdro  at  diti'eient  missions  (sjieeilied),  tliou;;li  tln'  I'ormer  admin,  may  lie 
St  Icele  I  for  tlie  new  jiositions.  Art.  4.  Tlio  oUiee  of  visitador  to  eoiitiniie, 
v.ith  a  salary  of  >r.i,UOO. 

I'liliesof  niajiidomo.s.  Art.  5.  To  wa,tcli  over  the  advaneenunit  of  jn'op- 
ert>  .  eonsultiiig  the  padres  in  diU'iLiilt  eases.  Art.  0.  'J'o  make  the  Indians 
Work  for  the  eomnuinity,  ami  ehasiise  them  moderately  for  faults.  Art.  7.  'io 
( iih  lie  morality  and  attendauee  on  relii;ious  duties  among  the  nid.,  the  jiaih'es 
iiiti  I  vening  as  inovidtnl  hy  the  visitador's  iiisti  iietions.  Art.  S-!(.  'I'o  I'ciider 
to  ilie  vis.  a  monthly  aeeount  of  produce  stored,  and  a  yearly  one  of  nil  prod- 
ucts and  ciittle  hiTilided,  said  reports  to  he  eertilied  hy  tlu^  jiadies.  Art.  10. 
I'o  see  that  the  padres  lack  nothing  needed  for  their  jiersonal  siihsisLCiice  and 
s.  rviee.  Art.  1  l-l'_*.  To  i>i<jvide  every  assistance,  ami  show  every  attention  to 
the  ), relates  on  their  visits  or  at  their  lixed  residence.  Art.  l.'J.  To  famish  the 
fi  iais  ;dl  meessaiy  aid  for  worship,  but  to  invest  no  oonsideraMe  sum  for  tlii.-i 
jiiii  po-c  u  ithout  permission  from  the  govt.  Art.  It.  To  attend  to  the  i-id]Mr 
disirihutioii  of  goods  among  the  Ind.,  the  padris  aj)[)roving  the  lists.  ^\rt. 
J.'i.  T.>  ohcy  all  orders  ;;nd  |>ay  all  drafts  coming  from  the  govt  thromih  tins 
vi-itiidor's  otlicc.  Art.  l(i.  'I'o  furnish  every  tiii(;e  lilontlis  a  List  of  articles 
mi  st  neecU'd.  Art.  17.  To  furnish  transportation  and  food  to  lK'r.-;oiis  travel- 
iiie;  on  puMie  service,  and  also  aid  demanded  hy  comamlaiites  of  stations, 
ficndiiig  a  monthly  account  to  the  vis.,  that  he  may  recoYcr  the  amount  from 
the  cc.mi;;an'a.  Art.  IS.  To  aid  private  travellers,  charging  for  food  and 
Iioises  according  to  their  means.  Art.  1!).  To  enforce  morality  among  .ser- 
vants  and  iithi'i's  residing  or  visiting  at  the  missions;  and  in  urgent  eases  to 
Hilipt  such  measures  as  are  liest  adai)ted  to  preserve  order.  Art.  "JO.  To  use 
misiiiii  i)roduce  for  the  support  of  themselves  and  families  v.ithout  cost. 
Art.  •_'!.  To  employ  such  servants  as  I'lay  he  necessary  for  community  work 
hut  onlv  natives  of  the  <'stal)lishnient.     Ai't.  "J'J.  To  ask  only  for 


>le 


carry  on  cone 


spoiid 


ence   wi 


th  tl 


le  VIS. 


Art.  -2?,.  '!'< 


itam   from   tin 


after  a  year  of  g(ji)d  eoiiduet,  etc.,  iierniission  to  employ  such   Ind.  as   i 
he  willing  on  their  own  priwite   work.     ^\rt.  "Jl.   To  make 


tr» 

.vt, 
nay 


no  sale  oi 


eliasc.  and  to  dispose  of  no  Jiid.  for  the  service  of  private  i>ersons,  without 
special  authority;  and  to  slaughter  no  cattle  except  regularly  as  ordered  hy 
tlie  vis. 


Iluti 


if  th. 


isitad( 


Art.  "J.-).  To  make  all  kii 


.f  n 


ih' 


tiacts  for  the  henelit  of  the  missions.  Art. '_'(!.  To  supjily  to  these  ei.tali. 
needed  articles,  according  to  the  majordomos'  lists  and  the  ]iro])erty  on  h;'.i:d. 
Art.  •J7.  'i'o  draw  hills  in  payment  of  dehis.  .Art.  l!S.  To  he  t!ie  mediui.i  of 
eomnuuiiealioii  hetween  tlu'  govt  ami  all  [lersons  iu  matters  relalin,;'  to  mis- 
.■■i  ins.  Art.  '2'.K  To  pay  salaries  of  einployi's,  watch  over  their  p'.rferm.inco 
of  duties,  and  acting  in  concert  with  the  ]iadres  to  ]iropo;e  the  meii  let 
fitted  lor  lu'ijordomc 


.Art,  ;!().   I'o  determine  (he  niiniln'i'  of  cattle  to  Ik 
killed  iu  the  weekly,  uaiuuul,  and  extra  Blauglitors  iit  each  niissioii.     Art.  '61. 


00 


MISSION  ANNALS  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIHS. 


dncnnioiit  was  [)ul)lisluHl  it  soems  to  Lave  Ixn-n  sul)- 
luittod  ti)  the  nii>..si()ii;iry  })resiJc'tits  lor  a[)[)i'()\al  cr 
criticism,  ami  was  }»rol)al)ly  cliangod  sli^•lltly  in  some 
respects  to  suit  the  I'riars.  At  any  rate,  Padre  J^uraa 
expressed  his  views,  and  those  not  very  favorahlc,  (  n 
the  suhject  in  a  letter  of  January  7th  to  Ilartncll. 
AlludinLj'  to  the  j)urL'ly  financial  i)hases  of  the  matter, 
he  admitted  that  the  rcylamentij  would  "close  the 
doors  to  fraud  and  robbery,  but  also  to  all  improve- 
ment; that  the  doctor  was  prevented  from  killin;_j 
the  patient,  but  had  no  power  to  cure  him,"  lie 
thought  a  trade  for  the  benefit  of  a  mission  ought 
not  tt)  be  delaved  by  reference  to  a  visitador  hundreds 
of  miles  away;  and  he  comj)lained  that  under  tlio 
new  rules — changed  apparently  in  this  rer^ect — a 
padre  could  obtain  nothing  except  articles  ])r(Mluced 
by  the  mission  or  other  articles  purchased  with  the 
little  lell  of  the  sukkIo  from  the  pious  fund  "after  it 
had  been  passed  through  successive  sieves  by  the  dis- 
iiiteiested  hands  (jf  the  tradi)y."  Yet  he  and  his 
iriars  would  submit  until  the  coming  of  a  bishop 
should  allow  them  to  leave  "these  Californian  laby- 
rmths.  -■' 


■m 


To  form  a  regulation  for  his  oflicc,  ami  propose  such  assistants  as  he  ilccnietl 
iic'cussjiry. 

Oi'ucnil  orders.  Art.  32.  Merchants  and  others  having  chiinis  against 
th(^  missions  must  present  tlicni  with  tlic  proper  vouchers  to  the  \  is.,  that 
the  p)vt  niny  diterniiiic  wliat  is  best  and  pi)ssil)lc  in  tlio  way  of  sulih'un  lit. 
Art.  '.)',].  As  to  S.  LVnIos,  S.  Juan  liautisla,  .Sta  l.'ni/,  Solodad,  and  Solano, 
the  povt  will  contiunc  to  regulate  thrni  according  to  circunistancis.  A:t. 
.'U.  All  eniployeos  and  JiuIlts  arc  frco  to  report  ahnsca  to  the  ^ovt.  Art.  ,'5."), 
The  govt,  having  consultid  the  padres,  will  regulate  all  that  relates  to  the 
Buiijiortof  worship  and  of  the  friars,  either  assigning  a  fixed  sum  for  lioth 
2)urposes,  or  making  .such  other  arrangenient  as  may  he  best.  Art.  ;}(!.  All 
jii'cviuuB  regulations  and  orders  contrary  to  this  are  anuUed;  and  in  eases  of 
doubt  the  govt  Mill  decile.  Art.  ".7.  In  default  or  temporally  ab.senee  of  a 
majurdoino,  the  padre  will  take  charge  ad  interim. 

-Man.  7,  1S4(I,  Duran  to  llartneli.  Ar<h.  Mls^.,  ^IS,,  ii.  !)!17-1000.  Feb. 
loth,  he  writes  again,  expressing  t!ie  oiiinion  that  the  majordoinos  shouM  n  .t 
bj  tlie  creatures  of  the  p:i<lres,  de -laring  his  purixise  to  liinit  tlie  powers  of 
his  friars,  especially  2  or  .'}  of  tlicni,  r.s  closely  as  the  govt  had  (hat  of  the 
majordomos,  regretting  that  the  northern  padres  had  manifested  oj>pf)r-iiion, 
and  a.;king  tliat  the  aid  <lnc  to  a  prelate'  on  his  visits  .'liould  be  dclliiitely  ex- 
jii-esocd.  /'/.,  ii.  1017.  Marc'.i  ."ith,  he  ojino.ses  any  selliiig-apart  of  est.ates  for 
tlie  :;un[iort  of  the  ministry,  ;is  it  would  lead  to  troui)!es.  I'Vuid  and  me/.ns  (jf 
travel,  with  tlic  .'rlU'J  allowed  by  }.Ie.\ico,  will  suliiec.  /(/.,  ii,  O'J.').     March 


TIIK  VISITADOR'S  SIXOXD  TOUR. 


Gl 


val  cr 
some 
J)iinm 
l)lc',  oil 
rtiiL'lI. 
lUittcr, 
so  tho 
provc- 
killiiiLC 
"     lie 

OUgllt 

iidrods 
cv  tho 
oct — a 
X  luce:  I 
th  tho 
Iter  it 
1 10  dis- 
l  his 
ishop 
hiby- 


ilooniccl 

s.',  tliat 
li'uur.t. 
Siilaiiii, 
A:t. 

\it. ;{.'). 

to  tho 
lioth 
;!(!.  All 
.•a  SOS  (if 
cu  of  a 

Fel). 

lid  H  .t 

vers  cf 
.f  tho 

)f-i'tinll, 
rly  ox- 
It  (':J  for 
;l!Sof 

LMarch 


III  ^[iirch  Alvaradi)  issued  an  order  to  adniliii>tra- 
lors  to  turn  over  their  iiiissi<»ns  to  the  visitador,  and  a 
i-.t  of  instructions  to  that  olficer  tor  his  second  annii.il 
c'sifd,  which  was  to  begin  ininie(hati'ly  at  ^lissioii  San 
Jose.'"  The  inspection  of  the  northi'i'ii  estahlishineiits, 
possibly  down  to  Santa  Ines,""  and  the  operation  of 
M  tting  tlio  now  machinery  in  motion  tliero  was  coni- 
jileted  before  tlie  end  of  June;  but  wo  have  no  details 
( .\<-ept  of  llartneH's  troubk-s  at  San  liafael  in  Apiib 
leading  to  his  arrest  by  A'alKJo,  wlio  succeeded  in 
]iie\eiiting  tho  oxcrciso  of  tho  visita(h)r's  authority  at 
that  mission,"*-  Eaily  in  July  ho  was  in  tho  far  south 
at  San  J^uis  Hoy,  wlioro  ho  Jiad  no  end  of  trouble  with 
I'io  I'ico  and  others,  and  where  tho  transfer  to  tho 
iiiajordomo  was  not  etl'ected  until  August.  Similar 
annoyances  at  other  missions  so  disgusted  him  tliat 
l!na!ly,  on  Se}iteinber  7tli,  from  Santa  Jxirbara,  hesmt 
in  his  resignation,  which  was  aece})ted  alter  his  airi- 
^;ll  at  ^Monterey.  By  a  circular  of  Octt)ber  (ith  ma- 
jerdoiiios  Were  ordered  to  communicato  directly  witii 

l'IlIi,  I'lvfcut  (lonzalcz,  of  tlio  ,Zacatcc.inos,  profTiM's  voluntary  siiLiiiivsioii  au'l 
toiiiieratinii,  Imt  jiivl'trn  not  to  select  niajoiilouios.  1'liu  padi'cs  %\  ill  i  xt'ii.i^o 
the  ]ii)Ut  r.-i  ;,'raiitL(l  tlioui  only  wiien  they  (k'nm  it  ijost.  Jil.,  ii.  lUIiT— 10;  Sf. 
/'  ■;'..  J/;...s.,\MS.,  xi.  iS-'Ji*.  April  I  Till,  .1.  A.  Aguirre  writes  to  Jlartncll,  ro- 
f'.iiij,'  tho  cliaigu  of  .(.  .r.  X'allejo,  that  tho  now  rojilanicnto  was  insti^atoU  ly 
hiaistlf,  Xoi'io^'a,  and  Hartnull  with  ;v  view  to  moiiopoli/.c  tho  nii.ision  traih'. 
\'ii''(Jo,  l>o<\,  MS.,  ix.  114.  April  "JOth,  l)tirau's  ciioidar  dircolin;,'  friais  (u 
fi;i:.'L,'ost  proper  persona  for  niajordoinos,  .•uid  to  present  any  complaints  they 
iii.;y  liavo  through  liini.  Ar<h.  Sla.  Ji.,  MS.,  xi.  IMI-HO.  Aug.  "JUth,.].  Teni- 
plc>  to  llartnell,  insisting  on  tlio  ))aynient  of  old  dehta  duo  liini  from  tho 
southern  missions.    VttlUjo,  Doc,  MS.,  ix.  'J'J."). 

"'March  IS,  1S40,  order  to  iidniin.  to  surrender  missions.  Val/ijo,  /)"C., 
MS.,  xxxiii.  'M.  Alninulo,  lutitrucc'ioiics  que  ilihv  oh<i  rrar  rl  Sr  I'i.^iludi  r  i  a 
.',"  ri.fii'i  I'l  Ids  wi/.s/o/ic.s'  <li  I  iiortc,  JS  df  Marr.ii,  IS.'fil,  MS.  Tlioso  instructions 
iu  S  iirticles  ajrrec  with  tho  reglanieiito,  exce[it  that  at  S.  Joso  somo  ]ii-oi('t  ty 
\'. as  to  he  distributed  to  tho  oldest  neophytes,  and  u  clerk  was  to  he  ])Ui.  iu 
t'lniior.iry  charge  of  tho  property.  Ilartnell's  iustrnetions  to  tliis  clcrU  aud 
til  the  niajordonio  at  S.  Jo.-:6  arc  dated  April  "Jlid.  St.  I'lip.,  .l/^^•..,  ^^IS.,  \ii. 
•):;  7. 

^'  The  missions  from  S.  Antonio  to  Sta  In(''.'<  wore  put  under  tiie  new  re  'u- 
l.;tiiins  at  this  tir.ie  if  at  all  l>y  llartnell,  for  on  his  return  later  fnji.i  llie  sou.li 
li  ■  jiasscd  rapidly  through  these  estahlishments.  Ildrlndl,  Jiiario  i/  Jiorri- 
(li-'-.-i,  MS.,  unfortunately  contains  nothing  of  earlier  date  than  .Inly.  .l;:no 
'J  :tii,  .1.  M.  \illavicencio  directs  Moraga  not  to  give  ui)  tlie  luissinn  <  f  S.  .\;i- 
tonio  to  H.  (who  car.io  al)out  tliat  time/),  and  to  pay  iio  atteuiioii  to  the  gov- 
ernor's order.    ViiihJK,  J)o.\,  M.S.,  xxxiii.  SI. 

"-Slo  chap.  Ax.  of  vol.  iii. 


I 


I'll  'if 
1' 

»' 

iii 


62  MISSION  ANXALS  AM)  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 

the  <if(>veriiinciit,  siiico  tlicro  was  no  longer  iiny  visita- 


(.un-. 

No  successor  to  1  fartiK'H  was  over  a])|)oint,e(l,  and 
tlicie  is  notliing  of  iiii|)ortance  to  he  noted  respecting 
mission  management  tor  the  rest  of  th(3  year;  oi'  at 
least  xcry  little  is  known  ol'  it.  I  regret  to  s;iy  that 
1  am  '(iiahK;  fi'om  matijrial  extant  to  f<»rm  any  d(;tinite 
idea  iil)out  the  jfeneral  conihtion  of  tiie  missions  at  the 
end  of  IS40  as  compared  with  that  of  a  year  or  two 
years  eailier.  Caht'ornians  <jfenerallv  exttMid  the  ixriod 
of  ruin  and  plunder  several  years  later,  and  attach 
very  httle  importance  practically  to  Aharado's  reforms 
of  I  .s;')i>-40,  as  carried  out  hy  Ilartneli.  lam  inclined 
to  think,  however,  that  many  ahustjs  were  really 
checked  at  this  time,  though  the  visitador's  last  tour 
had  done  little  if  any  trood,  the  a'*'L''re''ate  loss  since 
1H;)C}  had  been  large,  and  the  outlook  for  the  inuuedi- 
ute  future  was  not  encourati'inu'. 


iiB 


In  a  fjrmcr  chapter  I  gave  some  general  mission 
statistics  for  the  period  of  18;30-4,  the  last  period  f  tr 
which  the  ])adr(\s  furnished  data,  remarking  that  the 
tigures  were  much  less  accurate  tluui  those  of  former 
years.'*  From  scattered  items  in  the  reports  and  a<'- 
counts  of  administrators  and  of  the  visitador  in  IH;)'.)- 
40,  J  am  able  to  present  for  the  ])rcsent  half-decade 
Some  general  figures  which  are,  perhajis,  as  reliahh^  as 
th(»se  of  the  preceding  period  relerred  to.  Of  l)aptisu)s 
aiid  huiials  1  can  make  no  statement,  though  the  num- 
ber might  be  obtained  by  a  tedious  counting  from  the 
mission-books  of  each  establishment,  most  of  which 
are  still  [)reserved.  The  neophyte  population  de- 
creased from  l.'),000  in  18:34  to  (1,000  in  1840;  thougli 
the  latter  number  would  jn'obably  be  reduced  to  r),000 
if  lestricted  to  the  Indians  absolutely  living  in  com- 
numity,  and  increased  to  8,000  or  9,000  if  extended 

^■>  Jf'irfiicll,  Diano,  MS.;  .«!ept.  7tli,  II.  to  gov.   St.  Pap.,  J/isf.,  MS.,  xi, 
IS.     Oct.  (Ith,  Alviiia.lo's  circular.    /(/.,  x.  lH. 
"Sec  clmp.  xii.  of  vol.  iii. 


k^i 


STATISTICAL  VIEW. 


68 


Y  vi-^Ita- 
tod,  iiinl 

SjK'CtillLj 

r;  or  at 
v'ly  that 
(hdiiiito 
IS  at  tlio 
or  two 

V  ])ciio(l 
I  attach 
rcionns 
iiR-liiicfl 
i  really 
ist  tour 
ss  since 
iiimiccli- 


inission 


io(l  tor 
lat  tlio 

I'olllicl" 

and  ac- 

«;)!»- 

-decade 

al>lii  as 

ijitisms 

e  nuiu- 

'oni  the 

which 

on   d(- 

hoii^h 

)  a,OUO 

1   coni- 

Iteuilud 

M.S.,  xi. 


to  all  on  the  rei^dstcrs  whoso  whcreahonts  as  va^rantf^ 
or  servants  was  somewhat  definitely  known.  .Many 
of  the  missions  had  less  than  MX)  Indian^*,  San  \a\\^ 
J{ev  with  ahout  1,000,  an<l  San  Carlos  with  less;  than 
,")(),  heini;'  the  extremes.  In  the  sanu;  years  cattle  had 
<!ecreased  approximately  from  140,000  to  .■)(). OdO; 
horses  from  I  2,000  to  lo',00o;  and  sheej)  from  |:;o,0()0 
to  ,")O,000.  Of  crops  no  «ifeneral  estiinate  can  he  made, 
hut  thev  wei'e  very  t^reatly  diminished.  Inviiitoi-ies 
v\'  pi'o;<eity,  :Made  in  eonnection  with  secniai'i/.ation, 
vaiy  from '.^10,000  to  .S'JOO.OOO;  hut  there  is  no  uni- 
ioimity  in  the  classes  of  [)ropei'tv  which  th(>y  include, 
chur<'h  j>roi)erty  and  live-stock  heiui^  (»f'ten  omitted, 
and  the  lists  often  inchidinjj^  oidy  assets  in  a  eommer- 
ci,d  sense.  The  au'Ljre.L^'ate  of  <lehts  was  ahout  ><()(), ooo, 
offset  hy  claims  agninst  private  parties  and  other  mis- 
sions of  e(|ual  or  greater  amount,  hut  rat'ely  j>aid  in  full. 

The  mHnl)er  of  iriat's  serving  in  California  was  re- 
duced during  this  half-decade  from  'JO  to  "JO.  I"'ive 
piidres  died — Vitoria,  ^Fartin,  Fortuni,  and  Arroyo, 
of  the  college  of  San  hV'rnando,  and  ]\[oreno  of  tlm 
Zacatecanos — while  one,  (jarcia  Diego,  left  the  coim- 
tiy  in  18;l(t,  to  return  later.  One  or  two  attempted, 
niisuccossfully,  to  ohtain  licenses  for  departure.  No 
new-comers  made  their  apjiearaiice.  As  a  rule,  at 
this  time,  no  padre  was  much  luiard  of  heyond  the 
limits  of  his  own  estahlishment;  though  a  tVnv  hecame 
somewhat  prominent  in  controversies  which  Avill  l)c 
noticed  in  ronncction  with  local  annals. 

Padre  Narciso  Duran  continued  to  he  president  of 
tlie  southern  missions  until  1838,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded hy  Joaquin  Jimeno;  but  in  1S37  Duran  had 
l>een  made  prefect,  which  j)osition  he  held  until  after 
is40.     ]Jura:i  also  held  the  oltice  of  vicar  under  the 


hish 


)fS( 


except  for  a  short  period  in  I  s;)S-'.), 


Iiop  ot  bonor; 
V,  hen  it  was  attached  to  that  of  president,  and  held 
hy  Jimeno.*'     Of  the  Zacatecanos  in  the  north  J\n!i'o 

'-'Various  communications  in  Arch.  Arzuh.,  MS.,  v.  jit  ii.    I!)-'JI:    /'';/'. 
ii\'C.,.MS.,  .\.  30;  Vall(Ji),JJoc.,}<iS.,  xx\iii.  14.  Tliu  exact  iliitcs of  the  ai)i)i.iint- 


64 


:^II.S.JlO:,'  ANNALS  AND  INDIA:.'  AFl'AIll^. 


ill 


Ii:iCm1  ^Forciio  was  jircsiih-nt  and  Nicc-pi-cfr.^t — flio 
jircl'i'ct  l)(.'iii,!.(  aljsL'iit  IV.dii  j-ailv  in  iHoO  -until  Xo- 
vi'iiiber.  18.'<8,  at  wliidi  date  J'adro  Jose  ^Eai'ia  do 
JoHiis  (jioiizalo/,  assumed  the  otiice,  liis  aiipoiiitiiicid, 
or  (lection,  at  tlie  college  of  rjuadalupi'  l)carin«^  date 
of  Jiin.>  11),  IS:"]?.  On  July  "J-J,  1840,  he  was  iv- 
clectcd.'"'     The  authoi'ity  of  these  ollicials  as  |)resldent 


and  i)r( 


•feet 


tl 


over  the  inai's  was 


but 


nonniial,  thou^li 


th<'fe  is  no  evidence  that  their  wishes  were  not 
i'ully  <)l)(>yed  as  in  earlier  times.  As  vicars  tliey 
had  ecclesiastical  atitlioritv  over  the  Irlars  as  a'-tin^ 
j<arisli  [)riests;^'  and  some  K';;al  powers  were  accordt  I 
them  hv  the  re-'^ulations  of  secularization;  hut  tlc'V 
larrly  attempted  any  exercise  of  authority  in  any 
capai.'ity. 

Jlithertt)  California  Icid  heen  eccl..'siastically  suh- 
ject  to  the  1)Ish.)p  of  Sonora,  tlie  missiouary  prelate 
lioldin;^  the  vicarshi[),  An<l  so  it  contiimed  durin,;' 
this  period;  hut  Fray  Francisco  (Jarcia  Dicoo  y 
^Jorcno  went  to  ]MeKico  at  the  beLj^imiini;  of  18-'jG  for 
the  express  [)urpose  of  eflccti ;:<.'•  a  chanj^v  for  the 
good  of  the  people  and  the  church,  and  also  tlold)tlc^^^ 
v/ith  a  vii-w  to  his  own  advan(  ement.  !So  successfid 
was  he  that  on  Septend)er  I'Jtli  of  the  sana;  yi'ar 
the  sjfoveriunent  issued  a  deci'ce  jjrovidin-''  that  the 
neces^ai'V  stej)s  shouhl  be  taken  for  the  f(^rmati<»n  of 
the  Californias  into    a  separate  diocese. ^^      Troubks 


innnts  nre  not  known;  l>ut  .Tirncno  ainionnoed  his  clccl-ion  as  president  en 
Isov.  'Jlitli,  is;{S;  iiml  Duran  his  ussiiinptiou  of  tlie  iircfectiiro  on  Die.  17, 
l.S.'iS,  and  of  the  vitar.ship  on  Sept.   17,  l^.'ii). 

'''^ Apiioiiitiacnt  of  (ionzali'z.  Arch.  OIiIh/khIo,  M.S.,  00,  0.1;  Arrh.  Arzu'i., 
MS.,  V.  lit  ii.  IS;  Arch.  Mis.t.,  .\hS.,  ii.  bCi'i;  Currv<i>.  de  Miss.,  MS.,  07  '.'; 
Sfa  CInra.  I'itrro'iuid,  MS.,  '1\\,  'JS. 

"Oct.  IS,  |s;!!»,  v.  (Jonzah/,  to  his  friars.  Has  eoncludcd  to  acoojit  tl.o 
vii'ar.sliip  of  thu  nortiicrn  missions  from  tiio  l/ishop,  to  luoviiit  their  coiuini,' 
under  tiio  po\v..'r  c)f  Dni'an;  tiiouijh  ho  liositated  ahont  takin;;  sucli  a  step 
w  itlioiit  autliority  from  liiscollegc.  Arrh.  Ohls/idili,,  MS.,  (10- 1. 

'*'Sept.  I!),  KS.'W,  hiw  in  (i  artiehs,  ]MililislK'd  in  a  liando  of  Sept.  2'2d. 
Arrillmju,  Jicifip.,  jHl.-l>ir.  IS.Sfi,  p.  107;  >V('/i.  d'urfS'.  /'"p.,  ^hS.,  xii.  1  -J; 
Jliiyn'  Mi^.-i.  Jjonk,  i.  no.  l.'{,  p.  Ill;  Srn  Mlijiht,  /'r/mh,  .Vi.r.,  S.  Tlie  nrw 
liisliop,  to  lie  elioscu  hy  tlie  govt  from  a  ti'io  snL:;;e*;tid  liy  the  caliild.i  nietro- 
politano  and  proposed  to  the  pope,  wa-i  to  have  .S(!,(HK)  a  year  from  the  trra.j 
ui'y  as  salary  and  !?.'{, (KK)  for  fu'.st  expenses.  He  was  also  to  have  tlic  admin- 
istrutioJi  of  tlie  pious  fund.     Jico  also,  on  appointment  of    bishop,  JJallan 


'■-■''    '*: 


A  IIISIIOI'  rOK  CAIJFO..MA. 


CJ 


lii.tli  ill  Mfxii'o  jiiid  ( 'jilifoniia  in'cvt'iitcd  ruiilirr 
|.1(.l;ivss  until  .luiu' 'J'J,  I  .s;;;),  \\  hcii  (lie  iiu'ti'<)jM»lit;m 
rlijihtti' »li<»>(' ii  hli>,  w  illi  ( JaiTi'ii  |)it';4(»  at  its  Iir.id, 
;iii«l  Ilis  iiaiiif  was  (Inly  lufwai'dcd  to  h'niiu',  where 
(III  April  •_'",  I.^JO,  tilt'  Ili'crssaiT  luills  wrW  issued. •'•' 
III  Ati:.;ii>t  tlie  jiiiitroval  of  l'ti|M'  'JreM-opy  wiis  Uiioun 
ill  Mexico,  and  I  lie  Zacalecan  iViars  were  ndtilled 
tjiat  >ii(  ii  III"  tlii'iii  as  nii;^lit  \ oluntarily  siihjei-t  llieiii- 
M  l\i>  In  I  lie  lii.  Imji,  no  loll'^i'l'  inissioiiaiies  l>ul,  i/<>r- 
triiii  I'lis,  could  e\|ieet  lio  aid  iVolll  t  lieil"  colle^-e.^ '  (  )n 
Se|i(eiiil»er  I  Kill  I '»islio|»  ( »arc'i'a  J  )ieno  to<ik  tlm  cod- 
^liiutioiial  oath  helore  i\\v  pri-sidi'iit;*'  on  ()ctol»er 
II  h  he  was  consecrated  hy  three  l)islioj»s  at  the  e(.|e- 
ylaia  de  (iuadahi|t(!  in  Mi-xico.  1 1(,'  announced  his 
ceiiseeiatioii,  witli  the  fact,  that  he  c<.)uld  imt  come 
iiiiiiiediatelv  to  ('ald'oniia,  in  a  letter  of  Xoscmher 
.'lOtli,  and  in  a  |iastoral  lettei-  which  was  put  in  ]iriiit.'- 
1  ie  did  Hot  iiacli  his  diocese  until  late  in  JsM;  and 
it  i<  not  therefore  necessary  to  notice  here  a  deei'i'O 
(if  the  i^'ovenunent  which  he  hrouoht  lesjiectin!^  mis- 
sion allairs. 

()ccasioiial  <-oni|>laints  scattered  in  the  archi\'es 
show  that  the  friars  had  some  dilHculty  in  <iI>tainiiiL»' 
\\\v  sums  allown'(l  tlu-ni  under  the  \arious  renlameiitos 
|ur  >iili>-istence  and  expeiises  of  worship.''    As  to  their 

.'111(1  /.(iZ'iiKi,  I.Kj.  Mix.,  iii.   I!ll;  Jii(sfiiiiiiuif( ,   I'lr:  i/c  In  /'ii/ri<(.  MS.,  \i.    IS; 
y/.,  <,'../..  .l/'.i\,'i.  Mi. 

•''■'  .)/';/'/v(N,  /,','7'A'C.,  i.  •J74-."):  (!iirri<i  /)iiiin,  t'nrfn  /'(ist<ini/,  IS',0.  .Fiiiio 
•_':{,  ls;i'.i,  mill,  (it'  int.  ti);,Mv.  ot  C.il.  S'lf.  <l-'rt  S'.  Pni'.,  .\iS.,  xv.  (i.     A.i,:,'. 


ii,  ( 'iistilli'i'ii 


III  Ah 


//'/( /II, 


J)u 


MS. 


WMl.  -.'V.'. 


Allir.  •».   lS4(t,   I'.   Itaflicl  lie  .IcsilH  Sdliii,  ]ircfcct(if  tlic   .miIIc-c   of  (; 


iliqic,   tit   tiiu  Zaoatcciiii   iViids.   Arch.   OlnxjKdlo,  MS.,  i'>2;  Sni  (I 


tint,   J'lii- 


rt'ti  'in, 


\\S.,-2-, 


Ihiil.  Sf.  /'nil.,  Ami.,  MS.,  xii.  .-)!. 
*■  <;iir-iii   JUcjo,   I'lirlit,  I'li.ttiind  qih    >l  J!"'"  ij  Ji'mo  Sr  I).   I'r.  Friiin-iii-n 
<iiirriii  />!i  ji),  jiriiiii  r  D^iii/io  ili'  ('nlijiiniin-^  iliriiji'  a  lun  /'/'.  /'/*.  nu-'inin  ru't 
/.I   /)!iMi:tniion,  (tiili.Hilv  sii  iinivi'so  til  iiJi'itiniiln.    Mc\.   ISHI.    I'Jiiki.   \'1  ••. 


I»iit((l  at  the  (.•(il!i"'u  .if  S.  IVriiii 


(let.  -JS,  ls4:i.     11 


us   Ictlir  1.- 


t:iliiill  liir   (lie   ('(•(.■Icsiil 


itical 


iiiistdrtuiii's  lit'  (  ill.  ill  tJH'  |iMst:  a  iianati\ 


if 


t'i(3  wiitii's  a|iii(iiiitni(iit,  iiu'liidini,'  the  liiill.>i;  aiiil  a  iiriite.Ht;itiiili  nt'  liis  all'ie- 
ti'iii  inc  ail  ill  tile  eiiiiiitiy  ami  the  ^.t  at  lniielit.s  tliat  aio  tn  result  fnnii  thin 
111  u  faviir  <if  ( 1(1(1.      It  ^^■as  to  111!  lead   fniiii  the   pul|iits.     (let.  4lh.  X'iriiiniiil 


t.i  Ml 


ilh 


l>i,i\.  .\IS.,  xxxiii.  ls4.     N'l 


:i(ltii,  liishiip  t 


(.111.  Xaliejd,  and  I'adre  l>iiran.   Ai-rh.  Ar:nh.,  .MS.,  v.  |it  li.  •_".!  .■Ill:    \'ii''ijii, 
line.,  .MS.'ix.  ;!;i(l;  Ai-rli.  S/n  li.,  MS.,  \i.  Kill;  Mi.iil.  Anli..  MS..  i\.  -J.s. 
'^  Jan.  ;>(•,  ls;i(i,  I'res.  Mureiio  coliiiilailisl  to  go\'.  that  tlie  allowance  of  ijullO 
llim.  Cal.,  Vol.  IV.    5 


i^ 


i 


CO 


MISiSION  ANNALS  ANT)  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


stipends  from  tlic  [)l()iis  fund  in  Mexico,  it  is  difficult 
to  Ic.un  wliat  amounts  were  ivceived,  tlioULjh  tlie  tri- 
als coiitiiined  to  draw  on  the  fund  and  the  traders  to 
iieLifotiatt'  their  drafts.  Tiie  pavmonts  were  not  onlv 
iire^'ular  and  suhject  to  lieavy  discounts,  l)ut  they 
\\(  re  often  made  hy  the  tradeis  in  articles  for  which 
the  padres  had  little  use."  From  18.'U  to  18:17  the 
;it-.iount  paid  from  the  lund  to  missionaries  in  Alta 
(  'alifornia  is  ijjiven  as  !?;3.'},4(»4.25 ;  and  that  from  No- 
v,'i!ilM>r  1840'to  Fehruary  IH4l»  as  S-J2,(M)0:  hut  I  liiid 
iio  intcTinediate  accounts.^"'  Meanwhile  the'  i'und — 
from  which  the  Lfovernment  in  1837  ilecided  to  hoi-- 
1. ;\v  sfiO,0()0  to  he  devoted  to  the  work  ol'  '(juietinn' 
tlie  ( /alifttrnias'^*' — ron\ained  as  before  in  charge  of  a 
special  junta.  Andres  Castillero  went  to  con^icss  in 
IS;)'.),  with  ur'4-ent  instructions  to  havt!  ihe  i'und  place. I 
at  the  (lisj)osal  of  the  Californiau  ij^overnment.  i'nder 
n  *  circumstances  would  Mexico  jiave  consented  to 
such  a  step;  hut  th(^  refusal  Avas  based  on  the  deciee 
of  Sejitend»er  l!>,  iH'M),  by  which  the  new  bishop  was 
to  be  intrusted  with  the  administration  of  the  estates, 
and  to  use  the  revenues  in  accordance  with  the  aims 
of  the  founders.*^      I'nder  this  decree  it  does  not  a[) 


for  dmrcli  cxpoiiscs  Iina  bcfii  st'ippoil  liy  orders  to  tlio  administrators.  St. 
/''/'.,  J//^-'.,  MS,,  x.  S-!».  Apiil  (iUi,  Moroni)  to  tin-  jKidios.  'I'li-  ;:'.lo\vanco 
.:  i  i:dniiiiist(-'rod  I'V  tlio  injijnrdonio.s  is  (i])p()scd  to  ca"  iiical  law  an  I  ilsa.c. 
Il' tlifv  lan  su])por;  tlii'iiiNch  td  and  piiiil.t.  worsliip  witlmut  that  aJlowanie 
they  may  I  In  so,  'dando  esto  iZdlpc  antes  (pio  nos  i<>  (Un.'  .Infi.  <  tUi-^jnnln, 
''S.,  ."iS.  July  ",lt!i,  Dnrantndciv.  Clii'i>,  ('i)mi)laiiis  nf  n(in-|iavnu  nt  nf  tlio 
f^iir.is  allottiMl.'  . I /•'•/(.  .1)-.'.''.,  MS..  V.  )it  ii.  10  17.  Jan.  •_'!»,  Marcii  I'J.  ls;i!», 
ri'.  hiU'in,  Jinii'uo,  and  Ural  niiiko  like  coniplunt.s;  anil  ^..-^U  that  certain 
!.'ar<U'n.s.  luiildlnv'M,  and  s.illi  lie  assi^jni  d  in.steadof  a  ti.\':d  .■sum.  /'/.,  \'.  pt  ii. 
'l\-',\.  March  .">,  1S40,  l»iiran  aiL'tieu  against  an}'  ces.sion  of  estates  for  tlio 
.support  of  padre.s  or  ehui'ch.   Arh.  Miss.,  MS.,  ii.  W,]. 

*•  Arrh.  .!/;-■.•(..  MS.,  ii.  !i!»7-IO(M).  Maieli  14,  ls4i),  P.  Fortuiii  draws  for 
Si.'.'JOOdue  him.   Hmrni,  Dor.,  MS.,  vi.  >>S. 

*'  Ml  .V'rit,  M,  III.  Iiifi  rior,  IS.'tS,  ]).  .S'_'-G.  Statement  of  Kamircz  from  Si'/'o, 
.\i.\.  Mar.  -J,  l.s4-_'.  ill  H(ii/>s'  Misxldn  liuok,  i.  l!tl. 

"'.April  1,  iN.ST,  ilecree,  \n  AriiHii^ja,  /'iccji.,  IS.'IT,  p.  -Im-I'i. 

*'  Art.  0  of  the  decree;  'The  ))roperty  lielonL;in,!,'  to  the  jiioiis  fund  of  ( 'ali- 
fornias  will  lie  ]iut  at  the  disposition  of  tno  ni'W  hisliop  and  of  hi.^  sueeessois. 
that  they  may  adniinister  it  and  invest  it  in  it.s  otijoets  iir  otiiers  analojious, 
always  res]ieetin;,' t!ie  will  of  the  founders.'  ArrUlaija,  Jt'int/i,  l,s;5(i,  p.  1((7. 
.Au!,.  7.  I s;!!l,  ^ovt  decides  that  the  deputy  must  not  interfere  in  the  fund. 
J'</'f.St.  I'd}'..  MS.,  iv.  i;U.  Same  date,  Castillero  writes  to  siime  ellect. 
I'allijv,  JJuc,  MS.,  xxxii.  I'JU,  '2S± 


'ft 


llriiws  for 
Imi  Si'j'o, 

ll.if  Ciili- 

uiId^ous, 
11.  107. 

I   cll'cct. 


THE  PIOUS  FUND. 


67 


M 


poar  tli;it  anvHiiiig  was  done  until  Hr'  end  of  IS-ID, 
Avlu'ii  ijic  i/i.sliu[)  appointed  l\;dn)  l^auiiivz  to  care  lor 
tlic  city  estates  aiul  Miguel  JJclaunzaran  for  those  in 
flu;  country.  Garcia  Uie^o  also  received  from  the 
fu!id  money  to  })ay  the  expenses  of  his  journey  to 
California.*"' 

I  liave  to  conclude  this  chapter  with  Indian  alfaiis, 
that  is,  the  dealini^'s  of  the  Californians  with  gentile 
tril)es.  Minor  items  on  this  suhject  are,  howowr.  as 
usual  left  for  local  annals.  Tlui  subject  may  1)0  most 
conveniently  trt-ated  in  thi'ee  divisions;  the  iiist  in- 
cludes the  hostilities  of  irentiles  and  fngilive  neopliytes 
(111  Hu:  southern  or  San  Dle;j;'o  ii'ontit.'r;  thest-'cond, 
^'ail^•)o'so[)erations  against  gentile  tribes  north  of  San 
l-'raiK'isco  J3ay,  from  Sonoma  as  a  centre;  ami  the 
thii. I,  i\ii^-  I'avaj^es  of  Indian  horse-thieves  in  ;dl  tiie 
region  between  the  two  frontiers,  and  the  expeditions 
>iriiz  out  au^ainst  the  marauders,  chielly  i'n»m  thi'  re- 
('ioii^  of  vSan  Jose  and  Los  Antxeles.  'fhe  material  is 
bulky  enou;^!!  in  eadi  <hvision,  but  when  duly  sifted 
and  di^V'sted,  it  results,  as  usual  with  Califonilan  Ind- 
ian .lunals  at  all  periods,  in  but  a  meagre  and  unsat- 
isfactory record. 

I'l  the  siirini;'  of  1830  complaints  were  frequent  and 
loud  that  llu'  Indians  were  committiiio-  ravages,  and 
tlia!  the  soldiers  of  San  J)iev;o,  lii-  lac-k  of  arm-^,  siip- 
]>]iis.  and  })ay,  could  atlbrd  no  protection.  In  daimary, 
•!.  M.  Marron  was  .attacke  1  at  the  randio  of  ( 'ncros  (K' 
A'l  i.kIo,  but  several  of  the  attacking  jmrly  woiv  killed 
by  ( 'hi'i.  tian  Indians.  An  ell'ort  to  have  a  garrir-oues- 
tabli  lied  at  Santa  Isa'oel  was  unsuccessful.  Tiu!  citi- 
/.i'.i-  laade  several  expeditions,  iu  one  <»f  wliieli  seveu 
liid!:i!is  we  e  killed;  liut  it  was  charged  tli;it  in  their 
ab^.  lice  tin  soldiers  committeil  various  I  lict't>  and  out  • 
in  t<  w  :i.     Earl}'  iu    March,   Captain     I'Mi'till.i 


ra'j'es 


^'StMtonciit  0."  R.iiiiiii'/,  in  Si<i!o,  xix,  M;ircli  "2,  I'^I'J,  f*u\^\A.  1  t(i.  Tlio 
Binns  ].;iiil  oil  lu'i'oiiiit  of  stipouils  for  ('al.  iit  tins  tiiui;  wviu  [lUil  to  J.  A. 
Aj^uiiio.     Uaiiiirfz  saya  lie  took  (..hai'^'e  on  Nov.  'J,  1840. 


i 

i 

w 

• 

(i8 


MISSION  ANNALS  AND  INDIAN  APFAIRS. 


made  a  fniilloss  raid,  and  on  liis  return,  liis  hrotljor, 
D>\\  Silvc'str(>,  proposed  to  confjucr  tli(^  Indians  at 
]]']■<  own  t'X]»cnst',  it'  allowed  to  keep  prisoners  as  sei- 
vants.  T\]\s  was  ajt[)r()ved  1»\  the  avnntaniiento,  on 
till'  i^M'ound  tiiat  the  Indians  were  outlaws;  hut  thi' 
r(s;ih  is  not  known,  the  record  tailing  just  wlieii  San 
])i(j  )  was  supposed  to  he  in  the  L;)"<'atest  peril." 

A  year  later,  in  Api'il  or  ^lay  18;]7,  the  Indians 
niaili'  a  raid  on  the  iVontier  ranchos,  hurniui^  Ijuildin^s 
and  driving'  ott'  li\'e-stock.  At  the  Janiul  I'a'u-ho  tin- 
niajordonio  Leiva  and  three  others — servants  on  tli*' 
plaei',and  pei']ia|is  Indians,  thoui^'h  spokiMi  of  as  while 
?nen  hysevei'al  -  were  killed,  and  Leiva's  two  e'rown-up 
dau''hters  were  eariied  away  into  eai>tivitv,IV«>ni  whi<h 

■^  «/  I  t.'    ' 

they  Were  never  I'eeove'ivd.  A  force  from  the  fronte'ra, 
iumK'I'  .Mferi'X  ^Facedonio  (Jonzalez,  piu'sued  the  foe 
in(o  the  sieJM-a,  hut  was  di'feated  at  a  place  called  tl 


le 


^latadero,  and  foi'ced  to  I'elire  with  many  wounded. 
The  inhahitants  of  San  Diei^o  were  in  i^reat  terroi', 
hut  weie  comforted  hy  the  protc(!tion  of  Capiain  Pen- 
hallow  and  his  ]\\v\\  of  the  AJcvt,  and  by  the  [)resen 


ol  t  heir  so-called  jj;'ete  politico  and  u^enel 


d 


al.  Z 


•  •e 


imorano, 


'ine  of  wIios(3  men  had  accom|)anied  (Minzalez.    Juan 


Uandini.  whosi.*  raiicho  of  'i'ecat 


e   was  one  o 


f  tl 


lose 


plundered,  was  recalled  from  his  political  and  militaiy 
aehie\'i'inents  at  Los  Anticles;  and  the  revohitionarv 
army,  raised   to  operate   a^'ainst   Alvarado,  marchi  d 


nL!'ainst  the  sava<j'e  foe 


II 


lev  are  saa 


I  to  1 


iav(> 


illed 


In  a  cam]»aiL;n  of  ten  (la\ 


several 


1 11(1 


ijins.  a 


II   tl 


lev 


coiild  lind.  Contemporary  communications  on  thi~ 
disaster  are  not  numerous  »>r  complete;  while  \-ersioii- 
from  nieii.'orv  are  voluminous  and  contradictory  in 
detail.'" 


'■'Many  <li)<unioiit^  of  .Taii.-M:nvli.    ISnO.  in  ,<?.   T);.';/",  .\r<-h.,  :MS.,  Tl 
!I'J,  1  i.'i;   lliiii's'  Mi>isi()n  Hiu,k\  i.  I'SS-'.),"), ;!{ |.    TliiTc  wi  re  .uinu'  imniilainls  in 
.)iil\.      I'lanihnl  \\r()t(>  in  Maivli  that  niiiili  uf  liis  stock  at  the  'I'ci'atc  ran.  Iii> 
hail  liiiii  stnlrn.    Wtl'fjo.  /hi,-..  MS.,  iii.  iv_>. 

'*"('oHiinnincatiiiiis  (if  lutal  ullirials,  A)  lil  t"  Si  i>t.  is;t7.  >'.  Vmin,  A  i-'  h., 
Ms..  171.  ISIl-'J,  ls.\  ls7.  May -lltli,  .'ilst.  /anidi.'ino's  letter  1..'ayi'lit.  h| 
Auyeles,  iniil  resnltini;  (lelilieration.s  iif  that  IhmIv.  /f'/'t.St.  I'ii,i..  .MS.,-.i. 
8(i-II;  Lo-i  Amfilt.-i,  Anh.,  Ms,,  [v.  ;jlli-lS.    June  "Jljtli,  eaiituin  and  erewot'  tli>' 


PERILS  AT  SAN  DIE*  10. 


'otlior, 
aiis   lit 

iis  sei"- 
uto,  oil 
ut  tho 
I'll  Sail 

ndinns 

il(liii'j,'s 
•Il(»  tlu! 
(Ill  i\\i' 
s  wliitf 

i)\Vll-U]) 

1  wllirll 

•oiitora, 

tin.'  I'lo 
1...1  tlu' 
illiulrd. 
terror, 
n  Pou- 
ri'soncc 
iioraiio, 
Juan 
those 
lilitaiy 
ioiiarv 
arclit  »l 
1   (la\'s, 
I    tli.'V 
iii  lliis 
'I'sioiis 
ory   ill 


lilunts  III 

\V     llllli    111! 

■n.    A,-    /.., 
IviMlt.     ■'! 

I'.NiS.,  •  i. 
iwof  til.' 


It  was  prol)al»]y  in  IS:'.7,  (lurin;;-  tli<'  ^cn  ral  alar. a 
arisiii""  i'roiu  the  inassucix!  ut  Janiiil,  tlioU'^Ii  tlicii'  is 
no  au'reoniL'iit  anionn^  narrators  ro-]ieciinLi  dali's,  that 
a  plot  was  revcali^'d  to  attack  tho  town  and  kill  tiic 
iiilialiitants,  Indian  servants  wrro  to  coojiorato  with 
tli<j  attai'kini^  I'^H'ty  hy  ojioiiini;-  the  limiscs  <»("  their 
eiiipl-ovors  on  a^iveii  ni^•ilt;  hut  one  of  tlicni  (hNul^fd 
the  I'l'it,  and  thn-c  --r  t'oiir  til"  tho  do/.eii  ^rxants 
.•incited  \V(,'rc  iiunicdititc'ly  shot  hy  orcK'r  of  Alleiez 
( inn/.aloz.  '  The  year  ls;>8  was  markt'd  l>y  no  Ims- 
tiliiies  that  are  eitlu-r  rentcinhiactl  or  recorded.  In 
l.s."'.;)  there  weie  alarms  and  active  |)rej)ai'ations.  on 
iiajKi' at  least,  lor  defensive  nio\"enients  in  May, duly, 
and  Xoveniher;  hut  I  have  nothing'  definite  ;,h(tut 
llie,>e  trouhles,  exce|)t  that  in  ( )ctoher  the  inis-iiin  <if 
(Jiiadalupe  across  the  frontier  \v;is  sacked,  and  three 
.seldiei's  wi're  killcfh^'''     In    1840   no  (hstnrhaiiccs  are 

.!/•/■' orcd'Ai  ..itli  vallialilu  Sfi'vicf.  J>rj,t.  St.  Pup.,  .!»;/.,  MS.,  ii.  l();;-4; 
Jlij'diilii  S.  I  i'liziffc,  I)oc.  "J,  1MJ7.  .)mu'  'JTtli,  ('inii.  AruiK'Hu  .siv.s  hi'  will 
i";aiu  the  cu::;)ianil  '  uiik'ss  there  shouhl  Ix^alijht!'  .V.  V'".'/",  Ar-h.,  .\IS., 
Isl.  .July  ."ith,  liul.  attacked  S.  iJieu'o  iiiissioii  and  killed  :\  men.  llaiii-.-i' 
MU<.  Iliihy  i.  '^^l^l.  duly  11th,  alcalde  nf  .Vuueles,  iu  a  eironlai'  t(i  ramheros, 
siiys  the  lud.  attacked  S.  lieriiardu  and  killeil  -t  nun  (the  .laiuiil  alliiii'':'!. 
Vii  li ,  P'li'.,  MS.,  J,").  Auj;.  -kli,  l>andini  sJly^i  he  killeil  and  captured  mily  a 
lew  111  1.  N.  Jfiiyo,  An/i.,  MS.,  is.').  Sejit.  Killi,  11.  say.s  he  ha.s  Init  aliso- 
liltely  everytiiiuL,',  has  eonie  to  Sta  liarliaia  to  sell  a  few  jewels  to  get  fuod 
f  ir  hi-,  family,  ami  must  eschew  jiolitics.  I'ti/ijo,  Jhir.,  Ms.,  iv.  ;!0!l.  .Iiii.s- 
•■^i  IIS,  Villa  11  Ar.iit.,  -M.S.,  iri  7,  vvas  with  < !  .ii/,ile/.  and  ^;ives  many  |iaUicu- 


1,. 

iiid  t: 

il.  iilit; 


•llK 


.1/,' 

llllo,   Jh 


Ms.,;n-rJ:  Mi 


Ti 


)/i( 


/' 


.Iu 


.MS..  11- 


Kf 


MS.,  li»-lH),  -JT-:!-,  -'ivo  manviletail.sof  theatliiirat 


med  riom  the  wite  ot   Leiva,  who  with  a  voinej 


■hil. 


t. 


1  e-calie, 


.\1 


vai'iK 


hi.    l/lsi.  CiL,  MS. 


IV 


1  :<. 


cl.diiiiiiu  tiie  lidiior  (]|   haviiii;  killed  a  larife  imu 


IllljUSUy  aecllse.s 

of  Indians. 


Iio 
tiie 


i!c!i  claii 


II,  and.  //;.s7.  Cil.,   MS.,  '.)l>, 


.1. 


lei  .s  w  ■•re  i 


lefeated  and 


.several   wcium 


lys  that  111  a  second  cani[iai.rii 


r.,ind 

I'. 
1 


lowed 

iiii  of 
makes 


led.      Jtolliero,  .1/'/ 


.M.> 


4;  and  in  l/d.i/'-i'  h'lii/;/.  .^'r,^■>•,  4'M.  an<l  /'I.,  >V'/v(/(v,   Imrdiii,  i.  17  I,  give.s 


it  of  (i(iii/;ile; 


/.  s  canijiai'Mi,  in  w  liic 


tiK 


ith  hh 


h  il 


d. 


e<'  also  meution  of 


iuair  w 

i'l.     .See  alscj  J  Juris'  I 

'  Marron,  /.'c 


•t  date:!  in  M'/ni-i,  L'.i/'Id,:,  i.  :\X>;  L<i  PI  • 


V 


ii(;,(/».«'.i, 


.M^ 


V, 


N.'i. 


■<ius.  MS..  i]i»-:i. 


savs 


that 


lie 


iverheard  a   eouveisaf inn 


.lot. 


IstU- 


>t  Ills  own  lam- 


In  twei'U  her  o\i  11  and  two  t>f  l'"itc!rs  .servants  w  liicli  reviah  d  tl 

diUi'.  pii'iit,  MS.,  S-1,"),  colilirnis  this,  and  says  that  the  cook  i 

ily  wasoiio   of   those   shot,  his   father,   then  alcalde,  o[ipo>iiiLi  tiie  hiimmary 

)ii()ceedinj,'.     iJaiisseiis,    I'iiln,  M.S.,    l.io-S,   tells  us  it  was   llaniiilii's  sc  rvaiit 

who  diviiJited  the  plot.      Madiado.   Tiiiii/ii'"  /'ii''it(ln.<,  MS.,  17-1!',  ^ays  it  was 

Mis  i'itch'.i  Indian  i^irl  that  uave  the  alarm.     (Isio,  IH<>.,  MS..  ;{(i."i-7,  speaks 


of  .\ll.  Macedoiii 


;y  pi 


L'cdii'L's.     I'ico.  II, ^t.  <„L,  MS.,  IvJ..'.  se 


to  iiiinly  that  this  allair  was  of  later  tlite  hv  .">  or  (i  veiu'<. 


'.I' 


is:  11 1, 


pre,   iratioiis  for  a  urand  es|veditioi 


y  ':istro  was  to  aid  u  itli 


120  iiieii.     Noresult:j  Kuuwii.   JJayes'  JlLss.  JJov/,;i.  'XIO;  hi.,  Dur.  JJi^t.  I'ul. 


1^ 


if 


Im 


70 


MISSION  ANNALS  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS, 


rrjioitod.  Xotwitlistnndinn^  the  fran'incntary  nature 
•  it'llK'  recoils,  it  is  evident  that  in  all  these  years  tlie 
fVoiiHer  ranchos  were  cctutinually  ravaged  by  Indians, 
and  that  there  was  no  security  tor  either  lit'o  or  prop- 
erty. The  condition  of  this  more  than  any  other  part 
of  California  rt'senihled  that  of  the  Apache  frontier  in 
Sonor'a  and  Chihuahua,  though  the  loss  of  life  was 
much  less.  The  n)arauders  were  the  gentile  tribes  of 
the  mountains,  reenforced  by  renegade  neophytes,  al- 
lied witli  more  distant  Colorado  tribes,  and  having  al- 
ways a  secret  understandinsx  with  Indian  servants  on 
the  ranchos.  Foi'tunately,  of  the  tive  or  six  chieftains 
who  connuandad  the  tribes  of  that  region,  one  or  two 
were  wnevallv  allied  with  the  gente  derazou  and  rcn- 
dered  valualjle  aid. 

Turning  now  to  the  northern  fi'ontior,  we  find  a  dif- 
fident state  of  things.  Here  there  was  no  semblance 
of  A}>acho  raids,  no  sacking  of  ranchos,  no  loss  of 
civilized  life,  and  little  collusion  between  gentile 
and  Chiistian  natives.  Tlie  northern  Indians  were 
more  numerous  than  in  the  San  Diego  reiifion,  and 
many  of  the  tribes  were  brave,  warlike,  and  often  hos- 
tile;  but  there  was  a  comparatively  strong  force  at 
Sonoma  to  keep  them  in  check,  and  General  Vallejo's 
Indian  ])olicy  must  be  regarded  as  excellent  and  eil'ect- 
ive  when  compared  witii  tiny  other  policy  ever  followed 
in  California.  True,  his  wealth,  liis  untrannnelled 
power,  and  other  circumstances  contributed  mucli  to  his 
success;  and  he  could  by  no  means  have  done  as  well 
if  placed  in  command  at  San  Diego;  yet  he  nmst  be  ac- 
credited besides  with  having  managed  wisely.     Closely 

MS.,  07;  Dcpf.^t.  Pfip.,An(ii'!,'x,'S\S.,v.  15.  Trouhlos  of  .July-August  Va- 
il, jo,  Dor.,  M.^.,  vii.  .•{!).'],  40.">;  //a//rv'  Jfl^s.  Booh,  i.  '.VM\.  Tiouhli'S  of  Oct. - 
Ncn'.  a)ii);iri'iitlv  (luito  serious,  ;iikI  iuvolvinj,'  much  loss  of  pro[icrty.  VitUcjo, 
J)",:,  MS.,  viii'.  l>J-.>,  •_'.'!();  J/,iy(.<,  Dor.  His/.  (V(/.,  JMI,  <)!)-  101 ;  J),/,f.Sf.  Dap., 
.\)"j.,  MS.,  V.  77.  lO'J;  xir.  17.  In  Nov.  .a  roncjiiido  S.  Diegoiicojiliyte  uaiucil 
( 'liivii;!i))i(';uvil  niidor  tlie  unnic  of  I'nilia  with  an  apiioiiitiiu'iit  a.i  captain-gcii- 
cial  of  the  S.  Felipe  rauclurias  on  the  ( 'alifnrniii  wdo  of  the  I'olorailo,  issued 
liy  the^'ov.  of  Scnora.  Jhj,/.  S'.  Da;'.,  MS.,  v.  I7--0;  /-/.,  .!/(;/.,  v.  !»4-(;;  .laiis- 
8cns.  Villa,  MS.,  14I5-51,  {^ivcs  niaay  particulars  of  lilc  ou  the  frontier  runchoa 
iu  those  years. 


Ill 


s  wero 

)n,  and 

II  hos- 

rco  at 

k'jo's 

m«ct- 

owed 
idled 
to  his 
s  well 
JO  ao 
osely 

list.  r«- 

(jf  Ocf.- 
V(ih!(jn, 
<t.  I'd  p., 
u  iiaiiR'il 
.;iiii-yi'ii- 
),  issuoil 
(i;  Jaiis- 
ruucliud 


VALLEJO'S  INDIAN'  POLICY.  71 

allied  with  Solano,  the  Suisuii  chiertain,  haNiti;;'  always 
—  except  wheliasketl  to  relidersoiiie  distastel'lil  uiilitaiy 
service  to  his  political  associates  in  the  south — at  his 
disposal  a  j^ootlly  number  of  soldiers  and  citizens,  he 
iiiaile  treaties  with  the  i^'elitile  trihes,  insisted  on  their 
in  iiiL;"  lil)e]'ally  and  justly  treated  when  at  peace,  and 
iiuiiished  them  severely  lor  any  manirestalion  of  ho>- 
tilitv.  Doubtless  the  Indians  were  wronged  oil  en 
eiioun'h  in  individual  cases  by  Vallejo's  suboirlinate;; 
some  <»!'  Wiioni,  and  notably  his  brother  Sal\ador,  w ere 
with  dilliculty  controlled;  but  such  I'eports  have  been 
"I'ealK'  exan'iierated,  and  acts  of  <ilarin'j;  injustice  were 
comj)aratively  rare. 

The  Cainameros,  or  the  Indians  of  Cainanul  in  tlu-^ 
region  toward  Santa  Ii(.)sa,  had  been  for  s(;uie  years 
iViciidly;  but  ibr  their  services  in  returning;"  stolen 
iioives  they  got  into  trouble  with  the  Satiyoinis,  or 
S('  oyonies,  generally  known  as  Guapos,  or  'bi'aves.' 
who  in  the  spring  of  ISoG,  in  a  sudden  attack,  kilkvl 
tuentv-two  ot'  their  number  and  wc^unded  fifty.  A'a- 
1rj(»,  on  a[)peal  of  the  chiefs,  j>roniised  to  avi-nge  their 
wioiigs,  and  started  April  1st  with  fifty  soldiers  and 
one  hundred  Indians  besides  the  Cainaniero  force.  A 
battle  was  fought  the  4th  of  .Vpi'il,  and  the  (uiapos, 
who  had  taken  a  sti'ong  position  in  the  hills  of  the 
(iiyser  regi(»ii,  were  routed  and  driven  back  to  their 
rancheri'as,  where  most  of  tliiMii  wei'e  killed.  The  e.\- 
]H'dition  was  back  at  Sonoma  on  the  7th,  without  Jiav- 
iiig  lost  a  man  killed  or  wounded.'^ 

On  June  7th  Vallejo  cont.-luded  a  treaty  of  jieace  and 
alliance  with  the  chiefs  of  seven  tribes — the  Indians  ol' 
Yol(»ytoy,  Guilitoy,  Ansactoy,    Liguaytoy,  .\clutoy, 

■''^  Miiiili  28,  1S30.  Vallejo's  onln-.s  for  assi'iuMiiii;  troops.  Vullijo,  Dor., 
Ms.,  iii.  li)|.  Apiil  Sth,  ivpovt  (if  tliocainiwijii.  /•/.,  iii.  l.K'i.  S.ih.nlor  Va 
Ucjo  oiii.ii.uiiili'cl  dill'  (li\  i.sions  of  the  I'oive.  Ainil  'Jl-.t,  (  oiii.  I  Irii.  ( liitiorux. 
tli.'ii'ks  l.iout.  N'allcjoandliisiiiL'n  foi-tluir;:.ill.iiitiy.  /r/,,iii.  i;),'{,  April  "Jlili, 
Liiiit  \  iilli  jo  to  com.  ;;i'ii.  Amiouiu  ivs  that  Antonio  ainl  X'irtur  Castro  hail 
gone  to  Sill  Jld.sa  ill  ilrlianct'  of  ordiis  to  gc  t  linli.uH  for  work  on  tin  ir  rauclio 
I'f  S.  I'alilii,  takiuL;  litsidi's  sonio  pi'oiii'rty,  and  Iniyin;;  sunic  chiMiiii  fi'oni  tin' 
eliii'fs.  'I'liii  Indians  oiniiijai.icd;  the  ( 'astros  \M'ri'  anestecl  at  S.  ilafacl,  and 
the  chihhcu  relcubud.     Such  uutiiiyus  must  be  i)reveiitud.  Iil.,  iii.  1 1-'. 


IPt^ 


72  MISSIOX  ANNALS  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 

Clnini]»t<»y,  uikI  the  (Juajios — wlio  luid  voliiiittirily 
('(»i>U'  to  SoiKHua  for  tliaf  |»iirj)os('.  Tlie  trcjity  pi'o- 
vi'iod  lliat  there  sliould  1)0  iVitMidsliip  Ijctwroii  the 
tril>es  and  tlio  garrison,  that  the  Caiiianirros  a!i<l 
(Juajios  should  live  at  poaco  and  respect  oacli  otho-'s 
toi'ritt)iv,  tliat  tlic  Indians  should  givt;  up  all  I'unitivt,' 
( 'hrisji.'iiis  at  the  r('(pu'sit  of  the  eoiuandante,  and  tliat 
th(.'y  should  not  hnrn  tlio  ficdds.  It  does  not  a])pear 
that  ^'alli  j;)  in  return  promised  anythiuL?  more  definite 
th.-'ii  iVit'iidsJiip.  Twimty  days  later  the  compact  was 
approved  hy  (jJovernor  Chico.'^*  A  year  later,  in  dune 
ls;)7,  Zampav,  one  of  the  chieftains  of  the  Yolovtov 
—town  and  i\inehei"ia  of  the  Yoloy,  perha[)s  meaniu'^' 
t>f  the  'tules,'  and  which  jjfave  the  name  to  Yolu 
counh-  hecanie  trouhiesome,  committinu,'  nianv  out- 
I'an'cs,  and  tiyiiiL,^  to  arouse  the  Soto3'omes  anain. 
The  head  chief  of  the  tril>e,  however,  named  ^loti, 
oifered  to  aid  in  his  capture,  which  was  I'ftected  hy 
the  coml'ined  forces  of  tSolano  and  Salvador  A'allejo. 
Zampav  an<l  sojue  of  his  coni])anions  were  held  at 
iii'st  as  captives  at  Sonoma;  hut  after  some  years  the 
chief,  who  had  heen  the  tei'ror  of  the  whole  countrv, 
hi'canie  a  j)eacei'iil  citizen  and  industrious  farmer."' 

In  January  1  S:58  Tohias,  chief  of  the  Guilucos, 
and  one  of  his  men  W(  re  hrought  to  Sonoma  and  ti'ied 
lor  the  murder  of  two  Inihau  tishermen.'"     In  A[arch 


••'  y<iU<;o,  Dor.,  MS.,  ili.  II;).  'JIT;  D'l't.  Sf.  Pap.,  /!,».  J/;('.,MS.,  Ixxxi. 
•J(i-7. 

"JlUH^  'J."ltll--(itll,    M.   (!.  \'!lll'.ji(  to  S:lIv;illor  MTlil  .IlNllS,  llis  llfotlKTS.       I'(- 

//'.;■.  />'"•.,  M>^..  iv.  -J.")!!,  '.r.d.  .lu'lyJlltli,  Alv;ir,i(l-)  tlmnks  Snlviidor  for  Iiis 
fiilhiiit  iicliii'M'iiu  lit.  /(/.,  \xxii.  11)4.  Siilvailor  X'iillojo,  3'i)''(.s',  //(.■>/.,  MS., 
''•7 -'•'■>,  {jivt'^ii'iiiiy  (li'tiiilsof  tlu't'aminiiiin.  Vallcjo,  //;>/.  I'dl..  MS.,  iii.  '_';!0-S, 
'2  T'-U,  tills  u'(  tliat.  jii^t  Ix'foro  tills  csiic  litioii  lie  (iivriuii;'."il  ;i  idinpiiny  of  44 
^'l;is^llll  s  iiiid  Niip.is,  {iriiii  d  iiiul  i'i|iii|i]u(l  likt-  Mixic;,')  .'dlilicis,  \\  Inch  Wiis 
].i'.b  iniili  r  tlic  c  iiiniiiiinl  of  Lieut  Sali.is  Firiiaiidcz  aiiil  .rivcii  to  Sojiuio  as  a 
ii  dv-;,'iiard,  liiiuli  to  Ins  (kdi^lit.  This  v  liter  also  icl.il's,  /</.,  p.  •J!)<)-;i()4, 
tJKit  Snecara,  I'liief  of  the  Sotovoincs,  fiiu'htciied  at  /.uuiia  's  def  '.it,  oaiiii.'  to 
S  i!!.,!iia  :i!id  made"  a  trca.y.  which  in  1 1  arlieles  is  },'iveii.  'i  liis  may  lie  a  eoii- 
fu  fd  ineiiiovy  of  lli<'  I'ailiic  treaty  already  noticed.  A  treaty  of  l>ee.  I,  ls;i7, 
with  .sonic  C'lsteni  tiilies,  i.s  also  refcrretl  to  in  a  letlur  of  ^\jiiil  I,  is.'is.  Wi- 
lli Jo,  Jh'-.,  MS.,  V.  (i.'i. 

*  I'dll'Jd.  I>(ii\,  M.S.,  V.  '1\.  The  .sontonco  is  not  /riviii.  .">  y.'irs  in  tho 
e!i!iin-f;aiij^'  for  Tobias  aiul  death  for  his  eoiiiiiaiiion  were  de'.nandctl  hy  I't'iui, 
the  lisciil.     Tho  (iiiilucos  were  prulialily  tlie  natives  of  (iiiilitoy. 


ON  THE  SONOMA  FRONTIER. 


ponio  oftlio  i^i'iitilc  allied  tril)os  .'ittackcd  the  !M(kjiu']- 
uiniios,  recovered  a  lew  stolen  li(»is(s,  and  la'()u;^lit 
tlMin  to  Sonoma,  where  a  grand  fea^st  was  held  i'or  a 
week  to  celei)rato  their  goocl  deeds."'^  ]n  August,  oO 
Jiidian  liorse-thi(iVes  crossed  the  Sacramento  and  ap- 
iM  and  at  Soscol  with  a  band  of  tame  liorses,  their 
aim  heiiiin-to  stam|)ede  thehoi'S(,'s  at  Sonoma.  Thirty- 
iour  were  killed  in  a  hattle  witli  N'allejo's  men,  and 
llif  ri'st  surrendered,  the  chief  of  tin-  rohhers  named 
Cumuehi  heiiMjr  shot  at  Sonoma  foi-  his  climes.' 


() 


II 


O.luhcr  Oth  A^allejo  issued  a  pi'inted  circular,  in  which 
he  announced  that  Solano  had  grossly  ahuscd  his 
jMiwer  and  tlie  trust  placed  in  him,  and  hroken  sacred 
(■niii|iarls  uiade  with  the  IiKhan  tribes  by  consenting 
ti)  the  sei/.ui'c  and  sale  of  children.  VaHejo  indig- 
uantlviK'nied  the  rumor  that  theses  outra!>'es  ha<l  been 
coinmilted  with  his  fonsiMit;  declaring  that  Solano 
had  been  arrested,  and  that  a  i'orcQ  had  been  sent  out 
to  restoie  all  the  chiltht.ii  to  their  }iai'ents.''' 

Jii  3biy  18;)8  Vallejo  announced  in  comnumica- 
tions  sent  to  al^  jiai'ts  of  the  countiy  that  the  sniall- 
jiox  was  lagingoi.  the-  northern  ire)ntier,  and  was  kill- 
ing tlio  Indians  !)y  hundreds.  The  ]H^!ilence  had 
(I 'Hie  from  the  En<'Iis]i  settlements  b\  wav  of  Ivoss, 
1'lie  in)i>oj'tauce  of   vaccinatioii,  cKanliness,   teinper- 


an(. 


f,  and  other  preventive  UK.'asures  was  urged  upon 


■'"'April  I,  1S;!S.  VitH'jo,  Dor.,  MS.,  v.  ('."i.  Thu  frit'inUy  tril)cs  woru  tlio 
OcIk  j:iiiiiK'<  and  Siconiii'.'s,  nctiiiL;  niuli  r  tlio  trcnty  >•(  IV'O.  iS.'iT.  Tlio  liorsc- 
stcaliiij,'  liibi's  \vi_ie  Mociuoliiiiinc.'s,  Se(iuiik,  Figuoi  lick,  <  'liajiayjisck,  ainl  C'u- 
huiink. 

■'Wuj,'.  f?,  IS.IS,  cirnnlnr  t.i  auUinritios,  Vo/hjo,  /)<»■.,  y\S.,  \ .  C24.  Tii- 
rnuhi  oijliffssid  that  tJK  ro  woro  lar^o  ili-ovcs<it'  stolon  liorKs  on  i\u-  Sacra- 
liH  lit  J  ill  I'liai  u'o  <if  the  .Mim|IK'!iiiiiiu's.  It  ficciiis  that  tlio  Imliaii-i  at  lir.--t  siir- 
li  lull  roil,  ami  lator  liiado  a  tioacliiiims  attnok,  in  wliioli  llu-  'M  woio  killoil. 
Moiitiim  iil-'o  ill  l),/,i.  Si.  I'd/'.,  MS.,  iv   "Jl'".'. 

^H)ot.  (.:li,  Vallojd'.s  oiioiilar.  Earlifst  Prhil.;  Vttll<  jn.  In,.,  MS.,  v.  1!M; 
wxii.  l.'id;  .S".  J>i(ij(,,  Arrfi.,  MS.,  -JOS;  J),},/.  ,S/.  I',iik,Aii-i.,  MS.,  x.  'IW.  In 
lii-<  //(V.  <\tl.,  MS.,  iii.  .'!-_",t-.'fS,  \  allrji)  i\ji!aiiis  that  'ot  rtaiii  )iors(iii.s'  dosir- 
iii.,'  to  iiijuro  liiiii  liKiuglit  sundry  li.urci.s  of  lii|Ui'i-  tn  Susii.l,  niado  Sulaun 
and  dtlRr  cliiifs  diiiiik,  and  thin  inducod  thoni  ti)  omisont  To  tin;  t'a|itiiio  of 
tho  ohildroii,  fihoul  :!()  of  wlinni  wire,  sold  south  of  tlio  lia_\  .  All  wiro  uoov- 
I'licl.  and  Solano  aftor  luMiii;  sohcrod  for  a  tiino  in  tlio  raliliooso  was  viry 
)■  J.ilcnt.  Monuoii  alsi  in  ".I/ivovk/o,  //;.s^  CuL.  MS.,  i\.  'JKi-IT;  Cni-riUu, 
Samah-r,  .Nis.,  l-;j;  Icn.  nuiz,  CuoOi  di:  Cul.,  MS.,  90. 


^  y 


il 


71  MISSION  ANNALS  AND  INDIAN  Al  I'AIUS. 

tlie  ])e<t|»lo;  and  ajti);ii'('iitly  tlio  disi^aso  did  not  spivad 
south  oi'  the  bay  at  this  tinu,';  though  in  addition  to 
A'^allt'jo's  circular  we  liavc  no  further  information,  c\- 
cc])t  iht!  statement  ol"  sevei'al  Calil'ornians  that  tlu^ 


northern  Indians  perished  in  lar^e  numbers, 


Tl 


lere 


to  b 


(1  of  Inch 


dl; 


tlio  S( 


IS  notiiui^'  to  be  s;ii(l  or  Indian  airairs  on  ino  nonoina 
fronti(  r  in  l8r>i)-4(),  cNccpt  that  there  arc  va;4Ue  alki- 
sions  t'l  an  expedition  aL;ainst  the  Sotoyomes;  that 
duriuL;-  an  attempted  revcjlt  of  the  native  iid'antry 
company  in  April  1840,  many  of  tlie  nund)er  were 
killed  in  a  light,  and  nine  were  subse(juently  shot ; 
and  that.  i)erhaj»s  one  or  two  pai'ties  wer'e  sent  out  to 
aid  dohn  A.  JSutter  at  his  new  establishment  on  th«) 
vSacrameiito.''*  At  Xueva  J[elvecia  del  Sacranu'nto, 
Sutter  found  the  Indians  somewhat  hostiK',  and  was 
ol>ligi'd  several  times  to  attack  them;  but  he  adopted 
at  the  iii'st  a  wise,  liberal,  and  caieful  policy,  lie 
made  treaties  of  alliance  with  the  stiongest  hands. 
]le  aide(l  the  gentiles  anainst  the  Chiislian  indiinis  of 
San  Jose,  who  sometimes  came  to  steal  woin(.'n  and 
connnit  other  outiages,  and  alforded  some  j)rotection 
indiiectly  to  the  Indian  lK)rse-thieves  who  respected 
his  animals,  lie  tlieivfore  had  no  troubles  of  suili- 
cient  impoitance  to  be  specilied  iiere."^ 


South  of  the  bay  Indian  horse-thieves — neojtliyto 
fugitixc-^,  as  well  as  many  still  living  at  the  missions, 
iK'ing  in  league  with  u'entiles  of  the  San  Joaciuin  and 


•■■''M;iv  IS,  23,  24.  1S3S,  Vallcjo  to  tmtlioiitLes.  Dc/^t.  Sf.  Paj>.,  MS.,  iv. 
'20.--(J;  /,/.,  .1,/;/.,  xi.  to;!;  S.  ./iisr,  Arrli.,  ^!S.,  V.  ;!4;  .]fo}i(.  An/i.,  MS., 
vii.  7U;  ,V.  Ijii'i/o,  Air/i.,  MS.,  \'M,  -JO.';  \'itl!<J,,.  J)oc.,  MS.,  iii.  ;i:J;  .\.\.\ii. 
IIil.  ('injMii'.il  Ji'iiaciii  Mii-.'iiiKmtfs  is  sniil  to  luivo  IirougUfc  the  ilisi'a.su  Iruiii 
l!o.ss.  VulU'ju  tliiiiks  7i',(IOO  liidiaiis  ilicil.  Two  cf  tlie  jiDlitiml  lU'isuiK'r.s 
from  till-  south  vile  iitlackcil  at  Sonoma.  Vallcju,  ll'isl.  (.''iL,  MS.,  iv.  •22'2; 
Cid-ri'/o,  A'irrultir,  MS.,  ;j-l;  /'v;(u//'/r,-.,  C',-<f£.<'(/c  rVi/.,  MS.,  IS-!);  li.l,lln, 
AiKtliK,  MS.,  !S4,  n7;  Alrurmlo,  JJist.  L'aL,  MS.,  iv.  lOl-O;  Torn',  liiiiiii., 
MS.,  •_'04. 

"'  Vulhj;,  Doc,  MS.,  viii.  1!V.';  xiv.  18;  xxxiii.  5G-7;  Id.,  Hht.  Cal,  iv. 
ICO-.S;  Jh^it.  SI.  I'aiK,  MS.,  V.  5. 

"-'Sopt.  10,  ISK),  'MittiT  to  com.  S.  Josi!',  relating  at  soini;  length  his  yro- 
CpeiliimM  ii^iiin.st  a  jiai-.y  of  S.  Jose  Iniliaus.  Vitlhjo,  J)w.,  MS.,  xxxiii.  Ii-'i). 
Seo  also  SniUr'a  I'vr.<.  llicnl.,  Suiter's  Diari/,  and  iieuouiit  of  his  cstililiish- 
nifut,  lu  ciia[).  V.  of  this  vol. 


iiOR.SETiiii:vi:.s  of  the  ixti:rior. 


73 


iliyto 


IS.,  IV. 

.,  MS., 

xxxii. 

HC  1'im:u 
I'isoii'.'ivi 
iv.  ■222; 

Hi  I  III  I., 

'(iL,  iv. 

lis  ]'n>- 
ii.  I -JO. 
,;|liiish- 


S;KM';)int'iit()  \nl1('ys,  and  flic  l.itlcT  hvlw^  oncoura^'cd 
jni'l  aidi'd  l>y  ton'igii  vaL^ahoiids — were  always  Uiisy 
and  >ii-ros,s['iiI.  Complaints  were  fVo(juent,  and  raids 
of  vt■ll^•eallco  1)y  citi/eiis  were  cM]iially  so,  the  reL^imi 
dt"  San  Jose  IxMiij^  tlie  centre  of  operations  on  holli 
hid(>.'''  Paloniares,  Amador,  and  CJarei'a,  old  Tndiaii- 
ll'j,liteis,  narrate  many  horrible  details  of  the  expeili- 
tioii-  of  these  years,  in  whieli  they  took  })art,  showing' 
that  the  enlprits  when  captured  were  often  treated 
\\]\]\  li.ii  Iiaions  cruelty.**  En  July  IHJIH  the  Indiai>s 
Mciit  so  far  as  to  sack  the  I'anchos  of  Pacheco  and 
Saiicht/  near  San  Juan  ]jautisi.a,  killing*  one  white 
man.  onti'aninij:  several  women,  hurnin-jf  the  Ijuildinu's, 
and  (L.^troyiu!,'  all  they  could  lay  their  hands  on.'" 

I  n  I  S;]!)  matters  becauic  worse,  so  far  as  thefts  wore 
coiiceiMied.'"^  After  long  pi'Oparations  and  much  cor- 
resj)onde!HH',  Colonel  Castro  sent  a  lai'ge  force  under 
eaptaiiis  jhielna  and  l']strada  against  the  depi'edators 
in  dime.  The  exoeditiou  was  to  the  region  oi"  Kings 
]Ii\cr;  hut  we  know  no  other  result  than  that  Es- 
trada brought  in  seventy-se-ven  prisoners,  chielly 
women  and  children."''  In  July  a  party  called  Yoz- 
culos  attacked   the   neoijhytes    guarding    the   wheat- 

•"  Aii.u'.  -1,  ls;j(),  cfviiijilaiiit.s  ti>  jiyuiit.  of  S.  Joatf.  DepL  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  iv. 
12'2— 1.  -Miiy  IN.SS,  tlu'  Mo(jiichiiimo  chiifs,  Siiiato,  Nilo,  tiud  ('rispci,  as 
liorsL'-tbiivi's.  Vidlfjo.  Dn-.,  ,MS.,  xxxii.  i;U.  July,  N'ozcolo,  Drogo,  jiinl 
otliur  Cliristiaus  of  thu  iiiiu;iu).s  voiiiuuttiiix  gie^it  ouliago's.  Id.,  xxxii.  IKi. 
Aug.  1st,  outra,'La  loiitiiiuc,  iiKlnilini,'  imii-clci-  ami  hui-iiiiirj,  as  well  as  tin  ft. 
7(7.,  V.  I'J'J.  All;;.  l(ith,  Aiiiintisiu,  tlio  .MtKnu'liiimic  chief,  captiiivd  and  .shot, 
haviiiu' attackcil  a  niiuho  and  killL'd  ono  pirson.  A/.  I''(p.,  .i/(.<>.,  .MS.,  x.  .">. 
Sr]it.  l!)th,  I'asti'o  oil  tho  iii:ii'ch  with  •_'.">  men  to  check  Ind.  a,<;;;rc:i.sion!j. 
lallijo,  l>ni\,  Ms.,  V.  177.  Oct.  lltli,  cxpud.  of  SO  men  .sent  from  S.  JosO. 
/./.,  V.  •JOI.     Oct.  -J'Jd,  tho  expedition  hnm^dit  hack  7S  hor.ses.   /,/.,  v.  •Jll. 

'■'.1  ;»'('/(»;■,  Miiiiorlis,  M.S.,  •_M)-41;  I'aloitiuici,  Mctnvriit^,  MS.,  l;t-I7; 
O'arriii,  ll'i/wi,  M.S.,  74-Sl. 

<■■"'  \iilliJo.  Dor.,  MS.,  V.  1UM7,  1-20;  /-/.,  //,V.  Cnl,  iii.  :{7S-.S0;  Ihirl.ull, 
Nan-a'irn,  MS.,.").  Sanciie/.'.-i  rancho  had  ;dsi)  lieen  attacked  in  March  ls;!7, 
and  two  Indians  killed.  The  lillemen  at  Monterey  insisted  on  receiving  ^ij 
each  liefn;e  iinr.snin:.'  the  Indian.^. 

''"'  I'eh.  "Jlth,  alc;,ldc  of  S.  Jose  to  gov.  llaa  f,dv(>n  instructions  to  exter- 
minate all  nialo  tiiieves  from  10  years  \\\i,  and  to  eaptnre  all  wonn  n  and  chil- 
dicn.  ]><j't.  St.  Piiji.,  MS,,  xvii.  -Id  7. 

•"  '.'ones.  April  to  Julv.  in  \'<t/l<jo,  Dor.,  MS.,  vi.  401,  114  10:  vii.  74-<5, 
1  !fi-0,  •J.-U,  ;!;{0;  7V/,^  Si.'/'ap.,S..Jo.-<',  .MS.,  V.  •J:i-4;  /'/.,  Jlui.  I'n/.  i/Ji'':/., 
iii.  .'!;  V.  (!.  Kstr.ida's  ixpeditiou  went  far  into  the  .sierra,  Ir.it  v.as  co'.iipelled 
t'l  return  liy  insnhordinatioii  of  the  troops.  He  had  SO  ini  n.  Alf.  I'nido 
Mesa  scents  to  have  iiono  in  a  dillureat  direction,  killini,'  u,  lew  Indiana. 


76 


MISSION  AXXALS  AND  INDIAN'  ArFAIIlS. 


fields  jit  Saiit:i  Cliira,  killiii;^-  one  dl"  the  iiumlu'r;  l)ut 
they  uci'c  puisut'd,  and  the  head  of  tlu-  loader,  Dios- 
<MiI(»,  or  \'()zc(»lo,  was  set  U[)  on  a  jiole  at  the  mission."^ 
In  J)eeenil»er  Prad»»  Mesa,  whik'  on  an  i'.\p('trili<»n 
a'^aiiist  thieves  on  the  Ivio  (K'  Ivstanislao,  was  siir- 
pii^ed  \>y  the  foe,  Iiad  three  men  kiHed,  was  wounded, 
as  Were  six  of  his  men,  anil  h)st  many  of  his  \v.a|>- 
ons.*''  This  (hsaster  caused  inneh  exeiteineiit  and 
alarm.  The  Indians  heeame  holder  than  ever,  lhou<^h 
early  in  IS-IO  a  sneeessl'ul  warfare  seems  to  have  heen 
wa^ed  aj^ainst  tlu-m  in  different  directions.'"  Suhse- 
•  jiieiitly  a  I'e^nlar  |)ati'ol  was  estahlished  hetween  San 
Jose  and  San  .luan  for  the  protection  of  the  ranches. 
TUv  lecoids  are  vanue  and  I'raninentary ;  hut  the  in- 
dications are  that  depredati(jns  continued  unahatetl 
throu'jj'hout  1M4().'' 

Fai'ther  south  trouhles  were  chiefly  with  Indians 
from  ahroad,  the  Chaijuanosos  from  the  Xew   Me\i- 


'■■''.SV.  />,i]>.,  .l/;.sw..  MS.,  ix.  {■,{)-]:  rr^/A/Vs  />.-.'.,  MS.,  viii.  J.  11.  Aii,v'. 
21st,  a  i)aity  of  7">  nun  ictnrntd  to  S.  .loso  iVoiu  llm  |Hirsuit  "i  II  runaways, 
of  wlioin  "J  were  killiil.  'I'lic  .M(M|nc>!unin<'S  .said  tu  liavc  kilKil  ilnir  ta|>- 
tains,  mIiii  wcit'  tiiiinlly.  /</.,  viii.  -Id.  1  liavi;  clst^wlicii'  uoliouil  Wui  11. 
Davis'  vcrsiDU  nf  tliis  allair,  w  liirli  lu'  pnts  at  an  cailiir  ilato. 

"'■'  r.'//,;,>,  />,„:,  MS.,  .\xv.  -.mi;  viii.  :i(IS,  ;{7:!.  ;17,-,.  :!SJ,  .",04-,".;  S.  Jo.o', 
ArrI,.,  .MS.,  i.  4;{  Ki;  ]>'/■/.  1,'ir.,  MS.,  x.  17;  J>,/,l.  ,sV.  /',//,.,  .1/,,,//..  MS., 
iv.  l!l;  /Jij.t.  St.  J'aji.,  MS.,  iv.  •JSCi.  Oik;  oI'  tin'  woniidcd  iiicn,  I  »i'sid(  rio 
r.iicinis,  wa.s  left  Imt  nut  aiiiiarcntly  caiitimd.  ]!(.•  was  fniiiid  seven  das  s 
later  liy  a  Jiaity  under  l''iau<ise()  l'ali)niares.  The  tinee  nun  killed  were  vol- 
liaieei'  eitizen.s,  whuse  names  are  imt  ^'ivi'ii. 

'"  N'allejo,  ///.</.  ('„/.,  .MS.,  iv.  -JS  :{(),  says  tliat  J.  J.  Vallejo  repulsed  tlin 
Indians  as  tliey  appmaelied  tiie  swutiiern  ranelms,  anil  Lieut  )ilartin( /.  a  littlo 
later  dei'eated  tlieni   near   .Mt    I)ial>!i),  liis   report   heiai;  ilated   bWj.  7tli,  and 


Marsli  with  other   Aniei 


r.ri. 


ine.s  was  Killed   uu 


(I 


tl 


leans  i-enilerin.,'  ^alual)le  serviee, 
le   (.'erru 


.Ian.    (itii,  I'eii 


do   llolhonos  wliilc  trying  to  recover   hi.s 


horses  from  the  Indians.    Vallijn,  Dm'.,  ^IS.,  ix.  ■_>!» 

''  .April  I.S4l>,  gov.  alarmed.     Ai'ms  j.ureliaseil.   Ildiiiiliitit  I'olimr.tltin,  ii. 
!ii).     .May  Kilh,  an  e.xped.  of  "J.")  soMiers  and  1(H)  Ind.  to  start  on   l!i;li  troiii 
MS.,   ix.    111!).     .Iidy,   payments  for  service  and  fi 


.!( 


rail- 


10, 


JJo 


mianition  used  in  the  Tulares.   J>r/it.  ,S7.  /'«/<.,  /It 


,1  Tl 


MS. 


iv.  ."!.■>  (i.     July  4tii.  patrol  from  S.  .luan  to  S.  .Jose,  with  instnutions  to  (jtli- 


Duil.    Sf.    P: 


MS.,   V.    11;  /(/.,  Moid.,  iii.  S.-.-!l(»;  .luly  ISth, 


•very 


owner  of  '1  horses  must  furnish  one  fur  tlieexpi'ditiou.  Sin  ( 'r>iz,  Arch.,  MS.,  1. 
Aug.  4th  l."(lh,  ('apt.  Antonio  liuelna  with  a  foreo  of  eiti/elis  made  an  un- 
uueeessful  rr.id  to  the  two  rivers.  S.  ./o.v.  AiyIi.,  MS.,  iii.  .'il).  Oct.  '.Mst,  an 
armed  foree  of  friendly  Indians  to  start  op  the  "J.'itli.  Vdll'ji',  Doc,  MS.,  ix. 
tiS7.  Nov.  I  Itli,  the  v.>xpe(lition  .sueeeedec'  in  killing  4  notorious  Iiorse-thieves. 
Iil.,\\.  .'JO!).  Nov.,  auxiliary  forei' organized  agr.inst  Ind.  to  Ije  disliauded. 
S.  Josr,  Ai-r/i.,  MS.,  iii.  I(t;{;  /j,/,l.  AVr..  MS.,  xi.  •J7.  Dee.  -J'Jtli,  aa  lad. 
foree  may  be  orgaaized,  and  a  gratuity  paid.  JMjit.  Jtec,  MS.,  xi.  r>4-5. 


Tin:  CILV  I'ANOSO^!. 


77 


)llt 


Aug. 

l\v;iys, 
^'ui  11. 


MS. 


can  i'("4i'>iis."'-  Tlicir  opciat ions  Iiaidly  Ixlon^'  |(t  tlu; 
topic  nf  I  iidiaii  airaii's  n\  jill.  I'lu-y  wcrr  osli'iisiMy 
tiadt'i"^.  uii<ltr  ('aiiadiaii  cliicrs.  aiul  in  Ica'^'iic  with 
till'  ro\inL;'  itamls  of  Irapiicis.  'I'Ih'V  wci'c  well  ai'iiicil. 
ic  ;i.|\  ti>r  any  kind  of  piolitaMc  advcntiii'*'  or  s|tf(U- 
latJoM.aMd  I'lndcrcd  s(,'j'\ic(.'  on  several  orcasions  to 
1  lie  alia jenos,  I»oth  ai^ainst  tin-  noi'tlicrn  I'orccs  and  Ims- 
til.'  Indians;  l)ut  tlicy  all<»\VL'(l  iiotliiii'4  to  intci'lorf 
1  iii'4'  "V  st'riously  with  tlu'ir  i-c^-nlai"  Itusincss  of  steal 
iii'4  liofscs,  in  the  |)io>('c'ution  of  wliidi  tlicy  finpioycd 
liolli '^•entiles  and  lu'opliytcs.  'J'licir  ^Tcatcst  cKploit, 
and  indeed  the  only  dearly  dofini'd  one  durini;  this 
jiiiiod,    was    tlic   stealin'4'   of  twrlvo    linndi'ed    horses 

iv San  Luis  ( )his|to  in  April  1S40."''     Ancil'ort    vas 

m.ide  at  lios  Ane'(les  to  pursue  the  culprits.  Se\-eral 
parties  were  sent  out,  and  one  of  theiu  seems  to  Inive 
coMie  in  si^ht  of  th(^  I'oe  retiriuL;'  deliherately  and  in- 
dependently with  the  stolen  animals:  hut  the  pursu- 
(  rs  thouu'ht  it  inipi'udent  to  lisk  a  couilict,  espt-cially 
wlien  they  saw  that  aiuoULJ  the  ( "hai^uauosos  thei'(! 
wei'e  more  Auieiicans  than  Indians.'*  Kai'ly  in  ls:;7 
there  had  also  heen  a  raid  on  the  hoi'ses  of  San  Fer- 
nand<»,  in  defeiidiuL;'  which,  unsuecessfully,  two  Ind- 
i  HIS  were  hilled.     In  this  case  also  niiinv  ii'entu  do 


.Ims.s 


I'a/oli   Were  reliol 


I' 


■\rd 


iiuionLT 


the 


ruKlers. 


a  tlio 
liltlo 


■t.'ll[10 


"//,  n. 


1   lind  no  record  of  extraordinai'V  drou'dit  or  flood. 


ol'  ot 


tlier  iiotieeahle  peculiarities  ol  any  scison  ni  ls;{(!- 
•III,  I'xcept  that  the  winter  of  183H-!)  seems  to  have 
heen  wet  in   the  south.'"     All  earthquake  was   felt  at 


•■A|ii);irpiitly  tho  Sliawnccs.     Ciillcil  (^luiLjiiaiios  in  the  Sn 


4,   Is.") I.      'I'lii;   iiiill 


>ft('U  written  Clialiuan 


il  tlu'y 


liar,  .\pril 
\vi.:   SKnu'tiiiies 


siHik(  II  iif  as  natives  of  ( 'liiiiualuia.     Mufras  c.iUs  tin  iii  Seliauiiuiios 


J><'/,t.  Sf.    /' 


ip. 


A, 


.'/' 


MS. 


/v.;/'.  i/Jii~.;l.,  vi.  (Ill   70:  J)r/,f.  /, 


IV. 


;-2,  8S:  /<!.,  Mont.,  iv.  -.M;  /./.,  II 


jir.  lii'c. 


.MS  ,  xi.  14;  .l/.i 


/.■.-•,'/.. 


'1' 


IrV 


lie  Miiil  lo  lia\o  tieil  tlio  niissidii  .servants,  stulen  saildie.s,  etc.,  and  tlireat- 


.1 


111  ti>  eDiniiiit  iZieati     timies. 


.May  1S40,  niinierous  netails  of  tlic  pursuit.    ])<]il.  Si.  I'a/i.,  Amj.,  MS. 


IV.  ss  !)•'  !)7   100. 


an.  .) 


."),  IS.n:.    J)<'/>t.  St.  Pap.,  A)i:i.,  MS.,  ii.  !)7-S. 


St.   PiijK,  .Ui.sH.,  MS.,  viii.  4;     ix.   'Mi.     Many  .slieep  petislieil  from  S. 


I>lei'o  tu  I'luisi 


nia. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


IIIM    IIIII15 


-  m  1111122 

12.0 


m 


1.8 


1.25      1.4      1.6 

■• 6"     

► 

V] 


e 


/}. 


o 


ei. 


'3 


<P 


^' 


/y 


V 


/A 


/A 


Photograpliic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTcR.N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


4r. 


<? 


fA 


i 


i 


i.h  i.h 


73  MISSION  ANNALS  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 

Montcroy  April  25,  183G;  and  more  severe  tombL^res 
occurred  from  Monterey  northward  on  June  9tli  and 
10th  of  tlie  same  year."  The  next  shocks  recorded 
were  in  June  and  July  of  1838,  doing  some  damage 
at  San  Francisco,  San  Josd,  Santa  Clara,  and  Monte- 
rey.'^ On  January  16-18,  1840,  an  earthquake  at 
Santa  Cruz  threw  down  several  houses  and  the  church 
tower,  besides  causing  a  wave  which  carried  away  a 
large  quantity  of  tiles  which  were  two  hundred  yards 
from  the  shore.'"  A  severe  shock  was  reported  in 
Mexico  as  having  occurred  on  November  30th  of  this 
year;  but  when  inquiries  were  made  by  the  govern- 
ment, no  one  could  remember  any  such  occurrence.'^" 

"(7ow2rc, /)of.,MS.,.36-7;   Vullyo,  Ill.ft.  Ca;.,  MS.,  iii.  118;  SnL-<iin  Solano 
Jkrald,  Nov.  21,  1808. 

•^Jtuportcd  by  Cnpt.  Paty  in  Honolulu.  S.  I.  Gazette,  Nov.  17,  1888. 

'" Montern/,  Arch.,  M.S.,  ix.  24. 

^"Dept.  6'i.  Pa2>.,  Mont.,  MS.,  iv.  43;  Stu  B.  A)-ch.,  MS.,  21. 


CHAPTER  III. 

com:sierce,  finance,  and  maritime  affairs. 

183G-1840. 

General  Remarks— Statistics  of  Trade— Nkw  Mexican  Traders — 
Otter  Skins— Smpgoling — Ciiico's  Banco — Action  of  Caufokma 
CoNiiUESs— Vessels  of  1830 — Regulations — Hawaiian  Traue — Cat- 
tle Driven  to  Oregon  isy  Young — Edward's  Diary — Vallejo\s 
]'lans— Fleet  and  Revenues  of  1837 — Carrillo's  Decree — Vessicls 
and  Statistics  of  1838 — Otter-hunting — Captain  Bancroft  Killed 
nv  Indians— Silver  for  Duties — Coasting  Tradk  to  be  Pkoiiibited- 
Vessels  of  1839 — Alvarado's  Policy — Stearns  as  a  Smcgglee — 
Fleet  of  1840 — Officers  of  Custom-house  andComisaria — Financial 
Administration — Distribution  of  Revenues — Alphabetical  List  of 
Vessels,  1836-40. 


General  remarks  on  commerce  and  maritime  affairs 
for  the  years  18;31-5'  will  for  the  most  part  apply 
0(|ually  well  to  the  present  half-decade,  there  being 
no  radical  changes  either  in  system  and  methods,  or  in 
the  amount  of  commercial  transactions.  On  an  aver- 
age, twenty-seven  vessels  were  on  the  coast  each  year ; 
of  which  number  seven  were  whalers,  men-of-war,  and 
other  miscellaneous  craft;  so  that  the  trading  fleet 
]ir()[)er  consisted  of  twenty  vessels,  new  arrivals  being 
reduced  to  sixteen  by  the  fact  that  four  on  an  average 
I'cMiuired  two  years  for  the  round  vovaue.  All  the 
vessels,  without  distinction  sufficiently  marked  to  re- 
([uirc  notice,  brought  to  California  mixed  cargoes  of 
such  articles  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  cloths,  dry 
goods,  iniplements,  hardware,  groceries,  as  were  re- 
quired for  consumption  in  the  country.     So  far  as  such 

'  See  chap.  xiii.  of  vol.  iii. 

m 


im 


ilvl 


80 


COMMERCE,  FINANCE,  AND  MARrn:\IE  AFFAIllS. 


an  average  can  bo  made,  of  tlie  twoi.ty  vessels  four 
M'ero  I3ost(jn  .ships  wliicli  took  away  hides  and  horns; 
six  loaded  with  liidos,  furs,  and  horses  for  the  Plawal- 
ian  Islands,  much  of  the  cari^oes,  except  the  hoi-ses, 
l)eiuL'"  reex})ortcd  from  Honolulu;  tliree  came  from 
Soulli  America  and  carried  away  chiefly  tallow;  tln*ee 
weie  national  vessels,  taking  tallow  and  miscellaneous 
])roduce  to  ^Mexican  ports;  two  were  vessels  of  tlio 
Itussian  American  Company,  taking  grain  and  other 
agricultural  products  to  Sitka;  and  two  carried  similar 
products  to  the  Columbia  River,  being  more  or  less 
directl}^  connected  with  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company. 

For  tlie  tliree  years  for  which  alone  records  are  ex- 
tant, the  average  of  total  revenue  from  duties  was 
670,000;  but  the  figures  for  1837-8  if  known  would 
probably  reduce  that  average  below  Ji?''0,000.  Duties 
amounting  generally  to  100  percent,  tlie  same  amount 
may  be  regarded  as  that  of  the  regular  importations; 
but  it  would  have  to  be  doubled  at  least  to  include 
smuggling  operations.  Exports  could  not  of  course 
vary  much  in  value  at  California  prices  from  imports. 
For  three  years  the  average  amount  of  produce  taken 
from  San  Francisco  was  683,000;  and  the  average  an- 
nual ex})ort  from  California  to  Honolulu  for  five  years 
was  6J:<>,000.  Sir  James  Douglas  of  the  Hudson's 
]>ay  C(mipany,  who  visited  the  country  early  in  1841, 
and  who  had  before  enjoyed  good  opportunities  for  mak- 
ing himself  acquainted  with  California  trade,  estimated 
the  annual  exports  at  6241,000,  the  largest  item  being 
670,000  in  hides.'* 

American  settlers  on  the  Columbia  River  purchased, 
as  we  shall  see,  some  cattle,  which  were  driven  north- 
ward overland.  Traders  from  New  jNIcxIco  still  came 
in  caravans  with  woollen  goods  to  purchase  such  horses 
and  mules  as  could  not  more  conveniently  be  stolen; 
but  there  Is  little  of  detail  in  the  records  save  what 

^  DoiKihs'  Jotiriinl,  MS.,  S7-8.  More  of  this  important  narrative  later. 
Tlie  estimate  was:  for  S.  I'eilro,  ^lOO.OOO;  S.  F..  .SSO.OOO;  Sta  IVirbara,  .S2.>,- 
000;  Monterey,  §20,000;  S.  Diego,  §10,000;  S.  Luis  Obispo  and  i'urisima, 
§0,000. 


TRAITERS  AND  S^iIUGGLEIlS. 


81 


jsovi's 

1841, 

r  iiiak- 

matcd 

being 


\fo  later. 
Iva,  §-.">,• 
lurisiiiui, 


lias  1)0011  already  said  rcspectiiifr  the  cxi)loits  of  the 
ChuL,'uano.sos.'^  The  Hudson's  Bay  Company  had  a 
r(iini)any  of  trappers  each  year  in  the  Sacramento  and 
Sau  Joaquin  valleys,  apparently  with  some  show  of 
authority  from  California;  and  free  trappers  in  small 
]>;irtios  still  ranged  those  valleys,  usually  in  league  with 
Jiidian  and  Xew  Mexican  horse-thieves,  hut  respect- 
iii<4'  wlio.se  movements  nothing  definite  can  be  known. 
All  that  pertains  to  otter-hunting  on  the  coast  is  also 
shrouded  in  mystery  so  far  as  details  are  concerned. 
We  know  only  that  Sparks  with  some  half-dozen 
hunters  was  constantly  at  work  under  hcense  on  the 
lower  coast  and  islands;  that  one  or  two  trips  for 
contraband  hunting  were  made  by  foreign  vessels  with 
Indian  hunters  from  the  north;  that  all  traders  were 
glad  to  obtain  otter  skins  legally  or  otherwise;  and 
that  few  cargoes  loft  the  coast  which  did  not  contain 
i>  pai'Icago  of  valuable  furs.  In  smuggling  operations 
I  sliall  have  nothing  to  record  of  a  very  scandalous 
nature,  though  such  operations  were  carried  on  per- 
haps nr)re  extensively  than  ever.  So  large  a  portion 
of  the  inhabitants,  native  and  foreign,  of  all  classes 
were  engaged  in  contraband  trade,  that  there  was 
slight  risk  of  detection.  Customs  ofHcers  wore  the 
only  ones  who  were  at  all  dishonored  by  smuggling. 
iJotli  the  traders  and  native  Californians  in  thoir  nar- 
ratives I'olate  their  adventures  of  this  kind  with  pride 
rather  than  with  shame.  The  favorite  method  was 
still  a  transfer  of  cargo  at  sea  or  from  some  secure 
hiding-place  on  coast  or  islands,  after  tlie  least  valuable 
jinrt  of  the  cargo  had  passed  inspection  by  the  revenue 
oliicers.     .The  Sandwich  Island  vessels  still  took  tlio 

'  Soo  chap.  ii.  of  this  vol.     Fol).  10,  18.38,  Gov.  Carrillo  iierniits  a  party 
trade  south  of   S.  Fernando,  ]>n 


of  Xtv  .Mexican 


)t   farclier  n 


Jh'l.t.  Si.  /'lip.,  Avij.,  MS.,  xi.  101;  Jfo/ikhis'  Traii.'<lal!oii!<,  MS.,  7-S.  lu 
]>i'C.  lM!!l  a  party  of  75  nioii  arrived  under  J.  A.  Salaaar,  retuniini,'  to  Santa 
Fi'  in  .\jiril.  The  authorities  to:)k  many  precautions  at  the  time  of  their  de- 
pai tuie,  evidently  .sn-specting  th.cni  of  a  design  to  get  away  with  a  dr>>ve  of 
stolen  horses.  Jkpt.  St.  Pap.,  An;/.,  MS.,  iv.  ."w-T,  SI;  v.  "107,  11.1;  I'L,  S. 
J'l'-"';  V.  71;  J)cpf,  Roc,  MS.,  xi.  ">;  .T<tn'<xi'Hi>,  Vhin,  MS.,  Kil-'J.  The  opera- 
tions (if  these  Xew  Mexican  'traders'  are  described  in  the  Hoiiolitln  S.  I. 
UuZitU;  Hee.  '_',  lS;i7. 

Hist.  Cal.,  Vol,  IV.    C 


T 


82 


CO^IMERCE,  FINAXCE,  AND  MARITIME  AFFAIRS. 


lead  in  tliis  branch  of  commercial  influstrv;  the  Boston 
ships  t;itlior  did  not  smuggle  or  proceeded  more  cau- 
tiously.* 

One  of  Cliico's  first  acts  was  to  issue,  on  jNTay  11, 
183(),  a  bando  intended  to  change  radically  the  metli- 
ods  of  trade.  The  country's  greatest  evil  commer- 
cially, according  to  Chico's  ideas,  was  a  monopoly  of 
trade  by  foreigners;  and  he  proposed  to  protect  the 
interests  of  national  merchants.  His  decree,  there- 
fore, forbade  all  retail  trade  on  board  of  foreign  ves- 
sels,  which  must  in  future  land  their  cargoes  at 
j\I<»nterey,  and  subsequently  sell  their  goods  at  that 
and  other  ports  on  sliore  only,  and  at  wholesale.^ 
For  vessels  already  on  the  coast  these  regulations 
were  to  take  effect  only  after  six  niontlis,  much  longer 
than  Chico's  destined  term  of  office ;  and  it  does  not 

''Davis,  Glimpses,  MS.,  ?>2,  130-9,  gives  a  good  account  of  smuggling  in 
which  ho,  as  a  cleric  of  Nathan  Spear,  was  often  engaged  like  all  the  re.st. 
Osio,  Jli/'f.  Cal.,  M.S.,  10j-(J,  who  was  in  charge  of  the  custom-house,  says  lie 
had  to  shut  his  eyes  to  many  frauds  out  of  pity  and  unwillingness  to  ruin  the 
mcrcliants.  Many  smuggled  out  of  puie  fondness  for  contraband  trade,  and 
in  order  to  boast  of  tlieir  shrewdness.  Cnpt.  Hinckley  writes,  Feb.  13,  lS;{(i, 
to  Natliau  Spear,  'I  have  made  out  the  invoice  witli  all  the  marks  so  that 
you  will  be  able  to  snuitrgle  considerable.'  S/xnr'.-i  Pa/xr-i,  MS.  Alvarado, 
Jlist.  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  Kj.")-!!;  Vallcjo,  Jli^f.  Cid.,  MS.,  iii.  194;  iv.  0-7,  and 
many  others  admit  that  everybody  was  engaged  in  smuggling,  and  argue  that 
it  was  best  for  the  country. 

*May  11,  183G,  Chico's  bando  on  trade.  Earliest  Print.;  Depf.  St.  Pap., 
Mont.,  MS.,  iii.  TjT-S;  Pinto,  JJoc,  MS.,  i.  IS."),  etc.  See  also  chap,  xv.,  vol.  iii. 
of  this  work.  The  decree  is  substantially  as  follows:  1.  Retail  trade  on 
bo.ird  of  foreign  ships  is  absolutely  proluliitod  in  all  the  ports  and  roadsteads 
of  this  Cal.  'J.  I'jVery  foreign  ship  immediately  on  arrival  at  Monterey  will 
land  its  cargo  in  accordance  with  the  laws.  II.  No  foreign  ship  may  open  a 
store  on  board  while  trading  in  the  territory.  4.  Wholesale  trade  is  per- 
mitteil  to  foreign  ships,  and  will  bo  protected  according  to  national  and  in- 
ternational laws.  5.  ly  wholesale  trade  is  unilerstood  tliat  in  the  parcels, 
bales,  packages,  barrels,  etc.,  as  named  in  the  permit  of  this  customdiousi', 
with  spcciliciition  of  <n)ntents.  (i.  No  foreiu'u  ship  may  touch  at  any  point 
on  this  coast  where  there  is  no  receptor,  except,  7.  In  case  of  necessity  with 
previous  notice  to  the  custonidiouse,  from  which  it  will  receive  an  attache  to 
s;r\e  as  leccptor.  8.  Tlie  same  vessels  nnist  obtiuu  permits  from  this  cus- 
tonidiouse for  coasting  trade,  and  must  return  the  way-bills.  9.  Fnim  ves- 
sels violating  anj'  of  these  provisions  the  permit  for  coasting  trade  will  be 
withdrawn,  without  relieving  captains  and  supercargoes  from  the  penalties  for 
defrauding  the  revemie  or  disobeying  local  authorities.  10.  These  articles 
to  take  eliect  immediately  with  vessids  which  may  arrive,  and  after  G  months 
with  those  now  on  the  coast.  11.  This  decree  to  be  published  and  cuforccil, 
etc. 


SPEAU'S  LIGHTER. 


a]-)penr  that  an\''  vessel  was  ever  suhjected  to  tliein. 
Their  only  effect  was  to  offend  tlie  foreign  traders. 

In  one  other  matter  Cliico  had  an  opportunit}'  of 
rendering  an  official  decision  bearing  on  trade.  Na- 
than Spear  had  a  schooner,  or  lighter,  the  Nicolas, 
wliich  lie  used  to  carry  produce  between  Monterey 
and  Santa  Cruz  under  a  license  of  October  iSoo  from 
(jieneral  Gutierrez.  The  ayuntamiento,  with  a  view 
to  certain  dues,  claimed  the  exclusive  riglit  to  grant 
such  licenses,  and  Spear  liad  once  been  fined  by  tlio 
alcalde;  but  Chico  decided  against  the  municipal 
autliorities,  at  the  same  time  deciding  further  that 
Spear  nuist  sell  his  schooner  unless  ho  could  prove 
himself  a  naturalized  citizen  or  inscril)ed  on  the  marine 
register.  Spear  subsequently  transferred  the  Nicolas 
to  San  Francisco  Bay." 

After  the  revolution  of  November,  the  new  authori- 
ties, in  compliance  with  demands  of  the  foreigners, 
and  probably  in  fulfilment  of  a  pi'ovious  agreement  by 
wliich  foreign  support  had  been  secured  to  the  Cali- 
fornian  cause,  proceeded  not  only  to  restore  to  foreign 
vessels  the  rii>lit  of  engaging  freely  in  the  coastini»; 
trade  as  before,  but  reduced  the  rates  of  duties  to 
forty  per  cent  of  the  cui'r<nit  tariff.  This  action  was 
taken  by  the  California  congress  December  9th."  The 
decree  was  intended  not  only  to  i)lease  foreio-n  trad- 
li's,  but  to  reduce  prices  and  jirevent  smuggling. 
I'hough  the  I'ecords  are  meagre,  ic  seems  to  have  had 
no  other  efl'ect  than  to  greatly  reduce  revenues.*^ 

■■■^riiyO-iS,  ]Sr,0.  Dr-pt.fft.  Pep.,  Ben.  Mil.,  :\IS.,  Ixxx.  ,-)-0. 

'  l>ic.  !>,  ]S3il,  (k'crco  of  the  const,  coiil'.  Ca-^lni,  Jfirritoif,  no.  0;  J)' /it. 
S/.  PaiK,  Aiiij.,  MS.,  X.  18;  Vn/lcjo,  t)0'\,  :MS.,  xxxii.  :^\\.  1.  For  the  invo- 
ciit,  and  until  the  state  treasury  system  can  lie  ri'Lrnlateil,  articles  coniiii'^ 
(li'.c.'tly  from  foreign  poi-ts  will  pay  only  40  per  cent  on  tiio  manifests  as  pi'? 
^'ciural  tarilFin  force.  2.  The  coasting  trade,  i.^nilii  i/  luilin/nijr,  U  pennittcd 
as  licforc  to  foreign  vessels.  .3.  They  will  pay  tonnau'c  dues  at  S  reals  per 
ton.  4.  In  order  to  trade  on  the  coast  they  niu.st  olitaiu  from  the  f,'ovt  nf  tho 
stati"  a  jvtssport,  to  )ic  shown  to  local  antlitirities.  o.  'I'iinse  auth.  will  nut 
porniit  such  trade  except  on  presentation  of  passports,  ^^•llich  they  will  couii- 
tcrsiLju.     fi.  'J'o  1)0  puMislicd.  ohcyed,  etc. 

^  ^Alvnrado,  ]li'<t.  Cal.,  .MS.,  iii.  lS.'5-4,  says  it  Mas  a  success.  Wilkes, 
Xarr.,  v,  ISO.  says  tho  duties  were  doubled  again  before  more  than  two  ves- 
st'ld  had  benelitctl  by  the  reduction. 


m 


84 


COMMERCE,  FINANCE,  AND  MARITIME  AFFAIRS. 


Tliore  were  twenty-five  vessels  on  the  coast  in  183fi, 
l»esi(les  threo  doiibttul  records,  most  of  them  Itelonu- 
iufj;-  to  the  mercliant  ileet  of  earHer  years,  Siicli  items 
of  information  respecting  eacli  as  arc  extant  I  <jfive 
with  the  hst  at  the  end  of  this  chapter."  Tlic  Clem- 
entine, Don  Quixote,  Leonidas,  and  Leonor  rendered 
some  service  to  the  ijfovernment  in  brinoj'inij^  a  fjovernor, 
carrying  away  poHtical  exiles,  and  moving  troops  uj) 
and  down  the  coast.  The  only  other  vessel  requiring 
special  mention  here  was  the  Peacock,  because  she 
came  from  the  Islands  ostensibly  for  the  protection 
of  American  commerce,  and  accomplished  her  object 
by  unknown  methods,  to  the  apparent  satisfaction  of 
the  traders.  The  voyage  also  gave  rise  to  the  publi- 
cation of  a  book;  but  on  both  topics  I  shall  have  more 
to  say  in  another  chapter.  The  total  amount  of  duties 
j)aid  by  all  the  vessels  at  the  Monterey  custom-house 
was,  as  nearly  as  I  can  ascertain,  about  $50,000  for  the 
year. 

B}^  a  Mexican  decree  of  February  17,  1837,  Mon- 
terey was  declared  open  to  foreign  conunerce,  with  a 
custom-house  of  tlie  third  class.  This  was  a  privilege 
denied  to  San  Francisco  and  San  Diego,  which  ports 
were  to  be  open  to  coasting  trade  only,  tliough  the 
Ibrmer  was  to  have  a  frontier  custom-house.  This 
involved  a  salary  list  of  .$1G,140  per  year,  and  was  to 
go  into  effect  six  months  after  the  date  of  publica- 
tion ;^''  but  of  course  had  no  effect  this  year  or  the 


•Vessels  of  1S3G:  Atjuinr  (?),  Alert,  Airjolo  (?),  Aijafurho,  Bolivar,  Dr!xo)i, 
California,  Ca'a/iiia,  Clcmeiifhir,  Convoy/,  Diana,  Don  Qnl.rote,  Kuropa,  Jlcctor, 
Ionic  (':),  /Ka'iclla,  Kent,  Leonidan,  Leonor,  Loriot,  ^^irold-.  Peacock,  Pear  (s 
XniJa,  Pihjrhn,  llax>iehi<,  L'usa,  Surah  and  Caroline,  aiul  Si/ka.  Total  ex- 
]«irts  to  llonolnln,  .S7;{,iW0.  J</aij(i's  Pe/>ort  Com.  Relalionti,  i.  540,  .S4th  coiil;. 
J  sess.,  Sen.  Ex.  Doc,  107.  Total  recuipts  of  custom-house,  fiscal  year  IJ',,."- 
0,  !?.>0,741.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxxi.  4.");  or  8^4,04!).  Ma-'-,, 
2lcni.  Ilariendu,  18.'17,  annex.  2,  1st  scries.  Of  wliioli  sum  al)out  .S.")O,i>0;) 
li'jlon','3  to  18:J().  ])ept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Com.  and  Treat.,  MS.,  v.  '2.  Total  of 
luc'L'iiits  ivcorded  for  (lillercnt  vessels  as  per  list,  $41,r)ljl). 

"H'Vl).  17tli,  Mexican  decree,  in  Sup.  Govt  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  xii.  .'5-4;  xiii.  .?; 
Pinarf,  Col.,  print,  no.  474:  Arrilbuja,  Bccop.,  IS.'i/,  p.  S.l-l'JO,  144-'.t:],  24li 
C4,  L!7--">,  o7!>-ij0,  uicludiuy  much  other  matter  on  Mexican  commercial  rcyu- 


WILLAMETTE  CATTLE  COMPANY. 


85 


next  o\vlii,!4'  to  existing  political  complications;  nor  do 
I  liiid  evidence  of  any  variation  in  1837  from  tlio 
reflations  of  the  procedinj]^  December.  Respectin;^ 
the  general  prospects,  a  llonolulu  paper  expressed 
some  rather  gloomy  fc^rebodings.  "The  state  of  busi- 
iiL'ss  on  the  coast  of  California  is  so  far  from  being 
favoiable  to  the  interests  of  maritime  and  connnercial 
(.iiterprise,  that  it  begins  to  savor  most  decidedly  of 
tlie  real  seasoning  of  positive  ill  luck.  Business  is 
(ha"""inii:  heavilv,  while  governmental  affairs  are  mel- 
juulioly,"  Avrites  the  editor;  but  the  Hawaiians  were 
disappointed  that  California  had  resumed  her  Mexican 
allegiance.^^ 

An  interesting  topic  of  this  year's  annals,  and  one 
that  may  as  appropriately  be  mentioned  here  as  else- 
■\vhere,  since  it  includes  both  a  trade  and  a  voyage, 
^vas  the  obtaining  of  a  drove  of  California  cattle  for 
the  American  missionary  establishment  in  Oregon, 
and  for  other  settlors  in  the  Willamette  Valley.  The 
Wilhunette  Cattle  Company  was  formed,  and  in  Jan- 
uary a  [)artyof  at  least  six (.een  men*'  started  in  canoes 
down  the  river.  Ewing  Young  the  tra})per,  formerly 
of  California,  was  the  active  chief,  while  Philip  L. 
Edwards,  in  later  years  a  well  known  law^^erand  poli- 
tician of  Sacramento,  was  a  kind  of  financial  agent. 
Edwards  kept  a  diary,  a  part  of  which  in  manuscript 
is  before  me,  and  is  chiefly  the  source  of  my  informa- 
ti(»n.*^  The  party  sailed  from  the  Columbia  River 
February  lOtli  on  the  Loriot,  the  Lhtma,  at  the  same 
time  bringing  to  California  James  Birnie,  whose  busl- 
ne8s  was  also  to  purchase  cattle  for  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company.     Most  of  the  party  landed  at  Bodega  on 

liitions,  of  this  and  later  ilatca  in  1837;  Pnc/o,  /itHtov,  204;  Mexico,  Mem. 
Hunt  I. da,  1S3S,  \^i  i.  p.  7;  Dive.  Univ.,  viii.  'JG. 

^^Ilonolula  S.  I.  Gnr.ft.tc,  Nov.  IS,  18:57. 

'-Tlic  following  10  are  named  first  and  last  in  thediiiry;  Phil.  L.  F,ihv;iri!s, 
lOwii];^'  Young.  Liuvrenco  Carniiehacl,  Henry  ^\'(l()d,  P..  \\'illianis,  llaiu'lmrsS 
(ll.iukhurst),  Piiiley,  Erque  (Eroquotte),  Desp.au,  (.iay,  O'Niel,  Turnci-,  'i'lli- 
betts,  Moore,  Camp,  and  Pot. 

'•' Ivhvanls' diary  of  a  journey  from  Oregon  to  Cal.,  18.^7.  The  mi*sin,!2 
p'lvtion  is  the  least  important.  Tiie  author  eamc  hack  to  I 'al.  in  ISM,  and 
diuu  in  ISiJD.     This  diary  was  funiislied  by  the  author's  dauyhtur. 


m 


86  COMMERCE,  FIXANCE,  AND  MARITIME  AFFAIRS. 

tlic  27tli;  Imt  tlie  Loviot  went  mi  to  ^roiitcivy,  Ed- 
WiU'ds  stoj)])iiiL;"  at  Sail  Frant'i.sco,  and  YdUiin'  i;'"ii!L;' 
on  to  Santa  iJiiihara.  J)uriii,i^'  !Marcli,  April,  and  May, 
Edwards  visited  tlio  region  of  San  llal'aol,  and  niadu 
the  trip  by  land  from  Alontcroy  to  San  Francisco. 
lie  met  several  of  the  foi'ci,i(n  residents,'*  and  liis 
recorded  observations  are  accurate  and  interesting*, 
though  l)rief  and  [)rescnting  no  features  rcHjuiriiiL;' 
special  notice  here.  At  iirst  Valltjo  had  rc^'arded 
unfavorably,  and  Alvarado  had  rejected,  the  proposi- 
tions of  Young  and  Birnie  to  purchase  cattle,^'^  and 
there  is  no  evidence  that  the  determination  wa-; 
changed  in  Birnie's  case;  but  Young,  by  })ersoiial 
solicitation,  succeeded  in  gaininiic  the  consent  of  botli 
governor  and  general,  and  ho  purchased  from  tlie 
government  over  seven  hundred  cattle,  at  three  dol- 
lars each,  to  be  d(,>livere(l  at  San  Francisco  and  San 
Jose  missions.  The  wildest  cattle  are  said  to  have 
boon  selected  by  the  administrators;  the  time  from 
June  1st  to  July  20th  was  employed  in  the  task  of 
collecting  and  driving  the  refractory  animals  to  the 
bank  of  the  San  Joacjuin.  To  get  the  drove  across 
the  river  was  a  still  more  formidable  undertakins'-,  tlie 
perplexing,  and  to  all  but  the  drivers  amusing,  dilli- 
culties  of  which  are  gra])hically  described  by  Edwards. 
The  fording  of  the  Jesus  Maria,  or  Sacramento,  on 

'^  Those  uameil  are  Leese,  IMarsh,  Black,  Spence — at  wliosc  house  he  w  as 
entertained  at  Monterey — Dye,  Livorniore,  Guhiae,  and  Forbes.  Xorth  df 
tlie  hay  he  visited  Coopers  Mill,  Reada  raiicho,  and  Martiir.s  ranclio,  lieiii'.;' 
r.lso  entertained  by  I'adre  Quijas,  ubowas  very  free  with  his  wine.  Mann 
4t]i,  l!iohards(in  writes  of  arrival  of  Youns,  and  his  trip  to  the  south.  Jle  Irtt 
eight  Americans  and  three  Ind.  at  Cooper's  rancho.  Vallcju,  JJoc,  !MS. 
xxxii.  70. 

■'Mareli  IS,  IS'.il,  V.  to  A.  He  does  not  give  his  opinion  decidedly,  hat 
suggests  .some  objections  as  well  ;!s  advantages,  fearing  a  pussil)le  rivalry  from 
t!ie  nortli  in  the  stock-r.'.iwing  industry.  If  the  petition  be  granted,  the  sales 
should  be  on  govt  account,  .aud  great  precautions  nnist  be  taken  to  prevent 
abuses.  V(tH('jo,  JJoc,  MS.,  iv.  8.S.  May  .'W,  A.  to  V.,  ilcclining  to  consent. 
/(/.,  iv.  2;i(J.  Jan.  lOth,  ilcLoughlin  at  Vancouver  to  ValU ju,  in  reference 
to  jouie  complaints  against  Dirnie  in  his  past  tnuisactiims  in  sailing  beef.  /(/.. 
V.  IS.  Feb.  "J-'ith,  v.  to  A.  Expects  a  party  of  men  scut  by  tlie  govt  of  the 
Columbia  to  purch  ise  cattle  (for  .slaughter?),  as  permitted  in  1S34.  Id.,  iv. 
7.''.  Marsh,  Lcl/"/-,  MS.,  l(j-lS,  gives  some  information  about  the  trailicand 
travel  between  Oregon  and  Cal,  in  1S37— 12.  The  subject  is  also  mentioned 
by  i'helps,  Fore  ujiU  Aj't,  471. 


CATTLE  FOR  OREGON. 


87 


August  JJOtli  was  more  easily  accoiiijilishcd.  The  ooiii- 
iiMiiy  cMitiTcMl  the  inouiitaiiis  on  thu  trail  of  LalVam- 
lioisc  and  his  ti'ai)i)er.s.  There  is  nothing' in  the  diary 
to  indicate  the  route  followed;  and  Shasta  A'^alley, 
leached  on  October  14th,  is  the  only  name  a|)i)lied  to 
anv  locality.  The  journey  was  one  of  exti'aordinaiT 
hardships.  ^lountain  succeeded  mountain  apparently 
without  end,  each  higher  and  steejierthan  tlh.one  l)e- 
tme;  until  horses  and  cattle  wei-e  wellnigh  exiiausted 
and  the  men  utterly  <liscouraged.  Young  and  sevei'al 
others  had  been  over  the  trail  before,  but  never  knew 
exactly  where  they  were.  Young  quarrelled  with  his 
men  about  the  killing  of  cattle  for  food,  and  there  was 
much  insubordination.  An  Indian  was  nmrdered  by 
.some  of  the  party,  who  sought  vengeance  for  outrages 
of  the  savages  on  earlier  trips;  and  this  not  only  ex- 
cited the  indignation  of  Edwards,  but  caused  the  Ind- 
ians to  continually  harass  the  travellers  at  every 
ditlicult  pass,  several  being  wounded  b}^ arrows.  The 
record  ends  abruptly  on  October  1 8th,  leaving  our  ad- 
venturers in  the  midst  of  their  troubles  at  a  point 
I'our  days'  march  beyond  the  crossing  of  the  Shasta 
] liver;  but  we  know  from  other  sources  that  they 
I'eached  the  Willamette  before  the  end  of  October 
witli  GOO  of  their  cattle.^'^  This  is  the  first  instance 
clearly  recorded  in  which  cattle  were  obtained  in  Cal- 
ifoinia  for  the  north;  though  there  aro  rumors  that 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Coir  tany  had  before  driven  a  few 
from  Ivoss  by  a  coast  ro>..te. 

In  August  of  this  year  Vallcjo  addressed  to  Alva- 
rado  a  communication  on  connnercial  reforms,  which 
was  printed  in  book  form  after  being  extensively  cir- 
culated in  manuscript.^'     His  plan  was  to  prohibit  all 

^^  Li'C  and  Fro>'f,  Ten  Yvars  in  Oirrjoii,  145-fl.  It  is  snid  tliat  tlioy  liou'^ht 
8D;)  ciittlo  at  $:i  pur  licad,  and  40  horses  at  S12- in  all  .'!:_', IS!)  (?).  Tiiu 
linisos  wx'vc  Kold  in  Oi'ogon,  and  the  cattle  were  found  to  lia\x;cost  ST.dT  oaeli, 
tlie  iiiisaioii  receiving  as  its  shai'c  over  SO  head.  See  also  ,S/uriiin'ti  I'tj/urt,  'AS- 
!);   I17//.c's'  Xnn:,  iv.  384;  Erun^'  Hut.  Or.,  MS.,  -JI'.'-LS. 

"  I'allijdy  E.tyotirion  que  hdrccl.  Cumninlnti/r  Uciit  ml  dclii  AUtt.  ('(d'lUirii'ri, 
(il  Odbcrnador  (la  1(1,  mi'Oiia,  JSJ7.  (Sonoma,  1S.'37.)  lOnio, -Jl  p.  A  laiv  .-.[irci- 
lueu  of  eaily  Calif omiau  priming,  though  tho  work  is  not  so  well  done  as 


88 


COMMi:nCE,  FINANCE,  AND  MARITIME  AFFAIRS. 


coastini]^  trade  l)y  fonn'i^'n  vossela,  and  to  traiislVv  tlio 
custoin-liouso  from  Monterey  to  San  Franeiseo.  In 
defence  of  the  iirst,  he  adduced  the  well  known  prac- 
tice f)n  the  part  of  traders  of  prescntinj^  themselves 
at  Monterey  witli  a  few  dieap  articles  for  ins|)e('tion, 
afterward  takinij  on  board  from  secure  hidini;-places 
the  valual)Ic  part  of  the  cargo,  to  bo  sold  at  other 
ports.  Thus  the  revenue  was  grossly  defrauded,  leav- 
ing the  goverinnent  without  funds.  By  the  change 
proposed  not  only  would  snuiggling  cease  and  the  rev- 
enues be  augmented,  but  Californians  would  bo  encour- 
aijed  to  become  the  owners  of  coasting  vessels  or  to 
build  up  a  system  of  inland  connnunication  by  mule- 
trains.  An  attempt  was  made  later,  as  we  shall  sec, 
to  carry  this  part  of  the  plan  into  effect.  The  trans- 
fer of  the  custom-house  was  advocated  on  the  ground 
of  San  Francisco's  natural  advantages,  the  number 
and  wealth  of  tlio  establishments  tributary  to  the  bay, 
and  the  importance  of  building  up  the  northern  fron- 
tier as  a  matter  of  foreign  policy.  Vallejo's  views 
were  for  the  most  part  sound,  even  if  his  motives  were 
not  quite  disinterested;^'*  but  naturally  the  schemo 
met  with  no  favor  at  IMontercy,  either  from  the  citi- 
zens or  governor. 

The  fleet  of  1837  numb  red  thirty-seven  vessels, 
of  which  about  a  dozen  were  of  the  past  j^ear's  list.^^ 

some  other  books  of  the  period.  The  original  MS.  is  in  Vallcjo,  Dor.,  MS., 
xxxii.  IDS;  niul  it  is  also  foiinil  in  JJcjit.  St.  J'ap.,  S.  Josr,  MS,,  v.  107-1 '^,  iu 
the  form  of  on  address  to  the  aynnt.  of  S.  Jose.  The  printed  docir.ucnt  is 
dated  Aiii;.  17th,  and  the  MS.  Aug.  :24th.  It  is  also  given  in  VulUjo,  Hid.  CuL, 
M.S..  ill.  84'J-.'^7. 

'"^lofras,  K.cplor.,  i.  40S.  declares  that  Vallejo's  motive  was  rc.dly  adesiro 
to  haiidlo  the  revfuiies,  and  that  Alvara<lo'ts  refusal  was  the  cause  i if  t'.ieir 
Icuil;  quarrel;  but  Mofnis  was  an  eneuiy  of  Vallejo.  whoso  only  interested  mo- 
tive W.13  probably  to  increasu  tlie  value  of  Sonoma  property. 

'"Vessels  of  iS.'!7.  See  list  at  end  of  this  chapter:  Alert  C!),  Ai/anicho, 
Laihil,  Uo'ivnr,  Cndhoro,  C'llifornia,  C'ali/urnia  (schr),  Vatn/ina,  ('if[/  n/ 
Genoa,  d'emeutiiie.  Coffin,  Com.  /,'o/Iijer.f,  Cnisiulcr,  Ddnvm,  ])iaiia,  Enropn, 
ilrhioii,  Indian,  llnrveM,  lo'ani,  [MilxHn,  Kent,  Lconidat,  Lconor,  JJfuna, 
Loriol,  N'inet/,  Pilgrim,  7?r^s'^f/l■^s',  Snrdh  ami  Caroline,  Sitht,  S/<irrni'j,  Snl- 
phur,  Toti-ard  Ca.if/e,  True  JJIih',  I'chz  Astitrinno,  Venns.  According  to 
I'lichardson's  record,  the  vessels  at  S.  F.  were  divided  as  follows:  American 
10,  tonnage  'J,07.'?;  English  .'"),  880  tons;  Mexican  .'),  897  tons;  Ecuador  '2,  'J.52 
tons;  Hawaiian  1,  HIS  tons;  l^^^'sian 'J,  .'W'J  tons;  total,  2.'),  .^),'-\S'J  tons.  These 
vessels  took  away  from  8.  F.  produce  to  tho  amount  of  S7o,7H,  ilivided  as 


'I', 


i.^.  M 


VESSKLS  AND  TRADE  OF  1837-8. 


M 


|7-1'^,  in 

'.lent  is 

1.7.  CuL, 


nrHcho, 

[";/  "f 

I'/,  Sid- 
[iiig  to 
licriean 

1  'riicsG 

led  as 


Tluro  wcYQ  four  that  had  come  in  18:](J  uiul  shnply 
Milled  away  this  year.  Five  were  winders  touchii)!,^ 
i"  ii' sii{)j)hes,  and  two  of  tlieni  lost  on  tlie  Calilorniau 
coast.  Three  were  nien-ot-war,  though  on  no  war- 
]ik(>  erraiitl;  while  twenty-five  made  \^\^  the  tr;idiii_i^ 
ileet  jiroper.  There  is  an  almost  total  lack  of  tlata 
rcspectini,^  cargoes  and  duties,  but  I  su[)[)oso  the  lat- 
\>-v  were  considerahlv  less  than  in  183G.  Of  mutters 
connected  with  the  visits  of  tho  Lorlot  and  fJaina, 
1  lia\-e  already  spf)ken.  The  voyages  of  ilie  I'^'/Uglish 
and  rrencli  explorers  Belcher  and  Petit-Tii'  uars, 
V,  ith  the  pul)lished  narratives  of  those  voyages,  will 
demand  attention  in  another  chapter;  respecting  other 
vissels  of  the  year, there  is  no  informatio;:  extant  be- 
yond what  T  give  in  the  list  for  1830-40. 

'fjie  commercial  annals  of  1838  present  in  respect 
oi  regulations  nothing  more  important  than  tluj  de- 
cree of  January  3d,  by  which  Carlos  Carrillo  at- 
teui]>ted  to  browbeat  the  arribeilos  by  closing  the  port 
of  ^Monterey  and  establishing  the  custom-house  at 
►San  Diego — a  decree  which  of  course  had  no  eliect.^*^ 

I'hcre  were  twenty-two  vessels  in  the  list  of  1838, 
f)f  v.liich  thirteen  a])peared  in  that  of  the  preceding 
year,'-'     Neither  whalers  nor  men-of-war  came  to  the 

fallows:  lliilcs,  11,028;  horns,  12,484;  tullow,  11, T."!  arrobas;  wheat,  o.OOO 
iiir. ;  (Irifil  ))(.uf,  D'i.")  arr. ;  flour,  522  arr. ;  Inrtl,  514  arr. ;  potatoes,  8.10  arr.; 
)>;iiiii'kinsi,  400  arr.;  wool,  448  arr.;  corn,  11)8  arr.;  barley,  35  arr.;  beans, 
)l  ,irr.;  meat,  IO^IIjs;  beeves,  50;  sheep,  100;  deer-skins,  270;  beuver-skino, 
71  arrobas.  l'"rom  I'/injifs  J'cport  wo  learn  that  the  imports  from  Cal.  into 
Jloiidlulu  were  !?4!t,50()  for  tlio  year. 

^".lan.  ;?,  1838,  L'arrillo's  proclamation.  .S*.  Dk'i/o.  Arch.,  MS.,  103.  See 
also  chap,  xix.,  vfil.  iii.  of  this  work.  !May  1st,  Mexican  custom-house  regu- 
latiiiii:~,  luimin;,' ^lontcrey  as  an  open  port,  and  the  otiier  two  as /<«('/'/o.s' </<; 
cv'ii.Ui'jc.  Arrillatja,  ]\ccop.,\^'?i^,  144-221.  Auj,'.  1st,  no  person  must  board 
a  vessel  before  the  revenue  olticcrs.  Penalty,  §10,  §20,  ami  finally  that  of  a 
reliel.   S.  JJii''jo,  Jrrli.,  MS.,  5. 

'-'.I''W,  Aydriiv/io,  BoUrcii;  i'adhnro,  CaVfoniia,  Cdtalina,  Clara,  Colum- 
h'lint  (';),  ])tlin\ru,  I\'f(niatii/fit,  Flibhi-rli/;iihbe/t,  Iiiilcr,  lolaiii,  Kamamnlu, 
Ki'iii,  LconUlaii,  Lcoiior,  l.lntna,  Xireiil,  J'/j/mon'h,  /iV(,s'.-.v7«\,  and  iSlll.a. 
Authorities  on  the  disartcr  of  the  Llama,  at  St;  Rosa  l.-sland  (sec  text): 
lluiio'.r.ht  S.  J.  Gazette,  Jan.  10,  Feb.  2,  1830;  ^^;lr.■^'  l!i<i..  Iri.  2S0;  Larkiu's 
J)ur.  ]/}M.  Cal.,  JIS.,  i.  1 ;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  M.S.,  xviii.  5S-()I ;  ,S'.  j)"'io.  Arch., 
MS.,  218;  A)nkr^o)i\  Ilht.  N.  W.  Con.-^t,  MS.,  217-10;  ^'ldeyer's  L>j'c,  MS., 
M- 1.  Total  amount  of  produce  taken  away  from  S.  F.  this  year,  .^81,700  or 
t^tiG.GiJO,  uccoi  ding  to  two  versions  of  liiehardsou'ii  report;  total  tonnage,  3,910 


I- 


00 


CO.MMERGE,  FIXAXCE,  AND  MAPJTIME  AFFAIRS. 


const,  Ko  far  <as  tlio  records  show.  Tlio  low  atul  mea- 
gre items  of  revenue  extant  form  ])erha})s  no  basis  I'or 
a  general  estimate,  though  they  seeui  to  indicate  a 
continued  deci'ease  in  custom-house  receipts.  Tlie 
only  vessel  in  this  year's  lleet  re([uiring  further  notice 
than  that  oiven  in  the  list  was  tlie  Llama.  We  have 
seen  that  in  18.']7  James  Birnie,  re[)re.senting  tlie 
llndson's  Bay  Comj)any,  had  tried  without  success 
to  i)l)tain  a  license  to  hunt  otter  on  the  Californian 
coast.  It  does  not  a|)j)ear  that  the  company  went 
any  further  in  the  matter;  but  Captain  John  ixmcroi't 
of  the  L/aiiKt,  the  vessel  that  had  brought  J]irnio 
from  the  north,  went  on  with  his  otter-hunting  (ip- 
erations  in  <letiance  of  the  laws.  It  is  ])robable  that 
he  made  a  successful  trip  in  the  spring  of  1838,  since 
he  touched  at  Honolulu  in  the  sunnner  on  his  way 
from  (California  to  the  Columbia  Iliver,  liaving  on 
board  twenty-seven  north-western  Indians.  His  wife 
was  with  him  on  the  vessel.  In  the  autunm,  with  the 
same  civw,  or  more  probably  a  new  one,  of  twenty- 
live  iicrce  Kaiganies,  he  came  down  the  coast  to  Santa 
liosa  Island,  and  began  work  again.  George  Nidever, 
an  old  otter-hunter,  still  lixing  in  1880,  tells  some  ex- 
citing tales  of  ct)nllicts  which  he  and  his  companions 
hail  in  these  years  with  the  north-western  Indians  at 
the  islands;  and  ho  mentions  an  unsuccessful  attempt 
to  captui'e  at  Santa  Ixosa  a  vessel  which  may  have 
been  the  Llama.  On  Novendjcr  21st,  Bancroit, 
liaving  had  an  altercation  with  one  of  his  hunters  in 
the  moi'iiing,  received  a  volley  of  musket-balls  in  the 
back  while  standinijj  at  the  iiangway  looking  over  the 
ship's  sid(%  and  fell  mortall}'  wounded.  ]\Irs  ]3ancroft 
threw  hei'self  U[)on  her  husband's  body,  and  was  tei- 
I'ibly  wounded  by  a  second  volley  irom  the  muskets 
of  the  savages.  A  seaman,  attem[)ting  to  arm  him- 
self, was  also  killed;  and  then  the  Indians,  seizing  the 

ttiijH.  ,"(),00!>  dliforiiiiiu  hiik's  wore  rcceivcil  nt  lIoiwUilii  and  rouxpoi'toil. 
JjiiiioIiiIk  /Idwuiidn  Spi'clatuf,  i.  '_'.  Totiil  of  exports  to  lloiiolulu,  §lil,'JOO. 
Fia<j<j\t  Ji'cjiurt. 


DEATH  OF  JOHN  BAXCROFT. 


91 


[is  wife 

iththo 

wouty- 

» Santa 

Idovcr, 

me  ex- 

auioiis 

aus  at 

tempt 

•  liave 

lerol't, 

ei's  in 

111  the 

er  the 

nei'ol't 

IS  ter- 

isketii 

I  liim- 

ig  the 

l\|)(lltuil. 


Tossol,  forced  Robinson,  the  mate,  to  direct  her  course 
(.1  the  noith.  When  tlie  Kaiganies  readied  tlieir 
liMine,  they  landed  in  their  canoes,  and  allowed  the 
JJi'ut'i,  stri[)ped  of  nil  they  could  carry  away,  to  con- 
liiiuc  lier  voyage.  She  arrived  at  Honolulu  January 
|;;.  IcS.li);  and  on  the  27th  Mrs  I^an croft  died  there 
iVoiii  the  effect  of  her  wounds.  F.  1).  Atherton,  in 
imtilVing  Thomas  O.  Larkin  from  Honolulu  of  what 
]i;i;l  liappened,  adds:  "Sparks  may  now  have  the 
range  of  tlie  whole  coast  without  interru[»tion,  as 
1!m  re  will  he  no  more  vessels  fitted  out  from  heiv." 
()!i  the  very  day  of  Mrs  Bancroft's  death,  Governor 
.\l\arado,  having  become  convinced  somewhat  tardily 
that  Bancroft  was  taking  otter  illegally  on  the  coast, 
iii'iiointed  the  neu'ro  Allen  G.  Liii'lit  a  'comisario  iscn- 
v\\\V  to  put  a  stop  to  such  proceedings,  using  fcn'ce  if 
necessary! 

It  had  become  customary  to  accept  goods  from  for- 
t  igii  vessels  in  jiayment  of  duties  to  such  an  extant 
thai  coin  was  almost  entirely  removed  from  circulation  ; 
and  the  prices  of  goods  thus  paid  had  been  gradually 
laisctl  to  exorbitant  figures.  To  prevent  these  evils, 
a  (K'cree  was  issued  by  Alvarado,  through  Adminis- 
tiatoi-  Osio,  in  April  1839,  fixing  by  a  graduated  scale 
the  proportion  of  duties  th.it  mast  be  paid  in  coin, 
111  \cr  less  than  one  third  of  the  whole  amount.  ]\rore- 
(iver,  persons  holding  custom-house  ordei'S  on  vessels — 
ill'  the  duties  were  almost  always  anticipated  by  the 
issuance  of  such  orders — need  not  take  goods  in  pay- 
ment if  the  prices  were  deemed  excessive,  but  might 
re([nire  hides  or  tallow  at  current  rates.-'^ 

--A])ril)S,  it,  is;!!),  t.irculiua  of  Alvanulo  and  Osio.  Di'iit.  Si.  Pap.,  Jl'ii., 
]^1S..  iii.  -JI;  /,/.,  CiiM.  If.,  V.  l-2-i;{.  Jf  the  whole  duty  was  .'?;!,(););)  or  less, 
(ill  was  tcilic'ii;ii(l  insiUei-;  on  .'?;{,0()()  to.S(!,()IH),  (!(>  iiurcciit  iusihcr;  oiiSo.Oi);) 
I  .  slJ,()ill),  M  pur  ouiit;  uii.l  over  Sl-J,(IOO,  Xi  ])er  eciit.  When  tlio  jiart  to  l.o 
1  .liil  i.i  silvei'  was  over  §(i,()0(),  it  liiij^ht  lie  paid  in  throe  iiist;dineiii  <.  Osio, 
Jli'l.  Citl.,  Ms.,  402-4,  iiieiitioiis  this  aetioii,  hut  gives  tlu^  .sealo  iiieofree!  ly. 
Siiiiie  iiii.seellaiieous  items  of  the  year;  Jan.  ;U.st,  Osio  to  Alvarado.  l'iini;.;ii 
eil'cet  i  pidliiliited  liy  law,  hut  the  adniissinn  nf  \\  iiioh  is  renuii'id  iiy  iiei'e.  sity, 
v.illi'r.y  a  li\ed  duty  i:f  not  less  than  40  percent.  I 'i  jit.  St.  I'(ij>.,  inn.  C.iJ.- 
II.,  .Ms.,  V.  -1.     Tonnage  paid,  s?J.l-  per  ton,  .Mexican  nieusiuenient,  always 


02 


COMMERCE,  FIXAXCE,  AND  MArjTIME  AFFAIRS. 


I  note  a  few  general  items  of  the  year  as  follows: 
In  May  Valkjo  urged  upon  the  Mexican  goveniniLMit 
the  expediency  of  admitting  free  of  duties  for  ten 
years  the  cargoes  of  such  vessels  as  should  toucii  at 
San  Francisco  only,  with  a  view  to  build  up  Sonoma 
and  tlie  northern  frontier.^'  In  the  same  month  John 
Temple  at  Los  Angeles  wrote  to  Larkin:  "Business 
is  almost  at  a  complete  stand.  I  have  not  done  half 
as  much  as  I  did  last  year  by  this  time"'^* — yet  busi- 
ness men  have  been  known  to  complain  of  dull  times 
without  nmch  cause.  Foi'bes  published  extracts  from 
various  letters  relating  in  a  general  way  to  commerce 
on  the  coast,  and  incidentally  to  California.'^''  In  Au- 
gust Larkin  issued  a  circular  address  to  whalers,  setting 
forth  the  advantages  of  Monterey  as  a  station  for  ves- 
sels visiting  the  north-west  coast.^"  In  August  also 
Juan  Bandini  came  to  the  front  with  a  proposition  to 
revive  the  failing  {prosperity  of  the  country  by  prohib- 
iting the  introduction  of  foreign  liquors  and  winos."^ 
The  settlers  north  of  the  bay  announced  in  print  that 
they  would  no  longer  trade  with  foreign  vessels  un- 
less the  latter  would  take  all  kinds  of  produce  in  ex- 
chanu'e  for  o:oods.^^  The  traders  often  took  articles 
did  not  want  for  their  own  cargoes,  to  be  ex- 
with  others  in  a  different  line.     All  would 

Oslo  to  Cucrra.     The  evil  <>( 


th 


chano'cd 


22a, 


in  coin.  Philo,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  214.     July 

vcs.scls  entoiiiig  other  ports  licfore  coming  to  Monterey  must  l)c  stopped 
forced  t.j  enter,  n  guard  niu.st  lie  put  on  bnanl,  and  receive  !?.")!)  for  lii:s  ser- 
vices. O'lirrm,  Ihc,  MS.,  vi  21:.  Aug.  Kith,  17th,  decrees  regulating  l,;:id- 
ingof  sailorsfrom  wlialersand  other  vessels.  Jfuiit'n  Merdiaiits'  Ma<i.,  iii.  4,'l- 
2;  Ihpl.  St.  Pup.,  Mont.,  MS.,  iv.  IH.  Ault.  22d,  Oct.  12tli,  Mexican  regu- 
lations ArnUajn,  R'cnp.,  ls;;9.  p.  191-5,  240-2.  Oct.  2;?d,  Vallejo  to  c:;p^ 
jxirt  at  8.  F.  Foreign  lighters,  launches,  or  boats  to  do  no  carrying  trade  on 
the  coast.  Vallrjo,  JJoc,  MS.,  viii.  2.']1.  Jidj',  the  vessel  in  which  Sutter 
came  with  dilliculty  got  permission  to  remain  48  hours  at  S.  F.  for  repairs,  etc. 
!N'ot  allowed  to  remain  for  fe:  tivities  of  July  4th.  iSu/fcr'.v  A'/'.<.  Rn'oL,  3iIS., 
13-1.").  Nov.  loth,  O.'iio  coniplains  that  contraband  goods  arc  introduced  from 
Ross  at  S.  F.,  vvliero  there  is  no  receptor. 

".Nhiy  10,  1S;5!»,  V.  to  min.  of  war.    Valhjo,  Doc,  MS.,  vii.  23. 

'-'M.-v  23,  183;>,  Temple  to  Larkin,  in  Larlin's  Doc,  MS.,  i.  ,">. 

"/'or/'M'  ///W.  Cni,  3:>2,  etc. 

""  I'al'ijo,  D'H'.,  MS.,  .xxxii.  291.     Tiic  circular  was  intended  mainly  as  au 
advertisement  of  Larkin's  private  business. 

"'Aug.  !>,  1S,S!».  n.  toayunt.  of  Angeles.   Lnj.  I?,,-.,  MS.,  iii.  44-!i. 

'■''Aug.    15,   1SC9,  Salvador   V'idlcjo  for  the  northern  rancheroj.  Earlkd 
Print. 


COASTIXG  TRADE— VESSELS  OF  1830. 


93 


tfiko  hides  or  tallow  or  furs,  as  tliesc  articles  \ver(3 
easily  iiiter(.'liaii<3a\iltle. 

Vall(;jo  still  urged  liis  plan  of  prohibiting  the  coast- 
iii""  trade  to  all  foreign  Acssels;'^^  and  at  the  end  of  the 
vJar  all  owners  and  consignees  v.ere  forewarned  of  an 
intention  on  the  part  of  the  state  government  to  en- 
force the  ^Mexican  laws  prohibiting  every  kind  of  coast- 
ii)<>'  trade  to  all  but  national  vessels.  They  were 
therefore  required  to  suspend  at  once  their  retail  trade, 
and  to  settle  up  transactions  in  which  they  were  al- 
ready engaged;  but  meanwhile,  pending  the  issue  of 
the  intended  order,  they  might  continue  to  dispose  of 
their  goods  at  wholesale — a  privilege,  however,  which 
A\'.uld  be  forfeited  by  a  failure  to  comply  with  the 
pivsent  requirements.'*'^' 

I  append  a  list  of  twenty-six  vessels  on  the  coast 
in  1S;]1),  of  which  onlv  ten  or  twelve  were  new  arri- 
vals.^^  The  {Jlementlne  brought  John  A.  Sutter,  of 
whose  settlement  in  California  I  shall  have  much  to 
sav  later.  Captain  Laplace  publi;dicd  extensive  notes 
of  his  observations  in  the  countrv  during  his  visit  on 
the  Ai'tcnuf<c;  but  a  notice  of  Laplace's  book,  like 
that  of  Belcher,  v/ho  visited  the  coast  a  second  time 
t!ii'^  year  on  the  Sulphur,  belongs  also  to  a  subsequent 
rlia))toi'.  The  arrivals  which  brought  most  iov  to 
the  Californians,  and  especially  to  olticials,  were  those 
of  tlio  Califoniia  and  Monsoon,  two  Boston  ships 
Viliirh  paid  over  $50,000  in  duties  on  their  cargoes, 

-'•'Dlc.  Ist,  V.  to  Virmonil.    Vallrjo,  Doc,  MS.,  viii.  3:5,"). 

""l)ct\  ;]],  1889,  governor's  order  to  prefects,  cireiilate<l  by  the  latter  to 
iiiinor  olJicials  on  various  dates  of  Jan.  1840.  Doc.  Hist.  Cat.,  MS.,  i.  408; 
J''/l.  S'.  /-<ip.,  Hrii.,  ^IS.,  iii.  (i-8;  /</.,  Aiii/cli.^,  xii.  '25;  Id.,  Jloiiferci/,  i\. 
S1-.1;  S.  D'<",io,  Arch.,  MS.,  :2,-il;  Sia  Cruz,  Arch.,  MS.,  1-2;  .V.  Jos.',  Arc.',., 
MS.,  iii.  IOj;  Esfmlilto,  Doc,  MS.,  ii.  3. 

"  Alert,  Art<'nii''c,  Ayacucho,  Bnikal,  Bolt  car,  Culiforvia  (sclir),  CdHj'or- 
» '•(,  Cd'ifl'nin,  Crrvdiitrs,  Cli m<iiliiic,  <.'orifa'tr,  Diml'i  O'Conncll,  J)plinira, 
r.l' r.d.  lTiUlnrt>iijlhbitt,  Index,  I.<(djcl,  Jo.-<(>)di,  Josc/ih  PiaUodii,  Jiiiin  Jo.'c, 
L'liiiidri.'^  (':),  Monsoon,  Mor.<p,  Nicolas,  Siarlin;/,  and  Siil/Jnir.  Total  rev- 
iiue  received  at  the  Monterey  cni^tonilumse  in  18,'}!),  .SS,"), (;];{.  Ivxpenses, 
8t,:iT4.  L'rkin's  Official  Corrrsp.,  MS.,  ii.  ;i7,  1 10;  /></,t.  .S7.  I'ti/,.,  Urn.  Cast.- 
II.,  v.  ('iOl-t."));  I'ico,  Doc.,  MS.,  i.  S.");  Ilri/dnt's  U'h'it  I  .•^s^iw  in  Cal.,  44.".-(j. 
At  S.  I'.  -JO  vessels,  total  tonago  ',\,\Vu  tons,  tooU  iiway  \  iidiice  to  the  vahio 
ff  •'^^7, ■"'-!'•  Kieliardson,  in  \'nllij  >,  I)  jc,  M.S.,  x.w.  2jj.  Imports  into 
lio;iLilula  from  (Jul.,  iii>i2G,oOO.  Idayij's  Htporl. 


i'ai 


94 


COMMERCE,  FIXAXCE,  AND  MARITIME  AFFAIRS. 


nioro  tlian  doubling  the  revenue  of  the  preceding 
year,  and  raising  the  total  to  $85,G13 — a  godsend  to 
the  departmental  treasury. 

1  find  no  evidence  that  in  1840  foreign  vessels  were 
restricted  to  wholesale  trade  in  accordance  with  the 
regulation  of  December  1831);  or  that  any  serious 
attempt  was  made  to  enforce  the  restriction,  beyond 
the  circulation  of  the  order  in  January/'^  In  Feb- 
ruary, however,  Alvarado  dwelt  on  his  [)roposed  *])ro- 
hibition  of  coasting  trade  in  his  opening  speecli  bo- 
fore  the  junta,  explaining  tlie  reasons  of  his  wai'iiiiig 
already  issued,  and  asking  for  the  passage  of  a  decroe 
so  framed  as  to  conciliate  all  interests.^^  Again  in 
December  he  addressed  a  lonii'  communication  to  the 
government,  explaining  his  policy,  and  announced  liis 
]»urpose  to  enforce  it  from  the  l)egi!ming  of  the  next 
year,  making  perhaj)s  some  concessions  to  such  ves- 
sels as  mio'ht  be  on  the  coast  at  that  time.  Alvaiado 
admitted  that  this  action  would  for  a  time  greatly 
reduci  the  revenues,  and  miuht  cause  the  Boston 
ships  to  suspend  their  visits;  but  he  held  that  it  was 
necessar}',  in  order  to  prevent  smuggling,  to  keep  out 
of  the  country  the  constantly  increasing  horde  of 
deserters  from  foreign  vessels,  and  especially  to  de- 
veloj)  a  system  of  commerce  and  transportation  in 
the  hands  of  Californians.^^  It  is  not  unlikely  tliat 
certain  prominent  traders  of  foreign  birth,  but  natu- 

'*  Mofraa,  Explor.,  i.  498,  says  the  foreigners  refused  to  unload  their 
cargoes,  ami  thus  forceil  Alv;u\-iilo  to  rcsciiul  his  prohibition.  Tiii.^,  ho\vo\  rr, 
may  refer  to  the  ^'eiieral  proliiljition  of  coastiii'j;  trade  a  little  later. 

■^■' Fel>.  1(),  1S40,  A.  to  the  junta.  Ar;/.  7.Vc,  .MS.,  iii.  .")1-,S.  Jan.  It, 
new  vevcnuc  tarill'  f,'ocs  into  elleet.  Tonnage  on  foreign  vessels,  Si.."!!);  duty 
on  luinlier,  .$10  jier  M.  Pijito,  l>or.,  .MS.,  i.  "JilT-S.  .March,  cxportatinn  df 
money  free  of  duties  not  permitted  either  to  vessel  or  passengers.  J)</if.i^'. 
Pi'p.,  Mont.,  MS.,  viii.  '1.  J,)utie3  on  variinis  imports  Septeiid)er.  l'ii//i J.i, 
J>i)c.,  MS.,  x.xxiii.  I'JI.  Dec.  l-4th,  adeduetionof  'J.'»  per  cent  made  on  Uio 
!i:l.r)0  tonnage  dues.  J)rp/.  Sf.  /'rip.,  B<ti.  Mil..  MS..  Iv.  \'X  Dee.  Kith,  gov. 
nsUs  for  a  law  prohilnting  foreigners  from  engaging  in  retail  trade.  Jhji/.  J'l  <■., 
Ms.,  xi.  71.  No  tonnage  on  a  vessel  that  enteis  a  port  l\>r  fresh  supplies  or 
to  repair;  lint  she  can  remain  only  4S  hours.  J'iulo,  ]>ii<\,  MS.,  i.  '2.b\.  Coin 
particularly  scarce  this  year.    Vidlijo  (./.  ,/.),  lUinhi..  M8.,  177. 

"'  Dec.  Vj,  1S40,  A,  to  sup.  govt.  Savcije,  Uoc,  MS.,  iv.  3-29. 


mi 


if  li 


TKADIXfl  FLLET  OF  1S40. 


05 


Fcl)- 

di  1)0- 

clcci-i!0 
aiii  in 
to  the 
:ed  liis 
L'  next 
;li  vos- 
vaiado 
catly 
)stoii 
',  was 

\s  out 

lo  of 
>  tlc- 
)ii  ill 
that 
iiatu- 


1(1  Ihrir 
owovcr, 

ail.  1st, 
II;  duty 
itiiiii  (pf 
hi^t.  .y. 
I  ■„//,,;,., 

(Ill  the 

ill,  J^i'V. 

iilifs  111" 
L'oiu 


rnh/.oil  and  married  in  the  country,  were  the  real  pro- 
inott'i's  of  this  j)ro[)osed  enforconu;nt  of  Mexican 
];iu,s  with  a  view  to  their  own  private  interests. 

Tlio  commercial  annals  of  this  period,  like  those  of 
1  S.']  1-5,''''  may  he  closed  hy  a  reference  to  the  fact  that 
.\hel  Stearns  was  arrai^nied  for  a  continuance  of  his 
siiiuu'Liling'  operations  at  Los  An<>'eles  and  San  Peih'o. 
Ill  (October  a  strange  vessel  landed  goods  mysteri- 
ouslv  at  niLi'ht.     A  search  of  Stearns'  liouse  revealed 

•  1  • 

a  valuable  lot  of  silks  and  liquors,  which  were  con- 
demned. Don  Abel  wrote  violent  letters,  talked  loud, 
iiiitl  appealed  for  justice,  meanwhile  exerting  himself, 
;!■:  it  seems,  to  make  false  invoices  and  otherwise  put 
his  accounts  in  order.  To  what  extent  he  succeeded 
the  records  fail  to  show;  but  in  December  contraband 
hiiles  were  found  by  a  new  search  of  his  warehouse.^'' 
Of  the  twenty-eight  vessels  named  in  the  list  of 
1  840,  seventeen  had  been  known  on  the  coast  before.''^ 
The\'  vielded  to  the  government  a  total  revenue  of 
s7-,:>"2,  of  which  the  AJvrt  from  Boston  paid  818,- 
(is.),  and  the  Bvllvar  from  Honolulu  611,5.31.  Sev- 
eral vessels  of  this  year's  fleet  will  require  notice, 
or  have  already  been  noticed,  in  connection  with 
el  her  matters.  Such  are  the  Alert,  whose  mastcn-, 
JMielps,  published  a  narrative;  the  Don  Quixote,  one 
of  whost^  passengers,  Farnham,  also  wrote  a  book;  the 
J()ren  (riiipuzeoana,  that  cari'ied  away  Graham  and 
Jiis  fellow-exiles;  the  Cutnlhid,  that  brought  back  the 
guard  sent  with  the  prisoners  to  San  Bias;  the  Dan- 


'■'.'•'  '^  '//■>/.  C(iL,  cliap.  xiii.,  vol.  iii,,  this  series. 

=S.  ..  ...III'!"',  Arch.,  MS.,  i.  KS.")-(;;  Jhpt.  SI.  f'ap.,  MS.,  v.  'JT-J^,  ."lO-l; 

//..  Ai,;i.,  .-ii.  ll!l--_'4;  Id.,  Jim.  J'r>j\  i/Jir.;/  ,  vi.  S'_'-J<. 

'■^''  A/fid/ii',  Alcr',  AiKirliiKi,  A'/'idir/ci,  lldil.al,  /!(iln''ii\Call/iiriiiri.  O.iHi'or- 
Ii'ki  (si'hr),  CdlatiiKi,  C/fini,  ColninUUt,  Dniitii'lr,  /)itii  Quixote,  Elrmi.  Fiif, 
JoC'iilc;  Iii(h'.i;  ihim jih  Pralmi/i/.  Jiirt ii  (iiiipiizratiii'i,  Jikui  Josr,  Lmixniiin', 
L(Oiiii(ii.i,  ^folll«lOll,  J/o/'.',''",  Xilcoldi,  yidilii.'i,  St  /,oni>t.  Union.  'J'otiil  of  rcv- 
eauu  iiceiii'diiiLC  ti)  itmns  as  ])uf  list,  )jitil,7-U.  Accdi'diiiu'  ta  iX'iHirt  in  l.iiil:in''s 
O;/;  ('f,-/v>7/.,'ii.  .'IT,  110;  Ilartiu'irs  stati'iueiit  in /V.'o,  Jhc,  .MS.,  i.  s:i;  /!n/- 
<'.'■<  U'liiit  I  Snir  in  Cat.,  44.">-() — l?72,:?().S;  nccDnliii;,'  t.)(.'iist(im-Ii<)iiso  rcidrds, 
fT-'.PiT-,  fxiK'iisosi  being  §!J,})1H.  Kxiiorts  to  Ilouulnlu  to  Auj,'.,  S17,<ll)(). 
Fl'tilif.<  !!('/,<,  i,  wlucli  was  taUon  from  a  report  furiiishod  liy  I'ii-rei'  ami 
llreuir  to  tlie  Polijni'fiiitn  Sept.  Ii2,  1840.  Douglas,  Journal,  ^iS.,  SS,  makes 
tlic  average  e.vports  of  liidea  uud  tallow  froui  Monterey  S'20,000. 


96 


COM^ilEPtCS,  FIXAXCE,  AND  MARITIME  AFFAIRS. 


a'ide  and  St  Louis,  men-of-war  wliicli  caiiio  to  investi- 
gate imaginary  outrages  upon  the  eitizens  of  France 
and  the  United  States;  and  the  Lausanne,  whicli 
brought  some  immigrants  from  Oregon,  and  had 
trouble  with  the  Cahfornian  authorities. 


At  the  end  of  1835  we  left  Jose  Maria  Ilerrera  in 
charge  of  the  sub-comisan'a,  and  Angel  Ramirez  of 
the  Monterey  custom-house.  The  former  was  exiled 
by  Alvarado's  revolution  of  November  1836;  but  the 
latter  held  his  place  for  more  than  a  month  after  the 
change  of  government,  being  suspended  with  all  his 
subordinates  by  Alvarado  cm  the  21st  of  December.''** 
In  place  of  these  a  reeaudador,  or  collector,  was  to  be 
appointed  with  one  clerk.  William  E.  Ilartnell  was 
appointed  reeaudador,  and  throughout  the  year  18.J7 
seems  to  have  been  the  only  official  of  either  treasurv 
or  custom-house  in  California;  thousfh  of  his  adminis- 
tration  nothing  is  known  bej'ond  the  fact  that  he  held 
the  position.*^  An  administrator  of  customs  ^vas  ap- 
pointed by  the  ]\Iexican  government,  but  never  came 
to  take  the  position. ^'^  Antonio  Maria  Oslo  was  urged 
this  vear,  according  to  his  own  statement,  to  take 
charge  of  the  custom-house,  the  governor  having  been 
struck  with  admiration  by  his  honest  administration, 
while  in  the  rebel  service,  of  a  forced  loan  from  San 

"* Docomlicr  21,  1830,  Alvarado  suspends  Ramirez.  Diytt.  St.  Pap.,  /i>ii. 
(?»,«/. -//.,  Ms.,  iv.  1,  This  was  autliDrixud  liy  tlio  decree  of  the  con.avss  ,if 
Deo.  4th.  C'aitro,  Dccrclos,  no.  W.  The  reeaudador  was  to  get  a  sahiry  (.f 
S<l,Oi)0,  and  liis  clerk  \<M7\.  .July  id,  furniture  in  the  custoni-housc  [laid  fur 
from  the  treasurj';  2  cases,  flagstaff,  flag,  scissors,  .slate,  candlestick,  siuill'ern, 
table,  seal,  boat,  slied  for  .same.    Ikpt.  tit.  P(ip.,  Be.ii.  CiiM.-ll.,  MS.,  iv.  [.'i.J.">|. 

■'"llartncU  v.-.-.s  appointed  Dec.  23,  ISIiO,  and  removed  Oct.  ">,  Ib.'JT.  His 
compensation  was  .')  per  cent  of  collections.  Vidhjo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxii.  .iS,  1 1.!; 
iv.  70;  J)('j't.  St.  Pap.,  IJi'ii.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxxi.  70.  Serrano,  Apuiitc.-',  'Sl^.,'.\6- 
42,  speaks  however  of  Jesus  Pico  as  having  lield  the  position  of  siil)-coiiiisario, 
being  entirely  incompetent,  as  was  iiis  successor,  Montenegro,  who,  hu  says, 
was  succeeded  Ijy  Santiago  Estrada. 

■'"Manuel  Cambrc  appointed  May  10,  LS37,  and  his  resignation  accepted 
June  7th.  J)<'pt.  St.  Pap.,  Pen.  (Just. -11. ,  MS.,  iv.  707-8.  This  was  under 
the  decree  of  Feb.  17th,  creating  for  the  Monterey  customdiouse  an  adminis- 
trador  at  $3,000;  contador,  $2,000;  1st  an<l  2d  ollicial,  .Sl,.';00  and  81,000; 
cscribientc,  .S,")00;  alcaide,  .^1,500;  comandantc,  §2,000;  4  celadorcs  at  J^SJO 
each;  patron  of  tlie  boat,  $400;  and  4  sailors,  at  §200  each.  Tottil,  §10,140 
per  yearl  Sup,  Govt  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xiii.  2. 


ADMIXISTRATIOX  OF  REVENUES. 


07 


I'crnniido.  The  lionest  man  of  AiiiTcclofij  <locHned  tlio 
lioiioi-  at  iirst,  hecause  his  private?  business  was  yicld- 
iii!^'  Iiiiu  an  income  of*  i:?4, 000  besides  liisvineyanb  In 
I  s.lS,  however,  Osio  accepted  the  i)ositioii,^'  and  served 
,1-^  luhiiinistradoi'  tliroiighoiit  the  period,  niueli  to  the 
salisllit  *.ion  of  all  concerned,  beinu;'  rey-arded  by  mer- 
chants and  masters  of  vessels  as  not  only  a  eompetent 
ntiicial,  but  a  coiirteou.'i  ufontleman.  The  onlv  suboi-- 
din.ite  was  Pablo  de  la  Giierra,  who  served  as  lii'st 
iitlicial  and  vista  from  1838.*-  ^[ean while  Alferez  Kii- 
'^••nio  Montenegro  was  appointed  sub-comisai'io  in 
.biiiuary  18o8,  and  served,  with  what  success  the 
iccords  do  not  show,  until  the  end  of  starch  IS;]!).*"' 
lie  was  succeeded  by  Jose  Abrego,  who  remained  in 
cjijiige  of  the  de|)ai'tn)ental  finances  foi'  six  years." 
At  San  I^rancisco,  where  W.  A.  ltichards(jn  seems 


,)  take 

been 

^•ation, 

San 

|r/»..  Ill  II. 

I'.'IVSS    of 

;:il;M-y  <.t' 
IsuiilVoin, 

Iv.  [I!:.,-.]. 
1.    iris 

.S,  IIJ; 

|is.,:{o- 

jiiiisario, 
lie  says, 

locoptcil 
Is  uiulcv 
(lininis- 
|61,<!00: 
Jilt  t'SJO 


^' '  >>/o.  //;.s/.  C  il. ,  M.S. ,  .^r»r)-6,  4n0-l .  Tlio  autlio-.-  .loclarcs  tint  lie  accepted 
niily  (III  coiiditi'iii  that  he  was  not  to  pay  any  attention  to  comnmnicalious 
liMiu  I  avon,  tlio  diivctor  <fener:il  tic  rentas,  who  was  very  ani,'ry  at  let'cix  ing 
niily  till'  leiiular  aet'ounts  at  tlie  end  of  each  year.  'I'iio  exact  date  of  (Xdo'a 
;i\<[t  liutiiieiit  doesiiotappear;  l)utonJan.  (Ith,  the  admin. — prcsunialily  Osio — 
i^  apiiiintcd  eontador  a.H  well,  witli  §J,00l)  salary.  Jh/if.  Jlc\,  -MS.,  x.  I. 
Oct.  1.'!,  I.s;{8,  O.sio  explains  his  method  of  .securing  the  services  of  guards  for 


dl 


it  tlic  slight  expense  of  >S;J  for  eacii  visit,  by  giving  tliein  also  all  tho 


iw  allowei 


1  to  sjizers  of  contrahand  coeds.   J>riif.  Sf.  J 


fr/H 


«/>. 


MS. 


IV.  •-'..7 


March  ;!0-l,  1,S;{!),  Osio  sworn  in  and  gives  bond  of  .«!t.()(H».  Jh/,/.  S/.  /'up., 
II', I.  Ciinf.-I/.,  MS.,  V.  .");  and  is  al.so  appointed  jirovisional  eoniandante  do 
.  iLiiliires.  J}i'jit.  Jicc,  M.S.,  X,  4.  Called  also  liabilitailo  provisional.  A.i/ilei/'s 
III..:.  MS.,  •_>,-,.-). 

lie  was  appointed  Jan.  3,  IS.'IS.     Di'/i/.  AVr.,  MS.,  x.  1.     Accepts  oirico 


ml  ;;ives  bond  of  !?_>,(»«)  .Tan.  o,  ]i^'M   Driit.  Sf.   / 


/./.,  JJi 


<f.-/f.. 


I.n, 


Hi 


III). 


lii 


MS. 


IS  salary  wa 


!  .?I,.">(K).     Lieut  Tcdro  N'arvaez 


lol 


cc  served  as  captain  of  the  port  at  Monterey  (not  a  revenue  olli- 
ls;!;)-.tO.  Viilijii,  J>oc.,  MS.,  iv. -jr.));  !)ii,f.!i>.  I'liiKjivn.  Ml.,  MS., 
I'afael  ( !onxalex  was  appointeil  conian  laiite  of  celadoivs  on  July  l.'l, 


Ixwi. 


'v;:)  (in  .Mexico 


At  the  same  time  a  eontador  and  olKcial  V  were  appi 


'1. 
i-'r  came  to  ('alifo:-nia.  Dipt.  St.  I'cj).,  Mont.,  MS.,  viii.  4.     Montc- 


■  >  was  couiandante  of  c  ladorcs  from  March  IS.'i!). 
••/>./''•  'V'.  /•"/).,  liiii.  Cinif.-//.,  .MS.,  V.  :]A:  Dcpf.  A', 


MS. 


X.  1-4. 


March  ;tO,  1S;{!),  gjv.  appoints  Abrego  comi.sario  (?)  ad  int.  J)fit.  St. 
/'■'/'..  lU'.i.  Com.  mill  'J'liris:,  MS.,  \v.  128.  He  is  usually  referred  to  in  ollicial 
'loi,:iuc:il;i  as  nnb-conii.virio;  and  is  sp  lUen  of  by  ('.aliforiiiaiis  as  treasurer, 
llfc.  I,  1S4(>,  gov.  to  mill,  of  int.,  rcconimcnding  Abrego  as  gefc  do  hacienda. 
I'ipl.  J'l':.  MS.,  xi.  7-'.     His  pay  at  lirst  was'J  pcrcentof  receipts.     In  1N40 


•1!) 


I  jicr  moil 


th,  and  had  2  clerks  at  ^liO  and  .*<1S.     His  Ixmd 


was 


^■l,(iiH>.     .July  i;{,  loJO,  a  decre(M)f  tho  president  lixed  the  salaries  at  Moa 
t.'ivy  ,•;•!  fuUows:  admir.istrador,  !;>_',."iO<);  eontador,  8-.<H)0;  -J  clerks  at  .S1,.")00 
aiil  .^.".i)i);  the  first  serving  as  vista:   alcaide  (storekeeper),  .S|,000;  eoinau- 
<\:u:v  of  c-.'ladoirs.   ■Sl,,S(K»';  4  ccladores   at  .S70();  skipper  of  launch,    §400; 
4sailur3at!:::2li0.    Vallijo,  Doi:  Ili4.  Mix.,  MS.,  ii.  12. 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  IV.    7 


m 


m:n: 


98 


COMMKllCE,  FIXAXv^-E,  AND  MAKITIMIO  AFFAIRS. 


to  liave  served  as  eMj)tain  of  the  port  tlirou/iliout  tlii ; 
lialf-decade/'  there;  was  no  custom-house  olticer  until 
18;V,).  Jacol)  P.  J^eese  was  tlien  reeonuneuded  In- 
Oslo  as  I'ecejitor;  hut  the  q-ov^ernor,  not  favoring  th.' 
apitolntiutid,  of  a  trader,  a[)pointe(l  Francisco  Guerrero 
as  provisional  a(hninistrator,  with  twenty-fivo  percent 
of  receipts  as  conij)ensation.''"  At  Santa  J:>iirl).iiM 
jjenito  Diaz  figures  as  receptor  in  1830-7;  and  JosJ- 
Antonio  de  la  Guerra  was  captain  of  the  port  in 
1830-40.^'  At  San  Diego  I^Iartin  S.  Cahello  served 
as  rece])tor,  except  for  a  time  in  1830  when  he  had 
trouhle  with  the  local  authorities  and  Andres  Pic.  i 
t!)ok  his  place,  until  1  838,  and  perhaj^s  later.  J)urin',,'' 
Carrillo's  ride  in  the  ^:outh  in  1837-8,  Juan  Jiandini 
seems  to  have  had  nominal  charge  of  the  so-called 
custom-house  at  this  port,  but  there  are  no  satisfao 
t«.ry  records  of  this  period.  It  does  not  ai)j)ear  tlint 
Don  ( Virlos  and  his  party  ever  succeeded  in  collecting 
duties  from  any  vessel.'*'^ 

The  financial  administration  of  California  in  183G-'^ 
has  left  no  record  of  methods  or  statistics  of  rcisuUs. 
We  know  sim])ly  that  during  the  sectional  struggles  th^' 
southern  missions  had  to  I'urnish  funds  to  supi>oi't  thi' 
cause  ( »f  the  aba jenos ;  while  the  arribenos  de[)ended  oii 
the  northern  missions,  had  frequent  o[)j)ortuiuties  {•> 
draw  upon  those  of  the  south  as  well,  and  had  besidi  s 
the  custom-house  receipts.  If  any  accounts  were  ke})t. 
they  have  long  since  disappeared.  Yv^ealthy  men  imi 
both  sides  made  some  sacrilices  of  property,  which,  a  ^ 
a  rule,  were  more  than  repaid  later,  in  one  way  or 
another,  from  the  mission  estates.     Meanwhile,  occ;i- 

■'•'■Ilis  rcL'oi'd  of  vessels,  /Hchanfson,  Safi'landf  hiiqn( .^,  MS.,  begins  in  ls;!7. 
Dec.  '1\,  18;>!),  Osio,  iu  writing  about  lii:s  f.iilaiy  if  StiO  pir  niontli,  sny-i  \\  ^ 
nnpoiiitnientliaclnotyct  bccuiipprovcil.  l)ept.  St.  J'iip.,Ijeit.Com.  and  'i'nu-.. 
MS.,  iv.  -Jo. 

'"7^7-^  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Chs/'.-//.,  MS.,  v.  2,  G;  Depf.  Rrc,  MS.,  x.  IG;  7>/ '. 
.9'.  Pup.,  Bill.,  MS.,  iii.  20;  Piiilo,  Dor.,  MS.,  i.  -2(54,207. 

'■JJij't.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  CiiH.-Jf.,  MS.,  iv.  1;  /./.,  Ben.  Mil.,  Ix.xxi.  $1; 
Ixxxviii.  .35;  /</.,  Hen.  Com.  and  Trean.,  iv.  25. 

^«.S'.  I))e<jo,  Arch.,  MS.,  5,41,95,  107,  US;  Dept.  St,  Pap.,  Ben.  Cmt.-Jl., 
MS.,  iv.  1-4. 


THE  REVi:XUES  IX  1830-40. 


00 


sional  coniinuii'u'ations  iirrivod  from  .Mexican  oili'-ials 
oil  liiiaiiciMl  topics,  which  rcccivnxl  not  tho  s1i:^'IitL'st 
attention  from  Califoruian  financiers,  and  niei-it  not 
even  a  mention  liere.^' 

In  18:39-40  a  great  improvement  is  ohservahle, 
soniethinjj^  of  order  and  system  hein^"  intro(hice<l  hy 
Ahrc'o  and  Osio  in  the  iinancial  niana^'cment  and 
kee[)ing  of  accounts,  wliile  tho  revenues,  as  we  hav;; 
soon,  were  larj^ely  increased,  amounting"  to  8108,000 
for  tho  two  years.  I  a|)[)end  in  a  note  sucli  statistical 
items  as  \viil  enable  tho  reader  to  form  an  idea  of 
what  was  done  with  this  revenue  of  .$''9,000  a  year, 
(>!•  s(),500  per  month.'''  As  before,  ofKcial  connnunica- 
tioiis  from  Mexico  received  very  little  attention,  ex- 
cept as  tho}^  could  occasionally  be  utilized  to  sustain 
a  ])osition  taken  in  some  Californian  quarrel. 

Instructions  from  th(i  national  o-overtnnent  re([uired 
that  the  revenues  should  be  equally  divided  between 
tiic  civil  and  military  departments.^^     It  was  charged 

^".Tnnc  4-;'),  1S,30,  Gov.  C'lieo  proposes  some  new  system  of  rcgulatiiii; 
rni^i^inii  accounts,  not  approvoil  hy  the  dip.  Le<j.  Hrr.,  MS.,  iii.  17-18. 
April  1,  ls:)7,  tho  Mexican  fjovt  authorizcil  a  loim  of  .s7t),000  on  the  piouH 
fiiml.  the  money  to  he  devoted  to  the  task  of  restorini^  the  national  authority 
ill  Cah  ArriihKjd,  Rn'op.,  l^Wi,  p.  "JiM-fi.  April  TJlh,  thepre^.  annoiinees  tht' 
J'.iiniatimi  of  a  scheme  to  pay  the  foreij^'n  doht  in  land.s  of  tho  nortli,  inclnd- 
ini;  (al.,  and  in  bonds  seeurod  hy  those  land.?,  of  which  1()().()IM),()(1()  acres 
Mere  to  he  liyjiothecated  for  this  purpose.  .S'»/>.  ilovf  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xiii.  ,^-4. 

^'I  omit  many  iteni.s  whieli  contribute  to  no  general  result.  May  l.">,  IS;$!I, 
gov.  to  Abrego.  SUi,(i.'52  to  bo  .set  aside  for  payment  of  auxiliary  militia  for 
.sirvicea  in  restoring  order.  D("i>f.  SK  Pup.,  ISm.  Cuni.  ami  Tird.^.,  M.S.,  iv. 
124.14.  July  •J7th,  "Abrego  to  Vallejo.  (iovt.  owes  . '?!'.), (•!)().  Accepts  V.'s 
oll'cr  of  aid  for  tlie  frontier  company.  I'!.,  lien.,  iii.  144-.").  Al)re'.ro's  ae- 
cnr.nta  .show  tliat  from  May  to  Oct.  IS.'^i!)  tiiere  was  paid  to  tlie  military  de- 
partment .'?-0,l)7'>,  and  to  the  civil  .S2(j,l(ir).  /(/.,  llin.  ('o)ii.  ami  Tnici.,  M.S., 
iii.  .'i.'p-O.  S|ccimcn  monthly  account  of  militai-y  expenses  in  IS,'!!):  (.'oii'.an- 
dante  general  and  otrice  expenses,  .So.")4;  presiilial  conipanie.s,  Monterey  .'^70,"), 
Sta  Uarhara  i?710,  S.  F.  .Sl,3tj7,  Sonoma  .^tJoO,  artillery  co.  i^'ui'r,  4  ollicers 
not  included  in  prccedin',',  $23.j;  surgeon,  .$00;  7  invalidos,  (i  of  them  otlicars, 
?j;i:t;  .*{  port  captains,  i?2;{9;  rrau  hies,  S-'O;  total,  S.".,l(ili.  I'a/A/o,  ])nr.,  :\1S., 
xiv.  i2.">l).  Estimate  of  annual  military  expenses  from  many  items  in  /(/.,  xxv., 
§(iO,!1(!l.  Julv  '2(ith,  Abrego's  estimate  of  monthly  exjieiises  for  tho  whole 
(tcpartmeut,  8^,000.  /(/.,  vii.  400.  General  expense  of  the  stall'  for  l.S.">!), 
!?7,;ili-\  /(/.,  xxv.  Paid  out  by  Abrego  in  Juno  1S40,  .$!),S01,  the  largest 
items  being:  placed  at  governor's  disposal,  §3,(170;  extraordinary  expenses, 
$1,111;  repaid  to  merchants,  $1,703;  to  militiiry  companies,  .'?2,4S7.  /«/.,  x':vi. 
!»7.  I'aymentsin  July:  military,  SI  1, 4.V2;  civil,  813,020.  Id.,U(\.  Vallcjo, 
Hist,  t'al.,  MS.,  iv.  143-4,  aflfu-ms  that  in  1840  David  Spenee  bought  state 
bonds  for  17  cents,  and  never  realized  anything  from  them. 

t-^Suj).  Govt  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xv.  3;  JJept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  130;  Id.,  Ben. 


100 


COMMiniCK,  FIXANCi:,  AND  MARITIME  AFFAIRS. 


i)y  ViilU'jo  tliat  ih\H  division,  roirardcd  in  itsolf  as  iin- 
I'uir  l»y  rt'ason  of  tlio  needs  and  Kcrvices  of  the  soldiers, 
was  not  lairly  carried  ont,  tho  civil  anthorities  receiv- 
inuf  their  full  pay,  wliile  the  niihtary  had  to  be  content 
with  wliat  was  liil't;  and  it  was  also  charjj^ed  by  all 
outsidt>  of  the  capital,  that  the  Monterey  clique  were 
devoting  the  revenues  too  exclusively  to  their  own 
henelit.  Tiiis  distrii)ution  of  tho  funds  was  a  leadin^^ 
tjlcnient  in  the  quarrel  between  Alvaradoand  Vallejo; 
and  the  controvei'sy  between  tho  latter  and  Abreu'o 
was  hardly  less  bitter,  the  coniisario  seekini^  cvciry 
opportunity  to  annoy  tho  general.'*'  It  is  probal)lo 
that  Alvarado,  Castro,  Jiineno,  Abrego,  Osio,  and 
their  friends  at  Monterey  used  their  power  to  some 
extent  for  their  own  interests;  but  it  is  known  that 
V'allejo  was  influenced  largely  by  wounded  pride,  and 
such  records  as  are  extant  afford  but  scant  support  to 
his  extravagant  charges  of  a  fraudulent  distribution 
of  the  public  moneys.'^ 

I  append  an  alphabetical  list  of  scvonty-six  vessels 
which  visited  Californian  ports  from  183G  to  1840,"* 

(Join,  find  Treas.,  iv.  2".  March  14,  1830,  Vallejo  askcil  that  Castillcro  ho 
rucognizL'd  in  Mex.  as  lialnlitado  goiicral  for  tho  C.il.  comiiauins;  thu  reply 
was  that  ( 'astillero  might  serve  as  attornuy  for  persons  in  C'al.     Savm/e,  Doc., 

MS.,  iv.  ;n;j. 

''-'See  Hist,  Cal.,  chap,  xx.,  vol.  iii.,  this  series.  Also  Vcdhjo,  Doc.,  MS., 
vii.  407,  417;  Drpt.  St.  Pap.,  Bn).,  MS.,  iii.  141-0.  Aug.  5;  1841),  Ahrc'.'o 
nrges  the  ajipointnicnt  of  an  hahilitado  to  receive  from  him  all  military  fiiinls 
for  distribution.  Id.,  iii.  l."):{.  Get.  '28,  ISol),  .Mexican  order  forbidding  the 
general  to  interfere  in  the  management  of  public  fumls.  Supt.  Govt  SK  Pap., 
.MS.,  XV.  12.  May  10,  18.'J0,  Alvar.ido  to  Vallejo.  The  revenue  of  this  year 
will  be  sullicient  to  pay  all  expenses  and  leave  a  surplus.  Vidlcjo,  Doc,  ilS., 
vii.  .32. 

"'May  to  Aug.  18.39,  a  series  of  orders  requiring  tho  collection  of  tithes, 
the  proceeds  to  be  devoted  to  the  establishment  of  a  mail  route  from  L.  Cal. 
NTo  results  reported.  Vallejo,  Dor.,  MS.,  vii.  17,  32,  390;  xxxii.  207;  y/"//'"-' 
Mls.non  Book,  i.  3.35;  Dcpi.  Si.  Pap.,  MS.,  v.  48;  /(/.,  Anndcs,  v.  Cm;  xi.  10; 
Montfreij,  Arch.,  MS.,  xvi.  23.  There  is  nothing  of  a  general  nature  extant  fur 
this  period  respecting  municipal  funds. 

*»  List  of  vessels  1830-40: 

A<fuirrc,  named  as  a  ship  at  Mont.  1836;  but  probably  a  vessel  belonging 
to  Aguirre. 

Alciope,  Amer.  ship;  Curtis  Clap,  master;  on  the  coast  April  to  Oct.  1840; 
duties,  $0,870.  At  Honolulu  in  Nov.;  passengers,  Capt.  lilinn,  Rev.  Parker, 
Mr  and  Aliss  Warren.     Sailed  for  Boston  in  Dec. ;  Capt.  J.  O.  Carter,  pass. 

Alert,  Amer.  ship,  393  or  300  tons;  Thompson,  master.     Sailed  for  Bostou 


M 
1 


VK>S1:LS  of  1830-40. 


101 


fiL;lit  nf  flic  nuiiilici-  I'L'stiiij^  <m  (louljtl'iil  records. 
(;i'  the  roiii;iiiiiii;4'  sixtv-ei^lit,  twenty-wix.  wci'c  under 
the  lia"-  ot'tlie  United  States,  seventeen  bore  Jlii^HsIi 


^f  tithes, 
L.  C;il. 

I;  xi.  10; 

ftaiit  for 


blonging 

pt.)S40; 
(Parker, 
1  pass. 

t  Boston 


May  S  IS.".('>,v.itli  •10,000 hides  ;ui<l  .10,000  Iiorns.  IJotiinioil  in  .spriiii,'  (if  IS;iS 
(n.  pc'iliMi'S  hilt' in  ls;i7i;  I'l'iihiilliiw,  iiiastcr;  Jliiti.'ii,  iiialf.  Sailcil  fnnii  S,ai 
iJii  .;..  lor  liu.-lDii  .luia' l^(i,  ls:!!(.  Caiii"  liark  in  June  IMO;  W'ni  I  >.  I'luliis, 
Iiii.'U'i';  iliitic-",  .'irl'>,(>.S.").  Alfred  Uohinson  i.i  named  an  .'Uijierearj,'!!,  and  may 
li.ive  ivtmued  lo  I'ul.  on  thii  ve.^Hel.  (Jajit.  I'helji-i  in  his  I'lui'  (tml  J// da- 
bi.ri!i>  s  (he  voyage  ai  having;  lasted  .'!  yr:<,  .'!  nios,  ami  l;{  dny.s. 

All/, /iiiti,  J"r.  whaler  of  ISKI,  as  ni(  n'Jon' d  liy  Oiio:  \.  .lena,  master. 

Aiiijiilii,  Amer.  tshii);  coasi\,'nutl  tu  .Sjienee  and  Malarin.     In  Sjienet^'s  list 

of  I  'lli. 

,'.i;'iiiii-ii',  Yv.  man-of-Mar;  ('a])t.  ('.  1'.  T.  La|iluoe,  eitni.;  from  liodc'ia  to 
Moiil.  .All;,'. -Sept.   Ibli'J.     Si'e  eliaii.  iv.  of  tliis  vol.   for  Laplacc'ti  visit  and 

1k,o:.. 

Ai/itiiicho,  Kn'^\.  hri;,';  ^Vilson,  master;  up  and  down  tlie  eoast  as  usual 
ill  im;(j-7,  from  (.'.dlao. 

A.i/d'iicliu,  I'.u'A.  sehr,  !)7  or  (17  tons.  Formerly  the />■''//(/.  lloiight  in 
Jsiy 'rViS  for  !j-','i)UO  at  Calhui  liy  .las  .M.Kinley.  In  I'al/ijo,  JJni:,''yi:x, 
;;.'.:.ii.  i;i(J— II,  are  all  the  doc.  of  sale  and  tiiaiiu'e  fiom  Jlex.  to  Kn.;!.  Ilai(.  In 
Cd.  Sept. -Oct. ;  (leo.  F.  (,'oinfort,  ma.ster;  .Melviiiley  on  hoard;  ^hiO  duties. 
Dael;  ni'aiii  froin  (-'aljao  .Inly  ISI!!);  Jioljert  ]>are,  master.  Landed  a  pas;ien- 
};i  :•,  w  ho  was  allow iil  to  take  only  one  .suit  of  elotlie  i  of  his  luu^'a're.  Car;.;o, 
t-',."»<li;  duties,  !;?•_', ."OS.  AViiitercd  on  the  coast,  or  came  hack  in  .March  1S40; 
amies.  -SJIt. 

Jju'iL'iI,  Itiiss.  hiii;,  ISO  tons;  Ste])hen  Voiiks,  master;  at  S.  Fnincisco 
.Ian.  l.".'J7.  Also  .Ian.  IS.'Sl);  l)emetrius,  master;  took  .':^J,!I77  in  proiliiec. 
Als  i]'el>.-.M;.r.  (andperliai)s  l)i'  •.)  IS41I;  Jiosistof  .Masliim,  master;  eAehaiigcJ. 


ttl 

I'lu'irnf 


umlic 


r  frtJiii  Sitka  for  wheat;  toiiiuiure,  !?.'(). 


Amer.  hi  ig.  VS.),  'IVl,  or  '-"J4  tons;  ( Jorham  H.  Xye,  master;  A.  B. 
'ihiim[i'on,  sill).;  ""'•   '"  -M"''l  l^.'Ui  from   lloiiijluhi,  with   cargo  of  .";.U.7'S1. 

' ^ d  .lolin  ( '.  .loiies  to 


it  trouhles  with  authorities,     l^iities,  ;?4,7i)(>.     (_' 
t!ie  Islands  ill  Oct.    Back  March-Oct.  I8;i7;  Back  again  .Tan. -Oct.  hSIiS;  ,su8- 
]  eited  (f  ;;iiniggliiig  liy  aid  of  a  sehr  in    Drake  Bay.     I'erhaps  wintered,  or 

Oct.  l.S4(t,  sh(^  paid  iluties.Sll,.")^].    She 


ivliiriRil  HI  .Jan, 


V.  as  ownei 


is;ji».    Ai 


Mi 


I  liy  Amer.  at  Honolulu,  and  valued  at  !?7,O0O. 


FiiLd. 
s  Fu-I. 


ill  aL'.tumn  ot 


■i.>/  a 


iler;  at  Mont.  Oct.  I.s;i(). 

ir,  71  tons;  \Ym  IJrotchie,  lunstcr;  from  Columbia  River 
nd  KS.'iS;  at  Bodeuaaiid  Sail  Franei  eo. 


i  ■.ii; 


in,.\\ 


iiior.  shiii,  ol7or  ■2(;7  tons;  Jas  Arther, 


ister;  Thos  15.  I'ark 


sup. 


rr.  from  I>ostoii  March 4,  IS.'K);  ci 


,!?1!I,SSI;  .lutics,  !?IS.1I7.     Sailed 


fer  Jlosion  Oct.  N,  KS.'!7,  carrying  Alfreil  Bohiiisoii  and  w  ife,  and  Mrs  Win  S 


lii:iekley.     Came  hack  in  Jan.   ls;!t);  stil 
J;;:i,Ollft;"  duties,  !?2.'i, I'JO.     Sailed  for  hi 


Ulll 


ler  Arther  and  I'ark;  e; 


lome  lace  in 


IS  10. 


('iil//i»-,iia.  Mex.  schr,  S3  tons;  formerly  the  Clarion  and  Kniiiit.  Brought 
fidiii  Ihjiioliilu  hy  lleiiiy  I'aty,  who,, rune  'JO,  IS37,  sold  her  to(!ov.  Alvarado 
f'lr  .^'.1,000,  o'l,-)!'!  Iieiiig  the  duties  on  her  I'argci.  and  thehalaiioo  in  hides  and 
talluvr  i;i  ij  months;  I'aty  to  coniniand  for  the  "J  mo.  (Contract  in  Val/ijn,  Jj  ir., 
MS.,  ;  :\ii.  00,  See  also  chap,  xviii.,  vol,  iii.,  tliis  work.)  Beehristened 
tlie  C'///o;-»('a  and  sailed  Aug.  "Joth  for  S.   Bias  on  govt  business;  Thos  M. 


ma.ster.     Beturiied  Xov.  1."),  IS.'iS  with  Castillc 


d 


ero  ami  news  o 


f  Al- 


IMihii^ 

v:nail.i's  eoiiiirination.    (Sec  chap,  xix.,  vol.  iii.,  this  work).     Used  as  ii  juison 

(-1:1,1  in  .Ian.  iS.'iD.     (Chap,  xx.,  vol.  iii.)     Bobinson  and  Itced,  mates.     Cajit. 


i:,ii,h 

la 


liis  mai 


le  eh, 


irges  of  mutiny  against  '2d  mate  and  "2  sailors  during  tho 


oyage.  (ValUj';  Due,  MS.,  vi.  .'548,  .'].V2-:];  vii.  'Jt;  xxxii.  l!Hi.)  In 
Apiil  S  or  0  neophytes  put  on  lioard  to  learn  t<j  bo  sailors.  (A/.,  vi.  .'i(!0-1, 
4.J1.J    Expensed  of  the  vessel  to  April  30,  1830,  besides  the  original  coat, 


10-: 


CUMMKUCK,  I'lXAN'CE,  AND  MAIUTIMK  AFIWinS. 


colois,   nine    Mcxii-aii,  six   tlic    fl;ii»;    of  soiiie  South 
Aiuericaii  iiatidii,  lour  Freiicli,  lour  Kussiaii,  and  two 


$!S,0<)0.      Fii  M;iy  cliiiitcrcil  to  f 't'li.s  for  ii  tiii)  of  5  inoiitlis  to  A<';i])iilco  miil 
.Miiii/iinillo,  liiiviiij;  |)t'rliii|px  iiiimIc  a  iirt'vioiiM  trip  to  tliu  JslainU.     (/>'//^  .SV. 


(li,i 


■I  Si.  i 


'„/,. 


'I  T, 
-MS. 


MS. 

H;  S/.  /' 


Hi,  i!i,  ;;•»  4;!;  j>>i>t.  I, 


.MS.,  X.  s'  .s 


.1/;>w..  .MS.,  i\.  ,■>!).)     Lifts.  FranciaLM) 


April  l.Mli,  aiiil  S.  l)ii'!j;o  .Juno  Stli,  witii  tallow;  .loliu  Jl,  ]{.  ( '00 per,  iiir.Htci'; 
Anilrus  I'astilk'i'o,  pa.ssi'iiLjiT.     Siic  lutiiriicil  in  Scjit.,  ami  rriiiiiiiicil  on  tin' 


M.-^ 


ist;  tlioii;.'li  an  cliort  wan  iiiado  to  sciiil  her  to  tlio  Islands.     VnUijii,  lu, 


iS.,  VIM.  Is;t.  Slic  li'ft  S.  Tran.  in  .Ian.  INK),  (,'oopt'r  hail  onU'r.s  to  ^'o  to 
S.  |)ii'i,'o  for  a  can^i  of  liidus  for  Itonoluln,  ilcvotinLf  the  ))r(K'i'<'il>i  to  rcpaii.s; 
or  lir  niijilit  (xchan^fc  tlu!  \  c.i.srl  foranotlii'r,  iKiyin^' J^o.dtM).  IJst  of  oliiccr.s 
aail  crew  in  l'<il/(/<i,  J>(ir.,  M.S.,  x.vxiii.  S7.  S!ic  .saili'il  from  S.  l>i('j,'o  Manh 
Kith,  Mitli  lltinyl>.  Fitfli  as  snporcari.'o.  CiM.jicr  ccrtidi's  that  vc's.stl  and 
(•ar;.'o  liiloni,'  to  the  .Mcx.  f,'ovt.  S.  Wiiijn,  Arr/i.,  .MS.,  5.  At  llonolnhi 
April  .Inne  nnder/^oint;  ii'iiaii.s,  whioh  cost  S"J,"J'_*'J.  ]'iifl(Jn,  /hic.,  .MS.,  xxxiii. 
TiS,  T-,  "(i.  Left  llonolnhi  .luni'  lOth — I'liliiiiisinii,  .Innu  I'Oth  -and  arr.  at  S. 
Francisi'o,  havinj,' heard  of  tronldes  at  Mont,  on  .(nlyJd.  /'iiiln,  /inr,,  MS., 
i.  "217  S.  l)rou;,'ht  .Mr  .\ndri'\vs  is  passeiivrer,  and  ]iaid  .S'-M'.l  duties.  Th') 
eari;o  included  doors,  windows,  honey,  and  a  foui-wheeled  cMiriaL'e.  \\'ent  to 
.Mont.  .Inly  ITlh-'Jdth;  .'ukI  in  An;.'"  to  Sta  I'.,  and  hack.  Dec'  KUh,  .sailed 
for  Aeapulco  under.'i  contract  with  Larkin.  \\  ho  ^^ent  with  his  car^'o.  VuHijn, 
hoc,  M.S.,  xxxiii.  l.'»!t-(l(l.  1  have  ('apt.  Cooper's  oiiu'inal  /.ai/ <if'  tlir  Cali/'nr- 
iiiii,  M.S.,  which  ^'ives  full  details  ahout  the  sehooner'.s  niovenieiits,  with  many 
items  aliout  other  \('sscls. 

Vii/dliiiit,  .Mex.  hrig,  nil  tons;  Snook,  master.  On  tlie  coast  from  (.'allao 
evo'v  year,  l>SI)l)-4().  In  IS.'IT  her  ear^'o  was  .seized  on  account  of  tripuitles 
with  l'"red.  Jjccher,  the  sniii'i'e;ir;,'o.  (See  t'lia]).  xvii.,  vol.  iii.)  In  l^i.'tS  hrou^ht 
favoiahle  news  for  Alvar.ulo.  jn  ls;!!(  took  .Si."), 0(1!)  of  produce  from  S.  Fran. 
In  1840  she  w.is  niuler  Christian  Hansen  as  mastei',  brinL^in^'Covarriihias  and 
the  j;uard  of  the  ( irahani  exiles.  (Sec  cliaj).  i.,  this  vol.)  Some  ooutrai)and 
arni.s  on  hoard  were  sei/.eil. 

Ccrmiitv.-<,  I'eruv.  scin-,  1X7  or  '20()  tons;  Malarin,  master;  air,  from  Callao 
Aug.  liSoO;  earu'd,  .S,S,7!l!t;  dntii's,  .S7,!(S4;  a]iparently  the  /,c'oy(((/((,s  under  au- 
utlur  name,  hut  possihly  iKjt;  also  called  CrrranU-i  in  1.S40. 

('ill/  of  (,'( i/ini,  brig;  at  Mont.  ]Jec.  lSo7  from  Valparaiso;  .so  reported  at 
Honolulu. 

t'liiiii.  ovClnr'ild,  Mex.  bark,  210  tons;  Chas  Woltor,  master;  Josi5Arnaz, 
snp.;  Virmon<l.  owner;  from  Aeapulco  1,S40.  Ainaz  .say.s  her  invoii'e  was  .SjO,- 
000,  the  ^'uods  selling  for  .S(14,000.  Aceordin;.;  to  Spciice  and  JJavis  slio  came 
also  in  KS.'JS,  with  Cells  as  su2)ereargo. 

t'lftrioii,  see  ('ulifui-iiin. 

Clement  till',  Kngl.  1  'ig,  03,  7fi,  or  1(10  tons.  ('J  ho  records  are  inoxtricahly 
confused,  and  tlu'ro  1  ly  have  been  'J  vessels  of  this  name,  a  schooner  of 
bS,'](i-7,  and  a  brig  of  .'>0.)  Wm  (or  Jas)  llandley  (or  Ilanly),  master.  At 
Mont.  ^Lirch  JS.'Ki,  w  cargo  of  ft!l,r)(J,'{,  duties,  !i<l,").")3,  to  X.  Spear.  Carried 
;  back  in  Oct.  afliicted  with  sicki.ess,  desertion,  and 
1  awayCJov.  (Jutierrez  and  other  exiles;  bntretuiiu  il 
f  Alvarado's  army  south.  Wintered  on  the  coa;!, 
d  IT.  liacliclot  and  Short  to  Honolulu,  where  the 
lawaiian  govt.  In  July  IS.St)  the  ('/eiiiruline,  ]icr- 
liaps  another  vessel,  arr  from  Honolulu  via  Sitka,  under  John  Winn  (or  as 
sonic  records  have  it,  sC.l  under  Handlcy).  ])uties,  >?;>,'201,  or  .Sl(i-_'.  A  guard 
was  i)ut  on  board  at  8.  Fran.  J.  A.  Sutter,  A.  'J'hompson,  '2  ( lennans,  and  IJ 
Hawaiians  were  passengers,     ^lore  of  Sutter  and  his  company  clsewliere. 

Coffin,  Anier,  whaler;  at  Mont.  Oct.  1837. 

Coliiiiibinii,  Engl,  ship;  at  S.  Fran.  June  1S3S;  probably  tho  Xnrhf,  q.  v. 

Colambki,  1-ngl.  bark,  350  tons;  Humphries,  master;  Wood,  sup. ;  at  Mont. 


( lov.  Chieo  away  in  J 
robbery.    In  Nov.  can 
in  Dec.  and  carried  jiar 
and  in  March  1S37  car 
vessel  was  seized  by  tin 


VliSSELS  OF  1830-40. 


103 


ITuwaiiiin.  Tlicn-  wore  sovoiil  dian-jii's  in  natldiial 
(mIois  with  owia-isliip  diiriii^'  tin-  pciiod.  Many  nl 
llic   vi.'>s.M'is  caiiiL'   rrjicatt'dly  to   tlu;  coast  diiiiii!;'  tlic 

.liiii.  I'SlK  fiiiiii('iiluiiil>i;i  l;ivi  r;  iliiticH,  .SJ,",'!!!;  i\{  lloiioliilii  .Iiiiiu  .liil\  ;  li,ii:k 
lit  .\i..iit.  mill  S.  rraii.  in  Au;,'.;  lar^n,  ?,<l,M»t;  diitii:.;,  ?'!,  1-1. 

I  'niiiiiiiii/i'i''  /'iiil'jiri,  Aiiit:!'.  uliiilfi';   llou  liiiiil,  iii.i.stci';  mtccUuiI  at  .Mmit. 
,Nii\.  1!>,  l.s.'IT;  vi'."»t  1  Iti^t;  eiir^'ii  H.ilil  at  iiiu'liiiii 


'  'iiin'oi/, 


Aiiicr.  liiiL',  I:i7  t  >n- 


i; 


tt,  mil  t(  r.  Sinii^'^iliiiL,'  in  .Ian.  Is: 


lui'i.idiiiL,'  to  haiia.      ill  Maivli  .sailiil  with  tur.s  tnr  Oaliii.     ISaik  a,;,'aiii  in  Ai 
iiiiii  Oft.  -1,  via  N.    \v.  coa.>t  U)  lloiiululii,   wliii  li  jiint  nIk;  lilt  a;. 


am 


o. :.  liTtii  f"i'  N.  w.  I'oast. 


ttir^tur,  Aiiur.   Itiig,  III!,    I'JS,  (,r   l.'t?  tctiis;  IfinckUy,  iiiasltr;  at  Mmit. 
A';'.    l;i;>'.l  I'll. Ill  Caihio;  farj,'i),  ,'?I0,17S;  iintii^<,  .';^!^•-'ll■-^  of  wliirii  .>:^»,7:;(i  in 


u!\(i':  a 


t  Sta  I!,  ill  Oct.     HiiicklLy  fictii«'(l  of  sn 


ill''  hy  a  transfer  of  lar- 


,  nil' 


il  arrcstiil  at  .S.  Kiaii.;  ImtiiilS-l'    .u'casi^  had  not  Ijcoii  sctlk'il.   Drid, 


/',!,>.,  liiii.,  .MS..  V.  :{(l,S  41;  Ihiif.  /i'>r.,  .MS.,  X.  ;ti. 
I 'rii-'ddi  ■',  Cnliinihiaii  iaii,';  from  Callao  in  Oit.  IM 


jidiut'it,  r 


vvlUr,  .Iph.  'if  Uosaiiiul,  foni.;  at  .Mont.  .Iiiiip-.Iiily  \XAO, 


ill  ciiiiutction  with  tliu  Urahaiu  ailair  (sue  chap.  i.  of  this  vol.);  at  lioiioliili 
,luiy  -JDlh. 

'l)inii.l(yi'iiiiii('ll,  Columliiaii  hrii:;  100  tons;  Andivs  Mnnilhi,  master;  at 
.Mont.  \ov.  is;;;);  laruo,  .'^t.ii.'id;  duties.  .S44i)7. 

Jli Imir'i.  Ivuador  luiir,  l'_'(>  tons;  \'io;^et,  master;  Mii'iiel  f'ldron 


on  tliu  eoiist 


ill  I; 


S-i).     It  i.s  said  (hat  in   ls;;7  Ikt  duties,  .■<(»,(;().», 


.ed  hv  Salv.    Valiejo  and  .Mouteli 


eu'i'o,  w 


lo  iiioli  L;oods  ;  ikI  gave  ri'eei[it.s, 


ilal'in,'  it  was  no  tin'i'  for  'rod  taju'  and  iion.seiise  '  when  tlie  soldieis  were 


y>,- 


liri',',,  lltO  tons;  liarker.  master.     Wintored   is;!.")-(l,  and 


•d  for  Ilonolidu  in  Oet.   SoM  and  .s.aiied  for  ( 'olunihia,  i;i\ 


wlieru  ■■^he  \ 


I' 


N 


line  ehan^ci 


,  to  A' 


ii((lii;  ^^'nl  S.  lliiiekle\'.  masti 


■'ta  n;ii'li.ii'a  in 


Oet.- Nov.  a.s  a  Hawaiian    hark.      A\  interetl 


oil    tlic    eoa;; 


.\;.;ioaiul  near  Sti  Jl.  in  Aj 


rii  |s;)S. 


Jlini<.ii:iiuli\  AUK'V.  hark, 'Jj;!  or  "JOO  tons;  .John  Mci'k,  master;  from  <  );i 


|s;i(i;  earu'o,  !?;i,:MO;  duties,  .5i,-ll.'>.    At  Mont,  in  X 


OV.,  will 


■11  Win  S.  Iliiuk 


li  y.    her   eonsiLrneu   ami  supereargo,   reiiderid   ini[)orlant  aid   to   Al\ 


Cairiud  lior.scs  and  hides  to  the  Isl.  in  I  leo. ;  alsollin 


cklevaml  o 


ikI 


Smith. 


In  ls:{S  she  came 


ap 


\V: 


under  the  nami;  of  J'li/iiutid/i;  .lolin  I'aty, 


or;  llli  .'Mmlhwoith  and   Win  II.    I'avis,   passeii^eis.     In  Nov.   liack  at 


li.Miio!;iiu  with  Soiithwortli,  11.  I'atv,  aii<l  -M 


I.  A.   .M.  H.   P 


lia.sseiiuer.s;  am 


\pi.  l."?!'.)  she  wa.s  attain  in 


.sailed  for  lioston  in  ,laii.  ls;{!),  witli  Atiierton  as  ]i;'.ss.     h 


Cal.;  Fi 


raiici.s  .lohnsoii,  sup.;  d.itie. 


ill!).     V 


ci';!,  ( 'liaiijhcrli.in,  I'ohi),  Fiiriihain,  and  4  otiii'i's.     I'V.rnliani  and  J.  F.  15 
.M.  (k'scrihcd  the  voyage  in  print.     'I'ouehed  at  Mont,  (where ;du'  wa.siiot  ]i 


luitleil  to  anchor,  or  any  hut  r'aniliain  to  land,  until  t! 


iiii'iir.ronini 


had 


sailed  with  the  exiles),  Sta 


d  Mazutlan.   In  .luly  hack  at  Mont. ;  diitie: 


i^l,7-.'>.     In  Oct.  carried  U  (Jal.  hoy.s  to  attend  .school  at  Honolulu — i'avid 
Sj  eiice,  I'laiicis  Watson,  and  liuiiiualdo  I'aclieco. 

j)::ljiliiii,  see  Li'tiiihl(i.<. 

J:!,;.(i,  Kiis.i.  briLT,  ;{()!)  tons;  Stephen  Vallivode(?),  master;  took  .?ll,0n0of 

'e;  from 


w;iu  !i 


nee  from  S.  Fran.  Sept.  ls;iU;  and  in  Dee.  ISIO  paid  f<:]M  U. 


was  deducted  i:'',)i)  ilK'L'allv  eolieeted  from  tiie  /luil,- 1/ 


Eiirovii,    Ainer.  ship;   \\ \\\  Winkworth,  master;    Win    French,  .suji. :    at 


-Mint.  (Jet.  Is;!!!,  from  Honolulu  \ia  Xorfoik  Sd. ;  iiiiieh  d 


iime'i'd  \i\  r(]U-.ii 


■r.     Mr  l'"r('iic!i  helped  .Mvara(h)in  Nov.,  and  .'ailed  froni  Sia  1!.  in  .1; 
;'ryi:i;,'.Ias  .Murphy  and  .las  W.  Mcintosh  to  the  I.- lam 


'.'/"/,  1-: 


schr,  Ul  tons;  Kobtll.  Dare,  master;  uatumn  of  1S.18: 


I'i.bbcriijijVjbdt,  V.Vifi^l.  liciii-;  llodgers,  master;  iiiiule  a  trip  from  Honolulu  to 


104 


coMMLiici:,  riXAXcr:,  and  .maiutime  affairs. 


five  years;  t'i^litceii  .•ij»[)Ocir  in  the  list(»f'  the  prececliiii:^ 
lialf-dLcade.  Vv'lialeis  were  nine;  national  vessels  of 
v.ar  or  exoloration,  seven;   and  the  remaining  fortj- 


(':'.l.  ami  lituk,  Miiy-Sept. ,  IjS'^;  ami  a;;aiu  rotunieil  from  Cal.  in  May  ISDO; 
Hart.  iiKis'cr. 

/'  '.  1/g.  :  rlir;  Wilson,  master;  fr.nii  Callao  via  Ilo'ioluhi,  Au'.^.  1S40; 
duties,  .Sl!>;i.  Cajit.  Stokes  . -.nil  •_'  iiuisturs  Wi'tjou  as  ])asHoiif;c'rs.  She  scoiiis 
to  have  ch:Lii';cil  her  flag  -/^cy//.  S/.  Pap.,  !MS.,  v.  (J4 — anil  was  at  Sta  i>. 
und  !•  Stokes  i:i  Oct. 

F, )•(•<):  r.  l'".n;.;.  hri;;;  Kniloil  from  Ilcjnoluluiu  Aug.  ISJO,  for  Col.  River  and 
Cal.     >io  record  of  arriv;il. 

fi'i-iiiiii,  Amer.  l)rig:  J^ittle,  master:  trip  from  Honolulu  to  Cal.  and  hack, 
Aug.  -Nov.  I.S.'IT.     Jolni  C.  .loiies  and  J{.  ( 'owie  canu'  on  her. 

J/arv'sf,  Anier.  ship,  ;i07  tons;  probably  wlialer;  A.  Cash,  master;  at  8. 
I'lan.  Nov.  l!-.;J7. 

//e'er,  Amer.  wh.aler;  Xorton,  master;  at  ^lont.  Oct.  ISIid. 

lii'lcr,  Ku';.  bark.  •2(11  tons;  .John  Wil.son,  r.i::sur:  (Jet. -Dee.  IS."?.;  tou- 
n.ngo,  yiJTI;  Aug.  is;ii);  June-Dee.,  IMJ,  from  Ciilla  i;  Seott,  master;  diuicj, 
f  TJ  7(i. 

IniVidii,  Kng.  whaler;  Fi'cemau,  ma:*ter;  0,;t.  l.'-'.''7. 

/<  I't,  Hawaiian  selii';  I'aty,  master;  tri[)from  Honolulu  to  Cal.  and  bae!;, 
Dee.-April,  1.S37-S.      Wrecked  in  May. 

loiir,  Amei'.  .';ehr,  !).')  tons;  Clark,  master;  sailed  from  Honolulu  Sej^it. 
ISIiti  for  Cal.     Xo  reeord  of  arrival. 

/.■■Y(/'y(7/f^  selir  formerly  of  Sandw.  Isl.  Sold  at  S.  Fran.  1S.'?0.  I'lviug  o;i 
tlie  bay  u:itil  ISIJ!),  and  perhaps  later;  N.  Spear,  owner.  Shecarrie  1  Suttcr'-i 
party  up  tiu^  Saeramento. 

,/"."!'■;>//,  I'r.  whaler;   IS.Sit.     Lost  14  deserters. 

Jutirjili  I'cilioi/i/,  Amer.  brig,  "JJOtons;  .Tolin  Dominis,  master;  fro'u  X'.  Y. 
to  Hon.  in  .\pv.  IMSSI.  Touched  at  Sta  15.  in  Oct.  on  voy.  from  Sitka  l.j  Ma^ 
ailan  v.ilh  hunb'. r.  lieiured  to  pay  tonnage.  At  Sta  15.  again  Oct.  l.S4i); 
eaptaln  ill.     At  Honolulu  in  Xov. 

,/iirr:i  (I'l'l/iirj-o'iii:',  Mex.  lirig,  "210  tons;  nrr.  from  Boston  in  Feb.  1S4;)  as 


the  A'l 


';/"' 


iiv/r, 


teveui.  master;  .Jo:.  Steele,  owner.     Sold  in  .M:i 


,tK).),  to.l.  A.  .\<. 


S:.h: 


l)n 


]•);)-;{.     John   Snook    bet: 


UKistei'.     In  M;iv  e;irri.'d   tiie  Craiiam  exiles  to  S.  Bias,  returning  in  Sept. 


Mime  ot  lier  (.ri'nn:;!  crew  were  ;nuon''  tlie  exile 


ile 


Coliii;dii:in  lirii',  "217  tons;  Thoa  Duncan,  mastci';  Cot  iind  M 


lijude/.,  ownei's; 


•"r;iu.,  824;!. 

'(rl/ll(llliu'll. 


e  lr,ircn;i,  sui 


in  Autr,  1S40;  e:i 


irr.  from  C;dl:io.  Oct.  ls:i;);  cargo,  .S8.;;4:' 


y'JjOOj;  duties,  S;),!).')2;  tuuna  ,e  at 


/i 


J)! 


•lit. 


b; 


204  tons;  John  Stiekney,  master;  left  Sta  B.  in  Dec 


l.S.'Ki  tor  Honoluli;,  c;irryinu' slight  reports  of  the  rev(;lution.     Ciime  Imck  i:i 


]M:iv,  1.s:J7 


n  in  Oct.  uudei'  Steel,  to  winter.     Left  S.  Di' 


for  B 


^ter;  at  Bodc.'a  ami  S.  Fran   July 


ton  in  Oct.  IS.'i.S.     (apt.  'riling,  ]i;issei 

Linis.unir,  Amer.  siiip;  .'■'iialdiiig, 
L'UO.  She  hinded  so;i>o  imini;;rant;j  from  Oregon,  and  h:id  trouble  wit'.i  the 
aiitlioritiea.  At  Honolulu  in  Aug.  Dutton,  Wright,  and  Ceiger,  pass.  S:uicd 
for  X'.  Y.  in  Dee. 

A('o»/(/((.<,  Mix.  selir,  '20fi  tons  (formerly  the  Amer.  Dol/ihui);  on  the 
coast  in  ls;i(');  Oomez,  lUiister;  cargo,  $i>,00();  duties,  .Sl,112.  In  Xov.  e;ir- 
ried  south  news  of  tlu!  revolt,  and  Xegrete  and  otl 


ler  exiles 


l>ack  from  Ma.;:i- 

tl;ni  in  l6.'i7;  .liuin  .Malarin,  nuister;  and  ag;iin  in  Isi'S;  duties,  !?t2i).    Jn  \'V.','.), 
ar.d  in  some  records  of  1841),  she  w;is  c;illed  the  ( 'frrriiitc",  (j.  v.    X^yo,  iind  later 


Steven 


d  ;is  iii;isters  in  IS4l>. 


Lconur,  Mex.  b:irk,  '2U8  tons;  Chas  Wolter,  master.     Brought  Gov.  Chico 


VESSELS  OF  1S30-40. 


109 


five  traders.  Of  tlieso,  ci<jjhteoii  camo  mainly  from 
.Xlcxicaii  and  South  American  ports,  seventeen  from 
Honolulu,  six  from  Boston,  four  from  Sitka  and  Ross, 


tou- 


|u;(l  -Mr- 

ss.;;4;-;; 

iii!i.,e  ;it 


In   July 

litli  i!ic' 

Siiiii'il 

|)v.  c;ii- 
Mu/:i- 

|i  1  ■;;■-:». 
(1  Li'u'i' 

Ciiico 


ill  l':^''i:  cui-TO,  .?'21,202;  duties,  S2,."-l().  Rpinaincd  till  Xov.,  and  perhaps 
viatcivl.     At  S.  Fran,  in  Marcii  is:i7.     Left  Mi mt.  Fel).  ls;w. 

IJiiii.a,  V.wjX.  lirig,  144  tons;  at  S.  Fnin.  Fel).-A]iril,  1S,",7;  Wni  Brotchie, 
111'.-'  ■:■;  1!  il)t  Uirnio,  a','ent.  Back  !it  Col.  iiiv.  Si^pt.;  Wni  Xeil,  iiiiister. 
At  H'ln.  .Inly:  SMUu'ater.  niastor.  Sailed  for  n.  w.  eoast  An^'. ;  lianci'oft. 
liiast  r.  l)tLi  r-luuitin,::,'  in  ( 'al.  in  spring;  of  IS.'W.  At  Hon.  .Jidy-Auj,'.,  sailing 
f.r  \.  w.  fd.ist.  At  Sta  Rr)sa  Isl.  Nov.,  where  B:ineroft  was  killed  (sec  text), 
i;  iliia  on  took  liev  north  and  to  Hon.  in  -Tan.  1S3I). 

/,  ./vo',  AnuT.  liriL',  yj  tons;  at  Honolulu  from  Cal.  Aiiir.  IS;),i.  Tri]i  to 
N.  \\ .  (■o:i>t  under  Blinn,  Aug. -Oct.  On  Cal.  eoast  from  th<'  north  Fel>.-Sl:vr. 
Is.'iT;  .lohu  iJiinrroft,  master  (see  text  for  passeii:,'er.-i  and  di'taiis).  At  Hon. 
Mr, .  .'lud  sailed  for  Mazatlan  under  llaudley.  Back  again,  and  ^sailcd  for  the 
Col.  i;iv.  in  X<>v. 

]to,ixni,ii,  Ainer.  ship,  .127  tons;  Goo.  W.  Vincent,  master;  Thoa  Shaw, 
sup.;  i!  lilt  (f.  ])avis,  clerk;  at  Sta  B.  April  IS.'!!)  finm  B)stoii;  tonnage, 
Sili.i;  iliilics  at  Mont.,  .S27,4:i2,  of  which  .';?'. ».(ji)S  in  silver.  '  Xo  small  lift 
for  t!io  treasury,'  Avrote  Alvarado.  In  .Inly  transferred  part  of  lier  cargo  to 
the  Liili.v.     Still  on  the  coast  at  end  of  1810. 

.]fvr:i\  Ami  r.  selu-,  S,">  tons;  Henry  L'aty,  master;  from  tlic  Lslands  Dec. 
I'.;););  ei:r_o,  !?.'!, '-'(iS;  duties,  fc;;!,04.:;  also  duties,  .S;i,OH,  in  spring  of  1S4(). 
Caiiie  hack  from  Hon.  in  June;  Fitch,  mast'r  and  lialf  owner;  and  wi;Ii!i 
n;'\v  n.imo,  the  Xi/in/ili,  or  Xinf'i.  Duties,  SlO,r)77.  Value  of  vessel,  SS,000. 
At  S.  lUego  in  l)ec.,  to  sail  for  Maiiatlan  with  produce. 

Xuiir;/,  whah.'r;  Fautrel,  masn  r;  at  Mont.  April  iS;!?. 

X'rf'id,  I'^ngl.  siiip,  ,'i(l.">  tons;  W'm  lirotchic,  master;  at  Honolnlu  from 
Col.  J!iv.  and  sailed  for  Cal.  in  May  IS.SS.  Lawrence  Carmichael,  pass.  At 
S.  Fran,  in  June,  and  back  at  Hon.  in  Ji.n.  18t">9. 

Xi'iil'i<,  schr,  belonging  to  Spear.  Itunuiug  between  Monterey  and  Sta 
Ciu,'  ill  iSoCi,  and  on  S,  Fran.  Bay  in  ISIilMO. 

X'l:'i':ii,  Buss,  ship;  Baewdsxig  (?),  fir  Kuin'i.iiiof,  master;  (i  of!',  and  01 
iii.'ii;  at  S.  Fran.  Oct.  -Xov.  1840,  in  ballast  for  Valpar.aiso  and  Europe. 

Xi/iiiiili.     Sec  J/oc.>v. 

Pcric'irL;  U.  S.  s'oop  of  war,  000  tons;  Com.  Edmund  P.  Kennedy;  Capt. 
('.  K.  :iiii'ili;ij,;  at  Mont,  front  the  Saiidw.  Isl.  Oct.  IS'M.  Sailed  for  .Maz- 
atl;ni. 

Pci,r  <•.<  X(ii!n,  Cil.  selir;  Gerard  Kupiiertz,  master.  Lost  at  eMtranec  of 
S.  l'ia)i.  I5av)a:i.  7,  I8.">(),  ou  atrip  from  .Mout.  witii  lumber.  J). /it.  Si.  J'up., 
lin,.  Mi!.,  M-;  ,  Ixxxi.  17. 

I'V'ji-'iii.  Amer.  ship;  Faucoti,  master;  oa  the  coast  in  1830.  Sailed  for 
Lost  'U  in  Fell.  1SI;7. 

rii/^iioiif!i.     See  Drm  Qui.rnlp. 

/!asvhi\  Amer.  ship,  204  tons;  .Tos.  ().  Cart.'r.  master;  A.  B.  Thompson, 
ciiii.'iguee;  Josiah  Tlionips'in,  sup.;  at  Mont,  from  Sitka  (.),'t.  ls:ii  f,ir  !Io;io. 
liihi.  The  e;'.plain"s  wife  and  sou  wcva  on  Ixjard;  al.i  [''erdiuand  l)c|i[ie. 
l>:uk  i  1  winter  of  1S;;7-S;  -..argo,  88-"17;  duties,  ;;--i,sl7.  Cin-ied  '  i  H m. 
liiiles,  horses,  iind  sundrii's  from  t!io  wreck  of  the''/./;.  A'.i /./■ /•-.  M:, ',■  an- 
otln  r  trip  to  Cal.  and  back  Sej)t.-l)ee.  18;)8;  Barker,  mister;  datie  ,  .'■<l  ,»;i;t. 
J.  C.  Jones  and  Eliab  Grimes,  pass.  Sailed  for  Boston  iu  Feli.  \-V,i:),  with 
(-irii:iis  aspns-i. 

/i' .;/' /•  W'il'i'uiin.     ficQ  Jdi'i'ii  Gnipuyornin. 

>'uv(/(  (Hid  Ciiroliiic,  Amer.  ship,  .'>!Ki  tons;  Jos  Steel,  m.aster.  Cilled 
nhn  ^'firoliiio  and  S'Hiih  CaroVuid.  Arr.  Mont.  May  lS;io  from  llistin  via 
Iluiiolulu.     Cargo,  $11,289.     StCLl  rendered  some  aid  to  Alvarado  in  Xov. 


106 


COMMERCE,  FINANCE,  AND  MARITIME  AFFAIRS. 


and  four  from  the  Columbia  River,  thougli  many  ves- 
sels visited  all  the  regions  named.  Three  small  craft 
plied  in  Californian  waters  exclusively. 


Aground  at  S.  Fran,  in  Feb.  18.37.     Left  the  coast  in  Oct.   for  Boston  via 
llonoluhi;  Stickuey,  master  (?);  Henry  Paty,  passcMiger. 

St  Loii'iii.  U.  8.  man-of-war;  Freneli  Forrest,  com.;  at  Mont.  June-Jul_ 
1840  Oil  business  eonneetcd  witli  Graham  aflair. 

Silka,  Uuss.  bark,  'KYI  tons,  'J2  men;  Basil  Waovocky  {':).  master.  Left 
Cal.  Jan.  IS.iOforS.  Bhis  ami  returned  in  Aug.  from  ilo.-i.s.  At  S.  i''ran.  Oet. 
IS.'iT;  Stephen  Vallobodski  (?),  master.  Again  Oct. -Nov.  1S3S;  Rosistof  fn. 
master. 

SopJiin,  doul)tful  name  of  1830. 

S/urliiii/,  Engl,  ship,  10!)  tons;  tender  to  the  Sidphiir;  Lieut.  Kellott. 
com.;  on  the  coast  1837  and  1839. 

Si(!/i/tur,  Engl,  man-of-war,  .380  tons;  Edwai'd  Belcher,  com. ;  on  the  coas! 
autumn  of  1837  and  again  in  autunm  of  1830,  engaged  in  exploration.!, 
jjclcliei's  visit  and  book  are  noticed  elsewhere. 

Toifdrd  Ciitille,  Engl,  whaler;  Emmett,  master;  at  ^lont.  Nov.  1837. 
Wrecked  oil  the  coast  a  little  later. 

Truv  JJliii',  Haw.  schr;  Rag.sdalc,  master;  aiT.  Honolulu  from  Cal.  .Tul^ 
1837. 

Union,  or  Unity,  schr;  A.  B.  Thompson,  sup.;  at  Mont,  and  Sta  B.  Mar. 
Apr.  1840;  tonnage,  .S!>0. 

Vcloz  Astiir/ano,  Ecuador  brig,  170  tons;  Carlos  V.  Gafan,  master;  at 
Mont,  from  Callao,  1837,  with  cargo  of  8007  ('');  duties,  .Sl,">04. 

Vi'iiii",  Fi'eiich  corvette;  I'etit-Thouars,  master;  at  ilont.  Oct.-Nov.  1837. 
Vibit  and  liook  noted  elsewhere. 

The  chief  authorities   for  the  information  in  this  list  are  the  follow  in.' 
Dr/it.   St.    Pup.,  Ben.  i'li^t.-II.,  MS.,  iii.-viii.  passim;  /</.,  B'li.   Com.  ami 
Tir(i--t.,  iii. ;  A/.,  Ben.,  iii.;  ViiUijo,  Jhc,  MS.,  iv.;  v.  -S'J;  xiv.  •2'y2;  xxv.  "Jo.'k 
xxvi.  I(i4,  177;  xxxii.  17.3,  .3.V2;   Lm-kin'.!  l)oi\,  MS.,  i.  401);  /V/z/o, />'.<•.,  MS. 
i.  3l)-l ;  Fifr/i,  Dor.,  MS. :  (•'oi,i<~,  JJoc,  MS.,  .34-7;  S/imir.-i  LiM,  MS.;  Kihmrd . 
D'iunj,  MS.;  Ilichurdtioi,,  Sulhhti  ili-  /Iik/uch  del  jihi  rio  de  S.  Fran.,  jy.i',  -S,  > 
very  impiirtant  original  record  ke[it  by  the  captain  of  t!ie  port;  Jl'tifi  ■■<'  Kmi'i. 
Xiil'^.  M.S.;  J/cZ/z/.s'  JJini-'i  of  A,ila'ir.-i  in  C(d.,  ISdS-'/O,  MS.,  a  very  iuipjrtaut 
record  kept  by  Francis  Melius,  who  eamo  out  as  clerk  on  the  C'dfi/orn-  • 
JJari.-:\i  (,'/iin/)-<('.f,  MS.;  .Irnuz,  I'lr/icrdix,  MS.;  JJiiia's  Tivo  Virir.f;  llonnlni'i 
S.   I.   (Id-.ctle,  183'5-0;    /fonolida  /'oli/.K'iiiin,  ISU).     TIk^so   Sandwich  lalau.'t 
iiew.\;p:iper3  are  a'.nong  tlio  best  maritime  records.      Unfortunately  I  have  n'. 
lile  from  tiie  middle  of  1830  to  tlic  middle  of  1840. 


ny  ves- 
,11  craft 


Boston  via 

Juuc-July 

stiT.  Lofi 
Frail.  ()>:t. 
losistof  ('!)■ 


CHAPTER  IV. 


t.  Kcllctl. 

lU  the  (.oast, 
Lplin'iilioiirt, 

Nov.    18:^7. 

II  «al.  .Jiil^ 

ta  B.  Miir.- 

inastor;    at 

-Nov.  is;;:. 

followiii'i 

Com.  (iii'i 
XXV.  -')">; 
>,„'.,  MS. 

i.f"  Kni'i'l. 
iiip  )rta.Lt 
''<f;/<':-ii:  ■ 

lloii:>lilhi 

I'a  l.iiau.l 

[  liavo  uo 


''.'/' 


FOREIGN   RELATIONS   AND    PIONEERS. 

1S3G-1S40. 

Foraai'.N  Influence  in  the  Revoluiion — Inteefekence  a.s  a  Currext 
Tone— Attitude  of  Different  Classes— French  Relations— Ru- 
MOREo  Cession  of  California  to  Engl.\n!> — Quotations  from  Ameri- 
can Papers— Policy  in  1S.S7-8 — Horse-tiiikves— Restrictions  ok 
18.S0-40— The  Exiles — Pioneers — Personal  Item.s— Authorities — 
Stati.stics  — Something  about  the  Old  Settler.s — Their  Chakacter 
AND  Influence — Pro.minent  N.vmes — New-comers  of  18;W-40— Mo.st 
OK  Them  Transient  Visitors — Immigration — Annual  Lists— Chrono- 
LotacAL  Items — The   'Lausanne'  and  her  Passengers  at  Bouega. 

Ox  matters  relating'  more  or  less  directly  to  the 
ii^oncral  subject  of  foreign  relations,  though  I  have  al- 
i-cady  had  much  to  say  in  other  chapters  devoted  to 
the  current  historj'  of  this  period/  there  yet  ren)ains 
iiiueli  to  be  written,  since  the  influence  of  foreign  resi- 
dents had  already  become  a  powerful  element,  and  was 
destined  in  a  few  years  to  be  the  all-controlling  one. 
1 11  lliis  and  the  following  chapters  I  have  to  present 
some  remarks  on  the  intluenco  and  policy  of  the  foreign 
element,  and  the  feeling  of  the  Californians  toward  the 
stiaiigers.  Also  the  names  and  personal  items  i-elat- 
ing  to  new-comers  and  older  settlers,  with  an  account 
of  the  old  and  new  foreign  settlements  in  California 

'See  pai'ticnlnrly,  HisL  Pal.,  vol.  iii.,  chap,  xv.,  tliia sorics,  on  'Chico  vs 
StciiniH  and  other  forcijjni'rs;'  chap,  xvi.,  on  tho  attitiuK'  of  foreiLjiura  in  \\- 
Viiiailn'.s  rc'vohition;  chap,  xviii.,  on  tlioir  aid  to  tho  ('alifoniiaii.s  in  IS;!7; 
>!iap.  i,  of  thi.s  vol.,  on  tiic  Graham  affair  and  cxpul.sioii  of  foreigners  in  IS40; 
and  eliap.  iii.,  on  the  nioveincnts  of  vessels uml  conunerciul  operations,  largely 
controlled  by  foreigners. 

(107) 


:i;i- 


'Ml 


lOS 


FOREIGN  RELATIONS  AND  PIONEERS. 


at  Itoss  and  Now  Helvetia;  also  some  notices  of  for- 
eign visits  to  the  coast  and  of  resulting  publications. 
In  IS-jG  foreign  residents  in  the  north,  while  those 
in  the  south  were  for  the  most  part  neutral  from  force 
of  circumstances,  supported  the  Californians  in  their 
revolution  against  Mexico.  Those  of  influence,  wealth, 
and  position  rendered  a  quiet  but  none  the  less  effect- 
ive support;  while  others  with  nothing  to  risk  formed 
themselves  into  a  company  of  so-called  riflemen  and 
openly  served  in  the  insurgent  ranks.  The  former 
cared  little  for  California's  alleged  grievance, the  change 
from  the  federal  system  to  centralism;  but  the}''  had 
some  cause  of  complaint  against  Chico  and  Gutierrez, 
and  they  expected  to  derive  important  commercial  ad- 
vanta<x<'s  from  the  revolution.  ^Merchants  engaged 
in  the  Hawaiian  trade  were  es[)ecially  active  in  pro- 
moling  tile  movement,  and  there  are  some  indications 
that  they  had  an  understanding  with  the  Calitbrnian 
loaders  for  some  time  before  the  outbreak.  It  is  even 
ditHcult  to  resist  the  conclusion  that  Commodore  Ken- 
nedv,  visiting  ]\ronterev  on  the  U.  S.  man-of-war  Pea- 
coc/:  just  before  tlie  revolution,  must  have  known  some- 
thing of  the  im])onding  trouble;  though  not  of  course, 
as  was  sus})octed  by  the  ]\[oxicans,  entertaining  any 
intention  of  interferino-  in  behalf  of  the  United  States. 
What  tlie  foreigners  desii'od  Avas  the  complete  and 
permanent  independence  of  California  from  ]\[exico, 
witli  th(;  ex])ootation  of  being  able  to  control  the 
Californian  I'ulors.  ]Many  .Vmoricans  desired  further 
by  a  T(;xan  system  of  development  to  attach  the  coun- 
try eventually  to  their  own  nation,  and  some  of  tliom 
talked  t)penly  of  inuni'diato  annexation.  This  spirit, 
thouidi  manifested  cliiollv  bv  irrosnonsible  men,  was 
sufliciontly  maikod  to  alarm  not  only  the  ^Mexicans, 
but  to  some  extent  also  the  Californians  and  foreiu'iiors 
of  other  nations;  and  it  doubtless  had  an  influence  in 
cft'octing  a  return  of  the  country  to  its  Mexican  alle- 
giance, at  which  most  foreigners  were  greatly  disap- 
poii 


ited. 


FOREIGX  INTERFEREXCE. 


109 


After  1836,  foreign  interference,  in  the  form  of  con- 
(inest,  protectorate,  purchase,  or  annexation,  was  often 
talked  about,  though  remarks  on  the  subject  were 
Ljonerally  without  definite  cause  or  aim.  Mexicans 
held  it  up  as  an  ever  impending  danger,  with  a  view 
to  awaken  the  dormant  prejudice  of  patriotism.  On 
it  the  surenos  affected  to  base  largely  their  bitter  op- 
position to  northern  rulers.  Norteilos  who  like  Va- 
IKjo  had  quarrels  with  Alvarado  spoke  of  it  as  a  result 
(111!  V  to  bo  averted  by  full  acceptance  of  their  own  views. 
Solid  citizens  of  foreign  birth,  like  visitors  from  foreign 
lands,  speculated  somewhat  philosophically  on  the  re- 
sult, each  with  a  half-expressed  hope  that  Califor- 
nia niiirht  be  so  fortunate  as  to  belong  ultimately 
to  Ills  own  nation.  Enthusiastic  Yankee  hunters  and 
sailors  declaimed  louder  than  all  the  rest  upon  the 
manifest  destiny  of  the  stars  and  stripes  to  wave  over 
this  fair  land.  Meanwhile  the  mass  of  native  Califor- 
nians  simply  smoked  their  cigarettes  and  waited,  half 
iiu'lined  to  believe  that  a  change  of  flag  miojlit  not 
icsult  in  irreparable  disaster." 

■•'Robinson,  fUntemevt,  MS.,  16,  21-2,  asserts  that  prominent  Califoriiians, 
and  I'vcii  the  missionaries,  used  to  express  to  Iiim  their  belief  tliat  it  would  be 
Inst  for  the  country  to  belong  to  the  U.  S.  Many  Californians  in  their  reni- 
iuisiiiices  express  the  same  idea;  but  all  such  statements  are  considerably  ex- 
iiiiLrcriited.  I'etit-Thouars,  Voyaije,  ii.  101-4,  found  (.'al.  in  IS.'IT  iu  an  un- 
fortunate position,  too  feeble  and  backward  in  civilization  for  independence, 
ne^,'k'ijtcd  by  Mexico,  and  in  a  deplorabh,  necessity  of  foreign  support.  Tho 
U.  S.  had  doubtless  a  design  to  secure  Cal.  and  the  Sandwich  Islands,  and 
wciuld  probaidy  succeed,  though  the  people  had  no  special  liking  forthc  Anier- 
itaiis,  whose  motives  they  distrusted.  Speaking  of  S.  F.,  this  author  says: 
•  It  would  perhaps  be  dillicult  to  say  to  which  nation  this  tine  port  «  ill  lielong; 
but  in  the  present  state  of  afl'airs  in  Europe  and  America,  it  is  very  likely  that 
the  power  which  shall  have  the  happy  boldness  to  take  actual  possession  v.ill 
liavf  little  trouble  to  keep  it.'  Forbes,  Hint.  Cal.,  l.")l-2,  writes  in  IS.'IS: 
'  It  is  at  least  evident  now,  if  there  was  any  doubt  formerly,  tiiat  it  |(.'al.  |  isat 
this  moment  in  a  state  which  cannot  prevent  its  being  taken  possession  (if  by 
any  foreign  force  that  may  present  itself.  The  British  government  seem  lately 
to  liave  had  sonic  suspicion  that  Cal.  would  be  cucroaclied  upon  if  not  taken 
entirt' possession  of  by  the  Russians;  but  by  the  latest  accounts  no  encroach- 
ment has  been  made,  nor  has  any  augmentation  been  made  either  in  tlie  num- 
ber of  people  in  the  colony  or  in  the  fortilications.  The  danger  does  not  lie 
there.  There  is  another  restless  and  enterprising  neighbor  fmni  whomihcy 
will  most  probably  soon  have  to  defend  themselves,  or  ratlu'r  to  fudjmit  to; 
for  although  the  frontiers  of  North  America  are  much  more  <listant  than  tho 
Russian.^,  yet  to  such  men  as  tiie  Ikick-settlera  distance  is  of  little  moment, 
and  they  arc  already  actpiainted  with  tho  route.  The  northern  American 
tide  of  population  nuist  roll  on  .southward,  and  overwhelm  not  only  Cal.  but 


li 
III  I 


110 


FOUEKJN  IlELATIOXM  AXD  nOXEERS. 


'W 


III  18:39,  tlioro  was  a  little  oxcitonjont  over  tlio  trou- 
bles between  Mexico  and  Fmnce;  but  it  expended  it- 
self in  routine  orders  pul  lislied  in  accordance  with 
instr'uctions  from  the  national  government,  as  there 
was  no  Jiiiprehension  of  French  encroachment  in  the 
far  north."  The  French  were  always  well  liked  in 
(yalifornia  since  the  time  of  La  Perouse.  Three  vis- 
itors of  that  nation  were  most  hospitably  received  dur- 
ing the  period  now  under  consideration,  and  we  have 
seen  tliat  but  few  Frenchmen  were  arrested  and  none 
exiled  in  the  troubles  of  1840. 

A  matter  which  attracted  some  attention  in  Cal- 
ifornia, and  created  no  little  excitement  in  the  United 
States,  was  the  rumored  cession  of  the  country  ti) 
England  in  payment  of  the  ]\[exican  debt.  This  in- 
debtedness was  large;  and  among  the  expedients  de- 
vised for  its  payment  there  were  several,  ^"ojioslmI 
and  discussed  in  183G  as  well  as  earlier  and  later, 
wM(;h  involved  the  pledging,  as  security  for  Mexican 
bonds  or  otherwise,  of  tracts  of  land  in  the  far  north, 
anywhere  from  Texas  to  California.  All  this  has  no 
bearing  on  the  historv  of  Califin-nia,  beyond  the  fact 
that  there  were  such  negotiations,  as  the  ex]iedient 
seems  not  to  have  been  ap|)roved  by  the  Mexican 
congress,  and  this  territory  was  only  mentioned  inci- 
dentally with  half  a  dozen  others.  In  connection, 
however,  with  these  schemes  there  niay  have  origi- 

othor  more  important  states.  This  latter  event,  however,  is  in  the  womb  of 
time;  Ijiit  the  invasion  of  ("al.  liy  American  .settlers  is  daily  talked  of;  and  it 
Santa  Anna  liad  prevailed  against  Texas,  a  portion  of  its  inhabitants  siiili- 
cient  toovcrrnn  Cal.  wonld  now  have  been  its  niastcis.'  Laplace,  Campdijiio, 
V.  3U'J-4,  speaks  of  the  prospective  conquest  by  the  L'.  S.  as  a  thing  rather  to 
bo  desired  than  avoided.  Davis,  OVnnjiKi'!',  ilS.,  ,31-(>,  writes:  '  i'\>r  a  Ion.,' 
time  ))ef()ro  1S40  it  liad  bc'en  the  common  talk  among  Americans — when  liy 
themselves  or  among  the  ranclieros — that  the  U.  S.  would  havoL'al.'  Ajn:! 
1(),  1840,  I'ablo  do  la  Gucrra  congratulates  M.  (J.  Va  lie  jo  on  the  largo  mini- 
ber  of  foreign  settlers  in  the  country,  the  largest  part  being  Englisii— fnim 
Canada,  Nova  Scotia,  and  Ireland — who  arc  hard  drinkers,  but  will  perhaps, 
like  wine,  improve  with  time.    Vallcjo,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  39. 

''Sec  l/iat.  Cal.,  vol.  iii.,  chap,  xx.,  tins  series,  for  reference  to  many  com- 
munications  on  this  subject.  April  20,  1838,  Mexican  order  to  admit  no 
French  vessel  except  in  case  of  shipwreck.  Stip.  Govt  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xiv.  I. 
Mar.  'JO.  1839,  notice  of  peace  and  suspension  of  all  hostile  measures.  Vallejo, 
Doc,  MS.,  i.  108. 


CESSION  TO  ENGLAXD. 


Ill 


natod  a  jn'opositiou  to  cancel  the  debt  at  once  by  a 
(■(.>ssi<)n  ot'tlie  Californias.  I  liave  no  official  evidence 
that  the  proposition  was  entertained.  Such,  however, 
was  the  minor  that  came  to  Cahfornia  in  IHTw,  from 
(hff'eront  sources,  a  rumor  accepted  and  published  as 
a  lact  by  Forbes  in  1839,  and  cited  by  the  American 
papers.  To  show  the  spirit  in  whicli  the  matter  was 
discussed,  I  append  some  quotations.*     It  is  clear  that 

'  '  There  hiWii  been  same  thouLjhts  of  proposing  to  Mexico  tli;it  it  shoukl 
niileaviir  to  eiiucel  the  Enj;lisii  dcht,  wliicli  now  exceeds  ;:C(0,O()i),00l>,  l)y  a 
trail  fer  of  Cal.  to  tiie  creditors.  Tliis  would  be  .1  wise  meusurc  on  tlie  ptwt 
ot'  Mexico  if  the  govt  could  be  brought  to  lay  aside  the  vanity  of  retaining 
liinre  iiosscssioiis.  The  cession  of  such  a  disjointeil  part  of  the  republic 
w^rald  be  an  advantage.  In  no  ease  can  it  ever  be  proiitable  to  the  Mexican 
r.-  iiublie,  nor  can  it  po^^sibly  remain  united  to  it  for  any  length  of  time,  if  it 
^hiiuld  even  be  induced  to  rejoin  it.  Ijiit  would  the  English  creditors  accept 
of  it?  I  think  they  might,  and  I  think  tliey  ought.  They  have  lately  dis 
played  an  inclination  to  treat  and  to  receive  lands  a>5  a  part  of  the  debt  where 
n  1  laid  exists  belonging  to  Mexico.  ..in  Texas  in  whieii  Mexico  does  not  own 
an  acre  and  in  New  Mexico  which  is — ( Jod  knows  where.  .  .If  Cal.  was  ceded, 
the  crcilitors  iniglit  be  formed  into  a  company,  with  tlie  dilTereiiee  that  tlu-y 
should  li.ive  a  sort  of  sovereignty  over  the  territory,  somewhat  in  the  man- 
ner of  the  East  India  Co.  This  in  my  opinion  would  cc-tainiy  bring  a  reve- 
nue in  time  which  might  be  equal  to  the  interest  of  the  delit,  and  under  good 
niaiiagemeiit  and  with  an  Englisli  population  vould  most  certainly  rea!i;^e 
all  th;;t  has  been  predicted  of  this  fair  country.'  loi-ln s'  lli.-<t.  Cal.,  l.")J-;j. 
(See  also  note  12.)  Mention  of  the  proposed  cession  as  probal)lo  and  very  de- 
sirable for  lOngland  in  Xfiii  Orlcam  BiiUcfiii,  ¥ch.  1!),  IS40,  and  other  paper.s 
of  the  .same  city.  Xihx'  IteijUhr,  March  7,  1840,  Iviii.  2.  'Nothing  would 
be  more  probable  than  that  Mexico  would  willingly  part  with  a  territory 
which  s-he  cannot  occupy,  and  to  which  in  tiie  course  of  things  she  couM  not 
long  extend  even  a  nominal  claim.  The  policy  of  the  Englifjh  govt  looks 
toward  nothing  more  favorably  than  to  tiio  acquisition  of  territory.  Tiie 
pos.scssioii  of  Cal.  woulil  strengthen  her  in  carrying  out  her  pretensions  to  the 
Oregon  territory,  whicii  she  not  only  claims,  but  already  occupies.  The 
whole  coast  of  tlie  I'acilic  would  thus  be  in  the  grasp  of  a  powerful  nation — 
a  nation  tliat  never  lets  .slip  an  occasion  of  extending  the  limits  of  her  domain. 
That  any  foreign  (not  U.  S.)  power  would  ever  be  able  permanently  to  hold 
Kueli  a  position  \\c  do  not  believe,  but  it  might  cost  much  trouble  to  eirect  a 
dislodgmont  if  once  the  possession  is  allowed.'  IJal/itnore  American,  in  Iil. 
'The  transfer  by  Mexico  to  such  a  power  as  Hritaiu  would  bo  alike  unopposed 
and  iiiioppos.ible  unless  some  point  of  etiquette  with  reganl  to  old  Spain 
stood  in  the  way.  Such  a  transfer,  however,  at  this  time  of  day  is  not  likely 
t)  take  jilace  after  all,  although  hard  cash  might  lie  considered  by  all  men  a 
fair  eiiougii  eipiivalent,  and  although  nothing  but  good  v.ouM  probably  fol- 
low to  the  Californians.  But  liussia  and  the  U.  S. — whose  mighty  tide  of 
population  is  p.'rpetually  rolling  inward  and  southward— may  iiit  l>e  .so 
.■^eiuiHilous,  and  may  take  tho  land  without  any  trouble  about  transfers,' 
ChuiiilK  ):•<''  /,'(/('».  Journal,  Aug.  '24,  1830,  in  a  review  of  Forbes'  Ixiok.  '  Russia 
and  the  C.  S.,  the  latter  especially,  tiic  only  just  govt  that  has  ever  existed 
le.-'3  scrupulous  than  Oreat  Britain.  This  is  too  plea.santi  Our  unsettled 
delit  of  grievances  .against  tho  Mexicans  happily  jiuts  us  in  a  situatiou  to  in- 
sist upon  tiieir  refusal  of  the  proposition  which  has  indubitably  been  mado 
tlietu  liy  the  British  govt.  Let  us  profit  by  it,  ntu-  sutler,  if  we  can  help  it, 
our  ancient  mother  to  acquire  a  possessiou  which  no  American  can  fail  to 


112 


FOREIGN  RELATIONS  AND  PIONI^ERS. 


Englislimon  favored  the  scheme,  and  equally  clear 
that  Americans  were  bitterly  opposed  to  it,  predict- 
in«x  that  the  United  States  must  one  day  extend  to 
the  Pacific,  and  gravely  asserting  that  it  would  bo 
easier  to  prevent  another  nation  from  getting  Cali- 
fornia than  to  dispossess  that  nation  later.  Not  that 
England  liad  not  a  right  to  acquire  the  country;  but 
the  United  States  had  also  a  right  to  prevent  it 
through  their  influence  on  the  weaker  sister  re])ublic'. 
There  is,  however,  no  evidence  that  either  govern- 
ment at  this  time  took  part  in  the  schemes  of  its 
patriotic  subjects.  We  shall  see  that  the  matter  did 
not  end  with  1840,  but  had  a  still  more  potent  inter- 
est in  later  years. 

Meanwhile  the  policy  observed  within  the  limits 
of  California  was  by  no  means  oppressive  to  forei^'ii 
residents.  In  18-30,  before  the  revolution,  Gutierrez 
.and  Chico  called  for  recfisters  of  foreii^n  residents,  re- 
(juiring  them  to  appear  before  the  local  authorities  to 
prove  their  right  to  be  in  the  country.  This,  though 
it  caused  a  degree  of  inconvenience  and  discontent, 
was  in  accordance  with  the  laws,  and  with  instructions 
from  Mexico  calling  for  a  full  report.     The  orders 

perceive  .it  a  glance  would  in  such  hands  be  a  source  of  difiiculties  to  us  and  a 
stnmblinji-biock  to  our  posLerity.  .Fifty  years,  were  wo  left  to  extend  our- 
selves without  iuipediment,  woukl  inevitably  see  us  in  possession  of  Upiicr 
Cal.  'I'iie  interest  of  the  south-west  would  call  for  it,  and  its  purchase  from 
Mexico,  should  Mexico  still  retain  it,  would  put  ns  where  the  surf  of  ihc 
Piiciiic  would  1)0  our  safe  and  proper  border,  not  the  forts  of  a  nation  whuso 
very  kindred  renders  them,  through  jealousy,  the  least  amiable  of  neighljora. 
It  were  wise  not  to  leave  thi-i  to  contingency,'  jN'em  York  Anurirnti,  in  coni- 
ments  on  tiic  preceding,  ^fi/cs'  I'eg.,  Iviii.  70.  Account  of  the  negotiations 
for  securing  debt  by  land'-,  from  New  Orleans  Picai/iuie,  in  /(/.,  Ixiii.  L'l.'J. 
'  Franco  has  long  looked  witli  jealous  eye  upon  the  movements  of  (Jreat  Brit- 
ain in  relation  to  Mexico. .  .England  has  chipped  oQ"  two  or  three  little  bits 
from  Me.\ico,  and  is  now  al)out  to  make  final  arrangements  for  taking  possc.s- 
sion  of  the  whole  territory  of  Cal. .  .To  cheek  this  Franco. recognizes  Texas. . . 
and  Texas  lays  claim  to  Cal.'  iV.  Y.  HernU,  in  Ilonolula  Poli/ii<^si(iii,  Nov.  "21, 
1S40.  Proposition  to  tnuLsfer  Cal.  in  1839  for  the  British  claim  of  §")0,00l),- 
000  mentioned  in  Mimrvd,  May  20,  184.").  See  also  Laiicei/'ri  Criiixe,  'M.  Dec. 
'JO,  ISIiT,  Vallejo  to  Alvarado.  Has  good  reason  to  l)elieve  that  ( 'alifornians 
will  soon  become  North  Americans.  The  Mex.  govt  has  ollered  Cal.  to  Eng- 
land in  payment  of  debts,  and  England  has  ceded  her  right  to  tlio  govt  at 
Washington.  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  iv.  .308.  Dec.  14,  1837,  prefect  Moreno  to 
Zaeatecan  padres.  Soon  perhaps  they  may  set  out  for  their  college,  since  P. 
Perez  writes  that  ^Mexico  contemplates  the  cession  of  Cul.  t>  a  foreign  iiower, 
'lo  que  Dios  no  permita.'  Arch.  Obhpndo,  MS.,  59. 


ill-; 


ii,^:'m 


TREATMENT  OF  STRANGERS. 


113 


^v(•rc  o'onuially  obeyed,  and  fortunately  for  us,  since 
ilu'  result  was  a  very  complete  list  of  foreigners  at 
till'  beginning  of  this  period.''  After  the  ruvolutioii 
iiiid  down  to  the  time  tliat  California  returned  defi- 
nitely to  her  Mexican  allegiance,  there  was  no  inter- 
ference with  foreigners,  e\  en  to  the  extent  of  enforcing 
iiie  regulations  respecting  passports,  exce[)t  that  de- 
serters were  sometimes  returned  to  their  vessels  as  an 
ii-l  of  favor  to  the  captains,  that  foreign  like  native 
erlniinals  were  sometimes  mildly  })rosecuted,  and  that 
there  were  troubles  from  time  to  time,  particularly 
with  foreign  horse-thieves."  This  jiolicy  was  the  re- 
fill! partly  of  the  civil  strife  which  occupied  the  exclu- 
sive attention  of  the  authoiities,  and  was  in  part  duo 
to  the  Californians'  feeling  of  gratitude  and  friendship 
toward  the  men  who  had  aided  them. 

The  result  of  this  non-interference  during  183G-8 
was  liad  in  every  way.  The  worst  element  of  the  for- 
eign population  was  largely  increased  by  desertions 
i'roni  vessels  on  the  coast;  the  vagabond  allies  of  Ind- 


6 Orders  of  April-May  1S3G,  in  S.  Dirgo,  Arch.,  IMS.,  100,  10.");  Bqif.  St. 
Pap.,  Avg.,  MS.,  xi.  40;  Id.,  MoHtcny,  iii.  (i4;  Alcamdo,  Jlitit.  Cal.,  MS., 
iii.  ■)."). 

"Sept.  18.S6,  Poylc  and  his  band  of  liorsc-tliicvcs.  VaJhjo,  Doc,  ^IS.,  iii. 
].'!3;  ('■Intro,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  'J!).  Oct.  1S."7,  Alvarado  alarmed  at  the  boldness 
(if  trappir  lior.se-thicvcs  iu  all  the  interior  valleys,  some  of  whom  appeared  at 
Sta  InO.-i  in  Oct.  He  fears  they  may  attempt  a,  revolution;  but  lias  taken 
ittps  to  iialk  their  plans,  and  to  protect  property.  \'\dl(jo.  Doc,  MS.,  iv. 
'.\'ll.  April  1SH7,  reports  of  trade  in  stolen  catllc  by  American  trappers  in 
the  Tidiircs.  hi.,  xxxii.  84.  Nov.  lS;i7,  Forei;_'n  vagrants,  deserters,  etc, 
ahuiit  S.  Kafael  must  be  arrested  and  sent  to  Sonoma.  No  stranger  to  be  per- 
iMittcil  to  reuiaiu  in  that  region  without  a  pass.  IiL,  iv.  o48.  1888,  rc^ridu 
abiiiit  S.  ]■'.  Bay  infested  witli  robbers.  Store  robbed  at  S.  F.  in  Oct. ,  twofi  ^r- 
(•i;:ucrs  liciug  among  tlie  thieves.  Id.,  v.  CO,  02,  204.  Depredations  at  S. 
Luis  Obispo,  Six  ICnglishmen  among  the  Indian  robbers.  /</. ,  v.  220.  For- 
eign nu  rchants  accused  of  sowing  discoid  among  people  of  their  own  toiiguo 
wi.h  shiister  vii.\\s.  Vallcjo  to  Alvarado,  Sept.  1.  Sutter,  I'cr.^oii.  L'liu'i/., 
MS.,  4,  gives  an  idea  of  the  kind  of  men  who  wanted  to  eonio  to  Oal.  Mhiu 
lie  says  that  at  Wind  River  volunteers  were  numerous  who  wished  to  aeen'ii- 
])aiiy  iiim  v»il.h  a  view  to  plunder  the  missions  and  rauchos.  ^lay,  bSIVS,  Va- 
lltji)  iceoininends  the  chartering  of  a  vessel  to  send  out  of  the  country  all  the 
tuiliiileut  element  causing  so  much  trouble.  Vcdhjo,  Doc,  MS.,  xiv.  24.  DO 
IV.'iuh  hunters  in  the  Tulares.  Id.,  v.  12.  Dec.  IS,  IS,*?!!,  two  foreigiirra 
l;aiiished  for  robbing  Spear's  store.  Dcpt.  Sf.  Pnp.,  Mont.,  MS.,  iv.  ]  10.  For- 
liu'iii rs  \('iy  favorably  received  iu  Cal.  Forbca''  Jliit.  Cat.,  .122-.'}.  Adveiitur- 
ens  iniiiiigiaiits  crowding  in,  chieily  deserters.  Laplarc,  Campaipir,  vi.  1!)1- 
'2.  ISIO,  pursuit  of  horse-thieves  in  the  region  of  Los  Angeles.  Dept,  .St. 
J'uf..  AH'/rJr-<,  MS.,  iv.  O'.l-IOG. 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  IV.    8 


114 


FORKICN  KELATIOXS  AND  PIONEERS. 


l\W 


inn  liorso-tliicvos  in  tlic  intoiior  vall('3's  boonnio  nirtrf 
mnncroLiSMnd  bt)l(I;  foi-ciyn  intcrfc'rL'nt'e  in  Cii]i(bi-ni;iii 
politics  came  to  bo  renardod  as  a  natural  and  louiti- 

JO  O 

U)ato  thing;  foi'cign  contjiiost  or  annoxation  was  ;i 
conniioii  topic  of  conversation;  and  the;  men  who  had 
])oi's()nallv  aided  Alvarado  bccanio  intolci'ably  familial', 
insolent,  and  lawless,  even  if  they  did  nctt  ac.'tually  [)lii( 
against  the  government.  The  intercjsts  of  all  good 
citizens,  native  and  foreign,  at  home,  as  well  as  orders 
fiom  ]Me.\ico,  required  a  renewal  of  the  old  precautions 
in  18-10-40."  It  was  deemed  necessaiy,  liowevei",  to 
go  somewhat  further  than  to  com})el  new-comers  to 
conij)ly  with  the  laws,  by  sending  away  many  who 
bad  entered  the  country  illegally,  together  with  a  few 
who  bad  some  rio'lit  to  remain  but  were  accused  ol' 
plotting  revolution.  Ilencc  the  exile  of  nearly  liffy 
})orsoiis  in  1840.  Enough  has  already  been  said  about 
this  ail'air;  and  the  reader  is  well  aware  that  thou'di 
technically  an  outrage  in  the  case  of  certain  individu- 
als, and  not  very  wisely  managed  in  all  respects,  it 
was  vet  a  leo'itimato  measure  of  self-i)rotection  on  the 
part  of  the  Californians,  approved  more  or  less  fully 
by  the  best  foreign  residents,  and  in  no  sense  the  out- 
growth of  an  oppressive  foreign  policy,  as  it  was  rep- 
resented in  certain  quarters  for  political  effect. 

'^Jmhj- orders  of  various  iliitos  in  IsnO-lOrcquiriii'T  compliance  on  the  part 
of  foreigners  witli  the  laws.  Xo  forcii^ner  to  land,  remain,  or  travel  in  (.^al. 
v.ithimt  tlie  necessary  no.turalization  jiapcrs,  passports,  cartas  dc  scguridail, 
or  oilier  le  (at  (loeunients.  Also  orders  for  new  lists  and  registers  of  foreigners, 
J>/,t.  ,S7.  i'r/}K,  MS.,  iv.  107.  l'JS-:!();  xv.  1  '2;  1,1.,  Anq.,  iv.  110;  v.  (i,  ."(); 
xi.  !),  IIS;  /(/.,  .y[ont.,  iv.  -J'J;  /'/.,  .9.  ,Tuki\  v.  "rl;  Id.,  Ben.  Prof,  y  Jir.'j.,  xi. 
7--';  Dijd.  net:,  MS.,  xi.  1"),  38,  71;  .S'"/'.  Govt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xv.  1,^;  xvi. 
10;  Std,  lUh-hitra,  Arch.,  :MS.,  5;  S.  Dieqa,  Arch.,  MS.,  2r)-2-t)0;  Sta  Crif:. 
Arch  ,  jMS.,  27;  A',  .^.s/,  Arch.,  :\!S.,  iii.  .S'.t;  Estiid/llo,  Doc,  MS.,  ii.  o-C; 
Vallijo,  Doc.  IJUt.  Jfcc,  MS.,  i.  2.J7,  2(1.").  Aug.  1(!,  111?,!),  decree  of  Jiiiieini 
ri'fpiiiing  deserters  from  wiialers  to  be  arrested  and  sent  Iiack;  also  forbiddiii-; 
tlie  men  io  remain  on  gliore  after  sunset  without  a  pas."?  from  the  jnc.'^  dc  pa;-. 
Larkhi.-i  J)oc.,  jNIS.,  i.  IS;  J  halt's  Mcrchavtn''  Mcuj.,  iii.  ■l(il-2.  It  is  chargeil 
liy  some,  jierliaps  without  much  foundation,  that  .a-  system  of  'slianghacing' 
v.as  practised  at  Monterey.  Captains  in  want  of  sailors  would  apply  to  L:i!- 
kin,  iit  whoso  request  an  order  would  bo  issued  to  put  every  sailor  about  tlu^ 
place  in  the  calabozo  so  that  the  captains  could  have  their  piek,  the  rest  beii!\; 
released.  lS3fl,  <!cn.  Vallcjo  to  pros.,  miu.  war,  and  others,  urging  the  iin- 
jiortanccof  taking  measures  to  ]ircvcnt  the  encroachments  of  Americans  ami 
llussians.    Vallcjo,  Doc,  MS.,  vii.  28;  viii.  333;  /(/.,  Ord.  de  la  Com.  Gen.,  17. 


OLD  SETTLERS. 


115 


In  180G,  as  lias  been  shown  in  an  earlier  cha))tei',  tlie 
Inifii^n  male  population  of  the  territory,  ineludin'^'  only 
111(11  whose  residenee  was  in  a  sense  })erniaiK'iil,  was 
ii|)[iroxiniately  three  hundred,  most  of  whosi;  iiaiuos 
iwc  jiKMitioned  in  one  record  or  another  of  the  Iiall' 
decade  18;5'>-40,  though  some  are  only  known  to  have 
heen  in  California  earlier  and  later.  For  items  ol' 
iiiformation  about  these  men  during-  this  and  other 
|Hi'i()(ls,  I  I'ef'cr  the  reader  to  the  l*ioneer  Rei^'istcr  at 
the  t'lid  of  these  volumes.'*  Of  them  as  a  class  there 
is  not  much  to  he  said  heyond  the  fact  that  they  con- 
stituted an  intliiential  and  highly  resjtected  clement 
dt'  tlie  |»o[)ulation,  largely  controlling  the  comnieri'ial 
industry  of  the  country.  jNIany  were  naturalized, 
married  to  Californian  wives,  and  the  j)ossessors  of 
lands  in  their  adopted  country;  while  many  more 
(•(United  on  securing  all  those  advantaiies  at  an  eailv^ 
datc^  All  were  enthusiastic  in  their  axhniratioii  kA' 
( 'alif(»rnia'.s  natural  advantages  and  in  their  predic- 
tioiif- 


of  her  lliture  uTeatiiess. 


In  I 


lusmess  tliey  were 


as   ;i 


i'ul(!  straightloi'ward,  reliable  men,  aiul  thoiiu'h 
lliey  bad  lost,  especially  those  who  no  longer  f( ('lowed 
tlie  sea,  something  of  their  old  activity,  and  W(  !<-•  fast 
leai'iiing    how  to  'take    things  eas}-,'  they  we, 'j   yet 


'"l^.xtciisivo  lists  of  resident  foreigners  for  tlic  period  of  18,10-40  ore  found 
ill  till  uaiiiralizration  records.  JJ(2>'-  >''.  J''i]>.,  MS.,  xix.  xx.,  passim;  /.irlj.-i'.i 
Arivniix,  -MS.,  i.-v.,  passim;  Lai-kht.'a  J'/t/io-.-i,  iMS.,  a  eullectiou  of  miscella- 
iicnui  eoniiuercial  corrcspondiiicc;  (V/yr «*•'.-.•  yVz/ic/'s,  MS.,  a  similar  coil,  ctioii; 
aiul  .'d.io  in  the  various  county  liLsturii'S  tluit  liavo  been  recently  jui'dislicd, 
,111(1  IViiiii  which  I  liave  obtained  many  u.set'iil  items.  From  the  reiiiiniscences 
iif  iiKiJiy  pioneer.s  I  have  also  dei'ived  much  aiil.  See  also  chap.  i:i.  of  tliia 
Mil.,  I  !r  annual  lists  of  vessels  and  their  masters.  For  1S:>(5  I  in.iy  ivfer  to 
the  fuliowiii'^r  special  lists:  For  ^Monterey  district,  Mii)i(t:n\i/,  Pmlrun,  IS-lfJ, 
MS.-.  \\il!<jo,])w.,  MS.,  iii.  IDO;  /(/.,  xxxii.  11,  etc.  For  Los  Aii.u'eles  dis- 
trict, Lo:i  'Aii'jilri^,  Arrli.,  MS.,  i.  87,  100-1,  l'_M-4;  Aos  Aniichx,' H'lst.,  10, 
,"i7-fS;  Lou  Aiiijdi'-!  L'.c/)irss,  JIar.  12,  1S7-,  the  first  includin.i^  a  li^t  of  fur- 
eiiju' rs  coiieeriieil  in  tlie  idl'air  of  the  vi;;iiantes.  For  Sta  ]'>:irl)ai'a  di:;trict, 
jiri'f.  .'•','.  P(t/).,  MS.,  iv.  l.'((,;-(]0;  I'im,  2\ipilr.i  dr  .l//,s,'n;,rs,  MS.,  .M',;  ii-id  for 
S.  |)i(  ;..,  ,SV.  I'.ip.,  Sac,  yi:',.,  \'n.  1.').  For  1810  see  the  followin,:  >*ames 
et'dM'i  lUi)  persons  eoncerned  in  tlie  Graham  nfl'ii'',  in  chap.  i.  of  tlii.ixol.; 
Slip.  U'trt  iSV.  Pcip.,  !M.S. ,  xvi.  10;  somc^'eneriillists  in  Pko,  Papdrx  tic  Mi.-:., 
MS.,  ;7-,31;  7>/</.  y.Vc,  MS.  xi.  T.S-O,  77.  Am^eles,  Dqit.  SI.  Pa/).,  MH., 
xviii.  •J;!;  Sta  Ixirliara,  A/.,  xviii.  (32;  S.  Diego,  hi.,  ,l//;/(A.s-,  i.  I;  iii.  .lO;  ,S. 
Jusr,  JJcj/f.  S/.  Ptip.,  MS.,  xviii.  43;  liranciforte,  /(/'.,  xviii.  71-3;  .S.  F., 
bwinillv'a  Colon,  llhl.  S.  F'co,  add.,  7--3. 


iia 


Foi;i:i(;\  uklatioxs  and  rioxKKRS. 


^'■oiidci'l'iilly  t'licrLfi'tlc  MS  colli]).'!!'!'!!  witli  the  natlvos. 
Sorially  tliey  wvrv  r«niyh  and  licai'ty  in  manner,  lios- 
]»lfalili'  as  tlio  )>0()jilo  ainon_!L(  wlinm  tlify  had  coinu  t<» 
live,  and  cvit  ready  to  entertain  a  straiiLjer,  hut  in 
most  cases  iiianirestin<4  l»v  I'ar  too  strong;  a  Jikinyf  l(U' 
intoxicating^  drinks.  In  jtolities,  especially  in  com- 
|)arisoii  wilii  the  new-eoniers  >."  tiie  period,  of  whom 
I  shall  speak  jtresently,  they  i'orined  a  conservative 
cliiiKMit,  ;iv()idiii!L,^  ])artisan  intei'l'd'encc.  Wliile  (h;- 
ploiin<4'  the  evident  evils  and  weaknesses  of  the  J^'ov- 
etnmental  inana<4'emeiit,  and  quietly  supportinif  such 
measures  as  seemed  to  promise  rel'orm,  they  uvoided 
controversv  with  officials  and  leadinij'  men  of  the  de- 
jiartnK'ut,  and  especially  of  the  localities  where  thi-y 
resided.  Tliev  were  not  the  men  who  talked  loud  of 
foreinn  interference,  though  most  of  them  foresaw  a 
change  of  llaj^  in  tlie  not  very  distant  future.  They 
furnished  hut  ten  or  twelve  of  the  forty-seven  men 
sent  away  lor  the  country's  good  in  1840.  Iiidivichi- 
ally,  Isaac  (Jraham  was  more  prominent,  especially  in 
respect  of  what  has  been  said  and  written  abiAit  him, 
than  any  other  man  in  the  list,  thoui^h  by  no  means 
jiiiioiiLr  th(!  nK>st  worthy  of  n  favorable  prominence. 
(Jliief  amoinjf  his  comrades  were  Chard,  Carmichael, 
and  ^Mollis.  Ca[)tains  Cooper  and  Fitch  combined 
the  vocations  of  trader,  ranchero,  and  mariner. 
David  S[)ence  retained  his  influence  at  the  capital, 
lilchardsoii,  Lcese,  Spear,  and  Davis  developed  the 
latent  ^l(l!•il's  of  San  Franci-xo.  Stearns  speculated 
and  induli^ed  his  j^ropeiisity  for  contraband  trade  at 
Los  Ani.;eles  and  San  Pedro.  Prudon  organized  the 
viuilaiits  and  showed  his  sKnl  with  the  pen,  Hart- 
iiell  uDithily  tilled  several  hioh  positions  under  the  gov- 
ei'hiiiciit.  Larkin  slowly  built  up  his  fortunes  at  IMon- 
tei'cy.  IJobinson  travelled  incessantly  from  point  to 
[loiiit  in  the  interests  of  the  Boston  merchants.  Hinck- 
liy  ciacki'd  his  jokes  and  defied  the  revenue  officers 
froii'  imi'th  to  south.  Amoniif  traders  who  followed  the 
sea  to  some  extent,  but  had  commercial  and  other  inter- 


NKW-COMERS  OF  1830-40. 


iir 


lativos. 

■ 

•r,  hos- 

H 

oinu  til 

H 

but  ill 

H 

in;^^  ft  If 

H 

11   coiu- 

H 

wliolll 

H 

rvativi.' 

H 

lilo  de- 

H 

le  <^«.v-        ; 

^ 

\r    such 

iv(»i(K(l 

the  dc- 

ro  tlicy 

■}. 

loud  ct' 

resaw  a 

$ 

Tlu'V 

i 

'on  iHtii 

i 

idividu- 

; 

•ially  ill 

ut  him, 

)  means        , 

lineiiec. 

liehael. 

ml)im'(l 

lariner. 

1 

capital, 
led  the 

julateil 

r  ' 

ado  at 

I't 

;od  the 

If 

Hait- 

E  ^ 

10  SJJOV- 

b  I\Iou- 

ll 

l|)int  to 

^s 

llinck- 

H 

B){licers 

^m 

■cd  the 

H 

1-  iiiter- 

1^ 

r>^ts  in  California  as  well  as  elsewhere,  T  may  name 
,l(ines,  MeKinley,  I'ai'k,  Uohbiiis,  Seott,  Snook,  Steel, 
Stokes,  Thompson, and  Wilson.  At  Monterey  Watson 
and  Allen  maiidained  a  show  of  coni[)etition  with  1  jar- 
kin  in  trade;  Fiteh  was  for  the  most  part  without  rivals 
at  S;in  Diego;  Temi>le  and  Johnson  were  establishi'd 
a(  Li>s  An,i,'eles.  l*rominent  citizens  of  Santa  Bdr- 
l.aia  and  vicinity,  more  or  less  engajj;ed  in  comnieivial 
)iursuits,were  Branch,  Burton,  Dana,  Elwell,  Hill,  and 
S|i;irks;  at  San  Jose  wei'e  Bowen,  Forbes,  and  (<ul- 
11.11':  and  Bolcof  at  Santa  Cruz.  Vij^^nes  and  Wolf- 
skill  tilh'd  their  vineyards  at  Los  Angeles,  and  Will- 
iams and  lu;id  had  ranchos  in  the  same  region, 
(lilioyand  Livermore  lived  on  their  far-ms  in  what 
may  he  called  the  San  Jose  district;  Vvhile  located 
iieith  of  the  bay  were  Alexander,  Black,  Mefntosh, 
]\laf(in,  ^[inphy,  Bead,  and  Yount. 

Of  new-comers  during  183G-40,  that  is,  of  such  as 
arc  priiperly  classed  as  pioneer  residents,  I  shall  have 
eecasidu  to  name  in  annual  lists  about  150,  of  whom 
1  in  remained  in  California  after  the  end  of  the  peiiod, 
seme  .")()  being  men  more  or  less  prominent  in  these 
and  later  y(;ars.''  The  total  ])0[)ulation  of  foreign 
adults,  therefore,  in  1840,  not  including  roving  trap- 
jieis  and  horse-thieves  in  the  interior,  was  in  round 
iiuinhers  380  .souls,  of  which  number  120  had  come 
hclore  1830,  and  240  before  1835.  This  was  not  in 
any  sense  a  period  of  immigration.  If  few  stayed  in 
the  country,  still  fewer  came  with  the  intention  to 
stay;  though  Marsh,  Wolfskill,  and  a  few  others  came 
v»itli  such  an  intention  from  New  Mexico,  as  did  Sut- 
ter, Wiggins,  Lassen,  and  a  few  others  by  way  of 
( )regon.  Most  arrivals  wore  in  one  way  or  anothei' 
accidental.     There  was  no  direct  immiijfratiou  over- 

•Such arc  Nicholas  All<,'eicr,  F.  D.  Atherton,  Ed  T.  Bale,  Fnuik  ]]cdwoll, 
Xic.  A.  Den,  .1).  1).  Dutton,  Phil.  L.  Jlihvar.ls,  Thos  .J.  Fanil.am,  Klia') 
(irinu's,  W.  D.  M.  Howard,  Sebastian  Kcysor,  Peter  Lassen,  .lolm  Mavsii, 
James  Meadows,  Kzekicl  Jilcrritt,  Francis  Alellns,  Henry  Xaile,  Ikiny  Paty, 
.Inlm  I'aty,  Robert  Ridiey,  Alex.  Rotehef,  J'ierrc  Sainscvain,  Jare(l  Sheldon, 
I'c  t'l-  Slierrcback,  John  Sinclair,  John  A.  Sutter,  J.  J.  Vioiret,  and  John  It. 
MolfskiU. 


118 


FOREIGN  RELATIONS  AND  PIONEERS. 


land  to  California,  and  so  far  as  can  l)0  known,  not  a 
sin,i;"le  j)or.son  crossed  the  sierra  in  the  track  of  Smith 
and  Walker  of  earlier  times.  In  tlie  last  years  of  tlic 
]»c"ti(i(l  there  was  a  degree  of  excitement  on  the  suh- 
jcct  in  Missoui'i  and  the  states  of  that  region,  whicli 
will  he  noticed  in  connection  with  its  results  in  1841 
and  later.  Before  1840  it  sent  about  a  dozen  i)eoplc 
over  the  mountains  to  Oregon,  thence  to  seek  a  way 
to  California  either  by  sea  or  laud. 

Of  about  a  hundred  new  names  of  foreiixnei's  that 
appear  in  the  records  of  183G  only  thirt3'-one  are  those 
of  men  who  may  bo  classed  as  pioneers,  and  are  named 
in  tlie  appended  list.'"  Atheiton,  Den,  !Marsh,  and 
llotehef  were  the  men  most  widely  known.  An  ini- 
])()rtant  matter  in  the  year's  annals  was  the  part  taken 
by  foi'du'iiers  in  the  vi<;ilance  ori>anization  at  Los 
Angeles.  Still  more  interesting  was  that  of  the  posi- 
tion taken  by  foreigners  of  different  classes  in  suf)poit 
of  Alvarado's  revolution  against  the  !^^(?xicans,  and  nf 
the  foreign  company  of  sailor  riJJeroti  that  served  in 
the  Calil'ornian  ranks;  but  these  topics  have  been 
fully  treated  in  preceding  cha[)ters,  as  the  Peaak^k'^ 
visit  ;uid  a  resulting  book  will  1)0  in  the  one  to  follow. 

1  name  twenty-live  pioneers  for  18;)7  out  of  seveii- 
ty-tivo  ibreigners  who^^;e  names  a})pear  for  the  lirst 
time  ii\  the  records  of  this  year."  Bale,  Edwards, 
]Merritt,  the  Patys,  and  Vioget  were  the  ones  who  iu 
one  way  or  another  attained  a  degree  of  provinciiil 

'"rionecrsof  183C:  Fiixon  D.  Atherton,  John  Bancroft,  James  11.  Ron\ , 
JcdVoy  Ijiown,  F.  M.  Cooper,  llonry  Cooper,  John  Cooper,  Daniel  (?),  M:^;- 
Ticl  Jteniarante,  Nic.  A.  Den,  James  Doyle,  .John  II.  Everett,  Nic.  Fink,  M. 
Frazer,  \Vm  llaiicc  (?),  TI103  Jewitt,  Francia  .lolinson  (born  in  Cal.),  Su'  1 
L  irin,!,',  John  Alarsh,  Juan  Jloreno,  Henry  Naiie,  Thos  A.  Norton,  .lose] vi 
l-.>])e  (?),  John  I'riee,  Ceo.  Robert^,  (^eo.  Hock,  Alex.  liotelief,  \Vm  C.  Stout, 
AVm  R.  Warren,  Sant.  F.  Watson  (lioru  in  Cal.),  and  J.  V.  R.  Weseott.  >'  J 
these  anil  other  names  in  Pioneer  Register  at  end  of  vol.  ii.-v.,  thir)  work. 

"  I'ioneers  of  ISl]?:  Wni  Anderson,  Ivl  T.  Hale,  Manuel  Carrion,  Ch;u'"- 
foux.  Octavo  Custot,  Phil.  L.  Edwards,  Fred.  ]Ingcl(?),  John  ].cvick(?),  ^\  11 
Mr(  Hone;  Henry  .MeVicker,  James  Meadows,  l'>.ekiel  Merritt.  Morgan,  Fb.i:  '1 
Ness,  James  Orbell,  llem-y  I'aty  (?),  John  Paty,  .lohn  J.  Read  {born  in  Cal  , 
John  Reed(?),  \Vm  1^'od,  A.  1$.  Smith  (?),  John  (Smith,  Jean  J.  Vioget,  Joliu 
Wilson,  and  Francis  Young. 


ANNUAL  LISTS. 


119 


faijic.  The  foreign  inilitiiry  coinpany  still  contiuued 
ill  tlio  Calil'oniian  service,  contributing,  for  i)atri()li.sui 
ami  three  dollars  a  day,  to  the  maintenance  (jf  AI\a- 
rado's  power  among  the  unwilling  surehos.  Suhse- 
([uently  it  aided  in  retaking  ^[onterey  from  the  IMexi- 
rans.  The  coming  of  a  })arty  Ironi  the  C<dunil)ia  in 
(iiiest  of  cattle  ibr  Oregon  re-introduced  ]']wing  Young, 
the  old  tra[)per,  to  the  Californians,  and  originated  a 
iifW  hianch  of  trade.  It  also  lei't  an  unpublished  nar- 
rative of  the  visit,  including  an  overland  tri[)  to  the 
iiiu'lli,  as  recoi'ded  in  the  })receding  chapter.  Tiie 
J^iiglishnian  J>elcher,  and  Petit-Thouars  the  Fri'nch- 
iiian,  wei'e  the  foreign  visitors  of  1837  whose  obser- 
vations Were  published. 

]\[y  jiioneer  list  of  1838  contains  but  twenty  names 
(lilt  of  a  tot;d  of  abouc  fortv  visitors;'-  and  only  John 
II.  Woliskill  is  entitled  to  especial  mention  as  a  pi'omi- 
iKiit  citizen  still  living  in  1884.  It  was  a  most  un- 
eventlul  year  in  all  that  concerned  foreigners,  the 
only  noticeable  item  being  the  tragic  i'ate  of  Captain 
Dancroit,  the  otter-hunter,  at  Santa  Catalina, 

1831)  brought  to  the  coast  liftv  foreigners,  of  whom 
twenty-live  are  entitled  to  a  place  in  my  list  of  resi- 
tlonts,'''  a  list  containing  such  names  as  those  of  llow- 
;.i<l,  Melius,  Sainsevain,  Sinclair,  and  Sutter.  The 
coining  of  the  last-named  ])ioneer,  and  his  establish- 
imiit  of  a  colon}'  on  the  Sacramento,  form  so  im[)or- 
taiit  a  topic  in  the-  annals  of  the  country  that  a  full 
iiaiiative  is  deferred  to  the  next  chapter,  in  which 
I  shall  speak  also  of  Laplace's  visit,  and  of  the  pub- 
litalion  of  Forbes'  histoi'v.     This  vear  brouu'ht  across 


'•I'iduc'.'i-sdf  IS.'SS:  Ilcnry  Austin,  Jo.scph  Bowles,  Joel  P.  Dt.'ilmon<l,  Olivier 
])ilii.<.s('i|iu's,  .loliii  Finch,  \\'\n  (joclie.  Kliiih  (iriiiics,  ]Iniii]>lirry  HMili:n\;iy, 
Will  .loiics  (':),  .loliu  Lucas,  .James  OTiii,  n,  Jaiiua  I'l  aci ,  llanly  I'circc  ('lioiii, 
Ji'liu  i'crry,  .lolm  Samidrrs,  Kli  Soutliwortli,  \\  iii  W  illiams,  J.  C.  ^Vlllialu• 
SduC).  JolinJt.  Wolfskin,  and  S.  WollVkiU. 

"  I'iiiiiccra  (if  ls;{!':  Win  Ijaitoii,  \\'ni  liiirns,  John  Chaniljcrlain,  Joliii 
r'nnicl.s  (?),  t'.  ])avis,  'J'lios  Duncan,  Jloiiry  I']at(iii,  Co.  Hewitt,  W.  1  >. 

M.  IliAvani,  iuiiry  Kiiliy.  .losojili  Leiny,  l''raiiei.s  .Melius,  Paul  Piyor(''  lioru 
ii»  C.ii.l,  Pich.  Pea  I  C  liorn  in  Cal),  Feliim  Peid,  Jose  D.  Jtcid  (''!,  VVni  J. 
Pi  yiii'hl.s,  ( ;eo.  Poliinsoii,  Pieii'o  Saiiisevaiii,  Jujin  Siiielaii',  (I.  ( }.  M:i!i\';iii  {'.'), 
Juliii  A.  tJuttur,  Will  Swinbuni,  Julia  Titnicy,  luul  Francis  J.  Wcsl^ato. 


120 


FOREIGX  EELATIOXS  AND  PIONEERS. 


tlio  continent  to  Oregon  a  dozen  or  more  peoi^o  who 
subsequently  came  to  California;  and  it  is  said  that 
Graham  and  Xaile  attempted  to  organize  a  com[)any 
to  cro.;s  the  mountains  eastward,  for  exactly  wlial 
pni'pose  is  not  ai)parent;  neither  is  it  important,  as 
they  did  not  succeed. 

Xew  arrivals  in  1840  numbered  one  hundred  and 
forty,  or  at  least  such  was  the  number  of  new  name  s 
a[»])earing  for  the  first  time  in  records  of  this  year, 
a  few  having  doubtless  come  a  httle  earlier.  Of  all 
these,  forty-six  have  a.  place  in  the  a})pended  list,'*  and 
all  are  named  in  my  Pioneer  Register  elsewhere. 
New-comers  of  1840  best  known  in  later  times  wwc 
Allgeier,  J^utton,  Farnham,  Keyser,  Lassen,  Kidley, 
and  Sherreback.  The  great  to[)ic  of  the  year,  else- 
where tnnited,  was  of  course  the  Graham  affair,  iu- 
vohing  the  exile  of  fortv-^;l'Ven  uiuU'sirablo  foreiu'ii 
I'esidents,  and  su[»plcmented  by  the  visits  of  Lib' 
French  man-of-war  Dcita'idc,  under  llosamel,  and  of 
the  U.  S.  St  Louis,  under  Foii'est.  Another  matter 
of  considerable!  interest  was  the  arrival  of  the  Ldu- 
s<i,i))(>  at  13odega,  with  resulting  (;om[)hcati«»ns.  A 
ciMitroversy  between  the  Californian  authorities  and 
the  Uussiiins  was  the  most  important  phase  of  this 
airaii",  and  will  bo  noticed  in  its  place.  Its  interest 
i'or  the  reader  of  this  chapter  arises  from  the  iact 
that  the  vessel  brought  several  innnigrants.  Some  of 
the  Art ^;.sYn;»r'.s' passengers  were  UK^n  who  had  crossed 
thc!  continent  with  John  A.  Sutter  in  1838;  others 
had  come  overland  to  Oregon  by  the  same  route  in 
isni).  There  .vero  perhaps  ten  or  twelve  in  all,  ami 
all  intended  apparently  to  stop  in  California;  but  the 

"  I'ionecrs  of  1S40:  Walter  W.  Adams,  Nic.  AUwier,  Aug.  A.  Aiulrcws. 
.loliii  Ariiistroiiu'  {':),  Frank  ]joiUvc1I,  Dan.  .M.  Hums,  Antliniiy  C^amplx  1', 
('  liii  ("ampbell,  lieo.  11.  Card,  tlco.  Cliapcl,  Cliarloa  Jl.  Codiioi',  Fiaiuis 
Dj.y,  I'iorro  Dulmsc,  Dav.  D.  Dutton,  TIiom  J.  Farnham,  Win  T.  F.ixon, 
(!;^liiac  (.'{  sons  liorii  in  C'al.  aliont  tliisc  years),  Wiu  Jl'Hiptsnan,  I'rancis 
.lolmson,  .Tames  .lulmsun,  .Ir  (?l)iirii  in  C.il.),  Wni  .rolmsnn,  S;  ..a  ;ti;!n  l\('ysi'r. 
Will  Lanylois,  I'cti'r  Lassun,  \atli.  S.  J.(i;,'ht<)n,  Win  Lewis,  I'ltor  Lyons. 
•  Ii'o.  I'attersdii,  I'aul  Jtieiiai'ilsen  (V),  Folii-rt  I'idley,  I'oliert  ]!iil)ert.»;i. 
•Icisiah  Settle  (?),  .lared  Slu'Iilon,  IVter  Slien-el>;iek.  Antonio  >ilvii  (VK  .M.  J' ;• 
Sterliiif,'  (':),  Ed  Stokes  (?),  I'aul  Sweet  (VI,  Tlios  A.  Wai'oai  |?|,  .lolui  Warner, 
'Scotch  \\'lially,'  Tlios  White,  Wm  \Vij.gins,  ami  Alvin  Wilauu. 


AFFAIR  OF  THE  'LAUSAXXE.* 


121 


A 

ill  1(1 

this 

'rest 

liict 

luu  (tl' 

>sse(l 

Jicrs 

to   ill 

and 

tlu' 

llrews. 
]li1.ol<, 
IraiR'is 
'nxoii, 
li'iincis 
Icvsi-r, 

Irt.-«li. 
iMrj.:- 
lu'iu  r, 


onh' per^^oiis  who  did  so,  and  whoso  names  arc  known, 
Mriv  Wilhani  Wigi,dns,  Peter  Lassen,  and  David  ]J. 
i)iitton.  Their  arrival  at  Bodeg-a,  in  July,  beconi- 
uv  known  to  General  A'allejo,  lie  objected  to  their 
remaining  in  the  country,  especially  in  view  of  the 
r.cent  troubles  with  foreigners.  Accordingly,  some 
of  the  number  who  had  a  little  money  or  credit  [trc- 
\  ailed  on  Captain  Spalding  to  carry  them  to  llono- 
liilu;  but  Wiii'Ldns,  Lassen,  and  two  or  three  of  Sut- 
tit's  old  company,  having  less  means  or  less  fear  of 
Mexican  officials,  determined  to  remain.  The  Ilus- 
>i,iiis,  between  whom  and  Valiejo's  men  a  quarrel  had 
arisen  about  the  touching  of  the  vessel  at  Bodega 
Mill  other  matters  connected  therewith,  seem  to  have 
viii'mled  some  protection  to  the  fugitives,  entertaining 
tlicm  for  a  week  or  more  at  Ross,  and  perha[)s  fnr- 
iiishiiig  horses  for  their  journey  to  the  interior.  At 
any  rate,  they  arrived  at  Sutter's  })lace  on  the  Sacra- 
nu'iito  about  the  middle  of  August,  and  were  not 
thereafter  molested.^'' 

'■■  I  hiivc  iiiMiiy  original  coiiuuunications  of  the  time  about  the  affair  of  tlio 
Lniimniif,  in  \dil<jo','jM„'.,'S\^.,  \\.  IS.'S.  I!»l-S,  ;)0()-'JS;  J)c],t.  St.  Pup..  Jlrii. 
Mil.,  Ms.,  Iv.  1 1.  liut  .iiiijiit  tlio  foreigners  they  rovoal  iiDtiiing  t>uyo:iil  Iho 
fact  that  they  liindcil,  thai  fi)Ur  of  tlieiii  eanic  at  one  time  to  .Sonoma,  ami  that 
J!ntchel,  taking  (jU'ense  at  \'allejo's  aetioii,  atl'onl  il  them  some  aid.  See  ehap. 
vi..  this  viil.,  lor  (U'tai!^5  of  the  eontrijversy.  Most  information  extant  ai.out 
tiie  arrival  nf  thid  party  comes  from  tlio  statement  of  Wm  Wiggins,  still  livinj? 
ill  iJiSO.  \i'fjji.iK'  Ii'ciiiiiihcriicc.'f,  Ms.,  1-"J;  LI.,  I'ac.  Coii^t  in  ISJ'J,  eoiiieil 
fioin  the  V,  ('•'  Kxdmhicr  by  the  S.  Jo^c  Phiierr,  April  (t,  187S;  ami  an  ae- 
cmut— taUun  mainly  from  the  newspaper  article  cited — in  Soltmrt  ('okhIii 
lI'iM.,  "'7-0;  r.irl  SoiDiiia  (Jo,  //i4.,  (il-'J.  There  is,  I  think,  no  truth  in  tlio 
b'uti'iiicut  liiat'Vlio  Russians  told  Alf.  I'ifia  and  his  nun  who  came  to  prevent 
th.'  f<  eiL;;50iv<  tr  iin  landing,  '  to  leave,  be  shot  down,  or  go  to  prison  ;'  nor  do 
1  ha;<!  laU'.ii  fiiith  ia  the  genrineness  of  the  following  letter  pulilislud  in  tlie 
Comity  "i.'stor  -r.  ci  h!;  '  I'l.rt  IJodega,  July  "Jo,  is40.  To  the  American 
I  onsid  of  Cuiii, 'i.;.i.  Dear  Sir:  We,  the  undersigned,  citizens  of  the  I'.  S., 
Ining  desirous  to  land  in  the  country,  and  having  been  r'.fusi^d  a  passport, 
and  been  opposed  by  the  govt,  we  v,"rite  to  you,  sir,  for  advice,  and  claim 
your  protection.  Being  short  of  funds,  %vo  are  not  able  to  ]iroeeed  farther  on 
thi'  ship.  We  have  eoiieluded  to  land  under  the  protection  of  tiie  JLu^sians; 
wc  will  remain  there  l.">  days,  or  until  ^\c  receive  an  answer  from  yon,  whicli 
N\c  hope  will  be  as  soon  a.s  the  circumstances  of  the  ease  will  permit.  Wo 
liaw  liien  refused  a  jiassport  from  (ien.  Valh  jo.  Our  object  is  to  !:et  to  the 
^cttlenlents,  or  to  o))tain  a  pass  to  return  to  our  own  country.  .Siioulil  v.i>  re- 
)  relief,  wo  will  take  uf)  our  arms  and  travel,  consider  ourselves  in  an 

■  ''ountry,  and  defend  ourselves  with  our  gnus.     Wc  snluiciibo  oiir- 
II  -t  rospeetfnlly,   l)a\id   |)ntton,  .lohn  Stivens,  I'eter  ].a.s,ien,  \\'m 

=  ■,       Wright.'     i>uttou  and  Wright  only  are  nanu'd  as  pas.-^engers  by 

■  :    per  Ihat  I'eeords  the  arrival  of  the  A^'»,^'(»H'•  at  Jlonoluhi.     In  re- 
l.r.i  lu  ie  liie  ai  rival  ol  these  men  iu  Oregon,  see  JliM.  (Jr.,  i.  'J3S,  this  .series. 


ccive 
enc!)   , 
Sc'      • 

Wij.. 

t'  o^u. 


CHAPTER  V. 


SUTTER'S  FORT— VISITS  AND  BOOKS. 

1830-1S40. 

John  A.  SriTr.u's  i''  .,ifk— Comes  to  Califokma  via  OuECios,  ITono- 

i.n.r,  AM)  Sitka  m.ption  at  Montkiikv — I'ruciiASKs  ox  Ci;i;imt    - 

Tkip  LP  TiiK  Sacuamknto — NiKVA  ] lKi,vi;('r A  Foi  .NUKD— Uklatiovs 
vnii  Sonoma — Annals  oi"  ISoiJ— 10— Inhian  I'oi.icy-  Cattik,  IIkavku- 

SKINS,     AM)     1)HANDY— SuTTKk's      I'LANS-  I'lIKI.l's'     VlSlT — RkcUPITS  - 

Sittkk  a  Mkxican  Citizi'.n — ])ii!Li(nii:AiMiv  01'  FouKii;.N'  Visits — Tin-: 
Tkacocik'  —  lirsc'm;.NDKK(ii;H's    \auuativk  — Titi:    'Sili'Iick'  -l>i  i.- 

ClIKIl's   XaURATIVK— SrUVKY    OP    THE   SAfltAMKNTO — SI-ACCM's    VisII 

TiiK  'Vknts'— I'ktit-Thoitaus'  Vovagk— Foiuiks  on  Calii-okma — Ti:k 
'Auti-:.misi;'— Laplack,  Campauni: — I'iiklps'  Foia;  and  Aft — Fakn- 
ham's  Lifi;  in  Califoknia — J.  F.  li.  M. 

A  PROMINENT  place  must  be  given  to  Sutter's  arri- 
val and  .settlement  in  Caliibjiiia,  as  ho  was  for  years  in 
sewial  i'es;)ects  the  leading  t'oreigner  in  the  country. 
He  was  likewise  closely  connected  with  many  events 
of  current  history  in  1841-8,  and  more  honored  with 
Words  of  eulogy  than  any  other  Californian  pioneer 
down  to  the  day  of  his  death  in  1880.  Moreover,  hi.s 
settlement  on  the  Sacramento  was  not  only  the  first 
in  a  broad  aiul  important  territory,  utilized  by  trappers 
only  down  to  1831);  but  was  destined  to  be  a  leading- 
factor  in  the  political  changes  of  184G,  and  a  direct 
medium  of  an  event  which  transformed  Calitornia  and 
startled  the  world — the  discovery  of  gold  at  Sutter's 
mill  in  1848. 

»l<)hn  AuLS'ustus  Sutter — or  Johann  Auijust  Sutei' 
as  tlie  name  was  originally  written — was  of  German 
origin,  having  been  born  iu  Februar}*,  1803,  perhap.s 


r 


ari'!- 
'urs  in 
untvv. 
I  vents 

witli 
loiiot  r 
or,  his 

ipjU'lS 

jadiii.u' 
clire<t 
a  auil 
ittei's 

kiti'i', 
}riin!i 
kiiiaps 


SUTTER'S  EARLY  LIFE. 


123 


of  Swiss  parents,  at  KanJcrn,  a  little  town  of  Baden. 
At  the  ajjfe  of  sixteen  years  he  reniov(;d  to  Switzei'- 
land,  attended  scliool  for  a  time  at  Xeufeliatel,  and 
attained  his  citi/ensliip  at  the  little  villajre  of  Riinen- 
hoi'j,",  Basle.  He  subsequently  went  to  Burgdorf, 
CI II ton  of  Bern,  where  he  embarked  in  business,  and 
where  in  182(1  lie  murried  Annette  Diibeld,  l)y  whom 
ill  the  next  six  years  lie  liad  thi'ee  sons  and  one  daugh- 
t<'r,  Meanwhile  he  was  a  soldier  in  the  Swiss  army, 
like  every  youn<^'  and  able-bodied  man  in  that  rejiublic, 
ami  was  for  a  time  an  oflicer  in  the  force  of  eitizen- 
siil(hery,  ludd  ever  "eady  for  active  service.  The 
st'ii'v  so  widely  circuUiced  in  books  and  newspa[)ers 
tliat  Sutter  served  in  the  French  army,  as  captain  of 
Swiss  ouards,  "miu'^ding-  with  tlie  ehte  of  French 
socirty  in  the  court  of  Charles  X.,"  is  pure  fiction. 
(If  his  coninici'cial  ventures  at  Burydorf  we  have  no 
(Ktails,  save  his  own  statement  that  he  was  eni»'aijfed, 
jK'i  haps  at  an  earlier  date,  in  bookbindiuLif  and  the 
s.ilc  of  newspapers.  Tlie  young  merchant  must  have 
liad  some  money  <)r  credit;  but  neither  his  capital  nor 
liis  experience  was  at  all  commensurate  with  his  en- 
t  linsiasm  and  and)ition,  and  tlie  result  was  bankruptcy. 
Discouragement,  however,  found  no  place  in  his  na- 
tiiiT,  and  he  determined  to  retrieve  his  fortunes  in  the 
Xfw  World.  Jjcaving  his  family  in  straitened  cir- 
cumstances, and  to  his  creditors  the  task  of  settling 
his  alfaii's,  Sutter  sailed  for  America  in  the  early 
summer  of  18o4.^ 

''{'Ill-  litst  authority  extant  on  Suttor's  early  lif(;  is  Sr/iUi'ihi'inif,  Cali/or- 
vim  l.'iiiil  iniit  Li'iiti',  •2\'.)--2l.  'J'iio  author,  I'oboit  vmi  Schh.diitwi'it/is  a 
U(  II  l;\u)wii  (ItTuiau  travelhr  anil  writer,  wlio  on  this  sulijoot  nut  unly  vend 
\vh.it  has  lii(>n  writtiii  alioiit  Sutter  in  Cal.,  but  jilso  had  aeci'ss  t'>  other 
smuiocs  of  infiir nation,  lie  cites  the  statt'Uients  of  ]iei-soiis  at  Lieslal  who 
i.iu'W  till'  family,  especially  llerr  Aliirtiii  liirinaini-Soein:  also  an  article  in 
till'  ll">:rl/nii'/.<rlt(t///ir/ii'ii  Zfitinii;,  Auj;.  '2S,  ISOS.  He  ),'ives  the  date  of  Siit- 
tor'.s  hirth  as  l''cl)'.  1."),  ISO."?.  Ilis  children  were  John  A.,.tr.,  born  in  KS27; 
Anna  ];ii/a,  in  1S2S;  Eniil  Victor,  in  18:50;  and  Wni  Al]ihiinse,  in  ls:J2.  lie 
!<tato-  that  till'  business  all'airs  were  so  complicated  that  they  were  not  fully 
settled  until  1S()L>.  Iti  his  I'lrxoiinl  Riiniiiinrrnci.-',  MS.,  eare'fuP.y  dictated  to 
nic  liy  Sutter  at  his  residence  in  Penn.  a  few  years  before  his  death,  he  cor- 
rects the  story  of  his  service  in  the  Frencii  army,  but  goes  only  sli;.'htly  into 
di  i.iils  of  his  early  life.     He  says,  however,  that  he  was  a  cadet  at  liern.     I 


121 


SUTTER'S  FORT-VISITS  AND  BOOKS. 


Landiiij^  at  Now  York  in  July  1834,  ourj-ounj:^  ad- 
venturer went  inunediately  westward,  with  two  Ger- 
mans and  two  Frenchmen,  all  agreein<^  to  learn  no 
En^lisli  so  long  as  they  kept  together;  but  they  parted 
in  Indiana,  and  Sutter  went  on  to  St  Louis,  where 
ji  nd  at  St  Charles  he  spent  the  winter.  Looking  about 
liini  for  a  chance  to  advance  his  fbitunes,  he  fell  in  with 
1  !ie  Santa  Fe  traders,  with  whom  he  went  in  tlie  spring 
of  18o5  to  New  Mexico.  He  claims  to  have  had  at 
this  time  some  means,  but  his  ca|)ital  doubtless  con- 
sisted mainly  in  his  j)leasing  address,  his  sanguine 
tem[)eranient,  and  his  })ersonal  energy.  Already  mas- 
ter of  the  German  and  French  lannuages,  lie  shortlv 
acfjuireil  in  his  new  surroundings  enough  ot"  Fnglish 
and  Spanisii  for  his  business  purpcjses.'^  Respecting 
jiis  connnercial  ventures  in  ]Missouri  and  New  ^Mexico 
during  thu  years  1835-7,  ventures  consisting  largely 
in  trade  witli  the  Indians,  there  is  but  little  information 
extant.  That  little  is  not  favorable  to  Sutter's  repu- 
tation; but  there  are  reasons  for  not  even  re])eating 
here  the  definite  charges  against  him,  and  for  believing 
that  those  charges  were  to  a  certain  extent  unl'ounded. 
Tlien,  as  before  and  later,  Sutter  was  an  enthusiast, 
and  he  had  the  taculty  of  inn)arting  his  enthusiasm 
to  others.  His  schemes  were  always  I'ar  beyond  his 
moans  and  abilities.  He  rarely  hesitated  to  incur  any 
obligation  for  the  future,  and  he  was  rarely  al)lo,  in 
hnancial  matters,  to  keep  his  promises.  He  induced 
certain  Germans  and  others  to  invest  their  money  in 
Jiis  projects,  which  after  their  failure  were  denounced 

nerd  not  specify  here  the  numerous  biographical  sketches  that  l>avi'inipi':>rcil 
in  tiooks  and  newspapers.  One  of  those  most  widclj'  ciroulatud  in  various 
f  ipiiis  is  that  in  Dinihar^s  llomnnfi'  of  the  A<ii\  11-'21.  Tiie  most  acciirati^  of 
all  in  many  respects  is  that  given  in  Slnirk'n  He/ircsfntaiivi'  Mt  n,  1 1  "JI.  'J'lii-. 
•slictoli  ])resunts  Suiter  .as  tlie  son  of  .a  Lutheran  cleri,'yman,  whii'li  is  not  iiii- 
proljahle;  and  I  tliink  there  may  !>•  some  doid)t  alK)ut  his  haxin.^  lieen  i 
Swiss,  It  lias  often  heen  said  that  Sutter's  plan  on  leavin;,'  Ivnope  was  ti 
establish  a  Swiss  colony  in  America;  hut  this  under  the  cireumstames  is  e.n- 
liUely.  Ilis  plan  was  to  make  a  fortune  as  best  he  could.  He  say^,  'My 
object  ia  coniiii:^  to  America  was  to  be  a  farmer.' 

-  lie  never  wrote  French  correctly,  though  much  better  than  either  Spanisii 
or  En;j;lisli.  lie  hail  but  sli^'ht  occasion  in  his  C'aliloiuia  correspondence  lor 
the  Gertnuu,  wliich  was  his  imtivo  language. 


SUTTER  IX  NEW  MEXICO. 


•in-' 
iast. 

as!!l 

111- 

any 

ill 

UcimI 

'V  ill 

iuxhI 

U'lllTil 
;ll■ioU^^ 

■all'  iif 

TllH 

>t  im- 
.(•(■II  a 
Ivas  M 
lis  un- 
My 

Lnisli 


ns  s\vin<llr>^  hy  tlio  viotiins.  It  is  fair  to  snppof^o,  in 
ill,'  al'sciicc  of  proof  to  the  contrary,  that  their  accusa- 
lioiis  ct'  swiniilini^  were  exayi^c rated,  and  other  nK)re 
H'rinus  e]iarL,'es  invented,  l 


ty  reason  of  theu'disappomt- 
iiu'iit.  At  any  rate,  Sutter  saved  a  httle  money,  and 
ilttonnined  to  seek  his  fortune  still  farther  west.^ 

J II  New  !N[exieo  Sutter  met  several  men  who  had 
111(11  in  Calilornia,  from  whom — and  especially  from  a 
(aiiadian  alcalde  at  Taos  named  Poj)ian — he  heard 
iiiiu  Ii  in  praise  of  that  country's  climate,  lands,  and 
( ;ittle.  TluTeforc  he  resolved  to  visit  California,  and 
rnniii'd  a  i)artv  of  seven  men,  consisting  of  three  Ger- 
mans,  two  Americans,  a  Belgian,  and  a  ^lexican  ser- 
\aiit.  ]^y  the  advice  of  Sir  William  Di'ummond 
Shwart,  as  he  says,  and  perhaps  for  other  reasons  as 
wtll/  he  decided  not  to  go  by  the  Santa  Fe  trail,  but 
to  take  a  northern  route.  Thev  started  from  St  Louis 
ill  April  1 8;18,  and  travelled  hv  the  I'ende/vous  in  Wind 
lliwr  Valley,  Fort  Hall,  Fort  Boise,  Walla  Walla, 
Dalles,  and  Willamette  Valley  mission,  ai'iiviiijjf  at 
j'ort  A'ancouvcr  in  October,  six  months  after  leaving' 
S;  i.ouis.  The  journey  need  not  be  more  fully  de- 
sciilxd  here;  in  fact,  little  is  known  about  it.  From 
iiilssieiiaries  and  trappers  in  Oregon,  and  especially 

'Sutler,  Pi  i:<onal  Ucmin.,  MS.,  '2-.*},  says  practically  nothing  of  his  cxpe- 
I'iiiicc  iliiriii^  these  years,  save  that  lio  lionght  apiece  of  laiul  in  Mo.  and  vis- 
iiiij  Sta  I'V;  and  the  same  silence  is  to  lie  noted  in  the  current  sketches. 
Some  \\ liters  state  that  lie  obtained  papers  of  naturalization  while  in  Mo.,  and 
S:;'fi'r  h'.inself,  J'i'lilioii  to  CoiiiJixhk,  says  he  applied  for  such  papers.  Scldair- 
iiitweit  .simply  states  that  lie  went  to  Sta  Fe,  and  drove  a  tlourishing  trade 
\\'.'\\  the  liiiiiaiis.  Ill  the  JIS.,  (Irahnmainl  Sn/trr  in  X.  M'xico,  yonir  fctrl.v!'// 
r  /'.'oiiii r  nf  IS.'^l,  .MS.,  p.  ;?-7,  are  recorded  a  few  details.  Schniiilder,  in  liis 
Xi  III  r  I'nik.  U'rijni'iyri;  7-ir-(),  written  in  1.S4S,  states  that  Sutter  induced  tlie 
oiiii^iant  eonipauy  from  (liesen,  (ierinaiiy,  settled  in  Warren  Co.,  Mo.,  tofnrni 
a  trailiii;;  caravan  to  New  Mexico  in  ISS.l.  About  50  joined  the  cunipaiiy; 
li;it  (111  account  of  iiie.\peri(Mico,  lateness  of  the  season,  etc.,  the  enterprise  w,!S 
:\  failure  After  tiie  dissolution  and  the  retern  of  most  nieinliers,  Sutter  (•<- 
t  ilili.^^hiil  himself  in  business  at  Sta  IV;  but  his  fanner  partners'  raids  <in  Irs 
c;qiital  jnevented  success.  Ho  did  not  like  New  Mexican  life,  and  he  resolved 
ill  hoS  to  seek  the  west  coast. 

*lii  liis  Pdifloii  loCoiii/rrsf!,  Sutter  says:  '  The  ditliculties  of  crns^inf,' tlio 
iiioinit.'iiiis  from  New  Mexico  were  represented  as  impracticable,  and  he  deter 
r.iiicd,  (111  iii.s  second  return  to  ^lissouri,  to  reach  the  I'acilic   "by  a  iKirtheni 
route.'"    This  of  course  is  .absurd,  since  the  soutiiern  mute  at  the  time  pie- 
tiiiic  1  111!  great  ditliculties,  and  at  Sta  IV  was  the  one  best  known. 


llt«:H 

^  S  ,H'  r's  P<  rsou'il  Ilnn'in.,  MS.,  3-0,  witli  sdiiK:  il< 'tails  cif  cxiicricnc^Mir,  tlio 
vny  tiinl  in  Ore^'nii.  Siilli  r's  JJl/iri/,  jiuiili.>iK'il  in  ilic  ,S'.  /■'.  Arijininnl,  J:iii.  .(I, 
I'STS,  ;L:i\c-i  ilii!  facta  iiKuv  Itrifily.  This  dociniiuiit,  tlioiigh  iiilcrcsliii^'.  is 
evidently  not  a  diaiy  ki'iit  at  the;  time,  hut  a  sei'ie.s  oi  iiiiiiK.iraiulii  iikuIl;  at  .i 
later  ;hi-|'m1 — at  li  a^^t,  sueli  is  tlie  ease  in  respect  of  tlio  earlier  iiorliiju;?.  lii 
(I'rai/''-:  ///'■'.  Orcjoii.  177.  it  in  stated  that  Sutter  eaiiie  with  the  author  and  .-i 
liiirty  i>i  i!ii---.-=ii>riarie.s  to  Walla  Walla,  Imt  Siittei-  .says  nothing'  of  it,  thi>u,;!i 
lie  prehaMy  met  ( Iray,  as  lie  later  wrotea  letter  al);iut  him  wliih^  at  lloiioluhi. 
From  the  l);d!e3  to  tiio  \\illaiiiette,  Sutter  travelK d  ]rirt  of  tlio  Way  A\illi 
Ijee,  tlie  nn.-*  ioiiary,  and  his  |).iity.  'J'he  jiuirney  is  deseiihed  in  /.'C  it^nl 
I'roKl\^  Tci  )'(»;•>■//;  0/\,  l.".")-()0,  hut  wilhoiit  mention  of  Sutler.  SelilaL'int- 
v.'eit  says  he  left  I't  Indejiendi'iiee  with  ("aiit.  lumatiiij'er,  .")  missionaries,  ,ti  1 
3  women,  in  Jnne,  ai-ri\in;,'  at  Ft  N'anemiver  in  Scjitemher.  Sehniiil '■  r, 
^twr  W I '_!!'•(  i.<(r,  ~\A\,  repi'ats  this,  ami  L:i\es  .lidy  l.".)iii  as  the  dati'  of  I  i; 
ar;iva!  ai  Ft  If;dl.  From  St  Foiiis  to  the  Koi-Uy  Mt.  rendezvous,  he  travel,  i 
with  (Vj't.  Tripp  of  the  Amer.  Fur  Co.  Siifi'o-'s  /'</iil(>ii, 

"Ai  rival  noted  in  lloiiohihi  S.  I.  <!ii:,'lh-,  Itee.  1.",  ls;!S.  In  the  s.r  ..■ 
paiH'i- of  .\jiril  0,  ISoO,  is  a  letter  from  Sutter  denyin:;  t!ie  trntii  of  a  rrj.i  t 
that  a  I'n  'lelnnan  hail  eonimanded  a  party  of  Iniliuua  that  had  attacked  tlic 
niissionaiy  (.iray  on  his  way  o\orliind. 


rnOM  THE  ISLANDS  TO  SITKA. 


127 


Cal- 
1  the 

liiiii 
4,  .)u 

pas- 


ic"  on  tho 
Jan.  •-(!, 

khIl'  at  a 

i)i;;J.  lu 
.11-  iiii'l  a 
,  tlioii:h 

Imiolulii. 

v;iy  villi 
I, IP  (ii"l. 

I'hln.L-int- 
vit'S,  a'l  I 
liiuiil  '■  r, 
to  of  1  i< 
travel. V 'I 

|1k'   sa'iio 
a  r«l>'    t 
[■kcd  llio 


i 


ovci',  Sutter  was  (>nal)le<l  tliroui^fh  the  iiilluenco  of  liis 
iiiw  iViciuls  to  cn^'ago  two  oi-  tliroo  im.'n  in  addition 
1<)  tilt'  one  (jrcrnian  lie  had  l)rouglit  witli  liiin,  tho 
(rihtis  having' hcon  left  in  ( )rotj;'on,  and  ei^iit  or  ten 
Kaiialuis  for  ids  (.'ahfornian  rancho.  He  finally  sailed 
(Ml  tlie  English  \)r\g  Clementine,  Captain  Blinn,  on 
Apiil  'JO,  l(Sr.O,  for  Sitka."  The  voyat^e  was  without 
iioiahle  incident,  and  at  Sitka,  whore  most  of  the 
(•,i;''^-o  was  landed,  Suttei"  I'eniained  several  weeks, 
making'  new  fi'iends  aniojii;'  the  ollieer.s  of  the  llussian 
.Viiierican  Conijiany,  and  having  the  honor  to  dance 
V.  ith  the  o-overnor's  wile,  a  l)orn  princess.  The  voy- 
;!"v  of  tlu^  Clementine  down  the  coast  was  i-athcr 
iMii'di;  but  on  the  1st  of  July  she  entered  San 
I'raucisco  Bay;  and  our  adventurer,  by  a  somewhat 
circuitous  route  from  Switzerland,  was  at  last  in  Cali- 
I'siiia.  ]Ie  was,  however,  allowed  to  remain  only 
It'iiy-eight  hours  for  rej^airs,  in  accordance  with  tho 
I'evcr.ue  regulations;  and  was  obliged  to  forego  even 
the  festivities  of  July  4tli  to  present  himself  and  his 
\  essel  at  tho  caiiital.** 

.Vrrivini'-  at  3.Iontercv  on  Julv  .3d,  Sutter  lost  no 
lime  in  making  known  his  project,  declining  an  in\i- 

■  Honolulu  S.  I.  G'izvf/f,  April  '27,  is.",f»,  in  wliicli  Ca])!.  Sutter,  A.  'J'lionip- 
s  ill,  two  (icriiiaii  caliiui^t-iiiakcrs,  and  !)  kanakas  an;  niuntionr  " 


I 


an  )iasscii- 


v.aiti.'  nirii. 


111  his  Pir.ionnl  Haniii.,  XlS.,  II,  l!)-'.'(),  '27,  Sutter  say.s  li(>  liroiiglit  4 
id  S  kanak;;;*,  two  of  tliuni  with  thiir  wives,  whom  the  kinj; 


j.Mve  liiiu  fnr  ;>  years  at  SIO  per  nioiitli.  lie  had  also  taken  from  Oicjon  !iu 
Lhlian  hoy  whom  he  bought  of  Kit  Carson  for  SlUi).  He  elaini.s  to  lia\e  lieea 
till'  iiwiiei-  of  the  vessel,  whieii  1  tliiuk  cannot  have  been  tho  fact.     ]Jot!i  ver- 


^10, 


IS  have  lieen  j.'iven  in  the  eurrent  .sketches.     In  his  pctiti^m  i 


10  .'<ays  li 


'.lilpjied  as  supercargo  witliout  pay  (jn  an  English  vessel  eliarten'<l  1  y  sumo 
Aim  riean  citizens  of  these  isles.' 

■  SiiHir's  P<rs.  Him.,  MS.,  1-J-l 4;  Siuttcr'x  Diary.     The  date  of  arrival  at 
S.  1\  is  generally  given  as  July  iM;  but  thei'c  is  proof  that  the  vis;(  L  an  ive  1 


;t  Moiiterev  on  t!i 


Villi 


I  Id, 


Do 


MS.,  vii.  •J!'0:  Phiii),  Do 


MS. 


Siie  paid  duties  on  about  5?.'!.  KKI.     liartlett.  2\'.in-a/!ci',  ii.  OS-Ti',  rep- 


resents t.io  vovagc 


to  1 


jave   lieen  via 


Ibi 


S.  V>h 

u 


,s  or 
ds  t 


Mazatlan.     Sevv  I'al  v.riters 


iw.'uian  Islands  to  cnu'ago  in  iaising  oraiigef 


st  ste  that  Sutter  went  to  the 
ethers  liave  it  liiat,  starting  fieni  Honolulu  for  Sitka,  h.r  was  (hiveu  liukily 
by  the  gales  to  S.  F. ;  noliociy  suggests  that  he  went  to  Alaska  to  invstigato 
till'  |irnspects  for  iiuuiiifaeturiiig  ice!  '  II  lit  ([uehiiu.'s  operations  coiiiiiirrciales 
\  la  Xnuvello  Archangel,'  says  Mo/nii,  L'.ijiloi:,  i.  4,"i7- 8.    In  a  letter  ot  Nt 


•-'I,  I' 


to  the. V.  ./.'.-■•■  P 


l)ec.   14,  1S77,  Sutter  objects  to  ,i  st.itemellt 


by  home  orator  that  '  prior  to  |.S4!  a  few  restless  and  adventurous  s]iirits  had 
C'liie  to  Californi:i,  scarcely  knowing  how  or  why; '  and  claims  that  ut  least 
himself  and  Marsh  had  come  with  the  dclil>eratc  intcutiou  to  settle. 


a  colony,  lie  advised  Sutter  to  announce  his  inten- 
tion of  becoming  a  ^Mexican  citizen,  to  o-o  into  tin' 
interior  and  select  any  tract  of  unoccupied  land  that 
mii^ht  suit  him,  and  to  I'eturn  to  Monterey  in  a  yeai', 
^v]len  he  would  l)e  given  his  papers  of  naturalization 
and  a  grant  of  his  land.  Gladly  adopting  this  plan, 
Sutter  obtained  additional  letters  of  recommendation 
to  Vallejo,  and  hastened  back  to  Ycrba  Buena,  whevi 
he  arrived  July  7th  on  the  Clementine,  which  craft 
was  despatched  for  Honolulu  about  a   week  later.'' 

"Olio  of  these  letters,  dalcd  April  IS,  ISP.O,  from  Jolin  C.  Jones,  U.  S. 
consul  ill  O.'ilin,  to  (Jen.  V'iillojo,  i.-i  preserved  in  VaUijo,  Doc,  MS.,  vi,  IM. 
Sutter  is  introduced  j)S!i  'Swiss  geuilcinan  of  the  first  eliiss  among  men  "f 


talent,  find  estimation,'  -(Northy  of  all ' 


ilidc 


enee  and  sujijiort. 


'"Jntho  Jloiiolii/n  S.  I.  dirjlti',  \\m-\\  0,  ISS'J,  Sutter  distinctly  claims 
have  been  an  olhcer  in  the  French  service;  ho  is  called  captain  in  C'on- 
Jenes'  letter;  and  Larkin  in  hSfO,  J.arlin'n  < {[f.  ('ornsji.,  ,MS.,  ii.  JOS- 
states  tiiat  he  had  been  .a  ea]itain  in  the  Swiss  j,'uard  of  Charles  X. 


Alnirndo,  Jlisl.  (•rti.,MS.,  iv.  'JOO,  etc.;  .S';(//^' 


MS.,  ]r,~u; 


Ii!.,  Jjiary;  Id.,  I'tlllion.    July  3d,  Speuce  to  \'allejo,  intLuduciu;^'  Sutter  aud 


PREP.UIATIONS. 


129 


Friiiii  S:in  Francisco  late  in  Jnly,  lie  made  a  visit  to 
A'alltjo  at  Sonoma,  and  tlioncc  \>y  hind,  l)y  ^Iclntosh's 
)aii(lio  and  BodoLja,  to  Ki^tchcf  at  Kinss.  lie  wiu 
]\iiiillv  iccc'ivcd  by  both  gentlcnion,  who  j)oHtrly 
N\i.-!it(l  hiai  success  in  his  enterprise.  He  says  that 
A'allrji)  anil  otliers  wislied  him  to  settle  in  Sonoma, 
Xapa,  or  Suisun  valleys,  rather  than  <j;'o  so  tar  I'roni 
(•i\  lii/.ation;  but  he  declined,  ostensibly  because  ho 
wi>!ied  to  settle  on  a  navigable  river,  but  really  be- 
cause he  uished  to  be  at  a  convenient  distance  i'roni 
S|Kniisli  oliiclals  and  Spanish  neighbors."  He  had 
j.ln  iidv  decided  in  favor  of  the  Sacramento  Vallev  in 
couseiiUeiice  of  information  received  in  Orc\gon  and  at 
Sitka;  and  doubtless  one  of  his  strongest  motives  for 
tills  pi'i'ference  was  a  desire  to  be  inde{)endent  of  the 
('alil'itriiians.  He  was  willing  to  become  a  Mexican 
lilizi  11  and  to  obey  Mexican  laws  only  so  far  as  his 
(iwu  interests  miglit  reipiire  it.  He  wished  to  be  be- 
yond the  reach  of  all  interference  with  his  Indian 
polii-y,  his  methods  of  obtaining  laborers,  his  trading 
ventures,  his  trapjiing  operations,  and  his  relations 
witli  foreigners.  He  believed  there  was  money  to  bo 
iiiaili'  out  of  the  Indians;  he  hoped  to  make  his  estab- 
lisliiiient  a  trading-[)ost  and  rendezvous  for  trappers; 
Ik;  shrewdly  foresaw  that  even  the  roving  vagabonds 
and  liorse-thieves  of  the  valleys  might  be  useful  allies 
ill  ]v,)ssil)le  emergencies. 

liack  at  Y.erba  Buena,  Sutter  pushed  forward  his 
preparations,  making  arrangements  with  rancheros 
ron!!<|  the  bay  to  sup])ly  him  in  the  near  future  with 
lattlc — always  on   credit.      He  had    brought  on  the 


np.iiomiciug  his  jiluii  to  settle  on  the  northern  frontier.  Valhjn,  Doc,  MS., 
vii. 'i!!;).  .[illy  4tli,  Alvarailo  to  Vallejo,  lii.u'lily  reconununding  Sutter.  //. , 
vii.  I!  I'J.  'I'liis  Would  indicate  tliat  Ijotli  Sutter  and  Alvarado  nio  wronu'  iu 
.«l>i:ikiii.;  I  if  the  first  interview  as  having  been  postponed  until  duly  .")th.  Ar- 
rival at  S.  v.  July  7th.  Ikjit.  .St.  Pap.,  Ikn.  Mil.,  MS.,  Iv.  Hi.  The  vessel 
still  Mtaini'd  a  jtart  of  her  cargo,  which  had  proved  unsalable;  and  a  gu:r,'d 
Was  ]ii!t  <iu  b(iard  to  fee  that  iu>  ])art  tif  these  goods  sliould  be  lauded  bel'oro 
sill'  sailed,  abmit  July  13th,  tor  Uahu.   Piiilo,  Dor  ,  MS.,  i.  •2:W-4. 

'-'  S',iiir.-<  l\  r.<.  ncDi.,  MS.,  '21-1,  Hall  J.  Kelley,  Jli4.,  0!),  claims  that  it 
was  his  report  and  earlier  project  that  carried  S.  to  C'al.  and  determined  his 
choice  iif  a  ^ite. 

Ui8T.  Cal.,  Vol.  IV.    9 


IGO 


SUTTER'S  FORT -VISITS  AXD  BOOKS. 


Clomcntino,  or  had  puroliased  lioro,  a  four-oarod  ])in- 
lUK'c;  aiul  lie  cliarttTod  iVom  Si)L'ar  and  JLinckh.'V 
Ww'w  scliooiK'i'.s,  tlie  Isdhc/la  and  N'tcohU,  coiiitiiaiidol 
hy  William  H.  Davis  and  Jack  Ilainsford,  Cor  his  tiiji 
U))  tli(j  liver."^  On  those  cral't  Sutter  embarked  willi 
his  eij^ht  or  ten  kanakas,  his  three  or  four  white  men 
v/ho  had  come  with  him,  and  two  or  three  otlujrs  cii- 
ga«]^ed  at  San  Francisco,  besides  the  crews.  The  ves- 
sels \\ere  also  loaded  with  stores  of  |)rovisions,  ammu- 
nition, implements,  and  three  small  cannon  whi(;h  li;id 
been  brouj^ht  I'roni  Honolulu."  When  all  was  ready, 
a  farewell  diiuier  was  t^iven  to  our  adventurer  on  board 
a  Boston  ship,  doubtless  the  Monsoyn,  from  alonufsid.' 
of  which  vessel  the  little  expedition  sot  out  on  <ii' 
about  Auijust  l)th,Suttei-<jfoinL''  in  advance, as  he  states, 
in  the  smallest  Ixxit,  mamied  by  his  kanakas,  and 
touching  only  at  j^dartincz'  rancho  en  route  to  Suisim 
Bay. 

Sutter  has  always  said,  and  th(^  statement  has  been 
constantly  repeated,  that  it  took  him  ei^fht  days  I'roi:! 
Suisun  Bay  to  find  the  mouth  of  tlie  Sacramento,  no 
one  at  San  Francisco  knov.inGranvthinsx  of  that  re'>;i<iii 
beyond  the  fact  that  there  were  lanj^e  rivers  there 
'J'his  is  of  course  an  absurd  claim,  even  had  no  one  at 
Yorba  Buena  known  of  the  explorations  by  Kotzebu<i 
and  Belcher.  True,  tliis  party  mii^ht  have  sj)ent  ei^lit 
days,  or  eiujht  weeks,  in  explorinL^  the  San  Joaquin 
and  the  sloughs  of  that  region;  but  I  suppose  that.  "■< 
]3a,vis  saj's,  they  wore  eight  days  in  making  the  trijt 
I'rom  San  Francisco  to  tiie  site  of  the  modern  Saera- 


"Iii  Iiii  /''/•>'.  Hem.,  MS.,  Suttor  claims  to  have  l)ouglit  .1  .scliooiici- fin 
Sprar  i*!:  ('■>.,  a  yru.'lit  ftoiu  Ilincklcv,  ami  a  piniineo  tVom  dipt.  Wils. , 
fc.ul  till!  stitcmcnt  t'lat  IicowikiI  the  iloof  lias  ln'cn  (ift  icpc^itcil;  hut  in  1: 
I)iari/  ln'  s]K'a!;s  df  having  (jhartorod  thv  /■nhclhtinu]  piiroliascil  SLVi'ial  sini: 
lioats;  iiiliis  l'i/ition,  that  liu  '  (.'hartoreil  11  schoounr  with  sonic  siii.'U  Imat- 
nnd  l»avi<,  (7!i,ii/i.-'f.<,  MS.,  p.  II,  ^'iviH  the  vorsimi  in  my  text.  Davi.s  wa-* 
chari^i'  <if  tht'  r.i't.t,  I'cpvfSfntin','  S)K'ar  &  ( "o.,  tlio  owners. 

•' J.fttor  of  Sutter,  July  Ti,  I.sy.l,  to  Cal.  riuncers,  iu  S.  F.  niillrthi.     I 
says  h"  ;,  it  (i  larger  c  innon  in  l^'U  from  the  captain  of  an  Amoiiiaii  vo: 
vhol)rii;i,^;lit  theiu  from  ,'<oul!i  America  exp'-es^ly  for  him;  one  hi'a.'isfieh! -pi 
only  from  I'le  lIupsi.iiiM;  and  a  fevvolliers,  incliKling  2  bras.^ pieces,  from  oC 
vessels  at  Lli;lerciit  dates. 


11 


UP  TIIM  SACRAMENTO. 


]-6\ 


^./ 


"roi'.i 
no 

1<",V. 

KjUMl 

tri;> 
acra- 


ill  1 

1  K'n 

'.i 

-.11 

IlllMi 

. ) 

was 

ill 

i. 

lo 

vos 

■\, 

l-l.l 

11  01 

0 

'5 


1 


11)1  "lit; >.'"'  Tlioy  moved  slowly,  closely  oxainiiiinLif  tlio 
li,t:il;s  and  aiielioriip^'  at  iii^^lit.  '^i'lir  liuliaiis,  not  ap- 
iKariii'^' until  tii(^  last  day  of  the  voyai^c,  wori!  iVieiidiy 
V,  la'U  promised  gifts,  and  rnrnished  guides,  who,  hein.^ 
(  \-neo|)hytes,  could  sj)eak  Spanish.  Tiio  sohoon<'is 
anchored  at  or  below  the  mouth  of  the  branch  now 
called  Feather  River,  up  which  Sutter  in  his  ])innace 
went  some  fifteen  niiles,  taking  it  for  the  main  stream, 
and  then  rejoined  the  others.  Next  morning,  or  that 
same  afternoon  according  to  Davis,  the  ileet  dro])ped 
down  the  Sacramento  and  entered  the  American  l»iv- 
(I'.'^on  the  southern  bank  of  which  stream  the  car<^oes 
Were  unloaded,  the  tents  pitched,  and  the  cannon 
liiounted.  The  schooners  started  in  the  morning  on 
I'icir  return,  carrying  back  several  of  the  men  who  had 
iatended  to  remain,  and  were  saluted  at  parting  with 
nine  guns,  which  made  a  sensation  among  Indians, 
animals,  and  birds.'' 

Sutter  was  now  left  to  carve  his  fortunes  in  the 
wilderness,  his  companions  being  three  white  men 
whose  names  are  not  known,  ten  kanakas  including 
two  women,  an  Indian  boy  from  Oregon,  and  a  largo 
hnll-dog  from  Oahu.  A  site  for  permanent  settlement 
wa^  at  once  selected  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from 
the  landing  on  high  ground,  where  two  or  three  gi'ass 

''The  (late  of  starting  is  jiivcn  liy  Davis  an  Aug.  9tli;  and  that  of  arrival 
I'l  Shncl;  a.s  Aug.  1,'Hli;  by  Dnnhar  as  An:,'.  Klt'.i;  and  .Sutter,  Jyniri/,  Aug. 
I'.'.'.i, /'i  ^//■o/^  Aug.  l.">th.  Littlo  reliance  is  to  be  plaec(l  on  the  aeeurary  of 
I'll  s,'  ilate.s;  but  I  accept  Am',.  '.)ih  to  Aug.  Kith  as  appi-DNiinatcly  correct. 

"^  Tl;e  Itio  do  loi  Americanos  is  named  by  Alvar.ulo  in  Oct.  ISoT  as  a  placo 
fii'inR'iitcd  by  trappers  of  revolutionary  proclivities.  ValUjo,  Due,  MS.,  iv. 
;iJ.', 

'■  Siilt-'r\t  Pnv.  L'fi)i.,'SlS.,  2S-V,(];  Id.,  Dlmi/;  7)«/y-',<  GV/w/i-^es  MS.,  11- 
II.  S.ittcr  says  the  landing-place  vas  several  miles  up  the  American,  and 
irjaiii  that  it  was  about  a  fjuarter  of  a  mile  from  the  later  site  of  the  fort. 
!!'■  slates  that  lie  wished  to  explore  the  Sacramento  above,  but  was  pre\rnted 
by  cliiodiitent  and  danger  of  mutiny  among  his  men.  A  writer  in  J liiirlinnj's' 
Jl":l.,  iy.  1,  speaks  of  i\\o  iMilnlht  as  the  flr.st  sailing-vessel  that  made  t:;e 
vnv;i;rc  up  the  river — a  voyage  interrupted  by  hostile  IndiansI  Stili<r'.'<  I'di- 
/.  li,  Cmijrr.i.^i  (:]'M\  cong.  1st  sess.,  Sen.  Misccl.  Doc,  ;!'•),  i:;  a  iiaiiali\o 
1  Ml  nlii>  h  many  current  sketches  have  been  tlrawn;  fur  v.hicli  as  lor  various 
I'liiir  statements  made  by  him  the  JJ i a nj  was  a  series  of  memoranda;  i:::d 
Vvliiili  in  snnie  rcspect.s  is  more  accurate  than  his  P(  ivonn/  J'einliiiic'  ii<v<.  MS,, 
tlMiiirli  ill  it  ho  claimed  to  be  a  native  of  Switzerland  and  to  have  received  a 
lauiiaiy  education.  lie  says  the  landing-place  was  whore  he  later  built  hid 
tuiuKiy,  on  the  south  bauk  of  the  American  River. 


sutt::ii's  fort— visits  axd  books. 

and  tule  liouscs  were  l)uilt  ]yy  the  kanaka.-.,  more  ov 
less  in  the  JIawaiian  style,  on  wooden  tVanies  put  up 
l)y  the  white  men.  Such  were  the  primitive  struc- 
tures of  CaliCornia's  later  capital,  and  they  were  ready 
lor  their  occupants  early  in  (September.  But  hei'orc 
the  winter  rains  l)egan,  Sutter  tells  us  that  he  had 
com[)leted  an  adolie  building  roofed  with  tules.  It 
was  about  forty  feet  long,  and  divided  into  tlnvo 
apartments,  in  one  of  which  the  captain  lived,  while 
tlic!  others  served  as  kitchen  and  blacksmith -shop. 
^Meanwhile  the  Indians  had  not  failed  to  come  for  the 
promised  gii'ts  of  beads  and  other  trifles,  and  were 
duly  im[)rcsscd  by  the  occasional  discharge  of  the  can- 
non at  a  target.  They  soon  began  to  bring  in  stolen 
horses  for  sale;  and  they  were  easily  induced  to  make 
lliemselves  useful  in  the  manufacture  of  adobes  or 
in  other  work.  They  were  disposed  vo  pilfer  to  some 
extent,  and  ]K'rha})S  formed  plans  to  kill  the  strangers 
and  obtain  their  property;  but  if  this  were  so,  their 
])lots  were  frustrated  through  strict  vigilance,  an  (n'er- 
ruling  providence,  three  cannon,  and  the  teeth  oftlu 
bull-dog. i"*  Before  the  end  of  1839  the  vessel,  spoken 
of  as  boat,  iiinnace,  launch,  schooner,  and  even  sloop 


]n 


th 


th 


lese  years,  tiiougn  a  new  ana   larger 


d   k 


boat 


mav 


J.  >ve  been  obtained  after  the  first  trip,  made  one  or 
two  voyages  to  San  Francisco  and  back  with  Sutti  r 
on  board,  l)rin<>:ino'  several  new  recruits  for  the  col- 
ony;  a  drove  of  cattle  and  horses,  j)urchased  of  ^lar- 
tinez  on  credit,  arrived  in  October.^"  Meanwhile  the 
AN'ork  of  improvement  went  on;  meat  was  plentifully 
l)tained  by  the  hunters;  preparations  were  made  f  i' 


trapping    operations  the  next  season;   gardens  w 


Cm 


'"  .s'K/z'cr's  Pi'/ihii  to  Coiign'ss,  p.  .?.  In  his  Pcrs.  I?rm.,  MS.,  .^[MO,  S^t- 
tor  I'olati's  tliiit  uii  lino  opcasion  tlin  dog  cauglit  tlic  lundcr  of  a  party  t'l  it 
caiiiL' to  kill  iiiiii  ill  tilt!  luglit;  but  this  scjnis  to  have  bteu  latu..  I  tlii:.k 
tiieic  wi'p;  IK)  serious  troul)k^s  in  1  ;.;)!•, 

'"  Ai'ionling  to  Sutler's  J'ltifioii,  p.  M,  the  cattle  nnmhcred  SOO,  horses  .'■'), 

and  mans  .'iO;  and  .S  white  men  joined  the  colony.  In  t!ii'  l>iitnj,  ~,  it  is  statid 

llijit  tJH'  cattht  arrived  Oct.  '22d,  rcciuiring  S  men — jiroliiddy  llie  new  nciiii's 

-to  dri\('  tlieiii.    He  weeins  to  speak  of  two  trips  to  S.  F.,  one  taking  10  ^hyi 

iiiid  tliu  other  ii,  niuuth. 


V 


XUEVA  HELVECIA. 


133 


)rc  01" 
lUt  ui> 
striu'- 
rcady 

10  had 

:s.     It 

tbroe 

,  v.hiK' 

)-sll()|>. 

for  tlu,' 

I     \VC!VV 

he  can- 
L  stolen 
o  mako 
)bes  <'V 
;o  soiwo 
ranj:^cvs 
their 

U  ('Ver- 

M/thj 
8p*>ki'a 

|U    sloep 

it  may 
one  t'l" 
Suttc  1- 

iho  (•"!- 

DfMar- 

ile  tlu' 

itiiuliy 
ladc  I'  r 

s  wero 


1-40,  S  it- 
piirtv  t'.:t 
I'll,.  .'- 

Ihorsefl  ;•'>. 
|tisst:i;>  1 

Ig  10  (l>i>^ 


]  laiited  with  various  seeds;  and  a  road  was  cut  through 
the  \\"oo(.ls  CO  tlio  cnibarcadero  on  the  Sacramento. 

At  tlio  first  I  suppose,  though  there  is  no  ibrmal 
iTcerd  and  the  name  is  not  used  until  the  next  year, 
llie  new  establishment  was  christened,  in  honor  of 
Sutter's  adopted  country,  Nuuva  Helvecia,  or  New 
Switzerland."'^ 

On  December  26,  1839,  General  Vallcjo  wrote  to 
1  he  coniandanto  at  San  Jose :  "  We  must  not  lose  sight 
nl'  a  settlement  of  foreigners  in  the  direction  of  the 
Sacramento,  said  to  have  been  made  with  permission 
iifthe  dopartmentrd  government,  though  contrary  to 
law  and  to  the  latest  orders  from  Mexico.  That  es- 
laMishment  is  very  suspicious,  and  respira  sintomas 
vdienosos.'"-^  Vallejohad  always  urged  the  importance 
(if  inakiug  settlements  on  the  northern  frontier;  but 
lie  fully  understood  the  danger  to  be  a})j)rehcnded  fi'om 
such  a  colony  as  that  of  Sutter,  if  independent  of  !Mex- 
iiaii  control,  which  could  not  fail  to  become  a  rendez- 
vous of  the  department's  worst  foes.  IMoreover,  the 
idea  of  a  power  in  the  north  which  might  rival  liis  own 
was  not  a  pleasing  one,  especially  when  that  ])(twer 
was  founded  and  likely  to  be  constantly  favored  by  his 
(iii'niies  at  Monterey.  There  can  bo  no  doubt  that 
the  favor  shown  to  Sutter  at  Montei'oy  from  tlu^  iirst 
ky  Alvaradoand  others,  espev:'ially  by  jinieno  Casarin, 
(he  oovi'rnor's  secretary  and  adviser-,  was  all  the  more 
cordial  i'rom  the  expectation  that  there  might  be  a  ri- 
vahy  between  the  magnates  of  Sonoma  and  the  Sac- 
I'auiento.  At  any  I'ate,  thoconcessi(»n  made  to  Sutter 
without  consulting  tlio  genera'  was  an  insult  to  Vallejo, 
iitid  it  is  not  stran-re  that  he  did  not  feel  kindlv  toward 
iho  iR'W-coniers.     Yet  there  was  no  open  quarrel,  nor 

•''Whiili  'Mnii  of  llio  name  r.liouM  properly  1)0  iisi'il  \^^.^^^•  j^  ^  ^m/Af.  Sut- 
t'l'  ]  I'.liii'ly  ciilloilit  Xouvcllu  llclvrtie — siiKe  lie  iilwiiysiili'rcti'il  tin:  l'"reiu:h, 
iiiul  Hot  i\w  (Jt'nimii — ratlirr  than  Niiii-llchctii'ii;  Imt  lie  was  a  .Nitxioaii  oiii- 
i'i:il.  ami  wi'otc  tlu'  iiatiic  olliciiiUy  in  its  Siraiii>li  form,  Xiicva  Hilvfiia,  a.s  iliil 
till' Cilifciniiaiis;  while  lator,  with  tiic  prciluiniiianoi'  of  Auu'riiaii  .settUys,  it 
U'Ciuiu^  Nt  w  Ijilvt'tia,  I'rubaljly  it  laver  occunod  to  any  body  to  wiiiv  it  all 
iu  I.;itiii--Nova  llunctia. 

•'  i'aiUjo,  iJuc,  MS.,  viii.  395, 


tlowu  tlio  American  lliver  from  a  distance  of  about 
twcnty-livo  miles.  xVdobes  were  also  prepared,  and  in 
the  autumn  a  beginning  was  probably  made  on  the 
f.)rt,  which  will  be  described  later,  and  the  construc- 
tion of  v/hich  occupied  about  four  years.  Of  agricul- 
tuial  operations  at  this  time  we  have  no  record,  thoug!i 
they  were  doubtless  conducted  on  a  limited  scale,  ms 
other  industries  promised  larger  and  more  speedy  re- 
turns. Sutter's  <2fro\ving  herds  were  increased  by  tho 
])ui'cliase  of  a  large  luunber  of  cattle  froni  Antonii 
Suuol,  besides  horses  fiom  Joaquin  Gomez  and  others. 
Some  animals  were  obtained  also  from  Dr  3[arsh  aiid 
Kobert  Livermore.  The  launch,  now  in  charge  (  i' 
Kobert  Ridley,  made  fi'equent  trips  to  Yerba  liucua 
and  to  the  bay  ranchos,  always  with  requests  for  grain, 
ponltry,  implements,  or  sup[)lies  of  some  kind  to  h  ■ 
l)aid  for  later  in  beaver-skins.  Sutter's  creditors,  nl' 
whom  ^Martinez  and  Sunol  were  chief,  as  yet  showf  I 
no  marked  signs  of  impatience,  and  prospects  there- 
fore seemed  tlnttering.'-^^ 

In  the  industry  of  beaver-trapping,  from  whii'i 
Sutter  expected  tho  greatest  results  in  tho  future — 
and  with  reason,  since  for  several  years  it  was  witli 

'^  Alvavado,  however,  infornnd  tlic  !M(;x.  govt  in  1S4-J  tli.'it  Sutter  con' I 
g(^t  inj  .-liil  from  Viilkjo,  tliuugli  iic  luaile  fcpcaUil  r('«iiit'sts  lursucli  {liil.  Vci'. 
i.'.r.,  .Ms.,  xiii.  !»-|(). 

"hi  Siiffer'ii  J)i"rif,  2  '^,  the  iminltcr  of  cattle  )ioii'j;lit of  Siifiol  is  sdi.I  i) 
liavc  l)ecii  I,(K;0.  Maicli  iSili  is  jjivcu  as  tin;  datu  of  lirst  sfiuliiiL;  out  nun  f"i' 
tiinliur.  In  liis  /V/v.  I'nn.,  MS.,  IS,  Sutter sjiuaks  \a-;nely  of  lii':,'innin.c  work 
(111  till  fort,  ini]ilyin'_,'  liiivt  the  adolio  Imilding  was  Imrneil  in  tho  wintir  ff 
ls:i;i— to,  or  prohaMy  !.'>'ll)-l,  .since  it  was  seen  hy  a  \  isitor  in  July  |S40.  Tiio 
iS'((^'(  r-Sitiiol  ( 'iirri'-piinlouci',  1,'k}()~(),  MS.,  is  a  collection  of  copiesand  exf  •••ictj 
fi'oni  ori'.'inal  k'ttersiii  the  pos.scssion  <if  the  Smlol  fmuily,  wliich  '  Tdii  lU 
viTe  fiuni.'-iieil  for  my  use  hy  Mr  1'.  I'lti'heliame  of  S.  .losi'.  'I'Ik!  collect:. la 
coutiiuis  three  of  Sulter'.s  letters  of  IS-IO,  in  (  nc  (jf  wiiii.h  lie  credits  Scfi  ■! 
V  itii  SJll.'i  for  cattle  sei-t  tlironnrl,  Sinclair.  Vallejo,  /lis/.  Cal..  MS.,  iv.  '.'.'4, 
K'.ates  tliat  iis  early  as  April  IS4(t,  ilartiuez  wrote  to  hiiu  conipluiuiug  of  Sut- 
ter's laiiUro  to  keep  his  prouiues. 


o-rani, 


to  1 


uiv    - 

L^;  wit  1 

'or  con'  I 
is  siii.l  *  ' 

t  lUi'll  1    I' 

liiu;  \v".'^_ 
wiiiUr  '  f 
40.     '1'  » 

(itsSi.a  I 
V.  -J-t, 


FURS  AND  BRANDY. 


135 


:of; 


])e;iver-sldiis,  suppli?inciitod  only  with  deor-fat  and 
iiiandy,  that  ho  paid  such  of  his  debts  as  were  paid 
;if,  till — not  much  was  accomphshod  tliis  season  for 
want  of  experienced  hunters,  suitable  traps,  and  arti- 
cles of  tiallic  adapted  to  the  needs  of  the  free  trap- 
]irrs;  yet  an  encouraging  beginning  was  made.  It 
\v;is  fi'om  the  services  of  his  own  hunters  and  those  of 
(itiiers  who  trapped  for  themselves  without  license 
that  the  captain  expected  his  prolits,  and  not  from  the 
trappers  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  who  could 
not  sell  their  furs.  Ho  accordingly,  by  virtue  of  his 
,iiithority  as  a  Mexican  official,  of  which  I  shall  speak 
pr.sently,  notified  that  company  in  the  summer  of 
]  S40  that  Laframboise  and  his  band  of  hunters  must 
suspend  their  annual  visits  to  the  Tulares.'*  Another 
iiukistry  introduced  this  year,  and  from  which  Sutter 
had  groat  hopes  of  future  profits,  was  the  manufac- 
ture of  brandy  from  the  wild  grai)es  which  grew  in 
oroat  abundance  in  the  region  of  New  Helvetia,  and 
ill  the  gathering  of  wdiich  the  services  of  the  Indians 
could  be  utilized.^' 

At  the  end  of  July  Sutter's  establishment  was  vis- 
iti'l  by  Captain  W.  D.  Phelps  of  the  Boston  ship 
Afcii,  anchored  at  Yerba  Buena,  wdio  went  up  the 
y  .rr  in  his  cutter,  with  six  men,  impelled  not  oidy  by 
curiosity,  but  by  the  mistaken  idea  that  this  was  "the 
llrst  passage  of  a  ship's  boat  on  that  river,"  and  by  the 
other  belief,  well  founded  I  think,  that  this  was  ''the 
lli'st  time  the  stars  and  stri[)es  waved  over  its  waters," 
J^hclps  found  a  ]>ariy  of  Sutter's  Indian  lishei-men  at 
work  at  the  ondjarcadero,  whence  he  went  on  horse- 
hack  to  New  Helvetia,  being  welcomed  with  a  salute 
iVoiii  the  caimon  and  a  gay  disjtlay  of  flags.  IIu  was 
hospitably  entertained,  enjoyed  an  elk-hunt  with  his 

•'So  s.iid  Oov,  Dou'jlas,  yoiTva',  MS.,  71  '-,  tu  Alviifad')  in  J.ni.  \si\. 
X  oittonlioM  li;iil  hceu  p.. id  to  Sutter's  iirnhihitiiMi.  Alviirad)  ;idiiiit  id  (li.it 
li  ■  l.,;d  .■nitli.iii/«'d  SnttcT  to  rc(|ucst,  nut  onKr,  LatiMiulmiai;  to  uitlidruw  hid 
II.  1 1'.r.ioiis  lart'.irr  from  tlio  si'ttloinonts. 

■'[.cticr  uf  Oct.  7,  ItvlO,  ill  Siilti  r-Sifi'i'l  Corr  7'.,  MS.,  |,  in  whicli  lie 
s.r.s  lij  will  kuow  iu  ft  few  weeks  tlio  result  uf  hia  luU'iiii);;!. 


lit 


136 


SUTTER'S  FORT— VISITS  AND  BOOKS. 


lioi^t,  visitod  Sinclair's  iiirm,  spent  a  M'cck  in  explora- 
tions farther  up  the  river,  and  then  returned  in  three 
days  to  his  sliip.  In  his  book  he  gives  no  descrip- 
tion of  theestabhshnient  as  he  found  it.'^"  Soon  after 
this  visitor's  departure,  there  arrived  others  on  Au- 
gust I7tli  from  Bodega.  They  were  Peter  Lassen, 
Wilham  Wisffjins,  and  several  others  whose  names  and 
number  are  not  known,  but  who  had  crossed  the  con- 
tinent with  Sutter.  They  came  down  from  Oregon 
on  the  Lausanne,  and  were  aided  by  the  Russians  to 
cross  the  country — stealthily  from  fear  of  interference 
by  Californians — to  New  Helvetia,  where  all  but  the 
two  named  above  remained  to  strgngthen  Sutter's 
force. ^'' 

Later  in  August  Sutter  went  down  to  Monterey 
and  obtained  his  papers  of  naturalization  as  a  ^Mexican 
citizen,  for  which  he  had  made  the  preliminarv  appli- 
cation in  July  1839.  These  final  steps  were  begun  on 
August  27th  before  David  Spence  as  justice  of  the 
j)eaee,  and  completed  the  29th,  the  applicant  proving 
■by  documents  and  by  three  witnesses,  Estrada,  Wat- 
son, and  Spence,  that  he  was  a  Swis^  catholic,  and  of 
good  character.'^'*     Ca})tain  Sutter  was  duly  author- 

^^  Phelpt^'  Fore  and  Aft,  254-9.  Geo.  H.  Card  seems  to  have  been  one  of 
the  iiR'ii  who  accoiii]i;iiiic(l  I'hflps. 

•'  111  his  JJifin/,  Siitti'i"  siiys  that  'the  men  vho  crossed  vitli  me  t'.ic  Rocky 
Mountains,' implying  Ihat  the  niimhcr  included  all  5  of  them,  an-ived  Aug. 
ITtli.  'I  hero  wci'o  not  liowcvor  so  niiiiiy,  i^imc  on  Oct.  H>,  Isll,  ."-lutttr 
writes  that  lie  is  expecting  overland  from  the  C'oliindiia  'sever;d  men  who 
crossed  the  continent  with  me  and  wish  to  enter  tny  service'  iSii/lcr-,S>i>liif 
C(trr<-<}i.,  MS.,  11.  AViggins,  UrDiiiiln.,  MS.,  I-.'i,  s;iys  there  were  "snnie  liMlt- 
do/en  of  us'  who  took  passage  on  the  Lntisdinw.  and  implies  that  all  acconi- 
jiaiiicd  iiimsclf  and  T.assen  from  Itoss  to  Sutter's  place,  a  journey  of  \'l  days. 
Two  men,  however,  arc  known  to  have  gone  to  llunolnlu  on  tiie  vessel:  and  ;;-) 
in  the  controversy  between  Vallejo  and  the  Russians  only  4  foreigners  aie 
nu'ntioncd  as  going  inland,  I  sup] use  that  not  mure  than  2  or  li  of  Sutter's 
old  couipanions  arrived  .at  this  time.  In  a  contrilmtion  to  the  newspajiers, 
liowevi'r,  Wiggins  says  there  were  (i — 1  besides  himself  and  l^jissen — who  went 
iidanil.  .V.  ./(Wf*  Pioneer,  April  (!,  1S7S.  Wiggins  found  Suttci- living,  as  at 
the  end  of  ISHU,  in  the  adobe  house  of  three  rooms,  the  fort  being  not  yet  be- 
gun. 

•^l)(lit.  Sf.  /*??/).,  MS.,  V.  Ilo-IG.  Sutter  in  his  various  statements  has 
saiil  nothing  of  this  visit  to  Monterey,  implyin<;  that  his  naturalizat':<ii,  etc, 
was  ellci  ted  at  the  time  his  land  grant  was  made  in  IS41.  It  was  on  this  trip, 
<loubtl(  ss,  that  he  carried  Lasscu  aui  Wiggins  down  to  the  bay,  us  incntioned 
by  the  latter. 


s. 


PI 
\ 

tn 

A 

le 

vl 

Sti 


A  MEXICAN  OFFICIAL. 


137 


one  of 

llocky 
il  Aiig. 

Suttc  1- 

|cu  who 

■Si'iitil 
lie  half- 

IlK'COlU- 

P  (lays. 

1  iHul  :;•* 

rs  nil! 

luttcr'.s 

|ia]H'rs, 

)  wont 

as  at 

,-ut  1k- 

Its  lias 

l.s  trip, 
Itiolii'd 


1/((1  1)V  Jimcno  Casarin,  on  September  Ist,  to  repre- 
hriit  tlie  departmental  sj^overnmeiit  at  Xiieva  lielvecia, 
]hA\\'j;  endowed  with  all  the  civil  authority  necessary 
i'oi'  the  local  administration  of  justice,  the  prevention 
i,i'  loliberies  by  "adventurers  from  the  United  States," 
llie  repression  of  hostilities  by  savaL>"e  Indians,  an<l  the 
cIiL'c'king  of  the  illegal  trapping  and  fishing  carried  on 
liv  llio  'Company  of  the  Columbia,'  for  which  purposes 
111'  might  oven  resort  to  force  of  arms  if  necessary, 
111  I'iict,  he  was  constituted,  as  he  soon  had  occasion  to 
s!l;'i»  liimself  officially,  Encargado  de  justieia  y  repre- 
snitante  del  gobiorno  en  las  fronteras  del  Rio  del 
Sacramento.'^'' 

The  Indians  gave  some  trouble  this  year,  and  Sutter 
was  obliged  on  several  occasions,  res[)ecting  which 
cliionological  and  other  details  arc  not  satisfactory,  to 
use  force  asfainst  them,  once  as  he  claims  attacking  a 
];',r;j,('  body  of  them  on  the  river  of  the  Cosumnes,  and 
kilhiiL'  thirtv  of  thci"  number.^'  His  Indian  i)()licy 
was  undoubtedly  a  wise  and  successful  one,  its  chief 
f'ratures  being  constant  vigilance,  prompt  punishment 
(if  oirmces,  and  uniform  kindness  and  justice,  espe- 
cially to  those  tribes  near  home.  He  had  unusual  tact 
fni-  making  friends  of  all  men,  irrespective  of  race,  and 
he  lint  (»iilykei)t  the  Sacramento  Indians,  as  a  rule,  on 
I'liiiidlv  terms,  but  succeeded  by  his  liberalitv  and  tact 
ill  iihtaiiiintif  from  them  a  lart^e  amount  of  useful  ser- 
vice.  He  strengthened  his  position  by  aiding  his 
Indians  against  their  foes.  In  September,  soon  after 
his  rotui'u  ^rom  Monterey,  he  had  an  oj)p()rtunity  to 
a(i\aiici'  his  own  interests  in  this  way.  Acacio  and 
iH'tecn  other  Indians  came  with  a  pass  from  ^Mission 

■'  Ih'pt.  Rrr.,  MS.,  xi.  20;  xvii.  80;   VaUrjo,  Doc,  M.S.,  xxxiii.  I'JO. 

'^"SiiU,-rx  Diiinj,  V2-3;  Id.,  I'ltifioii,  .'H;  /./.,  /Vr,<.  /Am.,  .MS.,  •}()- 1.  Four 
or  live  ili.stiiii,'t  cases  of  plots  or  hostilities  seem  to  lie  alliulecl  to  tliis  ye:.r, 
Viillejo,  ///'■/.  ('ill.,  MS.,  iv.  'J24-r>,  elaiiiis  to  liavt-  discovi wl  ia  .April  a  i)laa 
to  attack  New  Helvetia,  ami  to  li.'ivn  prcveiiteil  it  liy  ancsliiiL;  the  eliief, 
Alarico,  and  keepiiii^  his  two  sons  as  hostaijes.  Tliis  autlior,  /7. ,  ;!7  t'i,  rep- 
iv.seiits  Sutter's  estalilisliiiient  as  jiaviiii^  lieeii  in  territory  of  llie  ()e!ieeanie.<!, 
viiiise  eliief,  Xareiso,  hail  foiiiierly  l>een  a  iieo'.iliyte,  iuid  wlu)  favored  tUo 
8tiu.i''ors.     .Sutter  also  names  Xareiso  and  the  Ocli<jeuniues. 


m 
11 


a 


133 


SUTTER'S  FORT— VISITS  AND  BOOKS. 


S;iii  Jose  to  visit  relatives  amonu^  tlio  Ochccanies  or 
Ochocuinnos.  They  were  permitted  by  Sutter  t'» 
purchase  coritas  and  jjlumeros,  and  also  to  obtain 
women  peaceably  with  the  consent  of  all  concerued. 
Tliev  however  attacked  a  rancheria  of  the  Yalesumnes, 
many  of  whom,  under  Pulpule,  were  workint^  at  New 
Helvetia,  and  killing  seven  of  the  men,  stole  all  tli" 
women  and  children.  Sutter  was  blamed  at  first,  an  1 
accused  of  treachery,  but  he  at  once  joined  PuliJidJ, 
freed  the  captives  as  they  were  beinj^  dniLjged  on 
board  rafts  on  the  river,  and  killed  one  who  refused  tn 
o'ive  up  his  captives.  Seven  oi' the  Cosumnes  em^a^e  1 
in  this  all'air  and  three  Christians  were  subsequently 
shot  in  the  presence  of  all  the  Indians;  and  sudi 
others  v\'  the  San  Jost5  neopliytes  as  were  cauij;lit 
were  delivered  to  the  authorities.^'  Sutter  doubtless 
became  somewhat  less  careful  in  his  treatment  of  the 
natives  as  he  became  stron_L>'er.  From  the  fh-st  he  was 
in  the  habit  of  seizimi^  Indian  children,  who  were  iv- 
tained  as  servants,  or  slaves,  at  his  own  establishment, 
or  sent  to  his  friends  in  different  parts  of  the  country. 
]5ut  he  always  took  care  to  capture  for  this  pur[)ose 
only  children  from  distant  or  hostile  tribes,  and  he 
generally  treated  his  owri  servants  with  kindness. 

Sutter  had  probably  a  force  of  nearly  twenty 
white  men  at  New  Helvetia  by  the  end  of  1840;  but 

I  am  able  to  name  but  few.  Robert  Ilidley,  as  we 
have  seen,  was  in  charge  of  the  boat  which  made  reg- 
ular trips  down  and  up  the  river;  William  Daylcr 
was  here  in  1840;  and  it  is  likely  enough  that  haU'  ;i 
dozen  or  more  of  Sutter's  men,  recruited  at  Yerlia 
Luena  and  other  ])laces  in  California,  have  bee;i 
named  in  my  annual  lists.  William  Burns  seems  t  » 
have  been  one  of  the  ori<jfinal  two  or  three  who  cam 

="  Sept.  23,  1S40,  Sutter's  report  to  Capt.  J.  J.  Vallejo  at  S.iii  Josi's  i  i 
Vullfjn,  J))c.,  >iIS.,  xxxiii.  12!).  In  his  l\r.'.  I.'fin.,  MS.,  .Jl-t),  Siittur  s;r.  i 
tlu'  Jniliauaf3urroU(lorcil;it;i  1  ikofiliouttliirty  iiiilcssuiUh  of  the  fort.iiiul  t!i:.l; 

II  More  put  to  (loath.  Valkjo,  Iliil.  (.'a/.,  MS.,  iv.  KiO-S,  reliiics  th;;t  i:i 
cousoqiK'Uce  nf  this  outrage  by  the  S.  .Ivi.si!  Iiulians,  a  farce  of  Californi.un 
wa-i  neut  ."(.'vcriil  times  to  the  valley,  rescued  ruauy  cnp'dve.-5,  ami  tonk  about 
80  pribL'uers. 


i 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC  NOTES. 


139 


leiitly 
I, 


IS   \Vv; 

iv-- 

[iiylor 

la'lf  a 

'crba 

buc;' 
lis  1;. 
It'aiu  • 

lost',   i  1 

\u\  t:.'  c 

Itlwt   11 

aboi.D 


vith  Suttor  from  Honolulu;  but  who  Avoro  his  coiu- 
laul' "lis,  who  were  the  two  or  three  that  came  with 
Lassen  on  the  Lausattnc,  who  were  gathered  in  from 
ihc  vas^abond  trajipers  of  the  vaheys,  or  who,  besides 
\icholas  Allgeier  and  Sebastian  Keyser,  had  eonio 
overland  from  Orej^on,  wo  have  no  means  of  knowing. 
Si'ine  of  the  names  to  be  given  at  their  lirst  a|){)ear- 
niict'  on  the  records  in  later  annual  lists  should  doubt- 
]i>s  he  aoci'edited  to  these  years,  but  which  ones  it  is 
iii)|)nssible  to  say.  Meanwhile,  however,  John  Sin- 
chiir  had  come  from  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  and  was 
f'.iiud  by  Phelps  in  July  1840  living  on  a  farm  across 
ih.'  American  River,  and  a  lew  miles  north  of  Sutter's 
place.  I  may  add  that  at  the  time  of  Graham's 
arrest  and  the  general  excitement  aljout  ibreign  plots 
no  ellbrt  seems  to  have  been  made  to  interfere  in  any 
manner  with  those  living  at  New  Helvetia. 

T  have  constantly  cited  in  foot-notes  the  authoritic:; 
on  each  ])oint  j)resented  for  this  as  for  earlier  })eri- 
oils,  thus  forming  a  complete  bibliograj)hical  record. 
Nine  tenths  of  the  authorities  cited  have  been  origi- 
nal records  in  ])ublic  or  ]>rivate  archives;  but  many 
of  the  rest,  being  the  writings  of  foreigners,  pertain 
somewhat  to  my  present  topic.  Of  these,  however, 
only  a  few  require  notice  here  as  belonging  almost 
( xrhisively  to  this  period  of  18oG-40,  and  ailording 
an  oii])()rtunity  to  describe  more  fully  than  has  been 
(lone  the  visits  or  voyages  that  brought  them  intoex.- 
i-ten'*o.  And  in  this  connection  special  mention 
should  bo  made  of  Nileti  Xatioiud  Iiiyt'.stcr  of  ])aiti- 
nioiv,  and  to  the  Sandirich  hlcDid  (rnzette  and  7^"//- 
hcsi'in,  two  papers  published  at  Honolnlu.  The  iiios 
of  these  publications  I  have  found  to  l)e  of  the  greal- 
(  >t  x'rvice,  not  only  for  the  maritime  records  so  I'nily 
,i.':ivon  In  the  Hawaiian  journals,  but  as  retlecting  the 
^I'lrlt  of  the  American  and  Euroj)ean  press  on  niat- 
tt'r>  alleciing  vjarly  California  annals. 

Jwchard  JI.  j)ana,  Jr.,  did  nc     leave  the  coast  until 


T 


140 


SUTTER'S  FORT— VISITS  AND  BOOKS. 


183G,  liiit  Ill's  most  faseinatinij  narrative  of  Ttvo  Years 
he/ore  the  Mast  lias  already  been  noticed  under  the 
year  of  the  author's  arrival.  The  book  was,  how- 
ever, |)ul)lishc(l  for  the  first  time  in  the  last  year  of 
this  [yeriod.^^  The  only  other  visit  of  18.'1G  resultin;^ 
in  a  book  was  that  of  the  U.  S.  ship  of  war  Peacock, 
Kenned}^  conunandiiig,  GOO  tons,  22  guns.  The  Pea- 
cock  left  New  York  in  Juno  1835,  her  j)rimary  busi- 
ness being  to  convey  an  embassy  for  the  ratification 
of  certain  treaties  in  Muscat  and  Siam.  Her  course 
was  to  Ilio  Janeiro,  round  the  Cape  Good  Hope;  u[) 
the  eastern  coast  of  Africa,  to  Muscat,  Hindoostan, 
Ceylon,  Java,  and  Siam;  to  the  Chinese  coast;  to 
the  Bonin  and  Sandwich  Islands;  thence  to  Califor- 
nia, the  Mexican  and  South  American  coasts;  an<l 
round  Cape  Horn,  arriving  at  Norfolk  in  October 
1837.  Dr  W.  S.  W.  liuschenberger  was  surgeon  to 
the  expedition,  and  wrote  the  narrative,  only  a  small 
portion  of  which  pertains  to  California,^^ 

Commodore  Kennedy  being  at  the  Islands  in  Sep- 
tember 180G,  received  from  the  merchants  of  Hon- 
olulu a  memorial  in  whi(*li  ho  was  urged  to  visit  the 
coast  of  California  and  Mexico,  on  the  ground  "that 
many  serious  outrages  and  unjust  acts  have  been  com- 
mitted bv  the  o'overnmental  authorities  of  those  coun- 
tries  upon  American  vessels  and  seamen,  and  great 
losses  and  damages  sustained  inconsequence."  !More- 
over,  "we  l)elieve  that  no  vessel  of  the  U.  S.  has  for 
many  ^-ears  visited  Upper  California;  and  we  have  con- 
fidonco  that  were  a  naval  force  to  appear  on  that  coast, 
it  would  render  valuable  service  to  our  citizens  resid- 
ing in  those  countries,  would  afford  needed  succor 
and  protection  to  American  vessels  employed  there, 
and  be  attended  with  results  peculiarly  advantageous 
to  the  general  interests  of  our  national  commerce,""* 

'-' Notice  of  Dnnn's  Tiro  Y('ar<  he/ore  the  Mast,  in  cliiip.  xiv.,  vol.  iii.  of 
tliis  work. 

^^  J<>i.ir/iriih<  ri/cr's  Xnrral'irr  of  a  Voi/di/r  round  thr  World  diirimj  /In'. 
yiin-<  y.V- . i-. /,";..  .Ldiidi 111,  1S3S,  Svn,  "J  vol.,  with  illiisti'iitious  The  iiiat- 
tcri:ii  Califoiiiia  is  v,\i  jip.  ;J80-4:  and  I'liiip.  xxi.-ii.  ji.  40L'-'J(i. 

"Tliu  isciziiie  of  tlm  Lor  lot  at  S.  I'Vaucisco  iu  1633  was  one  of  the  out- 


VISIT  OF  THE  TEACOCK.' 


141 


Sop- 
It  )n- 
tho 
that 

com- 

coun- 
•ivat 
oro- 
5  for 
con- 
oast, 

•esitl- 
iec(  '1" 
icrc, 
^eous 

,  iii.  of 

Jjiiij  III'' 
nial- 

lo  out- 


Tii  aocordance  witli  tliis  request,  the  Peacock  \\[is  di- 
iictcd  acr<)ss  the  Pacifie  ami  ancliored  at  ^loiiterey 
the  "J-Uh  of  ()('tol)ei'.  The  visit  was  not  eventful,  nor 
i«  iiiiuli  known  of  it  in  detail,  no  noti(,'e  of  the  arrival 
tv<ii  ap[)t'arin,i,^  in  the  archives.  The  author  found 
( lovenior  Gutierrez  and  his  forces  "nii^ditly  on  guard, 
I  xjKcting  an  attack  from  some  disaffected  rancheros 
ami  luilians."  He  visited  the  deserted  mission  at 
( ':ii'ni<'lo;  was  visited  by  some  trappcTs,  who  recounted 
th'ii'  inland  ex[»loits,  cx|>resse(l  })roper  amazement  at 
a'l  on  sliipboard,  and  exhibited  their  marksmanship; 
and  met  the  old  veteran,  Captain  William  vSmilh. 
Tli'ii  after  six  davs,  "the  connnodore  havinii;  done  all 
that  was  necessary  in  relation  to  the  subjects  of  com- 
plaints under  the  existing  circumstances,"  he  got 
under  waA'  for  ^[azatlan  on  the  30th,  iust  in  time  to 
avoid  the  revolution — of  wliich,  and  the  part  to  be 
taken  in  it  bv  foreigners,  the  connnander  knew  noth- 
iiiL;'.  perhaps — but  not  until  he  liad  received  from 
Auk  lican  residents  and  supercargoes  a  letter  of  thaidcs 
j'r  his  kind  interference,  and  the  'highly  salutary' 
iiitluence  of  his  visit.*''  There  is  no  record  of  his 
iiiNcstigation  of  abuses,  if  he  made  any. 

liusclieid)erger  gives  a  slight  description  of  the 
t>\vn  and  bay  of  Monterey.  He  notes  some  facts 
respecting  the  commercial  interests  of  the  country; 
records  his  observations  brieliy  on  several  Californiau 
institutions;  speaks  of  the  ruinous  condition  of  Sau 

niL'(<  I'liiiiplaiiiod  of;  and  another  vcasol  l)i'longiiig  to  John  C.  Jones  wns  ho- 
hcved  to  lie  at  present  detained  unlawfully.  Tlie  si^'nei's  of  tlie  memorial, 
iiiiiny  of  whom  wi're  known  in  Cal.,  and  all  engageii  more  or  less  in  tlie  I'al. 
trade,  were  as  follows:  IViree  &  IJrewer,  Jos  ^loore,  Wni  I'aty,  Ladd  &  Co., 
Wiernian  Peek,  Hinekley  &  Smith,  A.  If.  Fayerweatlier,  Tlios  ('iiniiiniiH, 
lleiny  1*.  Stevens,  Klial)  Grimes  &  Co.,  Tlios  .Nleek,  llemy  I'aty  &  Co.,  J. 
I'talindy.  Eli  Southworth,  Jos  Navarro,  1).  Owen,  Sam.  F.  Shaw.  A.  C. 
])avis,  .John  I'atj',  Sam.  A.  Cushing,  Wni  Freneh,  .1.  II.  'riiomas,  J.  l^hljctts, 
Sio^ili.  |).  Mcintosh,  \Vm  11.  I'earce,  Cornelius  Hover,  Nelson  J lall,  (,'Iia.s 
Titc'.ml.,  Win  C.  Little. 

•'"''I'lie  letter,  dated  Oct.  SSth,  was  signed  hy  Nathan  S|)(>ar,  F.  1),  Ath'r- 
t'.ii,  .Folin  Meek,  Thos  A.  Xorton,  Thos  O.  Larkin,  Josiah  Thoni|)siiii,  W'm  S. 
lliiirldey,  Wm  M.  Warren,  A.  (r.  Tomlinson,  John  H.  I'Aerett,  Iv!  ii.  Fui;  ■on, 
Jus  Carter,  and  Wni  French.  It  wa.s  addressed  to  'Com.  Ednniud  1'.  Xeu- 
iinly,  commanding  East  India  Statio)i,  U.  S.  shi|)  I'tacuck.' 


•I'li 


142 


SUTTER'S  FORT— VISITS  AND  BOOKS. 


Cilrlos;  illustrates  by  an  anecdoto  the  methods  of 
administering  justic(.';  gi\-es  mucli  attention,  eoiiipar- 
atively,  to  the  trappers;  and  finally  adds  a  short  his- 
torical oiiapter,  the  matter  of  which  was  drawn  Iroiii 
Venegas,  and  pertains  almost  exclusively  to  Baja  Cal- 
ifornia. Except  as  a  record  of  the  visit,  this  book  is 
of  no  special  importance  in  its  relation  to  California, 
thoU'di  well  written,  and  of  real  value  in  its  informa- 
tion  on  other  parts  of  the  world. 

Thomas  Nuttall,  an  English  botanist,  who  had 
crossed  the  continent  to  the  Colund)ia  River  in  1S34, 
came  to  California  apparently  earl}'  in  183G,  on  a  ves- 
sel from  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  Dana  records  his 
trip  <lown  the  coast  to  San  Diego  in  April,  on  th' 
J*ll()vim,  and  his  sailing  on  the  Alert  for  ]3oston  in 
jMay.  "That  during  this  limited  })eriod  ^Ir  Xuttnll 
sliouJd  have  accomplished  so  much  for  California  ixit- 
any  speaks  vt)lumcs  to  his  credit,"  says  a  recent  writer; 
but  wluit  he  accomplished,  and  how  and  when  it  was 
made  known,  are  matters  that  have  escaped  my  re- 
search.^* Ferchnand  Deppe,  a  German  naturalist  and 
su])ercargo,  visited  California  on  the  Rm^selax,  in  Octo- 
ber of  this  yeai-,  on  his  way  to  Honolulu;  but  I  havi' 
no  record  of  his  scientific  labors  here. 

Captain  Sir  Edward  Belcher,  R.  X.,  in  command 
of  H.  ]\I.  S.  Suljihiir,  witli  the  Starliiuj  under  J^irn- 
tenant  Kellett,  visited  California  in  1837  and  again 
in  1831).  Captain  ])eechey  had  lell  England  at  the 
end  of  1835  in  connnand  of  the  expedition;  but  on 
account  of  his  illness  Belcher  came  out  to  succi'td 
him,  and  took  connnand  at  Panama  in  Eebruarv  1S37. 
The  route  was  up  tlie  coast  to  San  Bias,  to  tip' 
Hawaiian  Islands,  to  the  north-west  coast  of  America, 
to  California,  to  the  JMexican  and  Central  Annnican 
coasts,  to  Callao  and  l)ack  to  Pananul  in  October 
1838.     The  second  cruise  was  for  the   most  part  ;i 

=«  Pfirn/\i  Early  Dot.  Expl,  414;  Dana's  Two  Years,  335-7;  Toieiiseiid'a 
Xarr.,  'JIW. 


Br:LCIIKR  ox  THE  COAST. 


143 


)(-t()- 


nininl 
hifii- 
a:;'aiii 
it  iIk' 

lit    CM 
•('i.Til 

tin- 

'rica, 

jricnu 

lt()I)ii' 

lart  .1 


•lutitidii  of  tlio  first  until  the  uavijifator  left  ^faz.a 

1  .  «  ^         .      .     .^         /*  .1  1     4  .lit  T         1  1 


l'( 


tl.lll  111  • 


laiiuarv  1840  for  tlio  South  Sea  Islands  and 
Siii'4aiMHv;  llu'nce  to  Cliina,  wliero  most  of  tho  year 
I -11  was  passed;  and  homeward  to  England  round 
Cijii-  (lood  Hope,  arrivinijf  in  Auj,'ust  1812.  lieleher 
Imiiself  was  the  historian  of  tho  voyages,  and  the 
MUV'on,  ]t.  ]^.  Hinds,  added  an  appendi.x.    According'' 


!■>  the  ] 


)U 


blished  instruetions  to  lieechey  and  Bi;leher, 


tlir  main  object  of  tho  expedition  was  tiie  completion 
<<['  a  liydroL,n'ai)hic  survey  of  the  western  coasts  and 
islands  of  America;  and  it  is  in  its  information  on 
this  and  cognate  topics  that  the  value  of  tho  narrative 
<hi«'tly  consists;  though  general  and  miscellaneous 
(ihs'.Tvations  on  tho  regions  visited  are  by  no  means 
in  fleeted. "^ 

Coming  from  Nootka,  the  Siilpluw  anchored  at 
^'(■iba  iJuena  about  midnight  on  October  ID,  18^7, 
I  aviiig  the  Starlinff  outside  tho  lieads  to  enter  '.icxt 
(Inv."'"'  Belcher  had  visited  San  Francisco  before  in 
l^L'7,  and  both  here  and  at  Santa  Clara,  where  ho 
w  flit  in  a  vain  searfHi  for  supplies,  as  later  at  Monte- 
ii  V  and  elsewhere,  ho  noted  tho  striking  evidences  of 
(htcrioration  and  decay.  Nowhere  did  he  iind  any 
( iicouraging  feature.  "Another  fate  attends  this  coun- 
tiy.  Their  hour  is  fast  approaching.  Harassed  on 
<ides  by  Indians,  pestered  by  a  set  of  renegade  do- 


rters fr 


om  w 


hal 


ers   and   mere 


^hant 


sliins  who 


start 


by  dozens  and  will  eventually  form  th(.;msel\es  into  a 
bandit  gang  and   domineer  over   them;    unalilo  iVoni 

'• /.V/'7i'r,  Ndrrat'n'f  of  n  Vojimjc  ronml  the  World,  perfontwd  in  llrr 
M'lj'stii's  Shiji  'Siilpliiir,'  iliiiiiKj  Ih'  i/pnrn  lSu(i-JS,iJ .  .  .hi/  ('(i/itain  Sir  Ed- 
vard  LUlclii'r,  II.  X.,  ('.  Jl.,  /■'.  J'.  A.  S.,  tic,  CoinnKinil'  r  of  l/if  /■.'x/ji'ililiiin. 
Loiiloii,  jS-iS.  Svo,  '2  vol.  llliist.  and  m;i|is.  Tlio  iioitimis  n  latino;  to  (. 'ali- 
f'tniaarciii  V(il.  i.,  'liyilr();.;rnpliic  iiistnictidiis,' ]).  xviii.,  and  text,  j)|i.  Ill-."i7, 
',U'2  'JS;  ;iiul  vol.  ii.  Appoiulix,  '////((/v',^  '/'/(C  lli'ijiKii-^  of  Vi'ii'itiliitii,'  Cidifvr- 
h'ai  Urij  'jii,  Jl.  ,">4.")-S.  No  illustrations  or  map  for  California.  Scicntiliu 
piiIili(;ition3  resultinj,'  from  this  expedition  wore:  U'lmls'it  Holui.i/  ni'l/n'  Voiimic 
(>'  II.  M.  S.  S>t/jduir.  . .  Jlo/cuiii'iil  l>t'.^orii)lioii-f,  /*//  Gcoriii'  linthum,  K-i/. 
1,'iiiclun,  I.S44.  4to;  and  libHlH^Zoiikiiinvfthc  ro,va;/i'.  .  . J.nndon.  Isl4.  Uo. 
•-'  \"1,.  Mitli  plates.  ALimmalia,  l)y  J.  K.  CJray;  Birds,  by  .1.  (ioidd;  Fisli,  by 
J.  );ii.h;iril.son;  Mollusca,  liy  K.  15.  Iliads. 

■'"'i'liu  arrival  is  also  montioueJ  by  Capt.  Richardson  in  a  letter  to  Vulkjo. 
Yalhju,  JJoc,  MS.,  iv.  328. 


. 

' 


IM 


sutti:r's  fort— visits  and  hooks. 


*■■■ 


want  of  spirit  to  protect  tlioiiiselvcs,  tlu;y  will  soon 
tlwiudle  into  iiisiufiiilii'iniL't;,"  "Tlio  iiiissioMs,  tiu.;  only 
rcspoctablo  estiihlishnieiitH  in  this  country,  arc  anni- 
liilatcd;  tlicy  have  been  virtually  plundered  hy  all 
parties."  "They  sadly  want  the  inter[)osition  of  .soiin; 
])o\verl'id  frii'iid  to  rescue  them.  To  Great  Britain 
their  hoj)es  ai'e  dii'ected;  why,  I  caiuiot  learn,  hut  I 
am  mucli  inclined  to  think  that  it  is  rather  from  a 
])Usil!aniMi()Us  fear  and  want  of  ener;Ljy  to  stand  by 
each  other  and  expel  their  common  enemies  than 
from  any  friendly  ftjeling  to  Great  Britain,  l^esid's 
this,  thi.'y  look  with  some  ajjprehension  upon  a  power 
daily  increasinij^,  an  orL,^anized  indejiendent  band  of  de- 
sertei's  from  American  and  JCnj^lish  whalers.  These 
luen,  headed  by  one  or  two  noteil  darint,'  charactci's  now 
amongst  them,  will,  whenever  it  .suits  their  purpose, 
dictate  their  own  terms  and  set  all  law  at  defiance"— 
a  prophecy  of  the  troubles  with  Graham  and  his  band 
in  1840.  Belcher's  own  crew  contributed  some  half 
dozen  men  to  this  army  of  deserters,  and  besides,  ho 
found  it  difficult  to  obtain  needed  supples. 

The  main  object  in  enterinj^  San  Francisco  Bay 
\Aas  to  complete  the  survey  bej^un  by  Beechey  bv- 
making  explorations  beyond  the  strait  of  Car(]uines 
and  up  the  }]frcat  rivers  to  the  head  of  navi<'atlon. 
They  started  October  24th  with  the  AS'tor/Z/^y — whicli, 
however,  was  left  about  3G  miles  beyond  the  strait  — 
jiinnace,  two  cutters,  and  two  g'igs.  He  did  not  liiid 
the  Jesus  ^[ari'a  and  San  Joacjuin — the  former  be- 
cause there  was  no  such  stream  distinct  from  the  Sac- 
ramento, and  the  latter  because  its  mouth  and  course 
were  much  farther  south  than  he  had  been  led  to  sup- 
])osc,  as  indeed  he  finally  concluded,  though  pronounc- 
ing it  "certainly  not  navigable  nor  entitled  to  bo 
named  as  a  river  in  conjunction  with  its  majestic  neigh- 
bor." As  they  advanced  up  the  Sacramento  the  Ind- 
ians became  more  and  more  shy,  until  at  last  it  was 
found  impossible  to  communicate  with  them.  The 
highest  point,  reached  on  the  30th,  and  deemed  the 


li 


SURVEY  OF  TIIK  SACllAMEXTO. 


143 


li,  1(1  of  ii;iviL,^iiti()n  about  one  Imiidrcd  and  fifty  iniK'.s 
l.v  tlu;  \viiuliii!4s  of  the  struain,  was  at  a  I)raiu'h  Imyoiid 
which  there  was  not  water  enoui^li  in  eitlier  <'h:innel 
I'll'  the  lijjfhtest  ho.M.ts,  loeat<'<l  in  3H°  UV  47"  and  named 
IViint  Victoria,  or  Elk  Station.  This  location  is  alto- 
gether unintt'llio-ihlt,'  to  me.  Much  descriptive  mat- 
((  r  is  ^iven  ahout  the  soil  and  vej^etation  of  the  banks, 
ii-;  \\\'ll  as  of  the  animals  and  natives  (^f  the  Oneshanate 
tii!)e.  The  broad  plain  was  said  to  be  bounded  in 
I  lie  cast  by  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  on  the  west  by 
the  Holbones  and  Diablo  mountains.  The  tri^'ono- 
•iictrical  survey  was  completed  down  the  river  and 
.(iiiiiccted  with  that  (jf  Jieechev,  the  task  not  beint; 
coiiiplc.tetl,  with  hard  and  constant  work,  until  Novem- 
lirr  2  Uh,  a  full  month  in  all.  No  chart  of  the  sur- 
\iv  is  i^nveii,  though  a  copy  was  promised  to  General 

At  the  end  of  November  the  vessels  sailed,  and 
;iiicli(ii'ed  December  2d  at  Monterey,  which  town 
iJr'cl  1'  found  "as  much  increased  as  San  Francisco 
r;ifl  f  lien  into  ruin.  It  was  still,  however,  very  mis- 
craiilo,  and  wanting  in  the  military  air  of  1827." 
Xutliiug  was  done  here,  so  far  as  is  shown  by  the 
narrative;  and  on  the  6th  the  Sulphur  sailed  for  San 
j)las,  as  the  Starling  had  done  some  days  before. 

Coniing  again  from  the  north,  Captain  Belcher  ar- 
livcd  on  September  20,  1839,  with  his  two  vessels  at 
IJiidcga,  but  at  once  made  a  trip  of  48  hours  to  San 
I'rancisco  and  back,  in  the  Sulphur.^  A  description 
nf  the  Russian  establishment  is  Ljiven,  thouufh  the 
coiiiiiiander  was  so  busy  in  surveying  the  port  that 


I 


"Niiv.  lil),  IS."]?,  autograph  letter  of  Belcher  to  Valk-jo,  iu  which  he  ex- 
pirs^es  iTgri't  at  not  meeting  him;  promises  a  copy  of  his  cliart — whiuli  lie 
wmiM  k'Mve  now  but  for  the  fact  that  it  is  so  confused  as  to  be  of  no  use;  ami 
I  •iiii|iliiii!s  (11  the  desertion  of  his  men.  I'allcjo,  Doc,  MS,,  iv.  .S,").").  Doc.  "ititli, 
Viillrjo  issues  orders  for  tho  capture  of  tlie  deserters.   /'/. ,  iv.  'M'A\. 

'"Sept.  "Jl,  KS3'.*,  Uclcher  to  Vallejo — in  Spanish  and  not  auto^'raph — urg- 
\\v^  liiiii  to  capture  and  return  the  11  deserters  of  the  former  visit.  Vallejo, 
J)'"-..  MS.,  viii.  1(U.  Ho  says  nothing  of  the  chart  of  tho  Sai;rainento.  An 
oi'kr  n:i.s  ju'omptly  issued  for  the  capture  of  the  deserters,  lil.,  viii.  IS.'i;  -S'. 
J>'f:i<i,  A  rr/i.,  MS.,  'JOG.  The  result  <loes  not  appear;  but  it  is  probable  that 
sumo  ni  IJoldier's  men  were  among  the  exiles  of  the  next  year. 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  IV.    10 


if 


1 
V 

lio  had  no  time  to  visit  Ross  in  person.  The  survey 
conipleted,  the  vessels  proceeded  to  San  Francisco  tor 
supj)lies  and  the  completion  of  certain  observations, 
toucliing  for  one  day  only  at  Monterey,  the  5th  ot' 
October.  Thttnce  the  expedition  moved  down  tli(3 
coast,  toucliing  at  Santa  J^drbara  the  9th;  at  Saii 
Pedro  the  1 1th;  at  San  Juan  the  13th.  One  of  tlic 
vessels  visiting  Santa  Catalina  Island,  they  arrived  at 
San  ])ieg(>  on  the  17th,  and  five  days  later  sailed  lor 
tilt  southern  coasts. 

In  connection  with  this  cruise  down  the  Californiaii 
coast,  some  local  descriptive  matter  is  given  in  tlio 
narrative,  which  for  both  visits  contains  occasional 
references  to  the  unfortunate  condition  of  thecountiv 
and  the  ruin  of  the  missions.  Hinds  in  his  appendis; 
on  the  'regions  of  vegetation'  gives  three  pages  only 
of  general  remarks  on  the  extent,  physical  character, 
climate,  and  tlora  of  the  Californian  re<j:ion — includiiiu' 
the  country  between  the  Columbia  and  the  Coloradn. 
Ill  the  absence  of  charts  to  show  the  details  of  tin; 
hydrographic  survey,  Belcher's  book  cannot  be  said 
to  have  much  value  so  far  as  California  is  concerned. 

William  A.  Slacum  was  commissioned  by  the  I'. 
S.  government  to  obtain  information  about  the  Pacitic 
coa'^t,  particularly  Oregon.  He  came  down  from  the 
Columbia  in  the  spring  of  1837  on  the  Loriot,  with 
Young  and  Edwards'  party  of  cattle-buyers,  a  party 
which  he  aided  in  iittin<jf  out.  We  have  no  details  nf 
his  experience  in  California  from  February  lOtli,  wluu 
he  arrived  at  Iloss,  to  March  2d,  the  date  of  his  leav- 
ing Monterey  for  San  Bias;  but  in  his  report  to  tlio 
secretary  of  state,  dated  March  2Ctli,  he  gave  an  ac- 
count of  Young's  enterprise,  and  a  good  description  "f 
the  Ilussiaii  establishment,  at  the  same  time  promis- 
ing another  report  on  California,  which  I  liave  imt 
seen."     This  report  was  published  in  1831),  and  with 

*^  Shviim'ii  Jicport,  IS  ,  in  U.  S.  Qovl.  Doc.,  2.")th  cong.  .Id  sesa.,  lli'uso 
Rep.,  no.  101,  p.  "JiMO.  oliicuin  notus  a  material  change  in  the  olimiitr  .if 
tlic  coust.  Foniierly  fioin  Miiy  ti>  Out.  tlio  ))revailing  Avinds  Imd  heeii  linn 
^.  w.  10  w.,  aud  in  Nov.    to  Apr.   from  s.  w.  to  h.  8.  W.;  but  for  thuu 


PETIT-THOUARS'  VISIT. 


147 


uirvcy 
I4CO  for 
atioiis, 
5tli  «.f 

Vl\    till) 

it   San 

of  tlio 

ived  at 

loci  for 

forniaii 

I  in  thf 

.'asicinal 

country 

ppentlix: 

res  only 

aractcr, 

K'lu(lin;4' 

olorad". 

of  th(,> 

be  said 
»ccrni'<l. 

ho  V. 

Pacitii; 

OUl  till! 

ot,  wit! I 
a  party 
tails  I'f 
1,  wli.u 
sleav- 
to  tlio 
:>  an  ai- 
ption  "t 
pr()nii>- 
vo  1l"t 
nd  with 

199.,   H"li>'' 

Iclimalt'  "' 

lllClMl  tl^'lll 

for  tliuu 


lis 


it  another  by  Hall  J.  Kellcy,  whose  visit,  already  de- 
scribed, had  been  in  1834.  This  writer  devotes  lialf 
a  dozen  pages  to  a  "  brief  geoiijraphieal  account  of  the 
northern  portion  of  High  California,"  not  very  inac- 
cnrate,  considering  Kelley's  limited  opportunities  of 
(jbservation.*'^ 

Tlio  voyage  of  the  French  frigate  Venus,  coniniand- 
cd  1)V  Captain  Abel  d\\  Petit-Thouars,  who  was  also 
the  historian  of  the  expedition,  lasted  frt)ni  December 
l;>}6toJiinc  1839.  Tlie  route  was  from  Brest  to 
Jh'azil,  round  Cape  Horn,  to  Callao,  to  Honolulu,  to 
Kamchatka,  to  Californlc.,  down  the  coast  to  San  Jihis 
and  X'alparaiso,  to  the  South  Sea  Islands,  and  honu; 
hy  Ca|»e  Good  Hope,  uioeting  Belcher's  expedition  at 
several  points.  The  primary  object  was  to  investigate 
ihf  whale-Hsheries  of  the  North  Pacitie,  with  a  view 


years  past  (since  1S34)  the  winds  had  boon  exactly  reversed,  making  tiie  v.iii- 
tcisiiuhli  colder.  TlieniiometoiatKuss,  Oct.  ISiifi,  4;{  to  titl  ;  Nov.,  ."S  !■)  7-  ; 
liir  ,  ;!*)'  totiJ  ;  Jan.  18:{7,  3S'  to  .W;  Vd>.,  r.i  to  .■)li'.  Keh.  I.',  Ks.'iT.  Va- 
lic'jo  to  Alvarado.  Is  iufornieil  tliat  a  U.  S.  coiniiiissioiier  is  e.\pectcd  on  the 
y,(. /•/■(. ^  to  survey  tiie  coast.    VuUijn,  Ihic,  MS.,  iv.  7">. 

'■  Kill'  i/'-i  Mfmoir  on  Oregon  and  //ii/h  ('fili/oriiia,  t'lated  .Fan. 31,  18.30.  and 
jmlilislud  in  tlic  same  document  .as  Slacum's  reiiort,  p.  47-t>l.  Jvelley  speaks 
i.|  Ciliiornia,  '  i>ecause  it  has  been  and  may  lie  aLraiii  made  liie  snlijei  t  of  eon- 
fiivnrcand  negotiation  between  Mexieoand  ihelJ.  S.;  and  because  its  future 
uiiiiition  to  our  western  posses.sions  is  most  iiiuiuestionably  a  matter  to  lie  de- 
.siif(t.'  'There  is  one  (•ontinuous  line  of  prairie  exteiidinic  from  the  liuIi  of 
t'al,  to  the  3!lth  parallel,  S(niietime3  KM)  miles  wide  and  seldom  les.sthan  10, 
iipciiiuf,'  to  the  ocean  only  at  the  bay  of  San  Francisco" — very  fertile,  but  prob- 
:iMy  not  htted  for  protitivblo  cultivation  on  .iceount  of  alkali  and  asphaltum. 
'Tin  coast  is  always  healthy;  but  durini,'  tht^  heat  of  summer  the  [)rairies  of 
till' interior  aic  pestilential,  and  diseases  al)ouniI.'  The  only  harb'  r.»  vi.-iti,cl 
and  ilesrribed  are  Sta  ("ruz  and  S.  F. — the  Latter  the  Ix'st  h.irbor  in  X.  \V. 
America,  except  one  in  the  strait  of  Fnca.  Of  the  .S.  .Jo;i((uin:  'This  tranipiil 
rivir  must  eventually  beconit!  productive  of  \ast  beneht  to  CaHlornia.  not 
im  rely  as  a  convenient  and  ready  inlet  for  eomn:(!rcial  ])urposis.  but  asa.j,'i'eat 
nutlet  ihrou^h  which  shall  1)0  drained  those  superlluous  waters  by  which  so 
iimcli  of  the  prairie  is  convertccl  into  a  maisli  and  ri'nilered  fruitful  only  of 
ili-sense  anil  death.  It  is  indeed  a  vast  canal,  construited  by  an  abniLrhty 
.ucliitect,  and  destined,  I  doubt  not,  in  futme  aijes  to  transport  the  eounile.ss 
liieilui'ts  ot  a  niiuhty  I'nipire.'  The 'Sacrament '  is  also  d 'sciibed  as  'na\i- 
f.Mlile  for  M'ssels  of  small  burden  to  it.s  first  fork,  about  sO  miles  from  its 
lUHiitli.'  'When  I  remcmlwr  the  exuberant  fertility,  the  exhaustUis  natural 
wiiilth,  the  abundant  streams  and  admirable  harbors,  ami  the  ad\;i'it.»^i  oils 
sliap.'iind  position  of  lli^'h  (.'alifornia,  1  cannot  but  belie\e  that  at  noN'iydis- 
taiit  'lay  a  swarininj^  multitude  of  human  beinj^s  will  a^ain  )>eopU'  tlu'  sohtude, 
luid  titat  the  monuments  of  civilizatiou  will  throng  along  thuBC  stream-^  and 
cuvir  those  fertile  vales.' 


s  counir 
all  possihk'  iiitonnation  respoctiniC  the  actual  condition 
of  the  various  countries  visited.  The  lueuihersof  tli" 
scientific  corps  were  to  seize  every  opportunity  l"r 
iiiakiiiL!:  observations  on  hvdroijjraphic  and  other  snc- 
cial  matters.  The  \oyage  was  pi-osperous  in  most  re- 
spects, and  the  results  were  ])uh!ished  in  IS  40.*^ 

The  Vt'iius,  coniini»'  from  the  I'ar  north  with  a  forci^ 
of  over  tlij'ce  hundrevl  men,  anch<»red  at  ]\[onterev 
Octolier  IS,  18;}7.^'  Manv  of  the  men  were  sick  \\ilh 
scurvy,  but  throun'h  tlie  kindness  of  J)avid  Spi'iH" 
a  vacant  house  on  shore  was  furnished  foi-  a  hospiiil 
as  well  asol)servatory,  and  all  weiv  cured  but  one  man, 
uho  was  Ixu'ied  with  military  honors  at  San  ( MrL'-^. 
The  frigate  saluted  the  fort  and  was  saluted  in  t'liii 
"with  an  equal  numl)!'r  of  guns.  ( Jovernor  Alvara'lo 
received  the  na\igatoi's  with  his  usual  hearty  polit!- 
iiess,  sending  on  board  some  baskets  of  grap(?s,  an  I 
jriantin"'"  evrrv  facijitv  for  makinuf  observations  ami 
obtaining  needed  supplies.  A  grand  ball  was  givm 
to  the  strangers  during  their-  stay,  which  affair,  wlt!i 
a  visit  to  the  mission  of  San  CVirlos,  to  which  llic 


h 


1 

11    . 

^■^ Pitit-'riioiior".  I'oi/iiiji'tiiitnurdinpnii'lrsiirlnj'riijiitc  Ijti  Vrinin,  poiil'int 
lis  ninirat  JS.iU-lSJf).  /'nlJir  ji'ir  orihy  </u  rui,  sintu  /•  s  aii.<i)icr.i  da  Miii'^'rn 
</'■  III  Miirhir,  jxir  A'  A  dn  I'l  /if-  T/i()<mi:%  '•'ijii/tiiiw  de  vdi^miiii,  Commniidi  nr  h' 
It.  Ijitjioiiii  lliiiiiii  nr.     I'aiis,  Is4()-}.    8vi).  ,">  vol.  iii;i|).    Tli(3aulli<)i-iii  liis  juvf- 

iU'l 

<>t'  an  y 


speaks  of  cliarts  of  all  tlio  ports  iii  wliicli  tin;  I 


»">'  aiuuori'i 


ipi 
il,  mill  ii!-o 


\lh, 


I'lih. 


I  HI  I H 


ill  I'lilic)  of  ilrnw  i;iL.'s 


ai'ciiiii|iaii\  hil;  till!  liana;  IV' 


luit   I  lia\i'   Hot  seen   ritiiLT.      Tliu  polttoim  rclatili:,'  to  ( 'al.  itic  as   fi 


toiii.  ii,  p.  77    141,  narrative  i  f  visit  and  liiitoiical 


milt;  torn.  lii.  p. 


.SI,  eoiiileiisiil  iiaiiative  in  a  report  pn-entri|  on  tlie  ii  turn  to  {•'rai 
IIJ,  occasional  s<iii;lit  nuiiiioiis  in  a  report  on  tiie  «  iinK -lisiiery;  also  in  Av-  ts 
nteiiil  of  Volume,  accounts  of  siipplicH  finiiisiicii,  etc.;  toin.  iv.  p.  \  'X\.  'I. 
tlncuuients  ill  .\"^s  (/   I^U  n  ^i  J n^iiiifnlin  < :  toiii.  v.  ]>.    177  ■*■">,    1.'{()-I,  s.  ■  ii- 


tilio  notes,  witli  some  imiiioraii  la  on  evi'iits  of  tlie  vi^it 
DerV'ilioiiK  III  tii:iiii  •!. 


in  ,/iiiiriiii 


I  d. 


*'i  have  fomnl  in  tin  arcliivo:*  iiotliiiii  ;iliout  ll 


pr 


.'SellCO  of  tllis  Ve- 


NAllRATIVr:  BY  PETIT  TIIOUARS!. 


140 


nd  tlio 
3  of  a 
ra  ^va^5 
incr  v<'- 
er  \vas 
le  com- 
iioquiio 
nditidM 

Sot'tli- 

lity  I'"!' 
lor  s[H'- 
iiost  I'c- 

a  foici^ 
ontcrry 

h()s|)ii.il 

)ne  ninii, 

rai'l-<. 

in  turn 

Ivara!) 

>'    jiollt"- 

)0S,  a  11' I 

ons  aipl 

IS  u'ivcu 

ir,  with 

ich  li  ■ 


Vn  .l/f •'■-''•■■ 
IdfO/'/i  ''  '  ';' 
liiiliiq'i'  I'- 
ll, llUil  .    ■' 
liar;  a    \' ; 
In  foil""'; 
Sii.  p.  ^i-'^- 
laiu'i':  •'• '  '' 
\i  ill  s!i'    t-! 
\\X\.  'I. 

I)-1,     N.-». 

y  <r    ■  '•• 

lUis  VI  >-'i'l. 


I'lriiclunan   was  proin[>toil   l»y  tlie  iiari'atlvo   of   l^a 
J '.  iiuiso,  are  the   only   events  of  the   visit   reoonled, 
it  such  as   Were   connected   with   the   niakinn'  of 


(  X. 


iitiiic  observations  and  the  ohtai  iii:y  of  suppliu 

....  .-  .      .  ^^^ 


This  latter  was  attended  witii  some  Liitliculty.  .No- 
ll:.' ot'  the  arrival  luul  been  sent  in  advance  from 
1  [iiaohilu,  and  it  was  hoped  to  tind  [)rovisions  pre- 
pared for  sale.  But  such  was  not  the  case.  Flour 
wa-;  scaioe,  and  the  ship's  bakers,  establishing;  them- 
M  h.es  on  shore,  had  to  work  day  and  ni^ht  to))rovi(le 
a  'iipply  <jf  biscuits.  The  sum  paid  for  provisions, 
iiiiludin,;  tweiitv-two  beeves,  was  about  !i?8,000.*' 
Cajitain  IIini:klev's  vessel,  the  Koiuronii/ii,  was  char- 
tiied  to  <^o  to  San  Francisco  for  [»r<>visious  and  water. 
The  trip  took  from  October  20th  to  November  'Id; 
aii.l  M.  31.  Chiron,  Tessan,  and  ^lesnard  took  advan- 
la-eof  it  to  complete  their  scientii'"  survey  of  San 
Fiaiicisco.  The  Venus  linally  left  Monterey  the  14th 
(4'  November. 


1  > 

so  .a 

A 


■tit-Th 


'I 


louars  worK  is  a  nnicli  more  va 


h 


duabl 


e  one 


Clifl  . 


r  as  California  is  concerned,  than  that  of  ]]el- 
In  addition  to  the  brief  narrtitive  (»f  the  visit 
it-  If,  to  scii'utific  observations  of  different  kinds  not 
|i  i:lh'ularly  important  in  this  part  of  the  voya^v,  anil 
t'l  \iiy  complete  descri[)tive  matter  on  the  only  part 
of  the  coimtry  visited,  the  French  uavigat(tr  i^ives  an 
exci  Meiit  sketch  of  Califomiaii  history  for  the  ten 
yeais  preceding  his  visit,  especially  of  the  revolu- 
ti'iiiaiy  troubles  then  in  progress,  and  of  the  actual 
c'tiidition  of  the  country,  its  pe(»j»le,  and  its  in>titu- 
timis.  Naturally  the  author  fell  into  some  errt>rs. 
But  from  no  other  sinjj^le  work,  I  think,  could  so  com- 
I'litc  and  accurate  an  idea  of  the  subject  bi-  ubtaine<l. 


lb 


was  the  lirst  of  visitoi's  to  collect  t»ri'»iiial  docu 


lueiits,  ten  of  which,  relatini,^   to  the   revolut  inn,  and 


■jo,  //(V.  r,(/..  MS.,  iii.   ;n4-l(l,  8*it..'s  tlmt  IVtlt-ThoUi 


irs    ell  \iv 


ii;   ."I'licitfil  I 


wi^li. 


y  soiiio  o 


f   till'  otliitr-s    wlio   witliuiit  Alvarailu's   K 


now 


IimI, 


Mil  ti>  jxirciiasi!    iiouilcr  in  t'xciiaii:;t!    for   ln'cvf-s,    ii't'u.-*»<l    ti   ki'U,  l)iit 


huAiA  llio  powiliT,  alHPiit  .')l)Ollis.   ill  tin'   iiiglit  ud  u  gilt,  bi 
UMiiMciL'tly  tUo  cause  of  the  l/'alifoiuiaus. 


'•"b' 


illi 


to 


loO 


SUTTER'S  FOllT— VISITS  AND  BOOKS. 


for  the  most  part  unknown  to  other  writers,  arc  pro- 
sentecl,  with  translations.  True,  hiter  wi'iters  have, 
I  lit  utihzed  these  documents,  and  they  arc  of  httle 
u^e  to  me.  as  I  have  the  ori<'inals:  yet  this  in  no  wise 
detracts  from  the  credit  due  M.  Petit-Thouars.  His 
map  of  the  world,  so  far  as  it  shows  California,  is  of 
no  im})ortance  here.  It  show.*^?  only  the  coast  on  a 
small  scale,  and  in  the  broad  interior  the  four  great 
rivers  Columbia,   Colorado,  Rio  Grande,  and  Arkan- 


Bonneville's  Map,  1837. 


sas  rising  in  the  same  regioiL  But  I  copy  hero  a  re- 
duction of  Bonneville's  map  of  1837,  the  accuracies 
and  inaccuracies  of  which  need  no  remark.^'' 


In  1838  there  is  neither  foreign  visit  nor  book  to 
be  noted  here;  but  1839  gave  to  the  world  a  most 
excellent  ri^sunu)  of  Californian  history,  written  I'V 

"  Warren  a  Mein.,  3-t,  pi.  iv. 


FORBES'  WORK  ON  CALIFORNIA. 


151 


great 


~W 


Al'XaiKler  Forbes  and  edited  by  John  Forbes,  a 
brother  of  the  author  residing  in  London/'  The 
author  was  au  English  merchant,  long  a  resident  of 
Tcpit-'.  lie  had  never  visited  California,  so  far  as  I 
],iii)\v,  but  he  was  brought  constantly  in  contact  with 
iuhlligent  men  who  were  familiar  with  the  country, 
being  also  in  corres[)ondence  with  })rominent  Califor- 
iiians,  notably  with  Jose  Bandini,  from  whom  in  the 
I'diiii  of  letters  he  derived  nmch  of  the  inlbrniation 
|iiiMished  in  his  book.*^  The  manuscrij)t  w'as  eom- 
jil.led  and  sent  to  England  in  October  1835;  but  the 
jiuMication  being  delayed,  additional  material  was 
Mil>i)lied  by  the  author  and  <)thers,  bringing  the  nar- 
raii\c  in  a  sense  down  to  IHoS.  I  have  given  the 
tnlc  and  contents  in  full  in  a  note.  Of  course  in  so 
Mii.ill  a  volume  nothing  but  the  merest  outline  of  his- 
tory could  be  given,  as  drawn  from  Vencgas  and 
Taiou  for  the  earlier  times,  with  only  here  and 
tlnre  a  salient  ))oint  of  later  annals.  It  was  not  in 
any  sense  as  a  history  of  the  past  that  the  book  has 
^al^le,  but  rather  as  a  presentation  by  an  intelligent 


iL 


lo  a  ro- 

nracies 


*'  Forbes,  California:  A  Iliatory  of  Ujrper  and  Loin  r  C'aliforuin  from  tlirir 
('/•.' (//•"•oirn/ /o  l/ie  ynKdH  lime,  comprinimj  un  uccoimt  of  the  diiiiatr,  snil^ 
'ii,-id  jiniilnrtiouK,  (Hiriciilliirr,  ciniimi'irc,  i/c.  A  full  vifir  of  thf  )iiis.-.'ioii(iry 
1 ,1'i'Ji.i/itiU'uli  (tii'l  coiiililioii  if  the  frcv  and  domexticalnl  Ii/dlaiiK.  With  on 
(ijij  iiiili.e  nlaliiiii  lo  Kli'ain,  nariijdtioii  in  the  Parifc.  lllustrttt'il  irilh  d  m  w 
j,i'i/>,  jilaii.i  (f  Ihi'  hitrl/ors,  anil  iiiiini-roii.t  (iiiirariiiiis.  liy  Ali  raiidi  r  Jorlxs, 
J'.^<l.  Loiiildii,  18."!!),  Svo,  xvi.  ',i'f2,  pi.  and  iiiai).  I'ait  i.  1-  "■'•,  ii'latt'S  to 
Jliij.i  Ciilifdniiii  cxclusivoly.  Uf  part  ii.,  cliap.  i.,  70-l.'l<>,  I'ontitina  a  i'(\suiii(5 
of  tlio  fuily  Iliatory  of  Alta  Calituinia  down  to  17'S4;  eliap.  ii.,  I.'{l-."i:t,  ]ire- 
Sifiit^i  vi'i'y  luiilly  indued  tlie  '  licount  history  of  Uppor  Califoinia,  present 
jiiilitical  ciiiiilition  and  ])nispects,'  down  to  IS.'SS;  chap,  iii.,  l.")4-7!*,  on  topog- 
r.i|iliy  and  natural  productions;  chap.  i\".,  1SI)-"J8,  on  thu  Indians;  chap,  v., 
IIMI  Jt."),  on  the  missions;  chap,  vi.,  'J40-S(),  on  ai;rieultnro  and  live-stock; 
ehai).  vii., 'JSl-IiOS,  on  connncrcc  anil  navigation;  chap,  viii.,  ;5(l!(-"_'."i,  on  Cal- 
ii'iruia  ^s  a  luld  for  forcijj;u  colonization.  Appendix,  i.  Remarks  on  tlu' liar- 
Imis  of  California. .  .hy  ('apt.  .John  Hall  (from  a  visit  in  IS'.'l');  ii.  Letter  to 
tiiiMiliiiir  on  steam  navii,'ation  in  the  l'aciti<';  iii.  N'arioiis  extracts  on  tho 
Kline  siilijeet.  Illustrations,  ehiclly  hy  Caj)!.  Wni  Smyth:  jtortrait  of  I'adro 
I'lyii,  a  native  Indian,  view  of  Monterey  Hay,  S.  !•'.  JIarhor,  Sta  iSail  ara, 
Indian  hath,  .S,  Carhif}  Mission,  presiilio  and  pueMo  of  Munten'y,  S.  !•".  Mis- 
eiiiii,  Thiovv  iuLj  the  lasso  and  S.  Jose  Mission,  Map  of  California  with  jilans 
of  the  harhors  of  IJodega,  S.  F.,  Monterey,  Sta  liarliara,  S.  I'edro,  and  S. 
i'ii  j,'i).  tho  maps  liy  John  Hall,  except  that  of  S.  F.       iiieil  from  l»eeehey. 

'"  See  JSiunliiii,  Ciirta  hixtorii'rt  1/  ilis'-ri/ilii'd  ilf  (  al.,  i^V.s',  MS.  'J'liis  is  a 
liiMi,' letter  dire(;ted  to  l>iirron,  Forbes'  partner,  and  was  doubtless  obtained 
aud  used  for  Forbes'  book. 


■>.«i!»',Vw-.'^liW*(ti..fc»>.«^«,..i^ 


182 


SUTTER'S  FORT-VISITS  AND  BOOKS. 


man  of  business  of  the  country's  actual  condition, 
capabilities,  institutions,  and  prospects.  Forbes' 
book  \vas  not  only  the  first  ever  published  in  Englisli 
relatinLj  exclusively  to  California,  and  more  than  any 
other  the  means  of  makin<'  known  to  En<;lish  read- 
crs  the  country's  advantages,  but  it  has  always  main- 
tained its  reputation  of  being  one  of  the  best  extant 
on  the  subject.  I  reproduce  a  portion  of  Forbes' 
map. 


/l.ri 

r>^Ii.aaeranunlo 

1-4  '<..-("-4\      u    r 


.to 


&."0  ■ 


6    PAHr.ARA.  ^-^-, 

5i.(.aTaViNA 


s.rLe^'E^^E' 


I 
i6n 


gjanuidlno 


"^'■'^j.jAN.       VlS.Dlego  8.P. 


C0fiQNA0Q5' 


Forbes*  Map,  ISHO. 

In  1830,  also,  another  French  voyager  visited  Cali- 
fornia. Til  is  was  Captain  Cyrille  Pierre  Theod 
Laj)lace,  coujmanding  the  frigate  Arfeniisc,  of  50  gun 
and  450  men.  Her  voyage  round  the  world  was  i 
1837-40;  her  mission  substantially  the  same  as  that 
of  the  Venus;  and  her  route  was  round  Cape  Good 
Hope,  to  the  Sandwich  Islands,  to  California,  and 
home  by  Capo  Horn.     The  narrative  of  the  expedi- 


oiv 

1  - 
II 


VISIT  AND  BOOK  OF  LAPLACE. 


L'S 


auv 


Cali- 
)dor«' 

I 

las  111 
that 
rOi » I 

au;l 


iioii  was  written  by  the  coimnandor,  and  thoui>U  tlio 
iii>t  volume  was  published  in  1841,  the  last,  containin;^ 
tlic  j)art  in  which  we  are  interested,  did  not  appear 
until  1854.'''' 

{ 'ouiing  from  Honolulu,  Laplace  anchored  at  Bo- 
dega on  August  11,  18o9,  soon  proceeding  to  Iloss, 
v.lnrc  lie  was  entertained  b}^  liotchef  for  some  nine 
(1,1  v>,  being"  shown  all  there  was  to  be  seen  in  that  re- 
gion, and  regaled  with  many  details  res[)ectiiig  the 
(.Relations  and  prospects  of  the  liussian  American 
(  liiiipany.  On  the  *iOth  he  sailed  for  San  Francisco, 
win  re  he  arrived  next  day,  and  remained  probably 
I'niir  days.""  Here  he  anchored  near  the  fort,  and 
^■pcnt  his  short  stay  apparently  in  waiting  to  get 
awav.  He  visited  the  i)residio  and  YerbaBuena,  am) 
;it  various  points  on  the  peninsula  mused  at  some 
l.Miuth  on  the  surrounding  desolation.  There  was  no 
•  '■(•iiial  comandante  with  a  family  of  beautiful  dauuli- 
tors  to  entertain  him,  as  they  had  some  French  navi- 
gator of  earlier  times;  and  San  Francisco  had  no  charm 
I'nr  him — nothing  but  logs,  ileas,  winds,  and  sterility. 
SoiiR!  provisions  were  with  difficulty  obtained.  The 
^i>it(ll•s  would  not  pay  the  price  demanded  for  horses 
(111  which  to  visit  the  surrounding  regions;  they  could 
not  wait  to  see  a  bull-fight;  and  after  uleaninLi'  some 
iiil'onnation  from  conversation  with  an  English  cap- 
tain, [)robably  Richardson,  Laplace  sailed  for  Mon- 
teny. 

^^  l.ri/.lrirr,  Ciimpaijnp  de  Circumnnvlfiation  de  la/n'ijate  PArtani^e  prndant 
/.  v  II II iii'c.i  1SJ7,  ISo'S,  1S.19,  ft  IS40,  KOiis  le  commdiidnnfnt  de  M.  Lci/ilm-r,  cn/ii- 
t'l'hif  ill-  riihii'au. .  .Paris,  1841-04.  8vo,  G  vol.  The  portion  rdatiii,'  tn  Oil. 
is  id  vol.  vi.,  ami  is  ilivideil  as  follows:  p.  41-178,  stay  at  Boik-^'a  ainl  Koss, 
V, i.h  ili'stii]itiv(!  matter  and  very  long  dij;rcssions  upon  matters  in  t!ie  far 
ii'iith;  p.  iNO-'J.";),  general  history  an<l  condition  of  California;  p.  '2;M-7t*,  .stay 
at  S.  F. ;  p.  '272-84,  at  Sta  Cruz;  and  p.  'JSJ-aO.'),  a,t  Monterey. 

""Adi'.  '1\,  18;>9,  Freiieh  frigate  .4 rm/.s'^iVc  arrived  from  Ro.ss;  will  sail  for 
Muntiny  in  4  days.  I'allrjo,  Doc,  MS.,  viii.  .')0.  Aug.  •2'^^,  ("!i(<  rrero  to 
jM'i  iVc't.  Tlie  .li7rm/.s(Vt arrived  on  the  21st.  Would  not  go  to  Vei!i.[  ilueiia, 
iiut  ;iii('hore4  near  the  fort  (?).  Asked  if  any  Frcnehmen  had  eoinpLiiiits  to 
la.ikis  li;id  just  oomi"  fro[u  giving  the  protestanta  a  le.3Soii  at  the  1  lauils,  and 
li:i  1  i-icnvecfd  !?20,0(H)  for  outrages  to  Frencii  missionaries.  (Jucrrero  haa 
takiu  the  preoaution  to  plaoe  a  guanl  in  the  fort.  I>rpf.  .SV.  Pap.,  Mivif.,  MS., 
iv.  Ul7  haplare,  eli'arly  I'.V  a  typographical  error,  says  he  wan  reaily  to  sail 
Adg.  'JJtIi,  lint  was  prevented  liy  fogs,  etc.,  until  two  days  later. 


154 


SUTTKR'S  FORT— VISITS  AXD  BOOKS. 


At  Sta  Cruz,  where  the  Art^mise  anchored  for  an 
afteriKX)!!  and  niyht,°^  all  looked  well  from  a  distance. 
Here  KUi'ely  the  Frenchman  would  receive  the  deli- 
cate and  Jiospltable  attentions  of  which  a  perusal  of 
La  Perousi/s  journal  had  caused  him  to  dream;  V)ut 
the  illusitm  vanished  on  nearer  approach  when  "uii 
spectacle  de  misere  et  d'abandon  s'oilVit  li  mes  iv- 
gards."  Not  oidy  was  there  no  welcome  nor  enter- 
tainment nor  ofter  of  gratuitous  su})plies,  but  the  I'aiin- 
ers  of  the  region  demanded  pri(.'es  so  exorbitant  lor 
their  provisions  that  no  purchase  was  effected.  Ti  lU', 
one  pretty  ranchera  redeemed  the  re})utation  of  Santa 
Cruz,  and  made  herself  a  general  favorite  i)y  off'eriiin' 
to  sell  all  kinds  of  produce  at  low  rate,  ;  but  this  /(V/c 
fc nil  tore  disappeared  at  sight  of  the  ferocious  priest, 
jind  failed  to  deliver  her  supplies  at  the  shore  as  had 
been  promised. 

It  was  perhaps  the  27th  of  August  that  the  frigate 
anchored  at  Monterey,  ivhere  she  remained  a  work. 
Hero,  although  there  was  some  ditficulty  in  obtaining 
provisions,  Laplace  was  pleased  with  all  he  saw.  llii- 
thusiastic  over  the  natural  beauties  of  the  site,  he  also 
found  artificial  improvements,  the  existence  of  whiili 
had  never  been  suspected  by  previous  visitors.  TIkj 
ladies  of  the  ca})ital,  moreover,  were  charming.  All 
the  best  })eople  were  entertained  over  and  over  again 
on  board  the  Artcmise;  and  the  officers  were  always 
welcome  at  the  best  houses  on  shore.  The  men  re- 
gained tlieir  health  in  rides  anil  walks  over  a  charniin'4' 
country;  while  the  commander  wandered  about  (lio 
town  studying  the  ])eculiarities  of  the  people  and  hoM- 
ing  long  conversations  with  'un  iventleman  ecossais,' 
David  8[)ence,  of  course,  who  was  the  source  for  the 
most  part  of  all  tlie  Frenchman's  informationon  Califoi- 
nian  history  and  condition.  S[)ence's  theory  respectiiiii; 
the  means  by  which  the  country  might  hope  to  escape 
the  fate  of  American  invasion  was,  that  the  governor 

*'Aug.  1 839,  Bolcof  to  prefect.  Announces  the  arrival.  Monterey,  An  h., 
MS.,  ix.  17. 


A  FRENCHMAN'S  OBSERVATIONS. 


155 


3r  an 
:aii(H'. 

sal  of 
i;  but 
n  "un 
OS  i'*'- 
cntcr- 
;  I'ann- 
mt  i'or 

'  Santa 

lis  _/('/'(' 

priest 

as  bad 

frig-atu 

tainin;^ 

lio  also 

Nvbii-li 

TliL' 

All 

a«;'aiii 

ahvay.s 

)icn  ve- 

anniii;-;" 
»ut  the 

;oss:Us, 

for  the 

'aliloi'- 

l^cctin.i,' 

oscapo 

|»verii*'r 


should  follow  inoro  implicitly  the  counsel  and  depend 
luorc,'  on  the  KU[)port  of  respectable  foreign  residents, 
i\<  tliere  was  no  other  way  to  protect  himself  and  Cal- 
it'oriiia  against  ]\Iexiean  imbeciles  and  American  ad- 
vtiiturers.  Alvarado  wasabsent  when  Laplace  arrived, 
but  came  to  town  the  next  day  with  a  most  cordial 
<>-iveting,  notwithstanding  the  current  troubles  between 
]\rexico  and  France — troubles  which  Laplace  chose  to 
ignore  during  his  visit.  The  same  night  Alvarado 
bi'cauic  dangerously  ill,  and  his  life  is  said  to  have 
been  saved  by  the  shij/s  surgeon.  \  strong  recijjro- 
c;il  admiration  was  develo[)ed  between  the  navigator 
and  the  governor,  and  neither  in  his  narrative  has 
aiivthing  but  j)raisc  and  compliments  for  the  other.'''^ 
The  expedition  embarked  September  5th,  but  could 
nut  leave  the  bay  till  five  diiyn  later,  not  touching 
elsewhere  in  California. 

Laplace  was  a  man  of  nmch  ability  in  a  literary 
way,  some  of  his  descriptions  being  very  fine;  and  ho 
was  also  an  intelligent  observer.  The  value,  however, 
(if  his  i)ublishcd  work,  so  far  as  it  aflPects  California, 
is  siiiously  impaired  by  his  habit  of  drifting  constantly 
into  the  by-ways  of  long  and  fanciful  speculations;  and 
also  by  the  fact  that  it  was  published  after  the  dis- 
covery of  gold,  so  that  the  author's  impressions  and 
preilictions  of  1839  are  inextricably  blended  with  the 
hniiwledgc  of  later  years.  His  general  view  of  the 
country's  condition  is  accurate  enough;  and  should 
any  student  ever  have  the  leisure  time  to  classify  and 
coiulc'iise  his  diffuse  material,  the  result  would  probably 
1)0  a  sketch  similar  in  many  respects,  though  less  com- 
l>lete,  to  that  of  his  predecessor  Petit-Tliouars. 

s^Mvaniilo,  nist.  Cal,  AIS.,  iii.  200  2;  iv.  172-81,  tells  us  that  while  on 
liis  Wiiy  to  Stii  Clara  to  be  married — the  marriage  was  l)y  proxy  ou  Au;^.  24th — 
lie  i.'fit  a  iKito  from  Jimeiio  that  Laplace  wished  to  see  him  on  important  mat- 
ters, ;iu(l  iiastened  to  ^lontercy.  lie  received  a  sword  from  the  Krenchman 
at  p:iiting.  He  dcrlares  that  they  had  several  private  interviews,  at  which 
Lil'laee  warm  il  him  of  hostile  intentions  on  tlie  part  of  tlio  United  States, 
.i^-uriiiL;  liim  also  that  France,  while  not  at  liberty  to  take  the  initiative, 
vouUl  liivorably  receive  a  proposition  for  a  protectorate. 


m^'a 


In  1840  Uic  visits  of  tlio  French  iVi^Mto  DainiUl-, 
and  that  of  tlie  U.  S.  vessc'  Si  Lnn'is  on  si)(.'c-ial  sir- 
vice,  ouvc  origin  to  no  pubhshed  narratives.  W.  I  >. 
l^hclps,  who  cunic  to  tho  coast  this  year  in  connnaiil 
of  the  Boston  shi[)  Alert,  puhlisliod  thirty-six  ycai  > 
later  a  journal  of  his  numerous  voyaL;'t'S  to  diirereiit 
]iarts  oi'tiii'  woi'ld,  inchi(hng  thi-;  and  Inivv  ones  to  Cal- 
ifornia. The  book  is  not  only  \.eil  written  and  fasci- 
nating, a  good  specimen  of  an  excellent  class  of  p'.hli- 
cations,  ])ut  it  gi\es  information  of  some  \'aluc  ou 
several  historical  iH)ints.  Such  })oints,  however,  ha\.' 
been  or  will  be  treated  in  the  proper  [)lace,  so  that 
liei'e  the  book  calls  for  no  iurlher  notice."' 

The  only  other  visitor  of  this  last  year  of  the  j)erl(>  I 
■whose  book  I  have  to  mention  N\as  Thomas  .1,  I'ai'ii- 
liam,  an  enterj)rising  Anjcrican  who  crossed  the  plains 
to  Oregon  in  18;51),  visited  tlie  Hawaiian  Islands  ami 
Califoi-nia  in  1840,  and  returned  to  the  United  States 
through  Mexico  the  same  year,  coming  back  westward 
in  time  to  die  at  San  Francisco  in  1848.  He  wrote  a 
book  on  each  of  the  three  subdivisions  of  his  jouruiN  ; 
and  the  volumes  were  often  republished  in  various 
forms  and  admixtures."  He  came  from  Honolulu  itu 
the  Don  Quixote,  nvrWxwff  at  ^lonterey  April  istli, 
sailing  ten  davs  latei',  and  touching  at  Santa  Barhain 
from  April  30th  to  ]\[ay  5th.  During  his  brief  st;iy 
he  was  largely  occupied  with  matters  pertaining  t'l 
the  imprisoned  foreigners,  as  elsewhere  related;  so  \\\v 
as  his  personal  observations  arc  concerned,  his  bunk 
contains  but  little  on  any  other  subject.  It  is  a  read- 
able work,  the  writer  having  an  attractive  way  of  cn- 
pressing  his  ideas.     That  is  about  all  that  can  be  saiil 

'^  Phil]i»,  Fore  and  A//;  or  Lrarex  j'rom  the  life  of  an  old  sailor,  /.'y 
Wrhj'oot.  With  illuMrntlnii.ihji  Hannnatt  li'iltliKjx.  Loatoii,  KS71.  rjmo,  o.'illp. 
Tho  pai'ts  relating  to  Cal.  aiv  p.  'JIKi-TO.  on  voyage  of  1S40-'J,  lieiiig  cliaji.  x\i., 
A  California  crniso;  chap,  xxii.,  Califoniia  in  1S40;  chap,  xxiii.,  Tlio  Cniii. 
Jones  WAV,  IS-t'J;  chap.  xxiv.  'J'iio  lliulson's  Bay  Co.;  p.  'I'l-^-lX,  on  .a  voy:i:o 
of  1S4.")  (1,  lieing  chap,  xxv.,  llow  California  hccauii!  ours;  chap,  xxvi.,  Tid- 
ing possession  of  tiic  country;  chap,  xxvii.,  Tiic  war  continued;  and  p.  ■"•.'-- 
G'J,  eliap.  xxviii.-ix.,  Tlie  last  voyai,'e,  18.-)4. 

■"  F<tni/ifim\-<  Trar^h  !ii  the  Oirrit  IVrsteni  Prairies.  Kd.  of  1S4I,  184:1  <-:\ 
nnd  Lontiiin,  ii.  d.  /(/. ,  J/istori/  of  Vrc;/iiii  Trrri/orif.  Kd.  of  1844  and  IM"). 
Id.,  Mexico:  llii  Geo<inq)liij,  tic.     Ed.  of  1840,  aud  n.  d. 


FAnxiIAM  AND  J.  F.  K  M. 


157 


ill  it-  HiVMr.  Till)  reader  already  knows  what  value  to 
I  '.I  •-.  upon  Farnliain's  statement  respcetiii'L,^  tlio  (Jra- 
liiiii  ail'air.  ]lis  estimates  and  desci'iptions  of  Cali- 
i'.irnian-.  ai^ainst  whom  he  conceived  a  Ijitter  [)rejudico, 
aiv  as  a  iiile  ahsurdly  false;  and  the  same  i)rejndice 
^.  rjouslv  impairs  his  version  of  Californian  liistorv  and 
(oiiilition  (hiiini:;'  1830—10.  ICe  added  alon^^  sketch  of 
J^i>\\ri'  California,  historical  and  (lcscri|)tiv(>,  and  a 
hiirfer  one  of  Upper  (,'alifornia,  after  the  manner  of 
I'dihes;  and  these  partsof  his  work  are  hy  far  the  least 
I'ml'y.  since  ho  took  all  his  material  from  a  few  well 
jviioun  sources,  was  an  intelligent  compiler,  and  was 
cuiiipaiatively  I'reo  fi'om  his  anti-^Iexican  ])i'ejudico; 
vif  many  inexcusable  inaccuracies  appear  even  in  tlieso 
jMiMs,  and  the  hook  had  a  circulation  and  popularity 
which  it  hy  no  means  deserved.''' 

Anotlier  American  passenger  on  the  Don  Quixote 
was  J.  l'\  B.  ^[.,  who  also  wrote  a  narrative  of  his 
voyage,  witli  iiis  experiences  at  ^Monterey,  Santa  Bar- 
li.ira,  Mazatlan,  and  the  overland  journey  from  San 
])las  to  ^Mexico.  Ho  wrote  in  a  i)leasing  style,  and 
];!s  ohseivations  were  those  of  an  intelligent  man,  hut 
ills  o])]H)rtunities  in  California  were  not  great.  Ho 
1  llecis  Farnham's  views  on  the  Graham  afl'air,  though 
ill  more  moderate  tone,  having  ]>orsonally  visited  the 
r  ,iles  at  Tepic.  From  Cdrlos  Carrillo  at  Santa  Bar- 
illa lie  obtained  a  peculiar  version  of  late  political 
events  m  California.^" 

^-'  lari/i'Dn'-i  Life  <iiid  Ailrfntiirc'^  in  Cdliforma,  and  Srcn's  in  ffif  Pacific 
(Iriftii.  S.  Y.  1S4(),  Svo,  4l(j  p.  Tliis  i3  tlii;  edition  I  have  used.  /'/.,  X.  V. 
1n47;  /'/.,  Triml.-i  ill  /he  <'u/i/oniiu.-i,  pfc.,'\.  Y.  1S44,  Svo,  410  p.  'I'lie  liir- 
li'>t  filiiioii  of  the  worlc,  vliieli  is  cxaetly  the  saiiio  excejit  in  title.  /'/.,  /.'/'', 
A'lfi  iiliiris,  tind  Tranl.H  iii  Ctil.,  1o  irhich  iiuddnllliv  ( 'oiKiwstof  (  V//.,  TraviU 
ii  "/•''/"»,  'iiid  //i-^lori/  or'the  Gold  i'd/ioii.'*,  N.  Y.  184!);  Jd..  Is.")!);  Id.,  lsr..'i; 
l-l._,J'ii-fy!'d  L'dirioii' {Mist,  of  the(!oKl  Itcgion  omitted),  X.  Y.  IS.V);  Id., 
Ku.  The  pietiiic3  imi.st  lie  seen  to  Ijo  tippreciiited.  Tiicy  would  (it  iiiiy 
o.'Hi' sulijci'ts  (jiiite  as  well  as  the  ones  they  purport  to  iUustrate.  All  tho 
c-  Utii)iis,  I  xi'ept  possildy  one  or  two  that  I  have  not  seen,  nro  alike  .1  paging 
iiii  to  p.  4  Hi.  Tho  author's  experiences  and  inatter.s  eonneeted  therewith 
occ'iipy  ]\  .')0-110,  40;2-10.     The  rest  is  historical  and  deseri])tive. 

'" .'/.  (./.  /'.  />'. ),  Lrnves  from  mi/  Journal,  in  llonoluln  I'dlijiiiiiun,  ii.  77, 
SO,  Ml,  !i;j,  (17.  Oct.-Xov.iS40.  I  do  not  know  tho  author's  name.  lie  was 
Hot  ;dl(j\ved  to  land  at  Monterey  till  after  the  exiles  departed;  and  returning 
fi'iini  .1  visit  to  S.  (,':irlos,  he  wasarrcsted  for  crossing  the  bridge  on  horseback, 
Ifuig  auved  frou»  the  ealabozo  by  Spouce. 


IT 
1  ] 


CHAPTER  VI. 

THE  RUSSIANS  IN  CALIFORNIA. 

lS:n-1841. 

Yeahly  Vesselm—RksiimA— Report  of  I8.'l1— KnL^;nNiKOF  s  Mission— Vic. 
thuia's  I'oijfv— Fku'ekoa's  Diim.omacv — Vai.lkjo's  Mission  io  Ross  - 
\Vi;an(;ki,i,  and   Hf.K(;iiey — Annai.h  of   1s;{4-',) — Kosikomitinok  Sic 

CKIDKIi    BV    UoTt'IIKF — WaUKHOI'SE    AT    SaIZAMIO — WuAN(iEI,I,'s    I'l.W 

OF  KxTKN.sioN — His  Kailiue  in  Mexico,  IS.'U)— Resolve  to  Ah.\m>iiv 
Ross,  IS;W  D— I'uurosEO  Sale  ni  Hi'uson's  Ray  Company— Affaiu  ><e 
THE  'Lausanne,'  1840 — Vallejo  and  Kupkianof— Puoposeu  Sale  to 
Vallejo — Land  and  Hitildinos — AnxiUD  Instiiictions  from  Mkmid 
— Sale  to  Siiteu — Contuai  t  and  Deed — No  Land  Pi  uciiased— Ris- 
siAN  Title  to  Ross — The  Mtldi-ow  Claim  of  Later  Yeaiw— Dei'akt- 
UUE  OF  the  Colonists — How  the  Debt  was  Raid,  i84^r)0. 

Yet  further  foreign  relations  remain  to  be  pre- 
sented here — the  annals  of  Koss  or  of  the  Russians 
in  California,  I  have  already  given  a  deseription  of 
Ross  and  its  various  institutions,  applying,  so  far  as 
such  a  sketch  has  any  chronology,  to  the  whole  porind 
of  the  colony's  existence,  l)ut  suspending  the  histor- 
ical record  at  the  year  1830.'  Later  occurrences  [ 
have  thouLjht  best  to  leave  until  now,  to  be  treated 
collectively  in  one  chapter,  because  they  are  of  l»iit 
slight  inij»ortance  in  their  relation  to  the  general  lils- 
tt)ry  of  the  country.  And  now  I  propose  to  continue 
the  subject  to  its  end,  the  abandonnieiit  by  the  Rus- 
sians of  their  Californian  possessions  in  1841. 

Vessels  of  the  company  continued  to  come  annual- 
ly, one  or  two  each  year,  from  Sitka  and  Ross  to  San 
Francisco  for  grain,  occasionally  for  some  special  pui- 

'Sce  vol.  ii.,  chap,  xxviii.,  for  descriptive  sketch  and  annals  of  1821-;!0. 
For  earlier  auuuls  of  Baaa,  sec  chap.  iv.  and  xiv.  of  tlie  aame  volume. 

(158) 


i  It 

i 

ill 

1 

PISCOUR AC  I\0  rnOSl'ECTS, 


ISO 


)c  prc- 

ussiiins 

;ion  "if 

far  us 

peril  i<  I 

Ihistor- 

Inces  [ 

jreatcd 

Lf  liiit 

|al  lii>- 
Intinuo 

llus- 

inual- 
to  San 
ll  pui- 

Il82l-:i0. 


poso  oxtondiiicj  their  ti-ips  to  ^Fonti^nw.  Duriiij,^  tho 
(licado  of  ls;U— to  the  Jinihd  Jiiade  at  least  five  vis- 
it^; \\\o.  Slthi,  four;  the  Unip,  three;  and  the  EloKt 
ami  /'o/ij'cmi'f,  two  each  ;  ii»  addition  to  the  NILolal, 
\\\\\i-]i  touched  oil  lier  way  to  Europe  hi  1840." 

We  have  8(!on  that  as  early  as  1820  the  company 
had  oifered  to  jL,nve  up  the  colony  in  cxchanjjfe  for  un- 
iv^tiicted  trade;  and  that  in  1827  the  nianai,'ers  had 
pietty  nearly  ahandoned  all  hope  of  final  success  at 
JJnss.  ])uring  the  Mexican  revolution  Russia  niii,dit 
prol-ably  without  much  difficulty  have  secured  aiul 
extended  her  Californian  possessions,  but  took  no  steps 
to  do  so.  Patriotism  had  moved  the  Mexicans  to 
.'Imitate  the  old  questions  of  Russian  intrusion  to  some 
extent,  hut  in  tho  north  tho  ai^itation  was  exclusively 
niic  «if  ]ien  and  paper,  altogether  without  effect  in  dis- 
tmhin^'  relations  with  Ross,  which  became  in  some 
r(  spects  more  friendly  than  ever  before.  Governor 
Jvlieandia  had  not  only  extended  the  contracts  for 
nttei'-huntint^  on  shares,  but  he  had  even  recom- 
iiieiided  to  his  government  to  recognize  the  legitimacy 
(if  the  cohjuy  on  condition  that  Russia  would  formally 
inkiiowledgi!  Mexican  sovereignty  over  the  territory. 
Still  the  ivussians  could  see  no  chance  for  ultimate 
securitv.  Tlie  governor  stated  in  his  report  of  April 
:!(»,  ls:U,  that  Ross  with  its  present  limits  was  worth 
no  sacrifices  to  retain;  if  it  could  be  extended  two 
liuiKh'ed  versts  inland  and  southward  so  as  to  include 
an  aiiehorago  on  San  Francisco  Bay,  it  would  be  a 
possession  of  great  value."'' 

About  this  time  the  colonists  made  an  effort  to  ex- 
tend their  agricultural  operations  south-eastward,  but 
without  success,  on  account  of  opposition  from  the 
Calit'ornians.''     On  the  Baikal,  which  arrived  at  the 

•Sre  tho  maritime  lists  at  end  of  chap,  xiii.,  vol.  iii.,  and  cluip,  iii.  of  tliis 
vmI. 

'  /'vali.fluii,  Dch  o  Kolonhj  Ross,  28-30.  In  tho  same  report  ho  says  that 
two  boats  Were  being  built  as  gifts  for  P.  Narciso  Ihuan  at  S.  Josl'.  Zava- 
li~liiu  tliiiiks  tliis  making  of  presents  had  no  other  elloct  than  to  confirm  tho 
Misiians  in  their  '  pretended  rights.' 

Mail.  1,  1831,  1*.  Ainorus  to  president.     Has  made  a  tour  from  >S.  liafacl 


160 


THE  RUSSIANS  IX  CALIFORNIA. 


end  of  1830,  Raron  Wningoll,  iho  new  jrovcrnor  of 
Kussiaii  Aiiitrica,  sent  Khlcbnikof  to  treat  in  o:cnor;r[ 
for  a  eontimiaiioo  of  friendly  coniinercial  relations,  but 
more  i)articularly  for  a  renewal  of  the  otter  contracts, 
and  for  a  reduction  in  the  current  price  of  grain.  In 
the  latter  object  KIdebnikof  seems  to  have  been  suc- 
cessful, largely  on  account  of  threats  of  going  to  Chili 
for  wheat,  as  they  had  done  once;  or  twice  before;  but 
Victoria  refused  to  allow  any  continuance  of  otter- 
liunting.  ]5oth  in  his  letter  to  Wrangell  and  in  his 
report  to  the  government,  however,  he  expressed  the 
most  fricndlv  feelings  toward  the  liussians,  and  a  wisli 
to  favor  them  in  every  legal  way,  especially  in  prefer- 
ence to  the  dangerous  Americans,  lie  told  Wrantjcll 
that  he  believed  Mexico  would  gladly  approve  a  most 
liberal  treaty,  if  Russia  would  consent  to  recognize 
the  independence  and  abandon  Ross.  Wrangell  wrote 
a  courteous  and  llattering  letter  in  reply,  but  expressed 
the  oj^iiiion  that  a  treaty  on  the  terms  proposed 
should  be  discussed  by  national  and  ni^t  colonial  au- 
thorities; es[)ecially  as  the  matter  was  not  urgent — 
"for  the  company,  having  discovered  other  means  of 
providing  lor  the  needs  of  the  colonies,  no  longer  linds 
itself  in  the  unavoidable  necessity  of  causing  (.anbar- 
rassment  to  the  Calil'ornian  govermnent."" 

.iiii'irii;  tlic  pacrniis.  Ilis arrival  cr.nscd  the  Russians,  wlio  liad  comn  12  leagues 
fiDin  JIiiss  to  till  tli<'  soil  at  Saiitia^jo,  to  change  their  j>lans.  Arrh.  S'a  II., 
ISIS.,  \ii.  Ks;{.  .Jan.  Mli,  J'A;iie:.'i(lia,  with  the  expressed  view  of  eheekiii;^ 
lliissiau  oncruaehiiicnt,  <,'rants  Sta  Rnsato  Rafael  Clomcz.  Dc/'t.  St.  Pep.,  !!■  'i. 
Mil.,  MS.,  l.wi.  7-S.  May  (!,  (luv.  Victoria  to  iiiiii.  of  war.  He  learns  V.r.tt 
liie  Itii.ssianswit.i  40  armed  men  and  some  Indians  had  conic  near  Solano,  aiiil 
hogun  to  till  lh(!  soil,  Will  eoiisiilt  svitli  the  j,'ov.  of  Sitk.i.  Drpt.  /?"•.,  MS  , 
is.  ]'2'.).  May  (S,  Is.*?;!,  two  years  ,'igo  the  Russians  made  some  jilantiiijis  at 
Tiimalanica,  .'i  I.  from  Dodejra,  and  .">  1.  from  Ros.s.  Riit  tiie  p'aco  was  aliaii- 
<loiied  oil  account  of  the  reinoiistiances  (jf  the  com.'indante  at  S.  V.  I'/iliiJ", 
J)nc.,  MS.,  ii.  140.  It  .seems  that  some  time  in  IS;U,.J.  M.  Tadn's  was  scut 
to  l!(>ss:  and  he  was  accuseil  hy  Victoria  of  having  .'ilandercd  the  (.'al.  govt 
duriii','  liis  visit.    Jhpf.  I'lr.,  MS.,  i\.  114. 

*Oct.  'JO,  IS.SO,  AVrangell  fro'ii  N.  Archangel  to  gov.  of  Cal.  So  aire  \\m 
ho  of  success  that  lie  sent  sonic  Aicut:i  with  their  liidarkaa  on  the  y)V(;'A'!', 
with  Kill.  Imikof.  Valhjo.  /)o>:,  :dS..  xx.x.  IIW.  April  i:t,  1S:U,  Victoria  t^) 
mill,  of  war,  aiinouiicing  his  refusal,  and  that  Klih'Unikof  has  taken  avvay  lii< 
liuntcrs.  lias  received  vases,  mirrors,  I'tc,  as  jircsents  for  the  pres.  of  Me\' 
ico,  lint  retains  tliem.  as  tiiey  are  not  worth  paying  the  freight.  ])rpt.  /c '  . 
MS.,  i.\.  IJI   J.      .March  .'.iU',  V.  I  >  W.    Wi/iijo,'  Dor.,  MS.,  .xxx.  KS!».     Sc^.t. 


i' 


FIGULiraOA'S  roij^Y. 


IGl 


There  is  nothing  to  bo  said  of  tlie  Ilussian  estal)- 
];  !ii..riit  ill  1S;]2,  execi»t  that  it  was  ineiitioiiod  in  the 
iii-tiuctioiis  issued  to  Fi^iieroa,  who  was  to  i'(^|»(>rt  in 
.1 .1;!!!  oil  the  I'oree  maintained  at  J^odi'ija,  and  on  the 
(I'si^iis  t'litei'taiiied  by  the  strangers;  ;dso  favoring-  iu 
,.\,  I  \  possible  way  tlie  Ibundation  of  northern  soil  lo- 
in, uls  lo  check  ]»ossiblt.^  eneroaeliiiKMits.'^ 

The  ciitcrpiising  and  dij)loniati(^  Fi^ueroa  soon  bc- 
liis  investigations,  l)y  methods  ])ceulia.r  tw  himsi-lf. 


;iii 


.  r.S 


to  lU 


111  Ajiiil  1S3."},  he  sent  Alferez  Vallejo  tt 
^■mI  i;itc  t'lir  t  he  purcliasc  of  arms,  nnmitioiis,  and  clotli- 
Iiil;  r<ii'  the  (  aiilbrniaii  sohhers,  and  at  the  same  time 
tn  secretly  ae((uaiii<,  himself  with  thi>  exact  condition 
"Jthe  colony.'  Vallejo  carried  letters  from  the  t;ov- 
(iiioi-  to  ^lana'>:er  Kostromitiiiof  and  to  Wrann'ill, 
wliu  as  was  thought  mi<jjht  have  arrived.  These  let- 
t.is  weie  tilled  with  (expressions  ot'  cordial  i^ood-will, 
;iMil  of  a  desire  ibr  closer  njlations  of  friendship  and 
rMiiiir.ei'ce  with  all  foreiu'iiers,  and  esiteciallv  M'itli 
IK  i'^libors  so  hiL;'lily  (^'steenied.  The  eoloninl  authori- 
ties were  also  urged  to  use  their  inilueiico  with  tho 
court  ol' St  Petei'sburg  to  promote  the;  re'eognition  of 


.M'xicaii    iiide[)i>n<lenee    by   the   t 


sar. 


II 


IVUIU' 


tl 


lUS 


|iressed  his  kindly  feelings  t(»ward  the  liusslaiis, 
]  i-mroa  only  two  days  later  wrote  to  the  national 
L;n\(rmiient,  (lenouncing  those  highly  esteemed  iieigh- 
Imus  .is  intruders  who  had  ti    inpled  upon  the  laws  of 


'.:tli,  W.'s  ivi)ly  to  V.  SI.  Pap  .  Mixs.  aiiil  CuIim,.,  MS.,  ii.  '.Vl-l-\.  Tildiiii.'iicf, 
l-i'u-.  ()liu<r<iiik\  i.  IW."),  says  tli.'it  \\'iaii.,'i'll'.s  threat  of  gniiitj  to  ('liili  in'cMlmcd 
till  ilisuccl  itriit,  !iii(l  tlio  ^'//f/)  (il)tjiiiuil  'J,;>IK)  (all.  lit  wlieat  at  .';<J  iii  iiniiiiy 
(ui'i  S-l  in  ,;,'(M»ls;  and  from  that  tiiiio  shipiiuiits  of  inovisioiis  bou.iino  iiioro 
liuiii   ual  and  satisfactory. 

'7  (,".(' /via,  lii'i'-iirriiHH-.-'  (jPiiirnlm,  /,s'..'?,  MS.,  '"rt.  7,  II.  Doputy  e'aniilo 
in  iii-i  i\|iosn.'inn  *o  eon;,'ri'ss  iu  1  i;!!,  iir.d  ;>]iiiki  m  somewhat  hitterly  a_'aiMit 
tin-  Unss  .'lis,  whom  he  oiiai't'ed  with  a  di.-.j)o.sitiou  to  defend  thei  usnr{iatioa 
IjV  Ini'i'c  ■     arms. 

'  .Vi'iil  1 1,  Islj.'l,  F.  to  v.,  .'ipeeifyiuL,'  tlie  articles  to  he  purehased,  iiu'.ud- 
ilir.'(l;)n  LV  or  IMllsUots,  l.'iO  cutlasses,  -JIM*  sadiiles,  shoes,  lead,  etc.  Me  ii 
toas^uiv  'lo  KussiaiiM  of  tiio  Califoinians'  !,'ood-\\  ill,  etc.,  Itiit  is  not  to  iiilei' 
iiilo  any  i|iioiiiatic  <|Uestioiis.  /V;./.  SI.  /'(ip.,  /•'«».  MU.,  MS,,  ]\\i.\.  ;{.;-."). 
1  ic'ii'i'oa '■   c'liilidential  iiistrnction.s  on  the  iiivestij.'ation  to  ho  made  are  not 

IXl.Mlt. 

'■Ainil  1(1,  IS!;t,  I'i^'uei-oa  to  Ko-ti'omitinof  and  \Vi'!ii;^ell.   St.  P(q>.,  M(i.h. 
«i.'/(W.M.,  .MS.,  ii.  ;n-.>  1.-);    I  alhjn,  Dor.,  MS  ,  xiii.  407. 
Ulsr.  C.\L.,  Vol.  IV.    U 


I 


i 


1 


num 


IG-J 


TIIH  RUS.^LVXS  IX  CAI.IFOnXIA. 


nation^  aii<]  of  ^r<'xic(»,  and  aiincil  at  tcnlloii.il  .  ':- 
croacliiiiciit.  Wraiin'i'll  was  oqji'ctrd  at  Koss.  a>  it 
was  said,  to  louiid  a  new  scKU'iiK'iit  at  Santa  I'm-i, 
and  with  the  sauio  olijt'ct  in  vi(.'\v  the  drsi-i't iniMif 
ncDpliytes  from  San  liafaol  was  bcinn'  iiicoiua  .;•(•  1.' 
\'allij(»  made  his  visit  to  lioss,  siit'ceedod  in  puii  li.i- 
i;i'4'  most  of  the  i'o(|uii'('d  ai'ticlos,  and  riMidorcd  ..ii 
May  atli  a  conlidontial  I'cjxti't  on  what  he  liad  I»r  m 
al)l<',  actinia  "con  v\  (Hsiniulo  (juo  nu;  I'uc  jJosiMc  y  i  <\\ 
una  indil'crcncia  a[)ai'cnt(','  to  sec  and  lu'ai'duiT.i;;' ili^ 
ti'i|>.  '!'h(!  rojtort  did  not  inchratc  any  now  ordan  ;<  |-- 
ous  dosi^'iis  on  tho  })ai't  of  tho  Russians.'" 

Wr;in^('ll  finally  canic  in  jx'fson  to  lloss  in  duly. 
and  llai'lncll  wiMit  there  at  his  invitation  lor  an  iiit^  i- 
view,an(l  was  employed  as  an  aij^ont  to  obtain  e.'i )•.;■■  >,s 
of  ])roduee,  and,  il'  ])ossil>le,  (H-rtain  exemplions  iV'>iii 
th(^  ])ayment  of  duties."  WhiK'  at  Ivoss  WrawMll 
addressed  to  .b"'i':i,-ueroa  a  letter  in  whieh  he  wai'inly 
defended  his  company  against  the  char^^'es  of  thr 
J:]nLi,'lish  navijj^ator  JJeechey,  charjjfes  which  lu^  declar>il 
altou'ether  without  I'oundtition,  to  the  elleet  thai  I  hu 


"April  1'2,  1S.^3,  F.  toaoc.  of  \v:ir  aii'l  navy.  S!/.  Pap.,  .!/;■.«.  nml  CI 
MS.,  ii.  IIO'J  (i.  Tlio  wiitcr'rt  idea  w.ia  ilimlilli'ss  to  cxai.'m'ratt;  tin' iliurj 
.■oa;it!j  I'laini  fur  liiiusi'lt'  t!ic  i^rcatcr  civilit  fur  avfiliii;,' tln'in.  roji:!... 
van  l"iL;nc'i()a'H  (Mjiistaiit  aim  linu  lir-^l  to  last.  'J  lio  iilca  of  Wran.i'U'si 
[)  iMi'  to  oci'uiiy  ."'ta  Jtnsa  came  I'loiii  \'allrjii,  wiio  in  liis  letter  of  Man  !i  ; 
liail  ui'j,'e(l  tlio  foniialion  of  new  .sottliinculs  anil  tlu'sta'iiinin;^'of  a  eoiiiiiei 
]i;'r.si)n  on  llio  frontier  to  eomliict  ne^'otiationH  witli  tlio  llii.'isians.  Va'l 
Jiuc,  Ms.,  ii.  '2S;  .sV.  /Viy*.,  Mix^.  (iml  Cnfoii.,  .MS.,  ii.  .'ilO.  l.atir  in 
year  I'adi-o  Mereado  at  S.  Jiafael  eoniplained  to  tlio  j,'ov.  tliat  llie  liiis.i, 
v.crc  entioiny  away  and  la'oteclini;  fn,t,'itive  neoiihyles,  biiyin'^  stolen  ea. 
and  invading  .Mo.Kioauriylita  ill  various  ways.  LI.,  ii.  31'J-'2U;  Moiitfni/,  An 
.MS.,  i,  ;^(i. 

1''  VnUijo,  Iii/ormc  JiMcrnido  .so'or  Ruhh,   MS.     Tlio  desori])tivt'  part  li 
iiheady  lieen  utilj/ed.     April  "2^,  ls;).'5  (tlie  date  of  Vallejo's  Ifaviii-,'  IJo- 
l\ontro',Miti;iof  to  i'i^iioroa.  l)(/if.  .S'/.  I'ti/i..  .MS.,  ii.  (JS.     May  l."itli,  ITlli 
to  v.,  aclviiowled.;iii'4  reeeipt  of  report,  tliankinj^  him  for  liis  ,servie<^s,  and 
p'.-essini,'  lii-i  satisfaction  at  the  t,Mod  di.-.])ositioii  of  the  Itiissijin  oliieials. 
I'.'io,  /'()'•.,  MS.,  ii.l  l:i.  ;UI.      Tills  allair  isalso  reeotded  in  Vnfrj,,,  lli<t.  i 
MS.,  ii.  'JDd-S,  and  A/r„rniln,  11,<I.  Ctil.,  MS.,  ii.  1!)S  !1. 

".Inly  It.  ls:!:{,  Wiangell  to  Hartnell.  lie  wanted  to  load  170  tnii^ 
salted  meat  and  1  1.001)  llis.  <if  salt  at  S.  F.  free  from  anehora'.'i!  dues.  I'u'' 
/'or.,  MS.,  xxxi.  'Jl.  Aiiu'.  .'id,  11.  to  Uiieira.  (•'inrrd,  />()■■.,  MS.,  v.  1 
A!l;i.  ITIli,  someliody  at  S.  Diego  to  I'i.ineroa.  aru'iiiuu'  aixainst  tlie  cxeiiip 
•  iin  dues.  /i,],f.  St.  /'up.,  J'.iii.  CiikI.-II..  MS.."  ii.  '•H)-±  Sept.  Olli.  II 
W.  MeiiKirandiim  of  ciir'.;o  shijiped  on  the  Ilnikal  and  of  unolaer  to  he  » 
til  next  vessel.    \\d/rJo,  Doc,  ^IS.,  xxxi.  40. 


■111-- 

1st 

■at 
/". 

i!!0 

IMS 


rX- 

■'I; 
A  (if 

■n. 

iull 

,  t'l 
••■at 


?w 


* 


V\"raxgi:ll'.s  claims. 


IG3 


,11 


111. 


rJu-^-'Ians  lind  uriovously  wioiit^'ofl  tlio  C'alirorni.iii.i  hy 
kiliiii'4  otter  ilK-^-nlly,  l)y  ciij^'M^'int;'  in  rMnirahaii.l  trade, 
.Mii'l  I'V  even  takini;'  possessKm  ot"  the  Santa  l>ar!)aia 
J.lainls.  Other  l()l■cl^rne^•s  had  certainly  done  I.Iksc 
thiiiu's.  hut  liis  j)('()])le  never,  jiroteste^d  the  har')n; 
(lii'V  had  ;d\\ays  eonl'orinrd  strietl_\  t<»  tlu'  laws,  and 
li.i^l  always  rei'uscd,  y-reatly  to  their  n\vn  loss,  to  enter 
into  coiitraets  with  less  seru[)idous  fiirei'^'ncrs  who 
V  i-lii'd  to  hunt  ot(ei"  in  defianee  of  the  (  alilornians. 
J  h  iiiust  have  smiled  as  ho  wroti:  these  stal.'niciits 
V.  iih  a  Know  IvdLit.'  that  thev  were  hut  veinotclv  I'oinided 
nil  tiiith:  hut  the  politie  l-'i^ucroa,  e([ually  awaic  of 
il:e  falsehood,  i'ully  eoniii'inod  all  the  l»ai ms  asser- 
tions, and  I'Konerated  the  lvus.->ians  iVoni  (  very  sus|)i- 
(iiM  el' ever  luivinu'  yfiveii  the  Calitornians  urounds  fur 
tMii!|ilaint.^'' 


o  o 


liussian  annals  oi'   18:14-0,  so  far  as  actual  oe- 


Ciii 


(.1 


in 


CA 


norma  are  eoneeriie 


niav   lie   iirieilv 


d  of.    The  Vessels  came  rei;-ularlv  t<»  San  I''i'an- 


lellera 


4"  hi'ivi- 


io 


llv  seein'in«>:  without  nuH'h  iroui 
ns;  thoiiLrli  there  wei 


le  a  ear^To 


e  occasional  nnsunder- 


^  i ;  1 II 


iin^s  on  nunor  i>oiins  or   revene.i 


;is 


tl 


lere    Wer(i 


iiow  and  tiien  complaints  on  other  maiters  wf  sllij^ht 
tanee.^''     Ju  ISllG  ^lanauer  Jvostromitinof  was 


i:i!;i"i 


i:i  1. 


•J4.  is:!:i,  \y.  to  r.    Do,-,  ta.  f.'s  to-Av.  s.-.  r,t 


MS. 


M-: 


l.")-IS:  /.nnil'Milii,  /)■!■)  oK 


Dunlin/    It') 


10-1 -. 


''•'    1.  It,  1  ■>.'!!,  N'alltjo  cDiiqiJains  that  .'1  iiuu   went  witiioiit  piriiiits  to 
J:.'.-s      llis  is  i".i;iiiilili-ii  liy  l-'i^ui'ma.   Ih/,I.S,'.  /'<»/>,.  MS.,  iii.  Ii|.     l)i)(;ii- 

llkllts  lif  ■iillVll'Ufc   ll.UO;!    in     lS.)t-().  sluiwilll,'   tiMiltiit'S  .llioUt  lluti(><  fill  gD'll!;^ 


l.v 

i: 


til  S.  F.  ll:jy  fill  li'_'liti;r-j,  niio  of  wIulIi  crat't  «as  ^■^■iz(•ll  witliifs  <.'ar;'i 


■'li:'i  ot   An:,'!!    Itaniiro/.   /'/ 


J)o 


MS. 


.\i 


do,  m^l.  Cd/.,  M 


ir..  lis,  1(17  71. 


(. 


S.,  iii.  ;{,'{-4,  complains  that  the  >atiyiiiiii  wi'io 
ii'incil  with  weaiMJiis  liou^ht  at  lio.sd.      Is.'ili,  no  iiilficonr<io  wiih 


i--!  or  w'llinj,' ot' I'attlp  or  liiilf.s  without  a  sjiocilio  tlni'iiiiant  from  tiio 
M;iii.Iaiit.' ;it  Soiiouia.    I'lilhjo,  /'cc,  MS.,  iii.  llK),  etc.     .St|.t.  II.    ls;i(J,  K 
ti'iiiiiiirt  a.sk.'i  for  ii  pass  for  a  liirhtiT  to  touch  at  S.  V.   /./.,  iii.  -J 
iiii'iH  f.    //../•.   <>!io.«nuili\   i.  .11(1-7,   tolls   us   tliat    in    l.s:t,">  the   si 


Tikh- 


Iiii';!,|-.'iilis  Wiis  only  one  third  of  t 


t  of 


a-itl  '11  |s:;:i  th,  V  h:i.l  t 


n]inii'ii 
ic  i'iM|iiirt'iiuiit.-,  on  ins.:  toa  failuio  of  crop. 


r.L'iiiii  ii''t  liiii 


.1 


o  jio  t>  (.'hill  again  toi'  a  sii|iiiiy; 


itl, 


iti'r  caoiu'li  was 


I'll  <ai  ii  Year  in 


«'il.     IVI.   -Jt,  ISHS.  Ciiit.  S.  V:il 


i"JO  SI  11 


t  to  TJ 


t "  litiir.;  liack  jii  r.-^oiis  wlio  iiad  pum  thciv  without  p(■l■lllit^.    I  uV./d,  J><, 


oss 


M 


-.'1.     'I'lio  u'ov.  of  the  t'oloiiics  o\p(  ctivl  I't  I  to?:!  in  \\\<j.  l.s;iS.     \'ii. 


,j'  liiipts  to  iiic.'t  hiiii.    /(/.,  V.  i;iS.      |s;!'.l,  niiiior  iiialfiTs  of  conimeivo 


/'./','",  J)o,:,  MS.,  i.  '2i:i-:>;  iJ.i'.   .if.   l\,.,.,   J!, 


and 


M- 


iii.  1.  ;i. 


il«i 


1(U 


sn('C(>( '( 


TIIK  RUSSIANS  IX  CALIFORNIA. 


led  I»v  Aloxaiider  liutclief,  \vli(~>  is  spoAcn  of 


l!l 


nniilinicntuiy  tonus   by  all  who  met  him,  as  a 


'Tli- 


tlmiaii  iif  com'tcous  maiinors  and  of  much  adminisli 


t.i\ 


o  a  hi 


lit\ 


ho  ox-manager  now  soom.s 


tol 


lavo  si;.'- 


(vrdcd   ]lai'tnoll  as  active  aijfont  of  the  company 
III  Francisco,  whoi'o  ]\o  spent  much  of  liis  tim(>  I 


S 


>>v 


CM. 


s.\cr;il  yoai's.'^     Jlo  olitainod,  apjuirontly  from  Chi 
l)ii1    |iMssil»ly   fi'om   Fin'Ucroa  just  l)ofore  that  rulci' 
<Icatli.  uormission  to  orc<'{    a   warehouse  for  the  c 


m-i- 


jtany's  use  on  any  site  which  he  might  select.  Willi 
(_'a|itMi.n  llichardson's  cons(>nt,  he  decided  to  l^uild  at 
Sau/alito,   on    what    was   known    as    Iho    Puerto    dc 


J 


>allen»'ros,  or 


Whal 


ers 


\l 


Winn- 


Vni 


ore  any  use  w.b 


made'  of  the  conct'ssion,  however,  the  diputacion  1(m].; 
uj»  (he  matter,  deciding  tliat  the  governor  had  iii 
]»o\\(i'  to  grant  such  a  ]tri\ilegi\  and  that  it  was  imt 
expedient  to  allow  a  foreign  company  to  secure  siii-li 
a  loothold  in  a  ^[exican  ])oi't.  Accordingly  (lutieiiv/. 
issued  an  order  in  St^ptemher  that  no  huildings  shoiill 
Ih>  ei'ected,  though  gi'aiii  might  hi'  collected  at  Sauza- 
hto  f(.r  that  oneyear.^''  Suhseciuently,  in  IS:]'.),  Eotch  f 
julitioned  for  the  priviK'ge  of  huildinga  warehouse  at 
N'eiha  jjiiena,  next  to  J^eese's   jihu-o;    hut  I   havi 


liD 


)'ecor( 


1  of  the  result, 


10 


1  )nring  this  jx'iiod  Sonoma  was  founded  as  a  pueh 
and  si'xcral  citi/ens,  chielly  of  foi-cign  birth,  were  p 
milled   to  occuiiv  ranchos  on  the   northern   front 


1'  1', 


all   Willi  a  view 


an 


long  i)ther  ohjects,  to   check   tin 


l.r.,  I!' 

luraiii. 


.1/;/.,  Iv.  Ki.     Awil  1S:!!I.  iiMi 


'./' 


Do 


MS.,  vi.  :!ll 


iml  ('(iii)ii'i'  till-  fc'ijiirs 


fn 


t(i  til. 


M;i\-.  Alvarailo  autlioli/CH  \.  to  .si'! 


Jtussiiiiis  ;M)a  lioifi  rs.      It  won't  il"  to  ciKuiiiage  tiiido  l)C't\vccii  tlicui  and  tlii.' 
rnni'lii'iiis.   /»/.,  vii.  .S.'l. 

"  lilhiii'iirf,  I^lar.  Ofxtsmuir,  i.  ;U.")-(V 


.h 


:tii,  is:',(;,  v 


illcjo  ;iii|iri) 


vcs  the  scliomo.    Vnlh in    Doc.,  MS.,  iii. 


r.'l.     .hilvTtii.  All.'.  ;{(itli,  iiciinn  of  tl 


/."/.  /.', 


MS. 


illi,  ( liilii  rrt'/.  .s  o 


nk'i-.    V.ilh 


Jtn 


111.  'J.'id.   S(  |it. 


MS,,  iii. -J.'id.     Alviirailo,   ]I\>-l.  nil., 


M.S.,  iii.  Id," -10,  K.-iys  Kostroiiiitiiiof  caitu'  to  .Moiilcrcy  to  try  anil  i'li;iiii:i'  his 
luiinl  a-i  one  of  tlic  stidiiucst  o|i))oii(iits;  Imt  lio  nfti.siil   to  favor  lii.<  ] 
tiioll;. 
who  won 


ill'.ivd  t 


o  ailvoi'a 


Id  1.. 


M 


tc  ;i  i.'r;iiit  of  tiic  jiiix  iligc   to  K. 


IV  Ru 


cxK  an  I'lti/.cn. 


10 

:\-2i>  s. 


May   Kt,    IS:t!l,  Jtotrli.f  (o  p.v.  St.   I\i), 


Mi 


mill  Colon.,   .MS.,  ii. 


The  1 


iiiildiiiL;  wa.s  to  rcvcit  to  tlu'  Cal.  irovt  .ifter  10  yi'ar.s;  and  iri-lit 


nil  an«  liilo  lie  n.ioil   liy  that  uovt  ficf  of  cliar^L'  for  s;,oraL;i'.     l\otilu  I  i' o 
wished  [ii'iiiiis.^ioii  to  pay  anuliuiago  diiis  at  .s.  F.  lallici'  thau  Monterey. 


IJAUOX  WUAXUKLLS  I'LAXS. 


1G5 


)r  ill 


nti'  r 


]v    1 

«,'I1 

Wx- 

Ulil  tliu 

IS., 

iii, 

i.  s 

pt. 

t.  1 

"'., 

11 '.'I' 

his 

l.-i  1 

'mm, 

in- 

-\m\ 

IS. 

.  ii. 

hi 

:.!it 

u  1 

;il  0 

apM't  li<'ii(lt'<l  advance  of  tliu  llussIaMs.  Tii  1  S:'.7  a 
Ml  \ieaii  soldier  named  Miianiontes  is  said  to  liavo 
hiMU^lit  from  Jlos.s  to  Sonoma  the  small-jiox.  wliicli 
caused  L;i'eat  I'avaLi^i-'M  anions;  tlie  natives.  A_L;'ain  in 
|,^;','.)  \'allejo  warned  the  ^Fexican  government  of  dan- 
._;■.  r  tVom  the  Russians,  v.hieh  mii^ht  he  averted  only 
iiv  an  increase  of  tin;  foi'ci"  at  Sonoma.''  Jn  ls,\;7 
Ji'ii-^^  was  visited  1)V  Shteum,  and  in  V6'-\\)  hy  l^a])hiee, 
taili  of  wliom  })nhlished  a  deseri[)tit)n  of  llu,'estah]i>h- 
1111  lit,  the  latter  devoting  much  space  to  the  suhjeet. 


^rcnnwhile  Governor  Wratijjfell  hecamo  nioiv  and 
iii'iie  Ih'niiy  convinced  that  imless  his  comj)any  and 
iiallon  could  obtain  the  country  eastward  to  the  Sae- 
raiii' nto  and  southward  to  San  Francisco  I>ay,  the 
eii^iiial  possession  on  the  coast,  even  if  its  conrnnia- 
lii.u    could    Ije    secured    iVom    ^lexico,  was   not  woitli 


":-4' 


H 


^h 


oreover,  this  extension  nuist  he  eli'-cted 


wiiliout  delay,  since  the  most  lavoral)K'  oppoi'tuiutie 
hail  already  [)assed,  and  the   inllux   of  selth'rs,  nati\ 


ccess. 


Iilaii,- 

(>|l|  H  I. 


I' ii(i''ii,  was  dailv  lesseninn"  the  chances  of  su 
dnes  not  aj»pear  that  tlu-re  was  any  thought  of  oe- 
jivlii^'  the  territory  a^'ainst  the  w  ill  of  the  Califor- 
ilideed,  such  a  slep  woidd   have  excited  sti-on<j; 


ii'i). 
(lli'.'i 


<ition  iVom  foreign  powers  as  well  as  fi'om    Mi 
and    would   have   heen   jiract  icahle   only  with  tlu' 
t  national  sup[)ort  of  llussia,  asuj)port  that  could 


h'.t  l»e  counted  on,  because  the  nnjierial  L;'overnment 


th 


d 


had  nevei'  manilested   anvthni;;'  hut   indiHerenee    re- 
iL^'  the  acquisition  of  territorial  possessions   iu 

loniia. 


Meet  II 


Call 
J 


jarnn 


^v 


rani>'( 


■U's  li 


ioi)i^  an* 


1 


puq 


)ose 


an< 


1  tl 


leie   1, 


lie  .'\  iileiice  that  there  was  any  I'lenuiit  of  opposition 
aiiiiiii.;'  the  oUicers  of  the  company  either  at  Sitka  or 
IJoss — was  to  conciliate  still  further  the  uood-will  of 


'■F.l).  fi,  IS.'IO,  Valli'ju  t..  miu.  ul  war.    Vnlhj.t,  Dor.,  MS.,  vi.  -JIS. 
'W'X'onling  ti>  Z;i\iilisliiii  the  tianm  ivpcatoit  tlu'so  \  iiws  in  lii;  ri|i(irt  <  f 
-\liiil  10,  l,s;j;{.     Tliisj  uutiiui' yuys  tliiit  Count  Nonlviiiof  jilsu  tiitcrtaiiKj  tlio 

tuiuf  \  ii'Ws. 


I 


7{Ui-M^  •.^.M.v.  <&*»S»»Si*!i»ta 


■ilk 

j 

*f''|!iltP'^ 

:'i 

! ; 

iii 


i! 


tr 


If.O 


THE  RUSSIANS  IX  CALIFORNIA. 


tlu)  nln'ady  fiioiull}'  CaliCorninns,  ;i  \V(vr1^  in  wliidi  hi; 
holii'Vt.Ml  liimsclt'  to  linvo  uiiulc  iimcii  pro^i-css  in  liis 
(•(trrcsiKHKk'iicc  witli  Fii^ucroa,  not  Icnowinj^  tlic  m.in. 
lie  desired  I'mllier  to  present  in  a  strong"  li'^lit,  as  the 
Ilussians  liad  l)een  doing  lor  years,  the  dani^t'r  <>\'  t  u- 
croMciinient  1)V  otlier  torei<j'ners,  esneciallv  tlie  Aiiier- 
ieans:  also  the  marked  contrast  between  the'  |ii  t 
coiuhiet  of  his  |)(M)])le  and  tliose  of  otlier  natiiuis,  mnl 
ilie  niaiiitest  adxantaij^e  of  prefi^rrinn'  snch  fi'ieiidly  and 
oi'derly  nei^'hhors  i-alher  than  tin;  tnrhulent  horde  <>[' 
ad\i'iitui':'rs  who  were  sure  to  jjfet  ])()ssessi()n  ef  the 
northern  fi'ontier.''  He  would  like  t(t  so  far  iiiteri>t 
the  court  of  St  .I'eter.shuri^  in  his  scheme  as  to  hriii^^ 
;d)oiit  dijtlomatic  nej^otiations,  ami  a  recoo-nition  ef 
]\[exican  iiidepcMulence;  and  iinally,  he  wished  too-ojn 
])erson  to  ]\[exico,  to  secure  from  the  authorities  of 
the  re])ul)Iie  a  concession  or  sale  of  the  desired  tei-ii- 
toiy.     The   }>lan   was   the  best  that  could  have  bei  ii 


devised  under  the  circumstance 


II 


ow  mucli  coll 


deuce  tlie  author  I'eally  had  in  its  success  we  have  i 


II) 


means  ol  knowiu'jf. 


The  eomnany  having  approve'd  Wrangt'll'splan, 


;ch 


agreed  to  }>;!y  for  the  establishments  of  San  llata.  1 
and  Sonoma  in  case  jSIexico  would  consi-nt  to  cede 
the  territory,""  the  baron  resignetl  his  [losition  as  gov- 
ernor of  the  American  colonies,  and  obtained  permis- 
sion to  return  to  ]\ussia  by  way  of  California  ;iiid 
^Mexico,-'  with  authority  to  i-epresent  the  colonial 
government  in  ii(\gotiations  with  the  republic.  His 
instructions,  wliieh  came  in  1S8."),  were  disajijjointiir^'. 
The  emi)eror,while  desiriiiLj  the  continuanciMif  frieiullv 

III  tlio  report  i)f  April  'JS,  IS.'U,  .-locordiiig  to  Zavalishin,  tlie  coiiiiiiu'  "fa 


Imiiil  of  ID,!  iiniicil  iiii'ii  w  itli  tliuir  wives  iiud  cliiki 


\:i  I   eiitioiioi 


gill  vi  tlii.s  I'll'   or  is  not  known.     lu  an 'port  of  April  lOili  ('.i,  \V 
that  tlio  only  ulistaole  to  the  t.'xt('n>ion  of  lioss  is  tlie  cuvy  of  f 


M: 


utrS 


oivl.:lH'rs,  w  !;ij 


V  ill  inlrigiio  to  secure  tlie  oppositicjii  of  Mexico.  /iaralt,-<hii.,  JJdu  a  Kul min 
Jwn.^,  .MS.,  8-10,  14. 

"'' Report  of  April  l.'J,  ISIU,  from  head  ollice.  Ziividi.-<hiii,  Ihloo  Kvl'ii'i/ 
Jiuxs,  MS.,  -JS-!). 

'-'Nov.  1!1,  ls;U,   \Vi'aiiL:ell  to  Figneroa,  .•innoiineiii^  his  ])nrpi'se  to  \i>!t 


ISI 


exuo 


dttl 


roiile,  eic 


le  eiiil 
ti\  I'd 


of  1 


lis    teilii    o 


illii 


Ml 


'i,id  Colon.,  -MS.,  ii.  320. 


id  ashiii''  tor  uiloiniatiou  ah'Hit 


Tin:  IJARON'S  .MSSION  TO  -MEXICO. 


107 


r.  !^;ti  >:i'-.  \v<»ul(l  not  ai^'ivo  to  i-ccon'iii/c  ]\[c\i(';in  iii- 
,1,  :>ciiiKiK'i',  l»ut  iiu'i'cly  allowed  \VraiiL;(.'ll  as  a  icp- 
i>  ijiitatixi'  of  the  i'oiu[)aiiy  to  iU'L;'(>tiatc  a  coniiiici'cial 
t;.  aiv  |tiovi(liii;4  lor  a  iVci'  (.'iili'cc  ol'all  ports,  collcc- 
ti  II  di' (liitiis  only  oil  goods  ai'tiially  sold,  relcasr  from 
;iiii!iorai;L;  dues,  IVuc  exportation  of  salt,  liuntini;'  on 
r.!.ai«s  and  permission  to  take  turtles  Miid  obtain 
\\i.()  is  on  the  eoast — terms  all  for  the  advant;i;4i'  of 
ll:r  liussians,  without  a'pparent  roconipenst^  to  the 
(  ,;r,roi'nians.  He  was  also  ein[)owcri'd  to  as.-ertain  ii' 
.Mcaico  Would  eonlirni  the  old  possessions  at  Ross  and 
])nde'.,M,  if  thei'e  Was  anv  hope  of  acipiirin^;  the  new 
trniiory  desired,  and  if  sti,  on  what  eonditions  and  at 
what  expense.  i^>ssil)ly  ho  might  hold  out  a  hope  of 
I'uiare  reeognition,  though  he  could  not  promise  it. 
1 1  ;>  enthusiasm  nuist  have  been  great  indeed  if  it  sur- 
\i\ 'il  these  instruetions.-- 

W'ith  his  instructions  there  came  a  su(N'essor  to 
Wiangell  in  the  person  of  J  \an  Kuj)i'ianof;-'  and  I  lie 
e\-governor  sailed  at  once  on  his  mission.  He  ar- 
!i\rd  at  Montei'ey  on  the  Si(/:<(  in  December  IS;;.).'' 
Jleie  he  was  greatly  disap[tointi'<l  at  learning  the 
t'a  aili  of  Figueroa,  vy\  whose  assi>ianee  lu'  had  counted, 
esjiecially  in  the  furnishing  t>f  letters  to  j)i'ominent 
iihii  ill  ^fexico.  Of  his  negotiations  with  other  Cal- 
iloi'iiians  at  this  time  we  have  no  rt  imimI.  lie  saih  >l 
rally  in  January  18;3G  for  San  l>la,^,  whei'e  he  had 
,->'iiiie  trouble  with  local  officials,  who  declai'ed  his 
pa-^jiort  invalid;  but  by  the  aid  (»f  the  l']ngli--ii  con- 
sul, Darron,  a  pass  was  obtained,"'  and  Wiangell  pi!)- 

''■  I'xU'rhiii,  S.lriik  lioys,  l')-l!);  T:l:ht}fif/,  I<tnr.  <)h',.-<.,  i.  .".r, ■_>-!.  Tin- 
f'liiii.  r  (iocs  not  iniply  t'mt  \\  raii^ell  li:ivl  any  ii;^lit  oviii  tu  sjiuak  nf  tlic  ivo- 
(i_'iii:i'i,i  (if  Moxii'd  as  w  possiliility. 

-'  Ni.\.  'Jil.  |s;;,">,  Kuprianof  to  J"ii.'ueroa,  annoiiiu'iiit;  lii:j  acc(•s:^i^ln  ami  <li'- 
fiiv  I  '1  a  (.•niitiiuiaiico  lit' frioiiilly  vilaiii'iis.  Si.  1'"/'.,  J//'----.  <o/'/ ' '■./••(.,  M'-., 
ii  ;;.!.  Siiiiilar  iii.to  tu  (lov.  Cliico  and  tin;  latt>rs  wvy  courteous  ivply. 
I'icic  iii>t  dear.   Id. 

-'Tiio  (iiily  (k'liiiito  inc'ution  f)f  his  nnival  that  I  have  found.  «'XfU|it  in 
liiis,-:,,:!  writers,  is  in  Duna's  Tir->  Yiari  In  I'nr.-  tin  .l/«s/,  "JTI--.  liana  t'Uind 
tiir  W'i  il  andi'x-;jov.  at  Monterey  on  iKr.  "JTtlr,  and  the  hitter  kindly  oiierud 
til.;l.i'  ^'e^v-^■  ar's  letters  iVoni  the  V.inkeu  sailors,  to  he  forwarded  troni 
Mi\h  11  lo  lioSiv.r    w  here  they  arrived  sately. 

-■'  Zavuliahin,  JJvIo  o  Kvlouiij  /.Vvs,  M.S  ,  IJ,  rei^ruBeuta  the  English  a;i  huv- 


.vV.Mli^i*.?*£A!fc 


ii 


|!ri 

108 

THE  RUSSIANS  IN  CALIFORNIA. 

ceeded  to 

^rcxico. 

Hrrc  with  s()ini>  (hfricnltv  ho  oli- 

taiiiud  an 

intcji'vicw    with    Vit'«;-]nx'sidcnt 

Jiarra^aii, 

and  af'tcf 

Ili('  lattc 

'r's  <l('atli  with  other  liiL* 

li  <»tlicial>. 

Natural  1_\ 

,    under 

the    circumstances,    ]ie 

met    \vi:li 

IT 


no  (Micouran'<'ment,  tlie  iVLexican  authorities  heini;'  "(' 
course  uiiw  ilhn^-  to  tr(>at  witli  a  man  who  had  uu 
credentials  as  a  representative  of  his  jj^overnnKnit.  Tn 
Use  substantially  the  words  of  Wi-ant^ell  in  his  I'epnrt 
to  the  company,  "the  Mexican  republic  has  be.  n 
i'ormally  recouMiized  by  England,  Franee,  and  olli 
]>o\\(is;  her  natural  pride  is  increased  bydiplomali 
coi'i'espondence,  and  she  is  not  disposed  to  treat  \''H- 
acknowledgment  with  ]>o\vers  that  do  not  meet  Iitr 
half-way.  ]Moreover,  foreign  representatives  woi!: 
constant  1\-  ai>ainst  the  inteiests  of  their  connnercinl 
rivals,  especially  Russia.  Jlonco  it  is  not  strangi'  thar 
!^[exico  not  onl}'  "vill  not  listen  to  proj)osltions  froi:i 
a  mere  commercial  com|)any,  but  would  be  olfendi'd 
if  such  proi)ositions  were  made  without  diplomatii- 
mediation."-" 

The  only  I'csult  obtained  scoms  to  have  been  a  siMni- 
ofhcial  assurance  that  M(\\ico,  desiring  friendly  rdi- 
iions,  would  fi\()r  a  commercial  treaty  if  pro])ei!y 
negotiated  by  duly  accredited  agents  of  the  two  go\- 
ernments.-'  I'o.ssiblv  some  cncouraLi'ement  was  u,'iv('!i 
verbally  that  a  concession  of  the  original  possessions 
at  lloss  miglit  be  ol)tained;  but  evidently  an  extension 
of  tei'ritory,  if  pro|)osed  at  all,  was  considered  withnn 
favoi'.-"*     The  whole  subject  was  then  referred  to  tlu; 

jiij  Ijt'cii  in  tlu'so  yciirs  \('ry  favoruljle  to  the  Russian  scheme,  tlKui.'li  if 
course  fiom  iutoi-cstod  iimtiveH. 

-'' Pii/crhlii,  Sfh)i!c  /,'o.s.v,  1!). 

-' 'I'ikliiniiicf,  /"for.  Ohw.,  i.  304,  says  that  a  written  comiimnicatioii  to 
this  oH'cct  was  carrirj  to  St  I'eterslnirg  \>y  WrangcU. 

■^  In  l.s;>(l  l\u|)iiiiii()f  icpoileil  the  coming  of  American  immigrants  toic- 
ciqiy  larm.s  ncai'  IJuss,  thus  tlircnteniug  to  deprive  tlic  company  of  all  cliair  f 
of  exUiuling  tiiiir  lands.  The  reply  fiom  the  general  administration,  fnunJnl 
on  the  counsels  of  tlie  imperial  vice-chancellor,  was  the  advice  not  to  {iiinl.  of 
extension,  Imt  oidy  of  liolding  the  laud  already  occupied.  Ti/ctiiiu'iir/,  /.^t-n; 
OiiiM.,  i.  ;<(),">.  Seala.  Iiijlin'iici di  raiic'ninir  Co)ii}i/i)ir  J'u^sr,  iiaa  somcthniL'  m 
8ay  aliout  the  events  and  negotiations  of  these  times;  Init  his  statements  an  > 
ahsurdly  inaccurati;  as  to  unlit  noattention.  In  .lunc  ISUT,  reports  wore  scut 
t )  St  I'ctcrsliurg  of  the  continued  encioaeiinicnts  of  foreigners  and  their  part 
in  the  revolution  of  ISoti.  ZaralUhin,  Ddo  o  Koloniy  Rons,  iiS.,  14-lj. 


ROSS  NOT  WORTH  KKEPINO. 


ica 


^[.  \ic;iii  iiiiiiistcr  at  London,  wlio  was  insti-nctcd  to 
(•i.ii>-i(loi'  sucli  j»roj>osltions  as  niinlit  \)v  made  l>y  i-('[ir(- 
Miitativcs  ()['  tlio  tsar.  N<>  such  ]>roj>ositioiis  were 
i  \vv  made,  as  tlio  o'ovcrnnjcnt  on  i\\i'  receipt  of  Wian- 
.^1  ll's  reitort  at  St  lV'tei-sI)Ui'^'  simply  decided  to  take 
iio  furtlier  steps  in  tin.' matter.  The  negotiations  liad 
attracted  but  little  attention;  yet  T  lind  some  evidence 
dl' luiiiors  oi'owinn' out  of  tliem  which  reachetl  Califor- 


nia a 


iid  tlu!  J  [awaiian  Islands 


2'.) 


Willi  the  failure  of  Wrangell's  mission,  owory  nio- 
ti\t'  for  retaining"  possession  of  Koss  disapjteared. 
A' lordingly  the  company  decided  to  abandon  it.  I 
oi\c  the  substance  of  the  council's  r(>poi-t  rendered  to 
ill"  minister  of  finance  at  the  end  of  IS.'IS,  oi-  early  in 
!-:;!»,  as  follows:  The  accounts  of  the  company  show 
e.vpenses  in  1S25-9  to  have  boon  45,000  roidiles  j»rr 
v.ar,  while  the  annual  jiroduct,  ahnost  e\<-hisi\ cly 
fioiii  j'urs,  was  'J2,000  roubles.  In  is:i7  ex[ieiis('s  had 
increased  to  72,000  roubles,  and  receipts  bad  fallen  to 
S, ()()(>  I'oubles.  As  otter-hunting  failed,  the  company 
of  acquirinu"   lands  ibr  a'jricultural  and 


had 


a  iio 


pe 


IDC 


■  I'aising  ])uri)oses.      This  ho[)e  being  lost,  tlwro 


no 


motive  lor  I'urther  occunation 


'oil 


ticalb 


(ssion   has    no   nnpoi'tance,  snicc  "it   is  not  sui)- 


II  III, 


d   bv  any 


ornii 


d    act^ 


or 


bv  th 


icRnowlcoo-- 


iiiciit-  of  any  other  power;"  noilher  has  it  any  strategic 


-"  111  .M;iv  or  Jiiiio  is;)!,  Luis  Castillo  Xo'Tctc  wroto  to  Zamoraiio  that  tlio 


t-' 


iv  «ns  iU'L,'otiatiii'' 


f.ir  lli^ 


pill 


ISO  of  Montucv  ami  San  Frai 


irlsco     \V1 


tU 


ii'.l  tlio  loiiiiiiy  from  ;<.")' to  4"J'.  'J'liis  news  caiiic  \ia  Mailiid.  Zaiiiorano  to 
.\lvaiailo  ill  Ati,^ii.st.  ]'(t/lij<>,  JJoc,  MH.,\x\u.  I(»(i;  /'/.,  JJi^t.  (''if.,  MS.Jii. 
'.'7''  7.  March  I'J,  1S,'!7,  tlio  U.  S.  consul  at  HoniJulu  sent  ti  Washington  a, 
fliu'lit  sketch  of  the  Russian  ostahlishniont,  with  tlio  iufoniiat'on  that  tlio  ( 'al- 
i!"iiiiansin  rovolutioii  aj,'ainst  Mexico  had  iip|)lioil  to  tlio  Kussians  foraiil, 

'  Sllo- 


V  liii  li  wonM  prohablylio  given  on  the  ooinlition  of  ]ierniission  in  case  of 
ciss  to  exloiul  their  limits  to  S.  F.  15ay.  This  jiatriotic  Aiiioriean  tho 
liu  ;;(ivt  ought  to  know  'by  what  right  the  siihjects  of  so  powoi  ful  an  eiuiii 


:lit 


1-  Missia,  UIU 

tl 


loullt 


oillv  nmlor  tho  sanction 


.f  tl 


o  onuioror 


liav.!  foniicil 


t'.iiiuiit  on  tho  very  lionler.s  of  its  territory,  if  not  within  the  limit  <if  what 


i'li;;lit  to 


m  justice  lis  own  \» 


sion.'     Oiii^'inal   Motter  in  X'((v 


JJ<. 


"*.,  ii.  17r-0.     Zavalishin,   /k/mt  Kolouli/  /'.«>■,    MS.,  .'U -S,  declares  that 


itiatioiis  M'ith  Mexico  were  useless,   becai 


1st,   In  them  her  riu'ht  \\a3 


ta'.'illy  acknowled^ 


ily  to  I 


hut  to  \(. 


All 


lion;  IM 


Notl. 


that 


tl: 


Mill'  ju'oposed  luul  any  value  to  Mexico;  ,'{d,  Tho  roniiiany  and  not  tho  govt 
!  treating;  and,  4th,  If  it  came  lo  a  purchase,  the  L'.  iS.  could  oa.41y  outbid 
ic  CLiiiipany. 


.'i 


I .  ^ 


'^ 


170 


Tin;  i:rs-iA\s  ix  (•ai,!1\)U\ia. 


Hi 


r-Jti 


n'.]v:\\\i.i'.>\\  l)(.:o;uiso  cxcii  if  ;iiiy  oilier  iiowcr  hIioiiII 
cure  ti>  liuld  siidi  ill)  iiiii('('('ssil)l('  I'ock  ;is  Ju)-^s,  its  nc- 
(ii|(;iii()!i  ((Mild  not  |i(issil)ly  liJiriii  ;iny  iJiis-ii;iii  csta''- 
lisliiiiciit.  Tlicrflori;  llio  coiiin-il  has  (IcLiriuiiU'd  to 
aI>!iiido!i  so  Useless  and  expensive  a  possession, dividiiin' 
tlie  s< ivaiits   and  all   nio\'al»le  |tropert.y  ainoiiL;   otlh 

])OstN 


U!   eoI(»nies,  ;in>l   sc||iii>'   or  e\oliaii''in'i' 


wlii'i.t  in 


tl 
Calii; 


Vemeii!  !v  renio\e 


•  litia  sn:'!i  pi'operl  v  as  cannot.  I»e  (ro 

It! 


Ins  (letenninalion  I'ecelVct 


i:|- 


impi'iial  sanction  April  15,  ih;!9."* 

!^^ana'4•er  liot^-liefat  IJoss  heard  of  tin;  determi 
tloii  to  a'landon  the  estahlishineiit  perhaj»s  at  the  en  I 
ol'  !s;i!»,  and  eertainly  early  in  I S  10,  (hiriii!^-  wh'.ch 
year  lie  niad(!  some  i)reparations  for  departni'e,  s;'ii  '- 
in;^'  a  lull  eai'^o  and  lhir(y-t!ii'ee  persons  of  the  colony 


to   Sitka   on   the 


/;/. 


CIKI. 


At 


a  c(»nterence  butwn 


cil 


Ivnpiianiir  and    Dou^ias  of  (he   Ihidson's    Hay  Coiii- 
]»any,  lield  at  Sitka,  in  Apill,  a  jn'oposition  was  nin  !  ■ 


to      SI 'I 

ColUV-e 

•11  th 


tin 
w 


] 


t(  >SS     ( ■ 


^tal)li,-.hnieiit    I'or 


;(),()()(). 


SI 


rites  Douglas   in  his  joiii-nal,  "they  cam 
-oil,  liut  nierily  the   iniproveineiits,  which 


can  hild  onl\'  thi'oUL'h  a  iiativ 


An  answer  was  to  !»; 


ini\eii  in  the  autunin,  after  consultation  with  Mi 
Jjouu'lilin  ;  and  as  nothing;'  nioiv  is  hea.i'd  of  the  uiattr 
]  suppose  the  English  company  decided  that  the  ] 
chase  was  not  adxisahh, — \ery  likely  fearing'  to  di 
l)lease  the  Californians,  and  to  cause  ti'ouhlesoii 
complications  with   the  United  States."'-     This  ne;r 


iiir- 


'/'../-■;,; 


Sr/^ 


III,  r>i  irnir  /iiw.s' 


/.'( 


19  '21;   nJ./n 


n'.  htm:  (ih'i.:.,  i.  ."{liri-Ci.     A  ii' 


of  M.  I'inart  lii:ilvi's  the  d.itu  of  Uic  (.'ouiifirH  lojx.rt  Mairli  LM,  is.'ll).     ('roiiisc, 
,\V(/.   Widlth  ff  Cd/.,  lis,  frravi'ly  iiH.succs  us  tliat  in   hs.'i.i  i\<o  l!riti.-ili  ;,i\t 


caiU'd  n;ioii 


tlio  U.  S.  to 


iisist  lipiiu  Uio  reiiiova 


il  of  till!  lliis>iaiirt  uiuli 


treaty  of    IS-i;   ami  it  was  in  coiiipliamo  witli   the   ruiiiu  st  of   the  I  .  ~^. 


tliat  Ivoss  was  al)aiiiloiii'il 


jsil  !     lliiiwiU,  rul..  .MS.,  !M-(),  had  an 


that  the  colony  was  withdrawn  on  accimnt  of  the  eliaitor  luing  ahout  tc 


pii 


"'  Etholin's  letter  of  Soi.t.  0,  IStO.     The  EIriia  liad  arrived  at  New  Ai 


angel  oil  Sept.  ;iil. 
!>■■  J)ii)ii/lii 


ii,  y.s.,  ](i 


Ahmit  tliis  time   it 


that 


some  ■:!■• 


nt  wa.s  made  tor  the  li 


ran;_'eini 

H.  I!.  ('i>.  to  avc.idtl 

iMui'.  (.>hus.,  i.  ;U7;  .'^iiiipfvii' 


;  (f  !<n)ijilies  to  Sitl;a  in  the  vessels 


L'l'ssit  V  of  Rendiu'4  lUiSoiaii  vessels  to  Cal.    TikliL 


Si 


jy-70. 


(11-- 


It-     ■;  I'- 
ll' I'.lO 


COMING  OF  TIIR  'LAUSANNE. 


171 


fiatiMi,  haviii'^^  I'Milcil,  in  Xovciv.lxT  the  oompniiy  noti- 
ii.  I  Alv:ira(l<»  ol'  tin  ir  intention  to  quit  Kdss,  ;\ii<l 
j,)..]  '-t'd  tliiit  lui  slioiild  Uiiyllu!  property.  Tlio  g<>v- 
(rii'ir  as];i(l  for  i'nrtlu'r  iurnrinalioii  rcspcctiiii;'  tlio 
iialui'r  nl'tlic  property  ollorcil,  niid  inado  liastc  to  iu- 
iuiMii  tli(j  Alfxicaii  goveriiiiii'Ut  of  llie  iinpendiii'^ 
cImIIi'^c.^'  a  rorresp()Md('nc(>,  more;  ludky  than  iiiij)or- 
laiit  oi'  interesting^,  on  tlio  coniinL,'  of  i\w.,lt<(lh((  to 
San  I'^ianeisro  f  )r  u^rain  in  ^[ar(•h,  and  the  non-pay- 
iiieiit  of  tonnai^e  dues  hy  lh(!  A'//.'"A//  in  Octoher  atlho- 
same  |tort,"' is  the  oidy  other  item  of  h)cal  annals  toh(! 
nil  nlioiied  in  this  year,  except  the  so)ne\viiat  excilini^ 
aiiMr  to  he  now  narrated. 

•h'-Iah    SpaldiiiL;-,    niastei"    of   the    Anii^riean    sliip 
l/.ii.s(iiiiii\  eoniinn'  <h>\vn  from  the  Cohuuhia   in  Julv, 


(MI1C( 


ived  t!ie  hi'ilhant  i(K'a  that  as  ]}od(vj:a  was  a  IV 


t'O 


sseh- 


|Mi!t  helon^inic  to  Russia,  lie  nii'^'lit  land  his  [ta 
L;eis  thei'e,  and  perha[)s  accomplish  something;'  in  the 
way  I'f  trade,  without  paying'  anchoi'a^'e  dues  or  other 
limits.  Jn  the  past,  it  would  seem  that,  the  liussians 
had  iii'ver  j)ermitted  such  operations,  or  at  least  no 
(■li;u';;es  to  that  effect  had  evei"  heeii  made;  even  on 
this  occa-^ion  theiv;  is  some  eviiK.Mice  tliat  Manat^er 
llnlili(  f  li,ld  Spalding'  that  he  must  not  tradi;  or  |_>;o 
hy  lain!  to  Sau  Francisco  as  he  wish(>(l.'''  ]]ut  act- 
veiv  carelessly  if  not   with    intentional   disi'e<jjard 


lU'. 


uties,  Itotchef  set  out  for  San  Fran 


Cisco  aiK 


Miintcnv,  leavinii'  the  Lau.^aunc  at  ])od(^'jfa,  and  t! 


le 


caplam,    crew,   aiK 


l)asse 


nu'ers    free    to  do    as    thev 


Kce.  10.  1S40,  .Ti 


.f  X. 


IV.  -J.'!.!,  fn 


is;iriii  to  mill,  of  int.,  with  cnnti  iiti  of  Kiip 


X. 


'2:m, 


S.  F.  Ihpt.  ]!i 


/i'j,(.   Sf.  1 


■ap. 


MS. 

MS. 


xi. 


(i!)-7().     ] 
!4-.- 


vU[il-i;i!iiit  .i 
Dcv.     IMJ, 


/'■ 


iiM  '()  K(>.';ti'i.ii!itiiuif,  in  r<'ply  to  a  note  of  tlio  latter  pnjposiiig  tlio  sale. 
'/■),  itor.,  Ms.,  x.v.xiii.  ]".'!. 

"■'r.iiio.  J)nc.,  MS.,  i.  -J.';  *  •.',  '.297-0,  .-U.Vlfi,. •!!!),  .'V2:!-t,  •.]-2[)-:\0-  J),-/,/.  S'. 

.  lUii.  Mil.,  M.'-'    Iv.  l-J-l,'-    \'nll<ji\  J)or.,  MS.,  ix.  •2S[l.    Siiiip.^dii,  Xtio:, 

iiKi,  aliinii.-i  that  Ti  .lotliy  Murpi  '■  ninl  I'ailrc  Qiiijas  went  to  IJosa  fm-  hran.'y, 


.nil. 


or  soniL'tiiiii 


to  \',- 


_'niti&',  all  rule  ami  jircccdcut,'  and  this  ci 


i.li-lii  a  c;!!'.-!. 


liu  IkkI  thuin  luil^O'l  ill  tlio  calahooso. 


"S)  Iv'otehrf  ri']iortc(l  to  Etholin,  as  tho  latter  states  iiihis  letter  of  Sept. 
lltli,  .Mill  .\lf.  Tina  ill  hi.s  letter  of  July  'JOtli  from  lioclcga  gays  that  Lotdief 
liail  ih.t  jienuiitiil  the  captain  to  accompany  him  to  S.  F.  ValUjo,  JJoc, 
.M>..  i\.   I'Jl. 


|;f|l- 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


IIM    IIIII2J_ 


iitt    IIIII2.2 


liiM 

110 


2.0 


1.8 


1.25      1.4 

1.6 

M 6"     — 

► 

% 


<^ 


/} 


A 


'<5. 


e". 


e?A 


'<r^/    •». 


m 


04  ^^: 


o 


7 


/A 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WE:>STER,N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


:k^ 


L<? 


w. 


«aaj«it.V2i*4'K.*^l;. 


172 


THE  RUSSIANS  IX  CALIFORNIA. 


pleased,  as  there  was  no  Ilussian  guard  or  officer 
nearer  than  Ross.  Then  Spalding  al^so  started  for 
San  Franci.sco,  obtaining  the  services  of  Mclnto.-h 
as  a  guide.  Four  of  the  passengers  went  to  Sonoma 
to  ask  Vallcjo  for  passports  which  should  enable  tlieni 
to  remain  in  the  country.  Valleio  was  natui'allv 
startled  at  the  sudden  appearonce  of  these  armed  foi- 
eigners,  wjth  the  news  that  Bodega  was  practically 
abandoned  by  the  Ilussians,  and  that  a  foreign  vessel 
was  lvin!>:  there  free  from  all  restrictions  in  I'espect  of 
contraband  trade,  or  of  landing  passengers.  He  inuuc- 
diately  despatched  Alferez  Liizaro  Piiia  and  a  guaid 
of  soldiers  to  Bodega,  with  instructions  to  reembai]; 
all  ])crsons  who  had  landed,  and  to  enjoin  upon  those 
in  charge  of  the  vessel  to  laud  no  goods  on  penalty 
of  being  treated  as  smugglers,  ]Mouterey  bein'j;  tlio 
only  port  open  to  foreign  trade.  Piiia  was  to  renuiiii 
at  his  post,  prevent  all  traffic  and  intercourse,  keep 
a  strict  watch,  and  repjort.  Subsecpicntly  he  was 
directed  to  collect  tonnage  dues  on  the  Laasanitc  at 
the  rate  of  81.50  per  ton.''" 

bpalding,  accompanied  by  several  persons  from  San 
Francisco  who  were  trav(  "'  ,  without  passports, 
called  at  Sonoma  on  his  ret  to  Bodeu'a.  His  com- 
panions  were  not  allowed  to  proceed;  and  tlie  captain 
was  called  upon  by  Vallcjo  to  pay  his  tonnage  dui'S. 
He  declined  to  do  so,  on  the  ground  that  Bodega  w  as 
a  free  port,  belonging  to  Russia;  but  after  discussinii 
he  agreed  to  pay  the  demand  if  it  should  be  declvlcd 
l)y  the  proper  authorities  to  be  a  lawful  one.  lie  was 
then  allowed  to  depart,  with  an  order  to  Piha  to  r.- 
turn  to  Sonoma  as  soon  as  the  vessel  had  sailed.  As 
Spalding  had  cited  the  manau'er  at  Ross  in  confirnia- 
tion  of  his  claim  that  Bodega  was  a  Russian  i)oit, 


".July  1!),  1840,  the  original  instructions  to  Pifia.  VnUcJn,  Dor.,  MS.,  iv. 
18.1.  One  clause  of  this  document  will  rccoivo  special  notice  liitei'.  .Ir.ly 
l!)th,  V.  to  Spalding,  warniui;  him  that  Hodcga  is  not  a  jiort  of  cntjy,  and 
holding  liini  responsible  for  illegal  trade,  according  to  tlioti'caly  lietwiru  th'! 
U.  S.  and  Mexico.  Id.,  ix.  18i.  July -3d,  \^  orders  riiiu,  to  collect  tonnago 
dues.    /(/.,  ix.  191. 


ROTCHEF  AND  VALLEJO. 


173 


V;ill(>jo  instructed  Piiia  to  state  clearly  to  Rotchef 
tliat  l>odcga  belonged  to  Mexico,  and  iu  no  sense 
1  »  Russia,  though  the  use  of  it  by  Russian  vessels 
lijid  been  tolerated;  that  the  commander  of  Ross  had 
r.o  control  over  it  except  by  permission  from  the  Cal- 
il'diiiian  government;  and  that  he  had  no  right  to  find 
it  ^tiaiige  that  Californian  troops  wore  stationed  there, 
t'sju^cially  when  he  was  in  the  habit  of  travelling  in 
l!u'  country  with.out  asking  permission  and  in  disre- 
s'li'ct  of  the  frontier  authorities,  of  representing  to 
visitors  that  liodega  was  a  free  port,  and  of  taking 
till.'  liberty  of  permitting  foreigners  to  enter  the  coun- 
try in  defiance  of  law.'^' 

}J(';nnvhile  Rotchef  came  back  from  Monterey,  and 
\\a-:  illled  with  wrath  when  he  found  the  soldiers  on 
gi!;iid,  and  read  a  copy,  made  by  a  subordinate  in  his 
iibsciice,  of  Vallejo's  instructions  to  Pina.  lie  was 
\in](>iit  and  insulting  in  his  anger.  He  raised  the 
Russian  flag,  defying  the  Californians  to  pull  it  down, 
and  ofl'ered  his  protc>ction  to  some  of  the  foreign  pas- 
>;('ii'^  rs,  wlio  went  with  him  to  Ross.^^  Piua  made  no 
I'osi.stance,  l)ut  reported  to  Vallejo.  The  latter  sent  a 
(■  Miuinunication  on  the  matter  to  Rotchef,  and  another 
\  I  bf  I'nrwarded  to  the  fjovcrnor  at  Sitka.  Rotchef 
)•  I'liscd  to  receive  the  documents,  declaring  that  he 
\\(uil;l  have  no  intercourse  with  a  man  who  had  so 
giiixously  insulted  him.  Vallejo  subsequently  issued 
ail  'irder  forbidding  Rotchef  or  any  of  hismen  to  travel 
Ill  tlie  country  without  licenses.^^  The  Laiisiinne  sailed 
away  about  -ruly  2Gth,  leaving  five  or  six  foreigners, 
wlio  were  aided  by  the  Russians  to  reach  the  Sacra- 
iiKiito.     Pina,  by  Vallejo's  orders,  did  not  attempt  to 

"'•Iiilv  '2i-'>,  1S40,  Spalding's  statement;  and  Vallejo's  ovdois  to  I'ina. 
IV/'./'r,,  'jhir.,  MS.,  ix.  lo:j-7. 

^'^  Wijirins,  (me  of  these  men.  says — and  the  statement  has  lieou  widely  cir- 
oiduted— tliMt  llotehef  ordered  the  soldiers  to  ilepart  or  be  .shot.  This  is  in 
it  elf  iiiiprolialile,  and  any  sueh  occurrence  would  of  certainty  have  heen  meu- 
tioiiiMl  ill  the  Inter  corretpoiidencn. 

"'••'IIk^  let'usal  of  Ivotchcf  to  receive  the  olKcial  communications  rests  on 
V.illijii's  statements  later  in  the  year;  and  the  order  forbidding  travel  scorns 
not  to  have  been  issued  until  Nov.  4th,  according  to  a  blotter  co[iy  in  Va'JeJo, 
l>v:.,  .MS.,  ix.  ;j03. 


i«a:>-**(*'-iyi«ife»i«.Miia£aj4.^'. . 


w 


174 


THE  r.USSIAXS  IX  CALIFOENIA. 


lii' 


interfere  beyond  warning  Rotelief  tliat  lie  would  bo 
held  responsible  for  the  entrance  of  the  nien."^' 

In  i-eporting  the  affair  to  his  superior  at  Sitka,  Tiot- 
chef  stated  thatVallejo  had  sent  an  armed  force  with 
impertinent  instructions,  including  one  to  arrest  tln3 
maiuiLi'er  himself  and  send  him  to  Sonoma,  which  in- 
suit  to  the  national  honor  caused  him  to  send  away 
the  Californian  fftrce  at  onco.''^  It  was  the  or^lei-  for 
his  own  arrest  that  particularly  angered  the  llussian 
commander.  Otherwise  he  himself  had  been  the  one 
at  fault,  and  Vallejo  had  in  no  respect  transcttnded  liis 
powers  or  failed  in  courtesy.  Ihit  at  an  order  of  ar- 
rest, Ivotchcf  had  reason  to  be  angr}';  for  thougli 
Vallejo  had  pei-haps  the  leg-al  right  to  arrest  him  for 
pr(i])er  cause,  yet  to  have  done  so  under  tlie  circum- 
stances would  liave  been  a  most  impolitic,  disc(nn'- 
teous,  and  unjustifiable  act.  But  A'allejo  ceilainly 
never  intended  to  send,  and  probably  never  did  send, 
such  an  order,  as  we  shall  see. 

At  the  end  of  Octobei',  ]C\-governor  Kuprlanof,  re- 
tiring from  his  office  and  homeward  l)oun<l  on  t1io 
Kil:<i!(i>,  arrived  at  San  Francisco,'*'  where  he  remained 
n  month,  giving  his  attention  chiefly  to  an  investiga- 
tion of  the  Laiiaanne  affiir.  l*i'esiimably  his  object 
was  to  re(,'oncile  Vallejo  and  Hotclief,  since,  under  ex- 
isting circumstances,  when  the  abandonment  of  lloss 
had  been  decide<l  on,  it  is  hard  to  understand  why 
he  sliould  have  desired  a  quarrel.  lie  first  stated  his 
])usiness  through  a  letter  fi'om  Kostromitinof,  and  \i\- 
llejo  re[)lie(l  with  a  concise  statement  of  his  acts,  anil 
those  of  llotclud",  in  July.  Ku[>rianof  next  v.roto 
himself,  in  courteous  terms,  inviting  Vallejo  to  c^nic 
to  San  Francisco  for  a  })orsonal  conference,  hinting 
m3'steriousl3^  at  certain  grave  measures  to  be  taken 

<Miily  24tli-2."jtli,  Vallejo  to  Vim.    VolJtjo,  lh><:,  :MS.,  ix.  105,  19S-0. 

<' j;tlicliirs  lottui-  of  Sept,  {),  I.SIO,  iii7.';/.«.  Amvr.  Mat.,  :MS.,  vol.  i. 
Etholiii,  who  siieeeeded  Knprianof,  :u  y:'  ];e  hns  feiit  ii  rv.niW  reenforeeiiicut  to 
the  aanisoii,  and  apprchi'ii;!;-:  no  fiirtlicr  tr.)nl)le  from  Vallejo'. 

*'-J'in(o,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  -Jlii-rjO;  Valkjo,  Doc,  MS.,  i.v.  'JOG;  x.sxiii.  M.!; 
DeiiU  St.  Pap-,  -^t".  J/ ,7.,  .ALS.,  Iv.  14. 


A  CONTROVEP.SY. 


17i 


unless  tlic  matter  slioiild  be  cleared  up.  The  general's 
iuiswur,  equally  courteous  and  much  more  I'rank,  Nvas 
an  invitation  to  coine  or  send  an  agent  to  Sonoma, 
which  [ilaco  his  duties  would  not  permit  him  to  leave. 
IL'al.so  defended  his  course  at  some  length,  calling 
attrntion  particularly  to  the  general  state  of  alarm  in 
whii'h  the  country  had  been,  early  in  the  3'car,  on  ac- 
count of  the  Graham  affair.  He  could  not  see  how 
nnv  serious  results  could  follow  ;\  mere  performance 
(ri"  duty.  He  expressed  clearly  the  position  that  no 
nation  but  Mexico  had  any  authority  at  Bodega, 
(lirci'cd  every  facilitv  fov  arriviuLj  at  the  exact  truth, 
and  hoped  that  llotchef  would  be  duly  reprimanded  for 
his  misdeeds.  He  declared,  however,  that  the  copy 
of  his  instructions  made  at  Ross  did  n(.)t  agree  with 
the  original;  and  suggested  that  the  alterations,  per- 
haps made  dcsiLi-nedlv,  miu'ht  be  to  some  extent  the 
cause  of  the  controversv.^' 

Kn.[)rianof  now  sent  Kostromitinof  to  confer  with 
A'allcj'-,  declaring,  however,  his  [)crfeet  C(Miiidence  in 
l!ic  man  who  made  the  co|)y,  and  rather  impolitely 
ivfusing  to  believe  in  any  error.  An  examination  re- 
^"all^l  the  fact  that  the  copy  was  inaccurate  in  the 
vviy  point  that  had  clnefly  (>Mcited  the  contro\'crsy, 
1:10  oi'dor  Ibr  liotchef's  arrest,  the  oriu'inal  not  contain- 
ing  any  such  instruction.  Valltjjo  now  wrote  some- 
what sarcastically,  and  expressed  his  confidence  that 
tlio  llussians  would  hasten  to  make  amends  for  tlieir 
unjust  criticism  of  his  conduct.  Ku[^i'ianof,  how^.■ver, 
(■111 ISO  to  continue  the  controversy,  still  maintaining 
t  !iat  the  copyist  had  not  erred  designedly,  even  doubt- 
in;'  that  he  had  erred  at  all,  and  insolently  askinix  that 
i1h^  (»riginal  be  sent  to  him.  He  regai'detl  the  confer- 
cn<"3  as  unsatisfactory  on  account  of  Kostromitinof's 
want  of  faniiliarlly  vrith  the  Sj^anish  language,  ques- 
tioned Vallejo's  veracity  on  several  points,  and  even 

"  X..V.  2, 1810,  Kostromitinof  to  V.Hllcjo.  la'A/ ■',  /)o-..  MS.,  ix.  .100.  V.'a 
iTply  01  Xov.  4tii.  /(/.,  ix.  ;!0t.  Xov.  (llii,  lOtli,  Kiipriaiiof  to  V.  mid  ivply.  Id., 
ix.  .'iiV),  ,'i\)S.  Sonio  of  tlio  Jviissiiau  olliuiars  Icttcia  aru  tliu  oriyiiiuls  in  French, 
ami  ulliors  translatiuna  into  Siianit^h  by  a  clerk. 


170 


THE  RUSSIANS  IX  CALIFORXIA, 


asserted  tliat  Bodega  was  a  llu.ssiaii  port",  over  which 
the  general  had  no  authority.  This  brouufht  out  a 
forcible  but  dignified  reply,  dated  November  25111, 
wldch  terminated  the  correspondence,  so  far  as  it  has 
been  preserved." 

It  is  to  be  presumed  that  Rotchef's  anger  was  ap- 
peased to  a  great  extent,  as  he  and  Vallejo  were  uu 
tolerabl}'  good  terms  during  the  next  year.  The  man- 
ager at  lloss  had  been  originally  in  the  wrong,  thougli 
justilied  in  deeming  himself  insulted  by  tlie  general's 
instructions  as  he  understood  the>ni.  Vallejo's  courso 
from  the  first  was  remarkably  judicious  and  free  I'roni 
error;  and  in  the  war  of  words  ho  won  a  signal  vic- 
tory by  his  strong  positions,  and  his  uniformly  frank 
and  dignified  utterances.  Kuprianof,  though  always 
prcvtesting  his  desire  to  avoid  discord,  and  though  l;o 
had  no  apparent  advantage  to  gain  from  a  quarrel, 
was  insolent  from  the  first,  and  (^specially  at  the  cLjso 
of  the  correspondence.  It  is  fair  to  say,  however, 
that  his  suspicions,  though  it  would  have  been  mui'(> 
expedient  and  in  better  taste  for  him  to  concc:,l 
rather  than  express  them,  had  a  possible  foundatinii 
in  the  very  instructions  that  had  caused  the  trouble, 
as  is  shown  by  the  original  of  that  document  in  inv 
possession,  and  is  more  I'ully  explained  in  the  appendc-l 
note."*' 

**Xov.  i:?tli,  21st,  Kuprianof  to  Vallejo;  Nov.  IGth,  25th,  V.  to  K.;  Nov. 
22(1,  2.")tli,  K.  to  v.  and  reply.    Valkjo,  Doc,  MS.,  ix.  313,  310,  .321-2,  Wl-. 

*'•  A  clanso  of  the  iiistrnctions  reads,  'Si  conio  os  factible  el  coniandaiite  do 
la  factoria  liusa  volviose  con  algunos  conicrciantes  del  puerto  dc  San  Fr.iii- 
cisc'ij  (/o.s  crossed  out)  rcgrcsanl  (d  csto.s  interlined)  d  cstc  punto  .sino  trajr.-^cu 
Ids  pasaj)ortf';i  Icgales;  pero  de  ninguna  manera  so  los  perniitiril  eniharcii  r;' 
or  '  If,  as  is  likely,  the  ilnssian  commandant  should  return  with  some  traiiiis 
from  S.  Francisco,  you  ■will  cause  {fh'in  erased  and //(P  /f(^/e>' interlined )  to 
turn  back  to  this  place  unless  they  l;avc  legal  passports;  but  by  no  nuMiis 
Mill  yon  permit  tiioiii  to  eml)avk,'  Xow  the  exact  changes  made  in  the  K '-s 
copy  arc  not  known;  l)Ut  Kuprianof  may  have  had  his  suspicions  arou  d 
■when  on  questioning  Kostromitinof  he  heard  of  interlineations  in  theoriL;:.;;  I. 
It  is  certain,  bolh  from  interi'al  evidence  in  the  instructions  and  from  tiio 
circumstances  untlcr  vvhicli  they  were  written,  that  it  was  not  llotchef  ))iit  liis 
companions  who  were  tf)  be  sent  to  Sonoma;  and  there  is  no  good  reason  I'l 
doubt  that  the  verbal  changes  were  introduced  at  the  time  of  writin;;  ti 
make  the  meaning  eleiir,  and  not  later;  especially  as  at  a  later  date  it  wi>M 
have  been  e(|iially  easy  and  honorable,  and  much  more  ellcctive,  to  rcv.!;;e 
tlie  «  hole  dueumeiit.     Moreover,  the  document  i;i  my  possession  may  liavo 


NEGOTIATIONS  FOR  SALE. 


177 


I;  ^"^'■ 


TIic  intention,  of  tlic  Russians  to  abandon  Hoss  and 
t'lcir  v.isli  to  sell  their  property  there  had,  as  we  have 
si'i'U.  been  announced  to  Alvarado,  and  by  him  to  tlio 
?>rcxii';ui  o-ovcrnnient,  before  the  end  of  1840.  lu 
January  1841,  Yallejo,  in  reporting  to  the  minister  of 
war  liis  controversy  with  Rotchef  and  Kuprianof, 
mentioned  the  proposed  abandonment,  taking  more 
creiUt  to  himself  than  the  facts  could  justify,  as  a  re- 
sult of  that  controversy.  The  Russians  had  consulted 
jiini  as  to  their  power  to  sell  the  buildings  as  well  as 
live-stock  to  a  j)rivate  person,  and  had  been  told  that 
''the  nation  had  the  first  right,"  and  would  have  to  bo 
consulted.  The  fear  that  impelled  him  at  that  time 
to  answer  thus  cautiously  was  that  some  foreigner 
fioni  tlie  Columbia  or  elsewhere  might  outbid  any 
citizen  of  California,  and  thus  raise  a  question  of  sov- 
ereignty, which  might  jirove  troublesome  in  the  future 
to  ]\Iexican  interests.  Vallejo  also  urged  the  govern- 
ment to  furnish  a  garrison,  and  authorize  the  planting 
(if  a  colony  at  the  abandoned  post.*'^  In  February, 
liowcver,  Kostromitinof,  representing  the  company, 
jiroposcd  to  sell  the  property  to  Vallejo  himself  for 
$00,000,  payable  half  in  money  or  bills  of  the  Hud- 
son's Bay  Company,  and  half  in  produce  delivered  at 
Ycrl>a  IJuena.  Tlie  general  expressed  a  willingness 
ti)  ni;ike  the  purchase,  but  could  not  promise  a  defi- 
nite decision  on  the  subject  before  July  or  August.*' 
ren<ling  the  decision,  the  Russian  agent  seems  to  have 
entered,  perhaps  secretly,  into  negotiations  with  John 


liicn  kept  as  a  blotter,  .nnd  a  clean  copy  have  been  given  to  Piua;  which 
M oulil  not  only  remove  all  gi-ountls  for  siispiciou,  but  ail  the  ru'iMit  d'etre  oi 
t!iii  I'.dte. 

''Jan.  1,  1841,  V.  to  niin.  of  war.  Two  coiinnunii'ations.  Vallejo,  Dfic, 
^N.,  X.  --',1  Jan.  14th,  V.  to  Virmond,  a  letter  in  which  lie  openly  clai;:i!, 
iw  ho  cloiuly  iinplie;!  in  that  to  the  govt,  tliat  tlie  abiinJonment  had  resultciL 
fio),i  Ills  victory  over  Kuprianof.    Id.,  x.  42. 

'•Fub.  10,  1841,  Kostromitinof  to  "V.,  and  reply  of  Feb.  19th.  Valhjo^ 
/)'"'.,  ilS.,  X.  00,  G2  The  jiroperty  named  iuehuled  hi)nse.=<,  mills,  tannery, 
livi -stock,  and  implements;  but  there  is  nothing;  said  of  land.  Vallcj(j  iv- 
quinsa  delay  in  order  to  arrange  about  the  II.  15.  Co.  drafts;  also  wants  to 
know  when  tlie  produce  must  bo  delivered.  He  doubtless  also  hoped  to  hci'.r 
fniu  ^lexici),  and  wislied  to  learu  whether  the  Uusaiaua  had  any  right  to  sell 
the  buil.lin'.;s. 

liisT.  Cal.,  Vol.  IV.    13 


ITS 


THE  RUSSIANS  IX  CALIFORNIA. 


A.  Sutter,  who  at  tliat  time  was  not  disposed  to  bu\' 
anything  but  the  movable  property,*^  Meanwhile  a 
reply  came  from  IMexico,  though  by  no  means  a  satis- 
factory one;  since  the  government — evidently  with 
some  kind  of  an  idea  that  the  Russian  officials  liad 
been  frightened  away,  leaving  a  flourishing  settle- 
ment to  be  taken  possession  of  by  the  Californians — 
simply  sent  useless  instructions  ab'jut  the  details  of 
occupation  and  form  of  government  to  be  established.^' 
In  July  Kostromitinof  returned  from  Sitka,  and  nego- 
tiations were  reconnnenced.  Alvarado  was  ursj^ed  to 
come  to  Sonoma,  but  declined ;  though  he  advised  Yn- 
llejo  that  in  the  absence  of  instructions  from  Mexico 
tlic  Russians  had  no  right  to  dispose  of  the  real  es- 
tate. An  elaborate  inventory  of  the  property  offered 
for  sale  at  $30,000  was  made  out,  but  Vallejo's  be.-t 
offer  seems  to  have  been  $0,000  for  the  live-stock 
al 


one 


59 


Kostromitinof  was  greatly  disappointed  at  his  fail- 
ure to  close  a  bargain  with  Vallcjo,  a  failure  wliieli  lie 
attributed,  doubtless  with  much  reason,  to  Alvarados 

^Muly  20,  18-11,  Rotchcf  to  Sutter.  Says  Kostromitinof  has  ilecidcil  that 
liis  oflor  cannot  be  accoptcil,  sinue  lio  wishes  to  l)ny  only  the  cattle,  and  H'lt 
the  real  estate,  the  agent  having  found  purchasers  for  liouses,  raiichos,  ;;iul 
cattle.  Translation,  from  M'liat  source  not  stated,  in  I'critdn,  Exambiatiint  uf 
the  liii.iK.  Claim,  p.  !).  Aug.  lOtli,  Sutter  toSufiol.  'The  Russians  have  f  iuihI 
purchasers  for  their  houses  and  farms.  This  shows  the  character  of  tlic  iliis- 
sians.  'J'hcy  .said  very  haughtily  that  they  would  rather  hurn  tlieir  Imusis 
than  turn  them  over  to  a  native,  and  above  all  to  Vallcjo,  who  had  iiisaUcil 
the  Russian  flag,  etc.;  and  now  for  some  SI. 000  more  they  are  not  aslKiii.Lil 
to  make  just  such  an  arrangement.  Only  Russians  could  act  like  that. '  S'ltl'i'- 
Smlol  Cornnp.,  MS.,  8. 

■""^larch  11,  1S41,  sup.  govt  order,  received  in  Cal.  Juno  21st,  and  sent  to 
Vallcjo  July  2d.  Siiji.  (lovt  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  xvi.  10-18;  l)i'i>t.  S'.  J'a/:,  .MS., 
iv.  i;i7;  J>ci>t.  Ji'cr.,  MS.,  xii.  .T),  41;   Vanrjo,  />oc.,MS.,  x.   10;!;  xxxiii.  •Jl'). 

""July  17,  1841,  Kostromitinof  at  Bodega.  Valhjo,  J)or.,  MS.,  x.  •_' I'l. 
July  27th,  Vallcjo  to  Alvarado.  Says  some  of  the  Russians'  terms  aic  iui- 
pertinent,  sonic  absurd,  and  most  of  them  inadmissible.  Id.,  x.  227,  '-.".  i; 
J.)ipt.  St.  PiijK,  MS.,  V.  02.  July  20tli,  A.  to  V.  Vullejo,  J)or.,  MS.,  x.  'JoiJ. 
It  was  while  the  negotiations  were  pending  that  V.  received  A. 's  letter  coiii- 
miniicating  the  despatch  from  Mexico.  The  inventory,  A'o.si,  /'c.y^w.s//  </'' 
]'(iifii,  M.S.,  has  been  given  so  far  as  the  real  estate  is  concoi'ned  in  clw  . 
xxviii.  of  vol.  ii.  There  was  besides  a  lot  of  implements;  and  of  live-  t  ■  k 
t'lcre  were  1,700  cattle,  940  horses,  and  900  sheep.  The  inventory  cmitaii  i 
rdso  the  terms  of  the  proposed  sale.  In  ValUjo,  Doc,  MS.,  x.  228,  is  v.lia 
seems  tf)  be  Vallejo's  offer  of  $9,000  for  the  live-stock.  It  is  an  unsigned  aiiJ 
undated  form  of  agreement. 


THE  SALE  TO  SUTTER. 


170 


iiiiluciK'O,  and  lie  wont  to  ^[ontcroy  to  try  and  cliango 
llic  governor's  mind,  but  in  vain.  Aivarado  declai'od 
that  the  buildings  being  erected  on  Mexican  soil 
^\itll  material  produced  on  that  soil  could  not  bo 
snld  by  a  foreign  con»pany,  and  insisted  that  the 
Russians  ought  to  leave  the  structures  gratis  for 
tlic  use  of  Mexico.  Indeed,  he  had  formed  tlie 
j.lca.  wliicli  Vallejo  shared,  that  no  other  customer 
could  be  found;  and  his  only  fear  was,  as  he  stated  in 
a  piivate  letter,  that  the  imi)rovements  would  be 
liunied  to  keep  them  from  falling  into  Californian 
liands.  l^ut  Kostromitinof,  ironically  asking  if  the 
coiiiandante  general  had  authority  to  receive  a  gift 
without  obtaining  the  consent  of  congress,  simply  re- 
newed his  negotiations  with  Sutter.'^ 

Sutter,  like  Vallcjo,  had  at  first  wished  to  purchase 
the  live-stock  oidy;  but  he  would  perhaps  have 
l)(»ught  anything  at  any  price  if  it  could  be  obtained 
on  credit;  at  any  rate,  after  a  brief  hesitation  a  bar- 
gain was  made  in  September.*'-  The  formal  contract 
was  signed  by  Kostromitinof  and  Sutter  in  the  office 
of  the  sub-})refect  at  San  Francisco,  with  Vioget  and 
Leeso  as  witnesses,  December  13th.  By  its  terms 
Sutter  ^\■as  ]iut  in  possession  of  all  the  property  at 
IvDss  and  Bodega,  except  the  land,  as  s})ccilied  in 
the  annexed  inventorv,  and  was  to  iiay  for  it  in  four 

■''Aug.  11,  1S41,  Vallejo  to  Aivarado;  replies  of  Aug.  14th,  IStli.  Va- 
/'.,/■'/,  lh,c.,  MS.,  ix.  ;24<);  X.  LMD-S;  xxxiii.  'J-2S.  Aug.  'iTtli,  iStli,  Kostromiti- 
ii'it'  ti)  W  iind  rcplv,  terminating  tlio  negotiations.  Id.,  x.  'J.'{l-'2;  I'allrjo, 
Jli^i.  C(il.,  MS.,  iv.':2r_'-27. 

''-llittell,  II M  S.  Frini.,  80,  states  that  Jaeob  V.  Lecsc  offered  l=!-JO,000 
fi)i-  tlie  jiro]icrty:  .?."),()()()  in  cash,  and  .Sr),{K)(>  iinnually  for  3  years;  but  Sutter's 
(ill'er  for  .S;iO,()iM)  was  preferred.  Sept.  1st,  Sutter  to  Sunol.  '  Tlic  Kussiiins 
h:i\t'  nut  l)eeu  aide  to  make  any  arrangement  with  Vallejo  for  tlic  sale  oi  their 
inopci  ly.  They  have  recommenced  negotiations  with  me;  but  I  intend  toliold 
oll'l'ir  tlie  present.'  Siittcr-SiiHol  Corre.^/i.,  ^LS.,  10.  In  his  J)i(n-ii,  '^,  Sutter 
Says  that  Itotchef  arrived  at  his  f(jrt  Sept.  4tli,  witii  wliom  ho  went  by  water 
to  ll'iss  and  concluded  the  bargain  for  .S;{0,(KX),  'which  has  been  paid,' thus 
pii'vin.','  the  so-called  diary  to  have  been  written  after  IS.UL  Sept.  '2Sth,  he 
sent  iiiin  to  IJoss  to  ikivo  the  live-stock,  100  animals  out  of  '2,000  being  lost 
in  iri'^sing  the  river.  Wilkes,  Nnrr.,  v.  204,  notes  the  arrival  of  the  Jtus- 
siiiii  \  (11  or  just  before  Sept.  4th.  Sept.  lOth,  Sutter  to  Vallejo.  Has  bought 
all  tlk-  property,  anrl  asks  permission  for  the  passage  of  his  men  across  the 
fniiitii.'r  to  transfer  the  movable  part  of  the  purcha.se.   Valleju,  Doc,  MS.,  x. 


-■\  .1 


i;  ■!! 


ISO 


THE  RUSSIANS  IN  CALIFOUNIA. 


yearly  instalments,  bcgiiuiing  SopttMnbur  1,  1  S42.  Tin- 
lirst  and  sooond  payments  were  to  he  of  !i55,000  cndi, 
and  the  others  of  .slO,000;  the  first  thi'ee  were  to  !»• 
in  produce,  chleily  wheat,  delivered  at  San  Franeisio 
free  of  duties  and  tonnage;  and  the  tburth  was  to  li  ■ 
in  money.  The  estahlisliment  at  Xew  Helvetia  ami 
the  property  at  JBodega  and  th(3  two  ranclios  ef 
Khlebnikof  and  Tschernich,  which  property  was  to 
be  left  intact  in  possession  of  the  company's  assents, 
wove  iiledu'tMl  as  LTuaranties  for  the  ijavment.''"  It 
Mould  seem  that  Alvarado,  while  insisting  that  the 
land  did  not  belong  to  the  company  and  could  not  1)l' 
sold,  had  yielded  his  point  about  the  buildings,  ])ei- 
ha})s  in  the  Ijclief  that  no  purchaser  could  be  fouin!; 
foi-  the  Russians  say  that  the  contract  was  ap|)rovr(l 
by  the  Californian  govermnent,  and  it  is  certain  that 
there  was  no  official  disapproval  of  its  terms."'* 

Alvarado  and  Vallejo  in  later  years  are  inclined  Id 
accuse  Sutter  oi'  having  acted  dishonorably  towar.l 
them  in  niahing  tlie  purchase;  but  there  is  no  evi- 
dence that  they  were  offended  at  the  time.^°  Tlio 
land  itself  had  of  course  no  special  value  at  a  time 
when  much  better  land  was  to  be  had  for  the  askiuLi'; 


^  Ro.'is,  Contrnt  ih  Ventp,  IS.'/l,  !MS.  The  document  is  in  French,  and  is  a 
copy  of  a  copy  certilied  l>y  S.  h\  PopofF.  It  cuntaius  11  articles.  Spaiii-h 
translation,  in  Dcpt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  vi.  108-9.  Kossi,  Souimirs  (Van  Voijiojc, 
'21'2-i;{,  writing  in  1S04,  speaks  of  this  dooiunent,  wliich  ho  says  wasobtaim  I 
)jy  the  American  minister  fi-om  the  liussian  archives,  and  ■\vliicli  he,  l{o.s,i, 
translated  at  Sta  Ilosa.     The  inventory  does  not  appear. 

^^Uec.  I'.l,  1S41,  Kostromitinof  writes  to  Alvarado  that  he  has  sold  tlic 
iiroperty  as  before  proposed  and  not  objected  toby  the  gov,,  the  contract  be- 
inr;  legally  ratified  in  the  S.  l'\  jurj/ddo;  and  he  quotes  in  full  art.  0,  by  wliiili 
New  Helvetia  and  other  property  arc  mortgaged.  Val/cjo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxiii. 
*J.')1.  Tikhm(5nef,  Jst^r.  Oho.i.,  i.  ."iUO,  says  the  iiayment  of  the  .S30,000  was 
puarantced  by  the  Mexican  govt,  whicli  was  of  course  not  literally  true,  ia 
his  report  to  the  sup.  govt,  dated  .Jan.  11,  1S42,  Alvarado  said  in  sulwtnii' '  : 
'Wlien  I  learned  that  Ross  was  to  bo  abandoned  and  the  property  S(jM.  I 
notified  tiic  govt,  and  was  directed  merely  to  occupy  the  place  when  eva  i- 
ated.  The  Russian  agent  proposed  to  sell  the  property  to  the  nation,  w!.ic!i 
proposition  I  was  not  authorized  to  accept;  or  to  sell  it  to  a  private  iudivi.l- 
ual,  which  I  could  not  prevent,  though  always  insisting  that  the  land  li.> 
longeil  to  the  nation.  I  have  received  the  contract  of  sale  to  Sutter.'  i>i  i-t. 
7?(r.,  :MS.,  xiii.  8-10. 

^^  Alrnrmlo,  /list.  Cnl.,  MS.,  iv.  2'JO -.So.  He  says  .Sutter  did  anungeiii:*- 
uianlv,  contemptible  trick,  buying  property  which  the  Russians  were  ab^iut 
to  give  to  parties  to  whom  they  were  greatly  indebted. 


THE  RUSSIAX  TITLE. 


181 


Inif  ilio  wily  Sutter,  p(;rlia|),s  tliinkiiig  it  nli^■llt  ho  of 
value  iu  tlio  I'uture,  sDUglit  souu-  ))rctext  tor  a  title, 
111'  (thtiiiued  from  Manager  llotclief  a  eertilieato  of 
tian-<rrf  dated  one  day  earlier  than  the  contract,  iu 
wliicli  (locunient  the  conuuander,  having  no  resjionsi- 
liilitv,  and  feeling  not  very  kindly  toward  the  Cali- 
I'Mrnian  rulers,  was  easily  induced  to  inckule  the  lands 
iis  well  as  other  property,  which  lie  solenndy  certil'ed 
ti)  have  been  ceded  by  the  conij)any  that  had  lield 
tliein  for  twenty-nine  years,  for  the  sum  of  !?30,000 
to  ^r.  le  Capitaine  Suttisr,  and  delivered  into  his  in- 
disjuitahle  possession.  Tliis  document  in  later  years 
v,as  paraded  as  Sutter's  deed,  and,  in  the  absence  of 
dtlier  documents  to  throw  light  on  the  Russian  tenure, 
was  made  the  basis  of  a  somewhat  plausible  claim  for 
iKissession  of  the  land.*"^ 


m 


The  general  question  of  what  has  been  called  the 
Iiiissian  title  or  right  to  possessions  in  California,  of 
SDino  interest  in  the  past  from  prevailing  igncvance 
respecting  the  facts,  has  little  importance  in  the  eyes 
(»f  my  readers  familiar  Mith  those  facts.  It  has  been 
claimed — and  some  Russians  iu  early  times  urged  their 
government  to  take  tliat  jiosition,  and  since  the  dis- 

^'' liotclicf's  certificate  in  a  letter  of  Etholin  to  the  directors  of  the  co.,  in 
/.'?'•!*.  Aiiicr.  Mut.,  MS.,  V.  Also  iu  '  rcrilu-i,^  L'Mimiii.,  etc.,  9-10.  Sutter, 
y'o's.  Ji'ciiihi.,  MS.,  54- [),  82-4,  gives  a  very  iiiaceurutc  version  of  the  wholo 
ti.'iiisaction,  saying  aniong  other  tliiiij^s  that  ho  was  to  make  annual  ]iayment.s 
>'i  such  produce  as  ho  could  raise  until  the  delit  was  paid,  no  time  beiuLC  speei- 
ticd.  lie  says  when  he  asked  for  a  ■^itlo  to  las  land,  it  was  refused,  as  he 
iKidiionKjuey  to  spend.  *  Money  madi  ho  Mexican  authorities  sec  any  thiii!.'.' 
}h  n>;,'rcts  tliat  lie  did  not  leave  Now  lielvetiaand  move  to  lloss.  liidwell, 
J''  mill..  MS.,  >i'2-',i,  nn<lerstood  that  Sutter  aciiuircd  a  rigiit  to  tlio  land,  ctm- 
sisiiiig  in  an  almost  expired  charter  from  S]iain!  Mention  of  the  sale  to  Sut- 
ter in  JAi/",m-,  Explor.,  ii.  8-0;  Wilko^  Nun:,  v.  liU;  TiiUM'.t  IlUt.  (al., 
I'-M;  L':imlolj>/i\<  Orulion;  U'ldwdViiJonr.  to  Cul.,  '20-1 ;  Strccii'r''.-<  Ui-roU.,  MS., 
rili;  Sutler's  Diary,  3;  Torr'-.i,  Pcrlpi-ckis,  ^IS.,  !»0-l;  Schmij/iler,  Xrinr 
II  i;//i»«('/-,  70.  Simpson,  iV'«?'r«<(re,  2G0-7O,  alter  .^peaking  of  the  llussiaa 
oeciqution  and  final  lack  of  «ucccss,  says:  'They  liave  accordingly  Axitliiii 
t'loso  frw  weeks  transferred  tlieir  stock  to  a  Swiss  adventurer  hy  tlio  nauK!  of 
Sutter,  and  are  now  engaged  in  -withdrawing  all  their  people  from  the  coimi- 
t'.\.'  L'apt.  (luerra,  writing  on  June  It,  ISH,  to  M of ras, /(oc.  IJist.  (_'ii/., 
M^..  iv.  1 100-1,  says:  'It  cannot  indeed  bo  satisfactory  to])copleof  foresight, 
that  the  Russians  abandon  their  post;  for  they  havo.  always  been  good  neigh- 
bjrs  to  us;  and  it  is  much  to  be  feared,  as  you  say,  that,  such  a  check  being 
rmi'ivid,  the  Indians  will  begin  their  lamentable  raids.' 


I 


i  ll 


IS-: 


TIIK  RUSSIANS  IN  CALIFORNIA. 


covcry  of  ijfold  havu  still  (Icfciidyd  the  ri^lit  ti)  lia\<' 
talvL'U  tliati)()siti(>ii — tiiiit  tliu  Spiiiiiards,  iiotwitlistaiid- 
iw^  tht'ir  prior  discoveries  and  formal  acts  of  ]h»ssis- 
sioii  oil  the  Pacific  coast,  had  no  riv,'lits  beyond  tin  ii' 
actual  oc»'U])ation;  and,  San  J'^ancisco  beinLf  the 
northern  Jiniit  of  such  occn})ation  in  IHI 'J,  the  Kus- 
sians,  or  any  other  nation,  could  ac(|uii'e  hy  sottlunient 
a  pci'fect  title  from  any  i)oint  north  of  the  bay.  It 
has  been  claimed  that  the  Russians  did  thus  occu|iy 
]».oss  and  ])odei];a;  and  that  any  objection  on  the  j);nt 
of  Spain,  ^lexico,  or  C  alifornia  was  as  absurd  in  the 
vyvH  of  the  nations  as  Nvould  have  been  the  claim  of 
Spain  to  the  whole  of  .Vnierica  by  virtue  of  Colum- 
bus' discovery.  Moreover,  it  has  been  sought  to  prove, 
from  detached  portions  of  the  slight  correspondeiiro 
extant,  that  Spain  either  expressly  or  tacitly  ap|)ro\i'il 
the  act  of  the  llussians;  that  their  title  was  acknowl- 
edged virtuallv  by  Mexico  and  California  for  m;inv 
years;  and  that  in  anv  event  Russian  sovcreiij^ntv  was 
confirmed  by  twenty-nine  years  of  actual  possession. 
The  reader  knows  that  in  fact  there  was  never  any 
approval,  expressed  or  im])lied,  of  the  Russian  riglit  to 
territorial  possessions  in  California;  but  that  the  occii- 
jiation  of  Ross  was  begun  and  continued  under  constant 
and  oft-re[)eated  protest  on  the  part  of  the  Californiaii 
oflicials  as  Sj)aniards  and  Vlexicans,  even  when  as 
individuals  they  were  on  the  most  friendly  terms  with 
the  otticers  of  the  Russian  American  Company.  Had 
Russia  seen  tit  to  assert  a  claim  to  a  [)art  of  Calitui'- 
nia,  her  claim  would  doubtless  have  been  resisted  l»y 
Spain  and  Mexico,  and  could  have  been  maintained 
only  by  superior  force.  Had  the  rpiestion  been  suli- 
mitted  to  any  tribunal  other  than  one  of  niilitaiy 
power,  it  w'ould  have  presented  many  points  of  inter- 
est; but  the  equities  of  international  law  would,  I 
believe,  have  been  in  favor  of  the  Spaniards.  S[iaiii 
had  not  been,  considering  the  spirit  of  the  times,  ex- 
cessively grasping  in  her  claims  on  the  northern  coasts. 
She  hatl  preceded  other  nations  in  explorations  u[)  to 


THE  SPANISH  TITLE. 


1S3 


n  liiL;li  latitude,  .111(1  soloiiiif  as  there  was  a  prospect  of 
(•  iiitiolliiiL;-  eoiniminicatioii  l)y  water  with  tiie  spice 
i^laiuls  of  India,  the  Atlantic,  or  with  New  ^Icxico, 
^Iic  would  Jiave  ioUL(ht  I'or  her  preroo-ative  in  that  di- 
ivitioii.  ])Ut  as  that  [)rospcct  gradually  disajjpeared, 
she  lost  her  desire  for  ])osscssions  in  the  far  north,  and 
wa.>  conti-nt  with  a  stretch  of  harhorless  coast  betwe(.'n 
Jul-  northernnn^st  port  and  the  southei'ninost  one  of  a 
I'dit  i^n  neighbor.  She  had  not  only  discovcri'd  the 
w  Ik  lie  northern  coast,  but,  so  far  as  ]]odco-ji  was  con- 
crriicd,  liad  sent  to  explore  that  bay  and  take  I'ornud 
|iMsscssion  the  navi^'ator  who  had  given  it  hi '  nauie; 
iiiiil  A\r  had  even,  on  one  occasion,  sent  a  company  of 
111(11  both  by  land  and  sea  to  occU[)y  the  site  which 
ciii'iiiu'^tances  had  obli;^'ed  them  to  abandon  'eni[)i'.ra 
lilv.  Thcv  fully  believed  that  the  reii-Iou  north  <  f 
tlic  bay  wa-  part  of  their  territory,  and  they  <  i'N'u 
si'-iiitied  by  word  and  deed  their  intention  to  oc<nipv 
]{■  ''ut  through  lack  of  enterprise  and  other  obstacles, 
tlicir  progress  was  shnv.  It  is  doubtless  true  that,  in 
tlic  case  of  an  island  or  other  definitely  bountled  region, 
iiH  re  discovery,  with  the  attendant  act  of  possession, 
iiiiK'ss  followed  within  a  reasonable  time  by  actual 
occupation,  or  at  least  by  actions  showing  a  detinite 
and  constant  intention  to  occupy,  would  ha\^e  created 
no  title  to  be  respected  by  the  nations;  but  that  the 
Spanish  march  of  settlement  up  the  Pacific  coast, 
alter  rejK-ated  voyages  of  exploration,  acts  of  posses- 
sion, expressions  of  intention  to  occupy,  and  constant 
])rogress  in  that  direction,  could  be  sus|)ended  at  any 
time  by  another  European  nation  at  any  point  a  fev,' 
miles  beyond  the  northerrmiost  permanent  settlement, 
cannot  be  maintained  consistently  with  the  s[)irit  of 
international  law. 

liussia  had  no  right  to  occupy  Santa  Barbara  in 
ITC)!),  or  Santa  Cruz  in  1771;  neither  could  she  in 
IS  12 — not  in  an  uidjrokcn  line  of  advancement  from 
tlu'  north  to  meet  that  of  Spain  frou:  the  south,  but 
l»y  a  jum[)  over  the  possessions  of  other  nations — come 


184 


THE  RUSSIANS  IN  Ci\XIFORNIA. 


ill 


to  Bofloga  [i:id  acquire  an  equitable  title  by  foundin;^ 
a  settlenioiit  in  spite  of  Spanish  protests.  All  this, 
however,  is  mere  theorizing  about  a  claim  that  never 
had  any  but  an  imaginary  existence.  Russia  never 
made  any  pretension  to  sovereignty  over  the  Bodega 
region  or  any  portion  of  the  Californian  territory. 
The  officers  of  the  company  were,  it  is  true,  promised 
imperial  protection  in  their  enterprise  at  the  beginning; 
but  the  necessity  for  such  protection  never  arose,  and 
it  is  idle  to  speculate  as  to  the  form  it  might  have 
taken.  It  is  absurd,  moreover,  to  defend  a  Russian 
title  never  claimed  by  Russia  or  recognized  by  any 
other  power.  Not  even  the  Russian  American  Coni- 
]iany  ever  advanced  a  claim  to  territorial  possessions 
in  California.  Their  aim  was  to  establish  a  post  for 
fur-hunting  and  for  trade.  Their  efforts  were  to  con- 
ciliate the  Californians,  and  to  maintain  friendly  com- 
mercial relations.  They  wished  to  bo  let  alone.  They 
avoided  discussion  respecting  their  rights,  talked  al- 
ways of  the  mutual  interests  of  the  company  and 
California,  and  strove  to  keep  the  matter  quiet  at 
Madrid  and  St  Petersburg.  They  would  not  have 
favored  the  assertion  and  enforcement  by  Russia  of  ;i 
territorial  claim,  since  such  a  claim  would  have  been 
jH'cjudicial  to  their  financial  interests.  It  is  true  that 
individual  Russians,  including  members  of  the  com- 
pany, sometimes  asserted  and  defended  the  rights  nf 
their  nation  to  the  lands  about  Ross,  but  their  views 
met  no  official  approval.  Finally,  the  company  re- 
solved, with  a  somewhat  lukewarm  approval  fromllic 
s-overnmont,  to  norjotiatc  with  Mexico  for  a  conces- 
rsion  of  tlie  Ross  territory  and  its  extension  to  the 
bay;  but  the  negotiations  resulted  in  failure. 

The  strongest  claim  in  equity — though  of  no  legal 
force  in  Spanish  or  Mexican  law — which  the  company 
could  have  set  up  to  the  lands  actually  occupied  at 
Rodoga  would  have  been  one  of  individual  owner- 
sliip,  based  on  purchase  from  the  natives,  and  an  un- 
interrupted possession  for  thirty  years;  but  it  would 


A  FALSE  DEED. 


185 


liavc  served  no  good  purpose  to  urge  such  a  claim  in 
lytl,  as  the  land  had  little  or  no  value  in  itself,  and 
opposition  from  the  Californian  government  was  likely 
to  interfere  with  chc  sale.  Alvarado  would  not  recog- 
nize any  title  to  the  land.  The  company  expressly 
ex('('[»ted  the  land  in  (heir  bargain  with  Sutter,  and 
Sutter  did  not  suppose  that  he  had  purchased  any 
land.  Under  these  circumstances,  assuredly  but  one 
aigunicnt  could  be  advanced  to  show  that  the  Rus- 
sian title  was  not  dead — and  that  was,  that  it  had 
never  lived. 

Yd,  as  we  have  seen,  ^Manager  Rotchof  gave  Sut- 
ter a  certificate  of  transfer  of  the  property  that  had 
liieii  under  his  care,  in  which  paper  the  lands  were 
iueliided.  Rotchef  was  not  the  company's  agent  for 
the  sale  of  the  property,  and  could  not  have  conveyed 
a  title  if  there  had  been  one  to  conve3^  But  in  later 
years  when  the  lands  had  acquired  greater  value,  and 
V,  ere  in  possession  of  settlers  holding  under  jMexican 
grants  of  1844,  Sutter  had  the  effrontery  to  produce 
tl:e  Rotchef  document  as  a  deed,  and  to  dispose  of  his 
title  to  men  who  attempted  to  extort  money  from  the 
settlers,  and  who  are  said  to  have  been  partially  suc- 
cessful. This  was  in  1859-GO.  The  affair  gave  rise 
ti)  much  local  excitement,  and  to  a  general  ransack- 
ing- of  the  early  annals.  Public  meetings  were  held, 
and  ingenious  arguments  were  presented  on  both 
sides.  It  is  no  part  of  my  purpose  to  enter  into  the 
details  of  this  transaction,  by  which  fortunately  only 
one  or  two  men  seem  to  have  been  victimized;  but 
under  no  hypothesis  that  occurs  to  mo  can  Sutter's 
action  be  regarded  as  that  of  an  honorable  man.®' 

^' S!oo  Vcrtfns,  An  examination  of  the  Pit.inian  rjrant  from  A.  Itof-'hrfF  (o 
Jnh,}  A.  Siif/cr  in  IS'.jl.  Sacramento,  ISGO;  .S\  F.'jJtilkiiii.  May  3,  4,1  SCO; 
}'':''i'mr(,Aniici,FQh.-Mny,  ISGO.  In  Sonoma  County  II iatorij,  p.  .•}G2-7S, 
t!u  IV  \.\  givi'ii  !i  good  (IoPci'i;itivo  and  Iiistoiical  sketch  of  the  Ross  settlement, 
m  «liic!i  coiisiilcr.ihlo  attention  13  paid  to  tho  Sutter  purchase  and  title;  but 
ill  this  part  of  his  work  thoauthor  goca  far  astraj',  representing  vSutter  as  hav- 
iiiL,'  lircii  at  till!  worst  an  innocent  victim  of  Russian  wiles.  I  quote  hriclly 
nstollows:  "I'liey  jiersuaded  Sutter  itito  the  holief  that  their  title  was  good 
and  cuukl  be  nuiintaiued. . . ,  The  transfer  was  duly  made,  and  Sutter  became, 


aftj,ViiRt*»'i'«iih.-iam 


ISO 


THE  RUSSIANS  VJ  CALIFORNIA. 


}.Iininii;ei'  Rotclief,  witli  all  roinainini^  servants  of 
the  coinpniiy,  sailed  on  the  Coiistaiitiitc,  wliicli  was  at 
San  Francisco  in  December  1841,  and  j)robably  left 
lloss  early  in  Januar}^  1842.  One  Kussian,  and 
])erlia|)s  several,  remained  on  the  ranches  to  look  out 
i'or  the  comjiany's  interests.^^  Sutter  sent  Kobert 
liidlev  to  assume  charjxc  for  him  at  first;  but  John 
Bidwell  took  his  place  early  in  1842,  and  was  in  tuiu 
succeeded  by  William  Benitz  late  in  1843.  Mean- 
while most  of  the  movable  property,  including  the 
cannon,  implenients,  and  most  of  the  cattle,  was  w- 
nioved  to  New  Helvetia.  The  few  hundred  cattle 
left  behind  soon  became  so  wild  that  if  meat  was 
needed  it  was  easier  to  catch  a  deer  or  bear."''  The 
Californians  made  no  eft'ort  to  occupy  the  abandoned 
fortress;  since,  havnng  virtually  consented  to  the  sale 
of  everything  but  the  land,  the  government  had  no 
])roj)erty  to  be  protected  there;  and  if  there  had  been 
soldiers  to  spare  or  money  to  spend,  there  were  oclier 
])oints  in  more  urgent  need  of  protection.*"     The  local 

j;  i  ho  tluiuirht,  tho  greatest  land-lioliler  in  California.  The  giants  f.dvuu  hy 
tlie  M(sii':;;i  Kovcvnment  seemed  mere  l)agatclle3  eomparcd  with  hi.sah:iii-t 
]tr.'vinei:!l  iKiysessiuiis.  But  iilas  for  human  hopes  and  aspirutionsl  foi- in 
reality  he  had  paid  an  enormoua  prine  for  a  very  paltry  eompeasation  of  ]kv- 
fi'  ual  and  ehattcl  property.  It  is  aiiro[)os  to  remark  he'/e  tliat  in  1S.7)  Siiiti'i' 
disposeil  iif  his  Rnssian  elaim,  whieli  wdh  a  six-ei;,'litlis  interest  in  t!ie  lamls, 
to  \Vin  Muhh'ow,  (ieo.  K.  Moore,  and  Daniel  \V.  WeUy;  hut  tliey  oidy  .'uc- 
oeeded  in  getting  .SO.O^K)  out  of  one  settler.  The  remainder  refused  to  ]).:y, 
ii'.id  the  elaim  was  dropped.  Some  of  the  Hettlers  were  inelined  to  eon:-iiIer 
t!ie  M>ddrow  elaim  a  l)laek-mailing  allair,  anil  to  eensure  ( Ion.  Sutter  foi'  dis- 
posing of  it  to  them,  eharging  tliat  he  sanctioned  the  hlaeU-mailing  proee-^a 
iuul  was  to  share  in  its  juoiits;  hut  wc  will  say  in  justiee  to  tlie  general  lliat 
there  was  no  idea  of  hiaek-nuiil  on  his  jiart.  He  supposed  tliat  he  (lid  purclu;  o 
SI /«)/(".//'/(' elaim  and  title  to  the  land  in  question  of  the  Russians,  and  liaa 
jilways  eonsidered  the  grants  given  hy  tho  ]\Iexieau  government  as  lnp'.'.is; 
lienee,  in  giving  this  quitelaim  deed  to  Muldrow  ct  nf.,  he  sineerely  tli(i'.'..Iit 
lie  was  deeding  that  to  whieh  ho  alone  had  any  just  or  legal  elaim'  (I),  t'lun- 
iiient  is  unnere.'sary. 

•'""Moiras,  L\-j,((,r.,  ii.  9,  says  that  Rotehef  sailed  Jan.  1st,  leaving  M. 
Nikolai  in  eharge  of  affairs. 

••*r.idwell,  Cfd.  1S.}1~S,  MS.,  p.  70  100,  gives  many  interesting  facts  aliout 
oecnrrentes  of  this  time.     See  also  Souonui  Co.  His/.,  ,S73,  etc. 

''".Ta'v  1 1,  lS-t2,  Alvarado  suggests  to  the  min.  of  r(d.  thatitwould  he  \m'.1 
to  station  40  or  .")0  men  at  Ross  to  protect  the  frontier.  Jhjif.  I'<r.,  !MS.,  \iii. 
S-10.  Rut  nothing  more  is  heard  of  the  matt(M'.  Castanares,  Co/.  Jjor.  '  >■/., 
4;''-!*,  writing  in  1S44  says  the  Mex.  govt  has  tidfc.  no  steps  to  occupy  llo  s; 
the  cannon  have  been  removed  Iiy  Sutter;  and  Stephen  Smith  Mas  in  pos  cj- 
(jion  of  liodcra.  Rustanumte,  (lu'iindo  Mcx.,  ii.  100,  speaks  of  the  ahund.ju- 
meat  uf  Rosd  and  thu  urdcra  is»uud  ut  Mexicu  to  tuko  pusscsaiuu. 


A  BAD  DEBT. 


187 


annals  of  Bodega  and  the  surrounding  region  after 
the  liussiaiis  had  departed  do  not  belong  to  this  part 
of  my  w(jrk. 

The  Russians  had  striven  faithfully  but  in  vain  to 
make  their  Californian  colony  a  success;  and  now 
tliev  had  set  for  themselves  a  task  whoso  difficulties 
were  scarcely  less  formidable  than  those  of  their  oi'ig- 
inal  scheme  of  1811,  namely,  the  collection  of  a  debt 
IVoiu  John  A.  Sutter.  The  records  of  their  eftbrts 
and  ])i"ogrcss  are  not  so  complete  as  would  be  desirable; 
but  ibr  three  years  absolutely  nothing  was  ])aid,  while 
on  account  of  certain  ex})enses  for  which  Sutter  was 
ivs|)()nsil)le,"^  the  debt  had  increased  from  $30,000  to 
8:11, 774.  The  vessel  which  came  for  produce  in  the 
autumn  of  1845  succeeded  in  obtaining  a  small  quan- 
tity of  wheat,  which  reduced  the  amount  of  indebt- 
edness to  !i?30,210.  At  this  time  the  government,  in 
accordance  with  instructions  from  Mexico,  entered 
into  connnunication  with  Dionisius  Zarembo,  the 
company's  agent,  on  board  the  JVassh'ditik,  with  a 
vi('\v  to  learn  the  exact  condition  of  the  aflair;  and 
Zai'end)0,  in  turn,  called  on  the  authorities  to  compel 
Sutter  to  ]iay  his  debt.  Fears  of  foreign  encroach- 
ment were  then  rife,  as  we  shall  see,  and  it  was 
(Icouied  desirable  to  get  possession  of  Xew  Helvetia. 
As  Sutter  would  not  sell,  except  at  an  exorbitant 
]iiice,  and  as  his  inability  to  pay  his  del)ts  was  well 
known,  it  was  in  contemplation  to  buy  the  Russian 
(•()nij)any's  mortgage,  as  the  cheapest  and  surest  way 
to.sciau'e  the  post.  Though  the  evidence  is  not  (juito 
clear,  1  tlnnk  a  bargain  to  that  effect  was  made;  ])ut 
its  consumniatit)n  was  defeated  by  the  war  with  the 
T'^nited  States,  before  confirmation  could  be  obtained 
h'oiu  Mexico."^ 

'■  In  1 84.'?  aiul  1844,  Suttor  also  liad  some  trouble  to  pay  tlio  toniiarjc  ducn 
oil  tlif  Russian  craft  wliicli  had  cunio  for  wheat.  In  184H  his  laiiiioh  ^^a3 
nizfil  liy  the  rcvciinc  ollicors  .18  security,  and  in  1S44  his  draft  was  icfiiscd 
iit  the  custoin-housc.  Fiiilo,  Doc,  MS.,  ii.  'Jj;  Di p.  fit.  P((}i.,  Ben.,  MS., 
iii.  i;i. 

'-'Si. [it.  ]'2,  184"),  .See.  Covarniliiaa  to  Prefeet  Castro,  calling  fur  an  iinnic- 
di^te  report  in  accurdauee  with  the  prusideufs  orders.  CaMro,  l>w.,  ^IS.,  i. 


s*iSiii(fc*i.SMCtoiiiiKf,^iCJia,i 


-^iUiirMmiUiMttlltitm-: 


H 


' 


1S8 


THE  RUSSIANS  IN  CALIFORNIA. 


In  purcliasing  tlio  Ross  property  Sutter  had  nut 
deliberately  intended  to  swindle  the  sellers.  He  had, 
as  was  usual  with  liini,  assumed  a  heavy  obligation 
witliout  consideration  of  his  prospective  abihty  to 
meet  it.  That  he  could  make  no  payments  at  all 
within  the  time  assigned  for  paying  the  whole  sum 
did  not  seem  to  him  an  alarminj]:  state  of  affairs. 
There  were  excuses  in  abundance.  Crops  had  failud 
from  drought;  civil  dissensions  had  claimed  his  atten- 
tion; creditors  much  nearer  than  Sitka  had  pressed 
him;  and  something  was  likely  enough  to  turn  up — 
as  indeed  somethimjf  did,  in  the  discovery  of  oold. 
Considerable  strain  seems  to  have  been  delivered  in 
184G  or  1847;  for  the  company's  accounts  show*'^  tliat 
by  the  latter  year  nearlv  one  fourth  of  the  original 
$30,000  had  been  paid,  though  by  reason  of  expenses 
accrued  the  debt  had  not  been  much  reduced.  ^lean- 
while  the  company  after  the  conquest  had  presented 
its  claims  to  the  new  authorities,  and  renewed  its 
mortgages  under  United  States  forms.^*     In  1848-9 

l,")4-r).  '^'2t.  ISth,  Zarcml)o  to  sub-profcct,  in  reply  to  a  coinmiiniciitiou  of 
Sept.  lutii,  in  Russian  and  English,  stating  the  amount  due,  and  cncju'iiii^' 
the  original  contract  of  ISll.  Jd.,  i.  17S-1).  Spanish  translation  hy  lliut- 
lull.  J'ciHcuulcz,  Doc,  MS.,  45-0.  Nov.  Cth,  Zarcmbo  to  prelect.  iLis  -aww 
iSutter,  who  will  pay  only  900  fan.  wheat  this  year.  Asks  aid  to  collect  tliis 
debt,  and  others  amounting  to  9-li"44  due  from  parties  in  Cal.  C'a4ro,  /A«'., 
MS.,  i.  21S.  Nov.  7th,  Castro's  reply.  Will  take  stops  to  coniiiel  the 
payment.  Id.,  i.  *221.  Castro,  liihici'm,  MS.,  lUO-2,  states,  and  I  have  no 
reason  to  doubt  the  statement,  that  he,  as  prefect,  and  Zarcmbo  signed  a  cmi- 
tract  at  Yerba  IJuena  on  Nov.  'J4th.  Dec.  l.'Uli,  Zarcmbo  to  gov.  Asks  thc.t 
Leidesdorll'  be  recognized  as  the  company's  agent  in  the  tnatter.  IM})!.  St. 

Pap.,  MS.,  vi.  i;].').     Dec.  'J7th, to  Forbes.     Rongh  draft  of  the  coulrai't. 

It  was  sinijily  an  agreement  to  buy  and  sell  the  claim  for  §.'}1,000,  and  the  c  i, 
was  allowed  to  receive  what  Suiter  might  pay  that  year — since  it  w.as  kunwii, 
ns  the  A\Titcr  adds  in  a  note,  that  lie  had  little  or  nothing  to  pay.  1<I..  v. 
li!l-'2.  Dec.  '29th,  Covarruliias  to  prefect.  Wants  a  copy  of  the  agreeing  nt 
for  the  gov.  Cmtro,  Doc,  JIS. ,  i.  G4.  Jan.  24,  lS4(i,  Forbes,  English  \i.e- 
consul,  to  governor's  .secretary.  Speaks  of  the  aiTangement  as  advantnginKs, 
and  thinks  it  should  be  confirmed  by  Mexico.  A  commissioner  wastnliu 
sent  at  once.  Moreno,  Doc,  ■MS.,  24-0.  Larkin,  however,  says  that  the  J!us- 
sian  gov.  told  him  that  he  did  not  favor  any  such  arrangement,  decinii,' 
Sutter  .a  safer  debtor  than  the  govt!  Larldu's  Js'ofcH  on  Pcr.'ional  Char,  of  Cid- 
{/'oriiian.'i,  MS.,  p.  109. 

'■^  Copies  by  M.  Alphonso  Pinart  from  the  originals  at  St  Petersburg.  \ft 
according  to  Uuhound  Doc,  MS.,  .')01-2,  (!ov.  Tebcrcnof  wrote.  Dee.  l.'<,  I'^l'i, 
toCapt.  Mervinc  that  onlj'.'7l{,S12.71,  had  been  paid;  asks  aid  in  coUccliiT..'  th'j 
debt.  ,M.  replici,  Jan.  17,  1847,  that  Montuomerytlidall  thi.t  waspossililr;  I'Ht 
that  Sutter  cannot  <lispose  of  any  ]ivoperty  pending  the  re]iort  of  a  ti  ilii:;!:il. 

'''Nov.  10,  l84ti,  Sutter  to  ^Vushiugton  i>artlett.     Demands  to  kuuv\  his 


i:-? 


A  FINAL  MISFORTUNE. 


ISO 


Sii(tir,  in  order  that  some  one  creditor  might  not  get 
an  advautage  over  others  as  is  said,  conveyed  all  his 
i>iii]icity  to  his  son;''''  but  in  these  years,  or  at  least 
]>\-  1850,  as  is  shown  by  the  company's  accounts  for 
that  year,  he  was  able  to  reduce  the  liussian  debt  by 
,^7. ()()(),  and  had  made  a  definite  agreement  to  pay  the 
remainder  to  an  agent  at  San  Francisco.  This  prom- 
ise seems  to  have  been  kept,  as  all  agree  that  the  debt 
v\as  i)aid  in  full  not  long  after  1850;  but  one  Russian 
authoi'ity  tells  us  that  the  companj^'s  agent  absconded 
v.itli  the  last  payment  of  $15,000,  to  cap  the  climax 
(if  Russian  misfortunes  in  California.  Yet  in  the 
ihish  times  following  the  discovery  of  gold,  they  were 
aiile  to  sell,  at  very  profitable  rates,  one  or  two  cargoes 
(il';u'ticles  deemed  valueless  that  had  been  accumulat- 
ing at  Sitka  for  many  years.*''' 

iuitliority  for  issuiug  an  attaclimcnt  on  liia  real  estate,  and  threatens  a  suit 
t".r  ilaiiuigus  against  liim  and  the  company.  McKluslry's  Paptrit,  MS.,  '24-5. 

"•■' Uh rum's  Ihcoll.,  MS.,  ii.  1-3,  l-_'4. 

''''  (lolovitin,  Voyivn',  '22-;$,  1'23.  No  particulars  are  given  by  any  authority 
nlioiit  .Sutter's  last  payment,  but  all  state  that  tlio  debt  was  paid  during  tlio 
l;us!i  times;  though  liidwell  tolls  us  that  the  payment  left  Sutter  but  littlo 
aviiilablo  property.  In  the  Sonoma  Co.  JliH.,  'M'2,  it  is  stated  tliat  'the  last 
l.ayimnt  was  uiailc  by  Sutter  through  Ex-gov.  I'.urnett  in  1S40.  Sutter  p.'iiil 
till'  entire  auiount  in  cash,  and  not  a  part  in  cash  and  the  remainder  in  wheat 
iiail  n  al  estate,  as  has  been  stated.  E.  V.  Sutter,  a  son  of  the  general,  is  our 
iiutliurity  lor  the  above  statements.' 


ill 

m 


afa^jJMaLMart'rfrfjavr.atfc^. 


CHAPTER  VII. 


WH: 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS  AND  GENERAL  CONDITION, 

1841. 

Events  of  the  Year — Small  Part  Played  by  Californians — Ai'atiiy 
IN   Politics — A  Season  of  Drocgiit — At  tiik  Capital — Govkknou 

AlVARADO — JiMENO  ACTINO  RULER — No  SESSION  OF  THE  JuXTA  Dk. 
PARTAMENTAL — Xo   EXCESS   OF  GOVERNMENT — AdMINISTIJATION  OF  JlS- 

TicE  — !MissH»N  Affairs — Continued  Spoliation  —  Mofkas'  Statis- 
tics—Pueblo OF  San  Juan  de  ArgI'ello — Tue  Bishop's  Aiskival— 
Indian  Affairs — A  Time  of  Peace — Military  Items — Alvarado  and 
Vallejo — Policy  and  Motives  of  the  Comandante  Geneual— Un- 
FoiNDEu  Charges — Action  in  Mexico — Reconciliation — Camtko  uu 

PRUDON — VaLLEJo's   PlANS  FOB  REFORM, 

The  first  year  of  the  new  decatle  was  by  no  moans 
an  uneventful  one  in  the  annals  of  California,  In  1  .^^ 4 1 
the  Russians  abandoned  the  establishment  which  f  )r 
three  decades  had  caused  the  Spanish  and  Mexican 
autliorities  much  anxiety  political!}'',  but  in  other  re- 
spects had  been  a  benefit  to  the  country.  Not  only 
did  the  Russian  American  Company  depart,  but  tlio 
English  Hudson's  Bay  Company  came  in  its  stead  to 
eftcct  a  permanent  establishment,  to  continue  huntini^' 
operations,  to  purchase  live-stock  for  the  north,  ami, 
as  many  feared,  to  monopolize  the  Californian  tia<!e. 
New  Helvetia  absorbed  the  property  of  Ross,  and  liy 
its  peculiar  position,  its  foreign  character,  and  l!io 
temperament  of  its  ruler,  also  succeeded  Ross  as  a 
Ibmenter  of  political  fears.     Amon!>'  the  fortv  vessels 

I  ^  •  1 

of  the  year  there  wore  seven  men-of-war,  or  natmiial 
exploring  craft;  and  the  trading  fleet,  thougli  liiiKs 
and  tall(.>w  were  not  so  readily  obtained  as  formcily, 


ANNALS  OF  1841. 


191 


]),ii(l  $100,000  in  duties  on  goods  imported.  It  was 
ill  1S4I  that  the  U.  S.  ex})l(»ring  exj)ecHtioii  came  to 
llir  Sacramento  Valley  by  land  and  sea,  that  an  at- 
tache of  the  French  government  made  a  tour  of  ob- 
servation through  the  country,  and  that  California 
^vas  visited  by  a  prominent  English  navigator — exten- 
sive na  ratives  being  written  as  a  result  by  Lieuten- 
ant Wilkes,  M.  DuHot  de  Mofras,  and  Sir  George 
Simpson.  In  1841  thiee  great  nations  were  cherish- 
]]\'^  hopes  of  supplanting  jMexico  in  the  possession  of 
this  western  land.  In  1841  not  onlv  did  many  exiles 
of  the  past  year  return,  but  the  tide  of  overland  immi- 
•rratiou  be'jfan  to  flow  in  across  the  snowy  sierra. 

111  all  this,  however,  it  will  be  noticed  that  foreign- 
ers were  the  active  agents.  Each  topic  of  foreign 
K'latioiis  is  to  be  fully  recorded  in  the  following  chap- 
ters. In  this  one  I  have  to  write  of  what  was  done 
by  tlie  Californians;  and  it  must  be  admitted  that  they 
(\l\  httle  except  to  wait  and  wonder  what  strangers 
would  conclude  to  do  with  them  and  their  country. 
]^>litically,  it  was  a  time  of  apathetic  inaction,  with- 
out a  levolutionary  symptom  even  on  paper.  In  the 
south,  especially,  does  the  year  present  but  a  blank 
pnge  in  history.  Except  now  and  then  a  petty  occur- 
leiiee  of  purely  local  nature,  there  is  nothing  to  be 
ri'eorded  of  the  region  below  Monterey.  It  is  not  to 
1)0  supposed  that  the  abajenos  had  forgotten  their 
grievances,  but  they  gave  no  sign  of  discontent.  There 
Were  no  protests  or  pronunciamientos  from  the  versa- 
tiK'  avuntamiento  of  Ansfoles.  Jose  Antonio  Carrillo 
was  not  accused,  so  far  as  I  know,  of  political  intrigue. 
Even  Juan  ]3andini  held  his  peace  and  wrote  no  long 
letters.  In  the  north,  except  so  far  as  the  foreign 
element  was  concerned,  the  current  of  events  was 
alieost  ofpially  placid  and  monotonous.  The  season  was 
one  of  drought,  causing  a  partial  failure  of  crops,  and 
ciJiisiderable  loss  in  live-stock,^  but  there  was  no  suf- 

'r.idwfll,  Journey  to  Cal.,  23-5,  29,  speaks  of  the  drought  of  1840-1,  as 
do  utliur  iiimiigrauts;  but  lie  gives  a  table  of  the  weather  for  each  day  in  the 


If 


102 


rOLITICAL  AFFAIRS  AND  GENERAL  CONDITION. 


foring  aiiiont^  tlio  peoj'lc,  \\]\o  were  as  prosperous  ns 
was  possil)le  with  such  au  expenditure  of  energy  a.s 
they  were  disposed  to  make.  The  drought,  howevei', 
with  tlio  diuiini:?hed  produ(3tivcness  of  the  mission  es- 
tates, made  it  harder  tliau  usual  for  the  traders  to  1111 
U[)  their  cargoes,  and  collect  the  amounts  due  from 
the  rancheros;  so  that  the  country's  lack  of  prosperity 
was  somewhat  exaggerated  in  their  reports. 

At  the  capital  the  governor  and  the  clique  of  oni- 
cials  about  him  displayed  a  degree  of  zeal  in  the 
handling  of  departmental  funds,  if  in  nothing  elsr. 
They  received  $100,000  from  the  custom-house,  wilii 
a  largo  but  unknown  amount  from  the  ex-mission 
estates.  There  were  current  suspicions  that  the  puli- 
lic  money  was  squandered  on  various  private  and 
public  Jle,stas,  and  that  the  residue  was  not  quite  im- 
partially distributed;  but  there  are  no  proofs  tliatsiuli 
was  the  case,  nor  any  indications  that  they  ever  had 
difficulty  in  finding  a  usefor  alltlie  moneys  they  could 
collect.  Alvarado  had  been  at  his  best  in  the  revolu- 
tion against  Mexico  in  183G  and  in  subsequent  troubL-^ 
with  I  he  south.  In  honesty  and  intelligence  he  had 
c(pialled,  in  energy  and  executive  ability  as  in  per- 
sonal popularity  he  had  excelled,  the  best  of  tho.sc 
about  him:  but  he  had  now  degenerated  in  seveiul 
respects.  The  gross  charges  of  rascality  made  against 
him  by  men  like  Farnham  were  unfounded.  Alva- 
rado was  yet  a  courteous  and  well-meaning  ruler,  com- 
paratively liberal  and  free  from  narrow  prejudices. 
But  ho  had  lost  much  of  his  old  enthusiasm  for  reform, 
and  w'as  content  to  let  public  affairs  drift  for  the  most 
part  as  they  would,  to  perform  carelessly  the  I'ew 
routine  duties  devolving  upon  him,  to  deplore  the  non- 
progressive condition  of  the  department,  and  cast  t!ie 

season  of  1841-2,  iudicating  an  average  number  of  rainy  clays,  ."io  from  Xi>v. 
loth  to  March  31st.  He  says,  however,  that  the  winter  was  wet.  Drought  iiiiu- 
tioncil  in  Honohdii Pohjnes'iav,  ii.  o.j;  Kilea'  Re;iistei\  Ixi.  98;  Tovre,  Jtitn'i.i., 
ISIS.,  102;  Dchleu'a  liUt.  Statement,  MS.,  10.  The  drought  e.^ctended  to  die 
Boutli  also.  Giifrra,  Doc,  MS.,  v,  20.'J,  Larkin  says  not  waterenough  fell  to 
raise  the  streams  an  inch.    Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxvi.  214. 


THE  GOVERNOR  AND  JUNTA.  1C3 

Miuno  oil  circami.stiUKvs,  ur  fate,  or  ^[t;.\it'o.  lie  gave 
liiiiiself  up  to  convivial  i)lea«ures,  ilrauk  deeply,  was 
ol'tm  unable  I'roui  'illness'  to  attend  to  oHieial  duties, 
;iiul  liavini;"  injured  himself  severely  by  a  fall  when 
ititoxieated,  was  obliij^ed  to  turnover  his  oHii-e  in  Sej)- 
ti'Mihii'  to  Jinieno  Casarin,  as  he  had  done  several  times 
k'Ibre." 

Tile  junta  dopartamental  did  not  assemble  at  ah 
dui'inn'  the  year,  as  a  majority  of  the  members  when 
sunnnoned  excused  tlieir  non-attendance  on  various 
pretexts  more  or  less  satisfactory  to  themselves.^ 
Xi'ither  was  there  any  session  or  organization  of  the 
ttil)U!i;d  superior,  though  the  members  of  that  body 
had  been  ap[)ointed  the  year  before.*  Andres  Cas- 
tillci'o  was  repi'esenting  California  in  Congress,  l)ut  he 
raii^ht  as  wi-ll  have  been  in  Patagonia  for  al)  that  is 
heard  <if  his  })ublic  servi(;es  at  this  time.  The  su- 
pivnii.'  government  did  nothing  but  forward  certain 
waiiiiiigs  against  foreigners,  with  a  few  routine  orders 
and  in:-tructions  to  which  no  special  attention  was 
paid  in  tlie  department. 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  California,  whatever  may 
have  been  h.er  misfortunes,  was  not  suffering  from  tt^o 
iiuich  government;  and  the  result,  so  far  as   the  gon- 

-.Tuii.  1,  1841,  A.  asKTimod  the  govt.  Dcyit.  St.  Pnp.,  Anij.,  MS.,  xii.  -11. 
Sept, 'Jl.st,  JiniL'iio  lKL'(iim'!3  actiny  l,'ov.  on  iicuount  of  A.'s  illiKss.  /'/. ,  xi, 
l-'7-S;  y>//^  7,',r.,  MS.,  xii.  18,  4-J-3;  .-bv/r/.'s,  Arrh.,  MS.,  ii.  107-9.  iVc. 
lUst,  A.  I'o-assunics  the  oliioc.  l.>(jtt.  Itic,  !MS.,  xii.  "28,  4(i;  JJr/if.  St.  Pup., 
Aii'j.,  MS.,  xi.  131.  It  was  as  1st  vocal  of  the  dip.  that  .Jiiuciio  hfcanie 
netiiiu  i.'()v.,  ami  nifaiiM'hile  .lose'' Z.  FiTiiaiuk'z  acted  as  tccrctary.  A."s;ic- 
eidciit  is  noticed  in  jirint  hy  Sir  (Ico.  Simpson,  in  -MS.  liy  Jan.ssuns,  and  iu 
conveiviitinn  hy  many  Californians. 

'Th- junta  had  lieon  convoked  in  Dec.  1840  to  meet  in  .Tan.  ]'ci(nona, 
l'ii>  I'icn,  ;'.nd  Jiise  Castro  exensc  themselves  on  tlic  ]>lea  of  ill  health;  and 
lloqnciia  also  ari^iies  that  the  junta  expires  legally  on  Dec.  31  st  and  nmst  ))0 
luiicMcd  /,(  in/o.  Ih'pf.  SI.  P'l/,.,  :MS.,  v.  .'U-(i.  .Tan.  !»,  1841,  Santia-o  .\i-- 
gUi'Uii  cannot  attend  on  account  of  his  duties  a.s  prefect,  fiaring  dis(]rdei's  in 
liis  ili:>trict.  Li'j.  J,'ic.,  MS.,  iv.  1.  March  li.'th,  Alvarado  coniidains  tiiat 
all  the  vocalcs  hut  one  replied  that  there  were  'Ic^al  impediments'  to  tlieir 
attoiHlance.  ,S'.  J)iiijo,  Arch.,  ]\IS.,  '280.  Juno'Jlst,  A.  to  niin.  of  rel.,c:iM- 
I'laiuhii,' of  alack  of  intere.-t  on  the  part  of  tiie  dip.,  which  l)ody  will  not 
tvon  meet  to  discuss  important  niatter.s.    JJrpt.  Iter.,  MS.,  xii.  34. 

*See  ///',«/,  Cn/.,  vol.  iii.,  chap,  xx.,  this  series.  In  a  letter  of  .luno  o,  1841, 
Picquciia  says  the  chief  reason  why  the  triljunal  has  not  heen  opened  is  lic- 
cau,-c  the  j.fov.  is  unwilling  to  give  J.  A.  Carrillo  au opportunity  for  intrigue. 

L''-'fJU('.i ,  J)i:r.,  Ms.,  '2. 

Uisx.  Cal.,  Vol.  IV.    13 


lot 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS  AND  GENERAL  CONDITION. 


cral  condition  of  the  people  was  concerned,  was  not 
ultoL;::etlier  unsatisfactory.  Local  niatters  were  well 
enough  n)anagod,  accordini^  to  Hispano-Amurican 
ideas,  hy  j)refects  and  jueces  do  paz;  and  in  8ev(  r;il 
instances  the  perpetrators  of  serious  crimes  were  jiiiii- 
ished  with  a  promptness  almost  unheard  of  in  Cali- 
fdi-nia.  Doubtless  there  was  room  for  great  reforms 
iii  the  administration  of  justice.  Indian  horse-tliicves 
were  hecoming  bold  in  their  operations,  petty  tlid'ts 
and  drunken  quarrels  among  vagabonds  of  the  towns 
were  too  often  unpunished;  but  it  must  be  added' that 
current  statements  of  foreign  visitors  respecting  the 
reign  of  crime  and  the  utter  lack  of  protection  to  lii'u 
and  property  were  grossly  exaggerated. 

The  year  brought  no  changes  of  a  general  nature 
in  the  administration  of  mission  affairs,  and  the  con- 
dition of  the  diftbrent  establishments  remained  [>rac- 
tically  as  in  1839-40.'^  No  successor  was  appointeil 
to  llartnell  as  visitador,  and  the  majordomos  in 
charge  of  the  estates  were  responsible  directly  to  tlio 
governn^ent.  There  are  no  accounts  and  little  CDr- 
respondonco  extant  respecting  drafts  upon  those 
estates  in  behalf  of  the  departmental  treasury;"  hut 
while  it  is  impossible  to  estimate  the  amount  obtained, 
there  is  no  doubt  that  such  drafts  were  freely  made 
whenever  mission  products  could  be  utilized.  Foreign 
visitors  allude  in  general  terms  to  the  destruction  of 
the  missions,  but  refer  rather  to  the  period  than  to  the 
year;  and  in  its  general  phases  this  subject  has  al- 
icady  received  sufficient  attention.'     From  the  mass 

^  Sco  chap,  ii.  of  this  voL 

"  Feb.  1841,  1,100  sheep  tlelivei'cd  by  governor's  order  from  Sta  Clara  to 
Doii;;l;is;  in  Jilarch,  50  cows  to  tlio  same  person.  St,  Pup.  Miss.,  MS.,  ix.  43, 
'i'ho.se  animals  were  sold  by  the  i^'ov.  to  the  II.  B.  Co. 

'  Jan.  21),  1841,  Ethan  Kstabrook  writes  to  Larkiii:  '  Should  his  exc(  IKncy 
continue  in  oliice  I  have  no  doubt  tlic  mLssions  will  .siifler  till  there  is  notliing 
left  to  sufTor."  Larkin's  Doc,  MS.,  i.  122.  Mofras-,  Explor.,  i.  3'JO,  -IJO,  says 
that  Ah-ar.ado  took  all  the  cattle  left  at  Soledad,  Mith  all  i\\"  iron-wmk,  ami 
t'ao  tiles  for  his  own  house,  and  gave  everything  remaining  to  his  ivvvA  So- 
boranus.  Ho  also  speaks  of  the  deliberate  plunder  of  Mission  S.  Josu  liy  tlio 
A'allejo  family. 


15'!  IJ- 


CONDITION  OF  THE  MISSIONS. 


105 


s  not 
3  well 
L?ric'im 
Ejveral 
c  piiii- 

Cali- 
.^forius 
liieves 

tlicl'ts 

towns 

;cltliat. 

n<^  the 

L  to  life 


nature 
.10  con- 
d  prac- 
pointed 
nos   in 
•  to  the 
u  c'or- 
those 
iv,"  l.ut 
i)laino(-l, 
nuule 
oivl^'n 
,tion  01 
to  the 
ms  al- 
uiass 


.U 


CUu-a  to 
.,ix.  4... 

ixcellfiicy 
Is  iiotl'.ing 
Vl'-'O,  says 
(uk.  ami 
l-i.nd  'io- 
^(:  liy  tho 


(if  potty  local  items  extant  I  jutlgc  that  in  1841  there 
was  less  of  abuse  and  robbery  in  the  administration 
of  these  estates  than  in  former  years — either  because 
of  reforms  introduced  by  liartnell,  a  weeding-out  of 
some  of  the  worst  administrators,  greater  vigilance 
on  the  part  of  the  governor,  or  a  lack  of  desirable 
])i'oj)erty  to  bo  stolen :  perhaps  for  all  these  causes  com- 
bined. The  padres,  increased  in  number  to  twenty- 
three  by  the  return  of  Garcia  Diego  and  the  coming 
(tt"  Santillan  and  Ambris,  novices  who  soon  became 
)nrsts,  served  as  curates  at  their  respective  cstab- 
l^;linnMits,  and  nothing  was  heard  of  those  in  the 
stiutli  l)eyond  an  occasional  protest  against  the  con- 
duct of  an  unmanageable  majordomo,  or  against  the 
granting  of  some  mission  rancho.  In  the  north  the 
Zacatecanos  sustained  and  increased  their  unen vi- 
al ile  reputation  by  the  disgraceful  conduct  of  the 
(hunkeu  Padre  Quijas,  and  the  hardly  less  apparent 
inunoralities  of  certain  others,  which  foreign  visitors 
(;spccially  did  not  fail  to  notice  and  to  write  about.^ 

At  or  in  connection  wuth  each  of  the  southern  es- 
tablishments, as  at  several  of  those  in  the  north,  a 
shiall  number  of  Indians  were  still  living  in  comniu- 
nitv,  on  one  basis  or  another,  more  or  less  completely 
under  the  control  of  administrators  or  padres,  or  both.^ 
}.Iofi'as  gives  the  number  of  Indians  living  in  com- 
munity in  1841-2  as  4,450,  varying  from  20  at  Sole- 
dad  and  San  Rafael  to  500  and  G50  at  San  Gabriel, 
San  Diego,  and  San  Luis  Roy;  but  in  these  figures 
ho  must  include  at  several  places  in  the  north  many 
Indians  who  had  no  other  connection  with  the  mis- 
sions than  that  of  living  somewhere  in  the  vicinity. ^'^ 

^  Wilkfs,  Simpson,  and  Pcirce  speak  in  plain  terms  on  the  subject;  still  it 
must  liu  iulinittcil  that  so  far  as  their  personal  observations  went,  1'.  (^)iiiju3 
Was  lliu  one  nKiiuly  responsible. 

'•'■hily  '_'t)th,  Alvarado  by  a  decree  releases  an  Indian  from  his  condition  of 
iu:(ii)liyti.',  allowini;  him  to  support  himself  and  family  as  he  pleases.  IJainlihi, 
i'li'.,  MS.,  Ci'2.  Pi-efect  Argiiello  complains  to  Capt.  Uuerra  of  the  scandalous 
iiniiiDiality  prevalent  in  the  southern  missions,  some  of  which  are  little  else 
than  luoUiels.  Gurrra,  Doc,  MS.,  vii.  82-3. 

''^  Mnj'ra.'',  Kxplor. ,  i.  3"20.  This  author  gives  a  very  good  description  of 
tlie  coiuiition  of  each  establishment. 


V 


\h 


I 


lii 


ion 


ror.ITICAI,  AFFAIKS  AND  CKNKUAL  CONUITIOX. 


There'  is  no  satisfactory  inroriiuitloii  respecting  tlic 
Jmliaii  jiuchloH  of  ilie  south ;''  and  the  only  event  nf 
local  ainials  i'e(|uirinn'  notice;  in  this  coinuH'tion  is  tli;' 
dissolution  ol' the  nco|)hyte  conununity  at  Sun  iliiiin 
("a[)istrano.  This  action  was  taken  by  the  t^overiKH' 
in  conse([Uenceot' dissatisCaction  with  the  luajordoiiin, 
and  of  ii  petition  from  citizens  of  San  Diego  to  haw 
hinds  assigned  them.  The  order  was  issued  in  Jiilv 
and  the  lands  were  distrihuted  some  months  later. 
The  Inehans  were  given  the  prefeivnce  in  the  choicj 
of  hinds,  uiid  the  new  pueblo  was  named  San  Juan  A*: 
Argiiello.'-  IJishop  (Jarcia  iJiego  arrived  in  IHH, 
landing  from  the  Jiosclind  at  San  Diego  with  a  suito 
of  twelve!  poi'sons  the  IJth  of  J)ecend>er;  hut  Jiis 
formal  rece])tion,  together  with  the  begiiuiings  oftlio 
grand  work  he  no  doubt  inteMided  to  accom[)lisli  I'm- 
liis  diocese,  belonsjfs  to  the  annals  of  another  year.''' 

Dare  mention  is  all  that  is  called  ibr  in  the  niattd' 
of  Indian  afl'aii's.  '^Phougli  fears  were  e\j)ressed  tliat 
hostile  gentiles  might  again  possess  the  country,"  aii. I 

"  F('l).-A])i'il  1841,  some  (lisaiitisfactiou  of  tlio  Iiidiaus  nt  Las  I'lmi's,  S. 
rascual,  ami  S.  iHL^fuito,  at  tlio  iiitorfcrtjiicu  of  the  I'icos.  Jhiycs'  Jli-n-ion 
JJocih,  'Ml,  fiom  S.  J>i((io  Archiim. 

'•' Extract;*  IVom  arcliivcs  in  J/ai/r/^''  Mis^on  Buok,  i.  121-2,  12(i-8;  Jum- 
fills,  Vi4a,  ,MS.,  Ui7-il;  J.o^  AikjiIih  Sl<tr,  Nov.  l.S,  180!);  ,s'.  hk'jo,  Iwl./, 
MS.,  137;  iJcpt.  St.  Pap.,  AiKj.,  iMS.,  xii.  J-l;  Drpt.  St.  I'tip.,  MS.,  xviii.  10, 
ftc. 

''Dec.  12,  1S41,  Arf,'uollo  to  governor,  announcing  tin  bisliop's  ,^lTiv:ll, 
anil  ordorin!,'  sonic  prcjiaration^i  f(jr  lii.s  journey  to  ti)  jircsiilio  frnin  !om<' 
jioiiit  not  clciirly  dclincd.  lie  was  to  start  in  a  ."Ufa  <'c  maiiui  as  noon  ;is  thu 
jicoiiU;  had  assonihlod,  and  was  to  lodf^'e  at  IJandini's  liousc.  L'c/'l.  HI.  /'''/'., 
JJfii.  Piif.  11  ./iiyj.,  M.S.,  iii.  l(»2-4.  Nov.  oth,  contract  with  Capt.  LVmuii 
of  the  1'o.i'i/iiiil  to  carry  the  bishop  and  suite  from  S.  Bias  to  8.  Dii'iro  t' r 
82,(K)()  and  all  tonnage  dues.  /</.,  vi.  80-1.  .luly  •JDth,  Alvarado  to  \nlk-y;. 
annouueini;  that  the  bishop  is  on  his  way.  Vdl/ijo,  l>or,,  MS.,  x.  '_'H(!.  11'.^ 
episcopal  inlliience  was  felt  before  his  arrival,  as  a])pcars  from  an  ordeiof  t!i>. 
nleahle  of  S.  Diego  on  Sept.  1,  18K),  to  keep  cattle  out  of  the  streets,  ai  tlw 
bishop  might  arrive  any  day!  S.  JJ'ufio,  Itn.ur,  ^IS,,  109.  On  I'ec.  iMii 
("iareia  I)iego  confir  icd  12.")  persons.  ,S.  D'lcjo,  Lib.  Ml-^loii,  MS.,  4."i.  ^  i;- 
llejo  Mritcsto  \'irmi  id  on  ])ec.  1st:  'The  coming  of  a  bishop  is  going  to  c:i'.i-e 
much  trouble.  Th  ■  ricsts  are  beside  themselves  with  pride,  anil  bc^iii  tJ 
fuliuiiiate  sentences  excommunication,  etc.,  relying  o';  that  prelate.  l'i;i'i' 
crazy  fools,  if  they  ,  dv  they  can  browbeat  the  leading  men  in  Oilifmiiia. 
The  ago  of  theocratic  ')niination  is  ]iast.  However,  C'alifornians  who  iiavi^ 
never  seen  bishops  wi  now  know  Ikjw  they  dress  and  observe  their  k  iviiio- 
nies.  If  they  intende  to  plant  new  missions  among  the  savages,  sonic  ,l""»>1 
mi','lit  result;  ))ut  not!  ag  is  further  from  the  minds  of  the  priests.'  \ 'd'ifj, 
Jjoc,  MS.,  viii. ;];?."). 

"  Dec.  21th,  Vallcjo  to  chief  of  stall'  in  Mexico.    Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  x.  39S, 


IXDIAN*  AFFAIII^, 


107 


fo!vi,LjM  writers  spnl^c  ill  !i  o\'iu!i'al  way  of  coiitiimal 
(iiitiM'4CS,  1  liixl  ill  rccoi'ds  of  the  yt.'ar  iiotliiiij^'  ol"  ilo- 
tiiils  l)ev('ii(l  i\\v  Tacts  that  sm't-ral  rx[)('(htiniis  (if  c'ti- 
liliiTs  and   riiciidlv  Jiidlaiis  wnc  scut  out  iVoiii 


zcu  so 

San  Josc'  a'^aiiist  tiic  horso-thiov 


us; 


that  tlicrc  wa> 


a  n»nliiiuaii('C'  ol' hostihtics,  or  at  least  ot'warnkc  I'U- 
iiinrs,  ou  tho  southern  iVoiitiei',  |)articiiliirly  IVoia  May 


t.p  Juh 


.10 


an< 


I  tliat  the  fierce  Sotovoiiu.'s  ol' tlie  liortli 


wriv  said  to  1)0  [)lamiiiig  a  new  atteiin»t  to  desti'oy 
till'  L^viite  de  ra/on.*'  Thus  oven  rumors  of  hostilities 
wri'.'  less  j)lentil"ul  than  usual;  and  while  horse-steal inL>' 
was  ;i  rcn'ular  industry  of  the  -^'entiles,  often  in  Ica^nu; 
wlili  ( 'lirislians,  and  occasionally' an  Indian  was  killed 


111  a  coiiiiK 


■t  1)1 'tween 


the  t\ 


wo  classes,  there  was  no  rea 


1 


hostility  in  a  warlike  sense,  and  no  special  ilant;'»r  in 
part  of  tlie  country,     (jleneral  apathy  in  Indian 


aiiv 


aliairs  as  in  evervtliniLi"  else 


th 


A> 


n- 


TIk;  old  military  estal)lishnieiit  of  presidial  coi 
}>aiii('s  was  still  ke[)t  U[i,  nominall}'  at  San  I'^raiicisco — 
I'l'  lailu'i'  Sonoma — ^Fonteroy,  and  Santa  Barbara ;  hut 
tliccompany  of  San  Diet^ohad  Ioul*'  since  ilisap[)eared. 
Tlic  tliixH'  com])anies  had  ahout  one  hundred  men  on 
tluir  pay  rolls,  either  in  active  service  or  as  invalidos; 
and  ahiiut  iSoO,(;00  of  the  dei)artuu,'ntal  reveiities  was 

voted  to  their  support.^"*     An  artillery  force  with  a 


Uf 


TIr'  gcucnirs  olijt'tt  was  to  yet  nn  iiicrrasc  of  iiiilit:ii'y  force,  !\\\<\  he  (loiilitlus.i 
t'MiL'L'i-'iiitt'd  tilt'  (laiii^'er.  .Uvarailo  in  his  lutturs  to  Mexico  tleclart'cl  ultiii 
t!,;it  ihu  Jiiiliaiis  coiilil  lio  easily  coiitroUeil. 

''Jan.  L'l,  Is  11,  gov.  to  prefect.  In  coiisie(|uenco  of  n.ii  encounter  lu'tweeii 
piigaiis  aiiil  a  neupliyte,  bows  ami  arrow.s  an^  to  hv  ili.sti'ihuted;  anil  C'apt. 
K.-tiadai.s  to  go  with  tho  force.  J)(/>l.  AVc,  MS.,  xii.  •_*.  .July  ■-'.'iil,  •'.  .1.  \'a- 
llijo  to  com.  fxen.  Itnlihci'ie.^  fi-e(pieiit.  "J.")  citizens  will  .start  day  at'ti-r  ti- 
iiii.now.  I'(i/V/'o,  Doc.,MS.,x.'J-_'l.  Feb.  lllth,  gov.  order.s  ]jaynient  of  .'i-'Jii  to 
nil  Indian  chief  who  lias  returnul  from  his  canipaiu'ii  in  the  Tulares.  J)ij>/.  St. 
/'"/■.,  Jliii.  ('out.  mid  Tira.'t.,  ^18.,  iv.  (i'_*.  May -.July,  paynu'nt  of  S-"ii  and 
eiiHT  siuiis  for  niontlily  expeiisca  of  auxiliary  forces  against  Indians.  /(/.,  iv. 
."'7  N. 

'''>hiy- ■Tilly,  1.S41,  blij.;lit  corresp.  on  reported  risin;.^  ui  Iiul.  of  the  Sierra 
'!-■  ■I.ujiu'-and  Sierra  de  'I'uzniin.  JJcjif.  Sf.  P(i/>.,  AiKjek'.i,  MS.,  vi.;i2,4;i;  xii, 
."iT;  Juj.i.  />,-.,  MS.,  xii.  y.i;  Filch,  Dor.,  MS.,  100. ' 

''  \'allejo  to  Alvarado,  July 'JTtli.  I'alicjo,  Doc,  MS.,  x.  S.'iO.  Salvadcn- 
\  allejo  was  ahout  to  march  ai,'ainst  the  foe. ' 

'^ior  ])articiilar.s  .see  local  annals.  I  note  the  following  military  items; 
■'.a.  1,  1S41,  Vallejo  to  min.  of  war.  The  Ma/aLlaii  s(|uadidn  of  ISl!)  has 
u^tii  fur  many  years  dispersed  for  want  of  resources,  each  man  earning  his 


i 


!i 


198 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS  AND  GENERAL  CONDITION. 


g'rand  total  of  24  men  was  also  maintained;  of  which 
Captain  Silva  was  made  the  commander,  and  respr'l. 
ing  which  certain  reports  were  called  for  and  luailc, 
with  a  view  to  increase  its  efficiency  for  the  country's 
safety.  The  armament  was  forty-three  cannon,  or 
two  to  each  gunner,  to  say  nothing  of  seventeen  use- 
less  pieces.^''  In  addition  to  the  military  force  already 
specified,  there  was  a  temporary  auxiliary  or  militia 
company  organized  for  service  against  the  Indians, 
but  about  which  at  this  time  little  is  known.^° 

Having  thus  briefly  noticed  several  matters  con- 
nected with  the  general  condition  of  the  country  in 
1841,  I  come  back  to  that  of  politics,  or  to  the  ouly 
phase  of  polities  outside  of  foreign  relations  that  still 
offered  something  of  interest  or  importance — the  con- 
tijv^ersy  between  the  comandante  general  and  the 
governor. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  year  Vallejo  wrote  again 
to  the  supreme  government  of  his  grievances  and  of 
the  ruin  that  Alvarado's  policy  was  bringing  upon  the 

living  as  best  lie  can.  Vnlkjo,  Doc,  MS.,  x.  7.  Jan.  11th,  the  gov.  lias 
bought  100  carbines  from  the  Catnlitia  to  prevent  their  being  sold  to  iirivato 
pcr.sons.  /(/. ,  x.  2.  ]\larch,  Vallejo  informs  comanduntes  that  he  has  iiem 
ordered  to  report  on  disabled  officers,  who  arc  to  be  retired.  Id.,  x.  8'2.  .Viii', 
."^d,  a  lieutenant  anthovi;;(.'3  his  attorney  to  collect  from  Abrcgo  §1,88.'),  l);uk 
pay  for  4  years  and  10  months.  <S.  Vii'/o,  Arch.,  MS.,  •282.  Aug.  7th,  pm- 
chase  of  100  carbines  from  CiTdis  and  2,040  flints.  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  x.  •J.'iO. 
Sept.  'I'M,  .S.'iOO  on  account  of  the  general's  salary  sent  with  money  for  the 
company.  Id.,  x.  288.  Oct.  1st,  V.  says  that  in  accordance  with  ortlers  from 
Mexico  he  has  appointed  a  comandante  for  the  frontier  (distinct  from  that  of 
S.  F.)  Dipt.  St.  P.qh,  Ben.  JUL,  MS.,  Ixxxv.  ,3. 

"June  1840,  Silva  appointed  in  Mexico  to  re-organize  and  comuKiii'l  the 
artiUory.  Havct'je,  Doc,  ,M,S.,  iv.  322-.'?.  Feb.  19,  1841,  min.  of  war  culN  t < 
a  report  of  guns  and  war  material.  Vallrjo,  Doc,  MS.,  x.  G.'J.  April  ITtii, 
similar  order.  Td.,  x.  IIG.  May  12th,  rejjortof  chief  of  artillery  at  Moiitcicy 
on  arnuiment  and  its  distribution,  as  follows:  Jlonterey,  18  guns,  with  cap- 
tain, sergeant,  2  corporals,  drummer,  and  7  ]irivates;  S.  Francisco,  t)  giiii3 
and  1  man;  Sonoma,  7  guns  and  o  men;  Sta  Barbara,  .3  guns  and  G  iiicii;  S. 
Diego,  !•  guns  and  1  man;  besides  useless  guns  and  miscellaneous  ■\\;irm;i- 
tcrial.  Id.,  x.  12.5-G. 

■-"  Feb.  Ifi,  1841,  general  order  in  Mexico  for  organization  of  auxiliarv  com- 
panies. Vallejo,  Doc  Hist  Mex.,  MS.,  ii.  IGO.  .Tunc  2Sth,  Alvaroilo 
con.sults  Vallejo  ou  the  subject.  Vallijo,  Doc,  MS.,  x.  181.  I'aymcnt'j  to 
auxiliaries  for  service.  Dcpt.  St.  Pap.,  JJen.  Coin,  and  TreuK.,  ]\IS.,  iv.  ."i7-S. 
Sept.  oth,  Ci'-iit.  Estrada  states  that  his  troops  have  ceased  to  serve,  hi, 
iv.  00. 


VALLEJO  vs  ^VLVARADO. 


190 


country,"^  expressing  anew  his  conviction  that  relief 
luust  come  from  Mexico,  and  that  the  two  commands 
.should  be  re-united  in  one  person.  He  also  addressed 
a  private  letter  to  President  Bustamante  on  the  sub- 
ject, explaining  that  the  unfortunate  interruption  of 
iVii. nully  relations  between  the  two  men  had  rendered 
it  iiiij)ossible  for  him  to  exert  any  influence  upnu 
Alvarado,  who  had  done  nothing  of  late  but  create 
ollices  and  multiply  expenses.  A  reorganization  of 
the  public  service  in  all  its  branches  was  imperatively 
necessary;  at  the  least,  a  commissioner  should  be  sent 
I'roni  Mexico  to  study  and  report  on  California's  neeils. 
Pie  also  hoped  to  be  soon  reheved  of  his  command 
and  ])erniitted  to  visit  the  national  capital."^ 

Xaturally,  unworthy  motives  have  been  imputed  to 
Viillejo.  It  has  been  thought  that  he  not  only  desired 
t(i  humble  a  rival,  but  to  obtain  the  governorship  f  )r 
himself.  Alvarado,  as  we  have  seen,  had  once  gone 
so  far  as  to  suspect,  or  to  })retend  such  a  suspicion, 
thiit  he  was  ready  to  effect  his  ])urpose  by  conspiiacy 
with  I'oreigners,-^  and  other  partisans  of  the  governor 
held   and  expressed  similar  opinions.'^*     A   common 

-'Jan.  1,  1841,  V.  to  min.  of  war.  VaUrjo,  Doc,  MS.,  x.  4-6,  0-11.  Sr  v- 
eral  communications,  lie  says  'the  civil  govt  ia  inibkilful  luuuLs  lias  swuni 
the  ilcstructiun  of  the  military  branch,  and  lias  not  oven  respected  its  iiiii|)- 
ei'ty;'  declares  the  iiresiilial  companies  nuust  he  lestoreil,  and  given  each  its 
raiiclio — especially  Hinst  the  company  of  Sonoma  have  the  raiicho  of  So^.col; 
c")!iiplaii!S  of  an  unjust  distriinitioii  of  the  funds;  states  that  Al)re;^o,  haviii'.; 
bwu  ajipointed  eomisario  without  hoiids,  oheyd  Alvarado  implicitly;  say.*  lie 
lu:s  only  ,iu.->t  received  his  olli'.i.tl  despatches  from  the  war  department  f^r 
lSi7-4(i,  all  having  been  opened  at  the  capital;  charges  that  not  only  puMi;- 
Init  private  mails  are  tam'icved  uitli;  that  the  Calijoniid  sailed  without  Lis 
cor;'('spiiiid','uce,  being  despatched  iiy  the  gov.  without  'ds  kuowled;re.  .\l)u  >s 
(jf  every  kind  arc  constantly  permitted  and  relief  can  come  only  from  the 
national  govt,  the  onLrs  of  which  at  present  are  despised.  .Ian.  l.">lli,  lo 
^  iniioml  he  writes  that  the  governor's  sycnphants  have  caused  confiisina  In 
every  branch  of  the  govt,  and  now,  expecting  soon  to  lose  tiieir  otlices,  are 
Jes'ioying  everything  as  fast  as  they  can.  /</.,  x.  42. 

■-.bin.  l.Jth,  V.  to  p-es.  Vallijo,  Dor.,  .MS.,  x.  4(1.  lie  says  (liuira  y 
Kuricga  is  the  only  ollicer  at  all  competent  to  take  his  place  temptirarily. 

^'See  /list,  (at.,  vol.  iii.,  chap,  xx.,  this  sei'ies. 

^'I'Vb.  -J.'.,  1S41,  .Toacpiiii  T.  Castro  from  S.  Pablo  to  prefect  Tibnreio  Ca-u 
tro.  Fears  that  Vallejo  intends  to  get  the  command,  and  has  good  reason  tor 
his  fear-i.  The  foreigners  favor  him,  and  Forties  sayt;  the  .Mexican  govt  has 
t-'ivi'ii  him  encouragement.  lias  never  longed  for  I'ou  .losi'"s  ]>resence  n.on> 
tluin  now.  Couhl  say  much  more,  but  prefers  to  wait.  Vallejo  has  Ihreatei..  d 
to  make  it  hot  for  'mas  de  cuatro'  in  caso  of  success.   MonUrey,  Arc/i.,  M'-., 


I 


I 


I 


'  I: 


it  ^ 


^1 
'I 


Bi'i 


liiiliiM 


200 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS  AXD  GENERAL  COXDITIOX. 


version  of  tho  matter  amonq-  Californians  is  iu  mh- 
stance  that  Vallcjo,  angry  at  not  being  allowed  to 
control  tlie  government,  strove  to  overthrow  his  rival 
and  obtain  his  place,  but  overshot  the  mark,  sinco 
both  fell  together.^''  These  charges  and  suspicions  are, 
however,  greatly  exaggerated  if  no^  wholly  unfoundi'd. 
I  have  already  shown  that  at  the  beginning  of  the 
quarrel  Vallcjo  was  influenced  not  only  by  well  found- 
ed disapjiroval  of  the  governor's  acts,  but  by  wounded 
personal  pride  and  an  exalted  idea  of  his  own  authcir- 
ity.  In  ]8-j9  he  would  have  been  flattered  by  an 
oifer  of  tlie  governorshi[),  as  an  honor,  a  source  of 
power,  and  as  a  means  of  humbling  his  foes;  but  I 
find  no  evidence  that  he  ever  openly  oi'  secretly  sought 
the  oilice,  and  I  doubt  that  he  v.'ould  have  accej)to>l 
it  at  all  in  1841.  The  wdiole  tenor  of  his  conuuuiii- 
cations  to  the  Mexican  government  is  against  the  tlio- 
orv  that  he  desii-ed  to  be  <n:)vernor.-'^  Xaturallv,  Jio 
may  still  have  felt  some  resentment  toward  Alvarado, 
or  more  specially  toward  his  associates  at  the  capital; 
but  there  are  indications  that  his  feelings  in  that  re- 
S[)ect  were  less  bitter  than  formerl}'.  He  was  tired  of 
the  estrangement  and  controversy,  and  ho  felt  tliat 
under  the  unwise  man;v''ement  of  Alvaradu  and  Iiis 

O 

avlvisers  none  of  the  reforms — political,  military,  cniii- 
mercial,  and  industrial — which  he  believed  essi-iitial 
to  the  country's  Welfare  were  to  be  expected.     He  l)e- 

X.  ('i-7.  'An  iilia  li;is  got  ahrotitl  that  he  [Vallcjo]  ia  looking  to  the  f;n1ni'n;i- 
t(.ri,il  t'liair,  ami  to  I'C  jihu'i'd  tliorc  liy  tho  saini!  force  that  lias  raised  Ahar.nlj 
aiul  himself  to  the  pusts  they  now  iiecii]iy.'    U'ilbi'  Xitrr.,  v.  1210-1 1. 

'■'O.-io,  /llsl.  Ci/.,  MS.,"ll.".-lS,  tliinks  t!io  action  of  t!ie  govt  at  the  first 
1:1  writing  a  inivate  li'tter  to  liotli  otiiccrL  iliil  nuieli  to  ])i'oniote  the  (|tiarrL'l, 
K.iiliiig  each  to  tleeni  himself  the  favored  oii  '.  l^ieh  tried,  Inith  iu  t.'al.  ami 
Mex.,  ti>  overt lirow  the  ollu:r;  l)\it  it  is  imi)lieii  that  V.  was  in  tlie  wron^'  he- 
cause  his  otiieo  was  a,  snliordinatc  tnu\  See  also,  in  a  similar  strain,  some  in- 
cliaing  to  oiu^  side  and  sciine  to  the  other,  liotdlo,  Ainih s,  MS.,  <),");  "c/, 
Oi'iiririii'iiix,  MS.,  PJO;  Scrrmio,  A/iiiii/i",  MS.,  Cil~2;  F(  niniidcz,  ^'o-v's  (/<■ 
CuL,  MS.,  10;);  (/ft'i.if/n,  Ajiiiiifct,  MS.,  4'_'-:i;  and  many  others.  Narratives 
of  foreiLrn  writcr.i  generally  give  it  similar  version. 

'•"'Alvarado  himself,  I/i.^t.  Vol.,  MS.,iv.  I  D.'J-l'OO,  does  not  charge  V.willi 
liaviiiu'  desired  the  ollice;  though  he  iloes  ell:u'ge  him  with  hiiviiig  Keen  iillhl- 
cr.ced  in  his  opposition  mainly  l)y  anger  at  not  heing  allowed  to  manaui'  the 
country.  In  Ins  letter  to  \'irniond  of  Jan.  Nth,  V.  says  his  enemies  liclicve 
he  in  trying  to  gi  t  tho  governorshiii,  and  ia  likely  to  sucecod;  but  that  siicli 
ia  not  the  ciiac.    Valhjo,  Doc,  MS.,  x.  4:2. 


VALLEJO'S  POLICY. 


201 


lieved  that  the  tlopartment  was  drifting  toward  ruin; 
lie  saw  no  way  of  avoi'ting  tlio  danger  under  the  act- 
ual regime,  and  lie  advifsed  a  change.  Hi.s  advice, 
fr'iii  the  stand[)oint  of  a  Mexican  official,  was  sound; 
and  I  am  disposed  to  think,  notwithstanding  the  cur- 
rent charges,  that  it  was  honestly  given,  l^efoiv  the 
end  of  1841,  moreover,  the  general  Iiad  doul)tless  l)e- 
(■i)ine  convinced  that  California  was  not  destined  to 
remain  long  under  Mexican  rule.  lie  v/as  an  intelli- 
<ivnt  man,  foresaw  that  the  chano-o  was  likely  to  l)e 
an  advantage  to  his  country  and  to  his  own  interests, 
and  was  not  disposed  to  look  with  dread  U])on  the 
prespect;  but  being  also  a  man  of  honor,  with  a  due 
s  use  (if  his  obligations  as  a  ^Mexican  ofiicer,  he  con- 
tinued in  good  faith  to  urg«  upon  his  government  the 
iiiiminence  of  the  danger  and  the  only  means  of  avert- 
in;;-  it.  As  comandante  general  he  was  imjxdled  by 
hi.s  pride  and  sense  of  honor  to  protect  Mexican  in- 
terests; but  ho  preferred  that  the  impending  (diango 
should  find  neither  himself  nor  his  nephev»'  in  charge 
el'the  department. 

During  the  summer,  while  negotiations  for  the 
ah'Uidonnient  of  Ross  were  in  progress,  relations  be- 
twren  the  governor  and  general  vv'ere  not  unfi'iendly, 
;i  wr  luive  seen;  and  in  July  letters  were  c^xcdianu'ed 
by  the  two,  in  which  they  expressed  mutual  regret  for 
|).ist  estrangement,  and  a  desire  f)r  reconciliation.  A 
personal  interview  was  proposed,  Jesus  Vallejo  exert- 
iu^' liimself  particularly  in  the  matter;  but  the  mag- 
nate of  Sonoma  was  unwilling  to  visit  the  ca[)ital,  and 
Alvarado  declared  himself  too  unwell  to  eonu!  to 
ISanta  Clara."'      It  was  also  in  July  that  there  came, 

'^'  I'.ily  ]."),  1S41,  friigment  of  a  letter  from  V.  to  A.  'X<i  inua  were  tver 
uiiitc'il  liy  f;c>  many  tics  from  infancy  to  mauliood.'  Holies  to  get  liil  of  liis 
o'lUfo,  and  tluiH  to  ix'niove  all  yi'oiind-j  of  rivalry,  and,  if  it  lie  iniiiossililo  to  n:- 
IK  .V  I'  irdial  relations,  at  kui^t  to  osoajio  the  ridicnle  of  tlicir  fi-imd-i.  i'u/f'jo, 
l><i:,  MS.,  xiv.  -J!).  July  -JDlli,  A.  to  V.  1.4  fxl.id  to  know  that  V.  dcsirn  a 
iL  :',.iva',ion  of  liai-nioiiy;  and  i.s  at  a  loss  to  know  e.vactly  what  inti'iru|iti.il  it 
i;f.oi'  tlRJi'  last  ineetiiiLT.  A/.,  x.  '2.i'i.  .Inly  L'Tth,  \'.  invitiM  A.  to  vi.'iit  t!io 
fi'1'iitii.'r  to  have  an  interview  and  study  the  need.-i  of  that  re;;i>n.  l>enli  s  liio 
ciUKiit  ch.irycd  that  ho  dcsirea  to  nwku  himself  a  sultau  uutl  to  i' uore  tho 


I 


I 


ii« 


fm 
i"*f 


■jiiit 


It  H 


by  the  samo  vessel  that  brought  back  the  foreii^ai 
exiles  iVoin  San  Bias,  a  rumor  that  a  new  comaiidantc 
general  had  been  appointed,  and  was  about  to  start 
for  California  with  live  hundred  men.  The  ruiiKU-, 
thoug'li  premature,  had  some  foundation  in  fact,  but 
was  not  credited  by  the  governor.-^ 

Meanwhile  the  government  in  Mexico  replied  in 
April  to  Vallejo's  communications  of  January,  la 
these  replies,  which  seem  not  to  have  reached  Cali- 
fornia until  October,  Vallejo  was  assured  in  the  presi- 
dent's name  that  measures  would  bo  promptly  dictated 
for  the  reform  of  abuses  complained  of.  Alvarado 
was  recommended  to  observe  all  due  consideration  i'or 
the  general;  both  were  urged  to  act  in  harmony,  and 
luutuall}'  aid  each  other  iu  the  country's  time  of  trv.u- 
ble  which  seemed  near  at  hand.-^  About  the  same 
time  Jose  Casti'o  came  back  from  ^Mexico,  very  likely 
with  verbal  instructions  from  Bustamante  to  effect  a 
reconciliation  between  the  two  chiefs.  At  any  rate, 
he  took  some  steps  in  that  direction,  as  it  was  evi- 
dently feared  that  a  crisis  was  at  hand  when  the  guii- 
eral's  cooperation  would  be  needed.  Writing  to 
Vallejo  he  protested  that  his  friendship  was  undimiii- 
i  died,  denied  that  he  had  tried  to  compromise  the 
general  in  Mexico,  cursed  tlie  men  who  had  kept  their 
rulers  at  loggerheads,  hoped  he  would,  by  coming  to 
]Moiitei'ey,  teach  those  false  friends  a  lesson,  urge] 
him  to  forget  all  [)ersonal  differencesfor  the  country  >: 
good,  and  invitf.^d  him  to  come  to  Mission  San  JosJ 
lor  an  interview.  "The  good  begun  by  us  fir  Cali- 
fornia must  be  carried  to  completion,  and  our  Iocs 
C(Mif  )unded"!^'^  Alvarado  also  wrote,  expressing  his 
willingness  to  obey  the  president's    instructions  hy 

political  authnritiea.  He  has  the  force  to  do  so  if  ho  wished,  but  h:is  ulviu- 
ciitortaincil  sucli  'imworthy  ideas.  Id.,  x.  'J30. 

''■July  "J'Jd,  Comaiidantc  1"  lores  at  Monterey  to  V.  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  x. 
2'JO.    July  iOth,  A.  to  V.  Id.,  x.  'JJli. 

-"•' April  (i,  1 J,  IStl,  min.  of  war  to  V.  Vnlkjo,  Doc,  MS.,  x.  9S-9;  lO.M 
April  i-Jth,  mill,  of  rel.  to  A.  .S'.f/).  Oovt  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvi.  19.  Mauli, 
J.ino,  reports  called  for  on  state  of  ati'airs  in  Cal.  D(2)t.  St.  /-"(»/?., MS.,  iv. 
137;  Aifulix,  Arch.,  I^LS.,  ii,  08-70. 

^"Uct.  Jtb,  -Joth,  Castro  to  V.    VaWjo,  Doc,  MS.,  x.  301,  315.    The  -cu- 


CASTRO'S  EFFOnTS. 


203 


ivtluclng  the  number  of  civil  servants,  attending  to 
tlio  organization  of  a  military  force,  and  taking  coun- 
si'l  of  A'allejo  and  others  respecting  the  course  to  be 
i'dllowed,  "so  for  as  policy  and  circumstances  could  be 
reconciled  with  duty."^^ 

Vallejo  came  down  to  Mission  San  Jose  in  Xovem- 
bcr  as  requested,^-  and  had  an  interview  with  Castro, 
though  Alvarado  was  probably  not  present.  The  de- 
cision arrived  at  was  that,  the  situation  being  critical, 
prompt  steps  must  be  taken;  that  if  the  country  was 
to  be  saved  from  foreign  invasion,  national  aid  must 
be  obtained;  and  that  Castro  should  go  to  ^lexico  as 
the  general's  comLsionado  to  secure  such  aid,  as  well 
as  to  ascertain  the  actual  condition  of  political  affairs 
in  the  national  capital,  about  which  there  was  much 
uncertainty.^  There  is  room  for  suspicion  that  this 
result  was  deliberately  planned  by  Castro  and  Al- 
varado as  a  means  of  preventing  Vallejo  from  sending 
some  other  comisionado  who  would  work  against  the 
governor's  interests,  as  of  course  Castro  was  not  to 
do.  On  December  Glh,  however,  Alvarado  suddenly 
changed  his  mind,  and  decided  that  Castro  was  needed 
at  houie.^*  Possibly  Alvarado  intended  at  this  time 
to  send  a  secret  agent  by  the  California  in  Castro's 

cnil'n  k'tturs  are  not  extant;  but  he  seems  to  have  made  some  charges  against 
Lion  Josu. 

='Oct.  'JTth,  A.  to  V.    Valhjo,  Doc,  MS.,  x.  ?,12. 

'-He  was  thore,  as  will  be  scon,  when  the  Bartleson  company  of  innni- 
graiits  arrive  J.     lie  arrived  Nov.  t)th  and  remained  at  least  until  the  18th. 

•'^  There  is  no  record  of  the  interview.  Nov.  17th,  V.  writes  to  A.,  ur^^'in.; 
the  necessity  of  prompt  military  or<,'anization.  I'allijo,  I)or.,  JIS.,  x.  'M'J. 
Xiiv.  ISth,  V.  to  Ahrego.  Rcijuests  him  to  furniili  Castro  .?l,r)00  for  travel- 
ling expenses  to  ^lexico,  where  ho  goes  on  public  business.  7/.,  x.  .'!."i.'?.  Nov. 
HOtii,  Alvarado  to  V.  Will  order  the  California  to  ^Monterey  to  take  Castro 
with  \'.'s  despatches  to  Mexico;  will  also  send  by  him  a  report  on  the  ini- 
pendini,' dangers.  Id.,  x.  .'W9. 

^'Iioe.  0th,  A.  to  Castro,  in  Valhjo,  Doc,  MS.,  x.  Wi'^.  He  has  just 
heard  of  the  coming  of  a  party  of  Americans  from  N.  Mexico,  which  showed 
the  (lani;ir  to  be  nearer  tlian  had  been  expected,  ami  Castnj's  s^r\  ices  were 
likclytol)e  needed.  Moreover,  aid  from  Mexico  could  hardly  come  in  less  than 
.'ix  nl()nth^';  and  the  latest  news  from  Mexico,  which  ho  gives  at  some  length, 
kuvcs  .some  room  for  doubt  that  attention  will  be  paid  to  Californian  matters 
when  allair.-i  at  the  capital  are  in  such  an  unsettled  condition.  However,  ho 
will  still  send  tlio  scliooncr  with  despatches.  Y)oc.  Stii,  Castro  to  V. ,  for- 
wii'ilin,' A. "s  letter,  and  announcing  his  readiness  to  make  any  sacrifice  and 
oUy  the  general's  orders.  Id.,x.  370. 


It  5: " 


201 


POLITICAL  AFFAIRS  AND  GEXEllAL  CONDITION. 


place;  or  liis  chaiigo  of  purpose  may  have  resulted 
i'rom  the  discovery  of  Vallejo's  purpose  to  send  Victor 
Prudou,  his  secretary,  as  a  companion  to  Castro,  wliidi 
would  render  his  plot,  if  plot  there  was,  ineft'ectual. 
At  any  rate,  the  general  had  resohed  to  send Prudoii, 
and  did  not  niodil'y  his  resolution  at  all  in  consequence 
of  tlu!  change  in  the  governor's  plan.^^ 

Vallejo's  despatches  to  the  supreme  government  in 
Decemher  did  not  differ  in  spirit  from  those  of  January. 
He  pictured  California  as  a  country  nowhere  excelled 
in  natural  advantages  of  climate,  soil,  and  harbors, 
having  all  the  elements  of  a  grand  prosperity,  and  need- 
ing only  an  energetic  population  and  wise  regulati(;ns. 
The  immediate  and  imperative  necessity  was  the  pro- 
tection of  the  department  by  the  presence  of  a  sufficient 
military  force.  He  pointed  out  in  considerable  detail 
the  country's  commercial  and  agricultural  possibilities, 
giving  also  his  views  respecting  the  obstacle  in  the 
way  of  their  realization.  Of  course  he  alluded  to  the 
old  complaints  against  the  actual  administration,  and 
he  formulated  a  remedial  scheme,  in  substance  as  fol- 
lows: i.  A  man  should  be  placed  at  the  head  of  affairs, 
and  invested  with  both  civil  and  military  authority, 
who  is  not  connected  by  blood  or  otherwise  with  other 
authorities  or  with  the  governed,  ties  of  relationship 
rende'ring  the  chief  impotent  and  his  subjects  insuber- 
dinate.    ii.  A  force  of  at  least  two  hundred  men  should 

^■"' Pradon'.s  nanio  does  not  appear  in  this  connection  until  Doc.  Utli,  wliiii 
— possibly  after  receiving  Castvo'ci  letter  of  the  8th,  Imt  jirolialdj' not — \";i- 
Uojo  in  liis  letter  to  the  niin.  of  war  announces  the  scndiuj,'  of  Castro  .'iiiil 
I'nulon  with  despatches.    Vallcjo,  Dor..  JIS.,  x.  384.     His  instructions  d.itod 

Dec. ,  are  addressed  toCastroan<l  I'rudon;  hut  hyart.  (i  the  latter  is  to  ijo 

alone  if  Castro  for  any  reason  is  unaldo  to  go.  The  instructions  arc  simply  to 
proceed  to  Acapulco  and  ^I'.'xico,  present  tlespatches,  answer  questions  almut 
the  country,  not  to  know  the  objoet  of  their  niissicjn  before  their  interview 
with  the  min.  of  war,  and  to  hurry  l)aek  with  tiio  answer  l)y  the  CnliJ'onihi, 
^^■hich  was  to  wait  at  Acapulco  for  them.  Not  oxer  (i  days  were  to  be  sinut 
in  ^Mexico.  Iil.,  xiv.  28.  As  Prndon  was  Vallejo's  private  secretary,  tli'; 
M-arning  not  to  know  the  nature  of  the  mission  is  very  funny.  Dec.  "2 1st,  V. 
to  Abrego.  As  Castro  cannot  go,  .S1,">00  is  to  ))c  paid  to  I'rudon.  Td.,  x.  ;)si); 
Dcpt.  S/.  Pap.,  IJen.  Com.  and  Tnag.,  MS.,  iv.  ().">.  Dec.  2.'!d,  V.  toniiu.  of  win-, 
accrediting  Capt.  Victor  Prudon  as  his  comisionado,  and  )-econiuicnding  liii:i 
higidy  for  competence  and  integrity.  Asks  that  he  bo  confirmed  as  captain 
in  the  regular  army.    Vallcjo,  Due,  MS.,  x.  o03. 


i     111 


THE  GENERAL'S  PLAN. 


205 


be  sent  to  the  country  with  their  itay  well  secured, 
niid  with  competent  officers  of  good  character,  iii. 
The  custoiu-house  should  be  put  in  charge  of  the  conii- 
•sario,  and  the  corps  of  treasury  servants  sliould  bo 
largely  rethiced.  iv.  There  sliould  be  established  and 
niaiutained  a  responsible  post-office  department,  v. 
At  San  Francisco  the  fort  should  be  rebuilt,  with 
other  ])ublic  edifices,  and  a  custom-house  should  be 
established.  The  laws  forbidding  the  coasting  trade 
by  foreign  vessels  should  be  enforced,  and  the  impor- 
tation of  various  articles  prohibited  with  a  view  to 
encourage  home  industries.  vi.  And  finally  there 
sluaild  be  sent  a  large  colony  of  Mexican  artisans  and 
fanners  to  counterbalance  the  influx  of  foreigners.^^ 

^^  VuJhjn,  ^Valcs  <Jc  CnViforma  y  siis  rcmodioK.  Tnforme  dd  Comauilavte 
Ccno-dl  (il  Jliiii.flvo  dc  fluf'rrUy  1,1  (!'•  Die,  IS.'fl,  MS.,  also  copii;i.I  iii  Vullcjo, 
y/.'.s/.  <'<tl.,  !M.S.,  iv.  iSl-S.  Also  V.  to  miii.  of  war,  Dec.  11th,  iu  VcdUJo, 
Doc,  MS.,  X.  38-4. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

COMMERCLVL  AXP  ^MARITIME  AFFAIRS— THE  HUDSON'S   BAY 
COMPANY— VISITS  ^IND  BOOKS. 

1841. 

Trading  Reoulatioks — Coasting  Trade  Suspended  and  Rkstort.d— 
New  Mexican  Caravan — Smuggling — Vallejo's  Plan — Otter-hunt- 
ing—Whalers — List  of  Vessels — Statistics  of  Revenue — Finan- 
cial Admimstp.ation — Hudson's  Bay  Company  in  California — Visjit 
AND  Journal  of  Sir  James  Douglas— The  Fur-iicntehs  Licexseii— 
Purchase    of    Live-stock— Puoiosed    Trading-post— Rae's    Estaii. 

LISIIMENT     at     YeRBA     BuENA — VlSlT    OF    SiR    GeORGE    SiMPSON    AND 

Chief  Factor  McLoughlin — The  Company  and  Sutter— Simpsun 
TO  Vallejo— Map — Simpson's  Nauraiive — Quotations — Warneu's 
Lecture  on  California — Peirce's  Visit  and  Journal. 


In  accordance  with  his  warning  of  February  1840, 
and  his  communication  of  December  to  the  supremo 
government,^  Alvarado  issued  an  order  in  January 
1841,  that  foreign  vessels  must  in  future  discharge 
and  pay  duties  on  their  cargoes  at  Monterey,  the 
coasting'  trade  being  strictly  prohibited.  By  the  snuio 
order  the  importation  of  foreign  sugar,  salt,  and  tim- 
ber was  also  prohibited,  as  by  the  Mexican  revenue 
laws."  This  act,  having  been  expected  for  a  year, 
excited  but  little  conunent  or  opposition  so  far  as  tiie 

'See  eliap.  iii.  of  this  vol.  Dec.  13th,  A.  to  nun.  of  int.  Dept,  Hec,  MS., 
xi.  70. 

^Jan.  2,  1841,  Alvar.ido's  order.  Dcpt.  Hcc,  MS.,  xii.  29;  Dcpt.  St.  Pap., 
lieu.,  MS.,  iii.  2.');  /(/.,  Ben.  ViiKt.-/J.,  v.  8-9.  Vessels  actually  engaged  in  tiio 
ccisting  trade  were  to  be  allowed  time  to  complete  tluur  voyages.  Corre- 
sponding order-s  ■were  issued  to  local  authorities  to  prevent  trade  by  vessel.^ 
%vhicli  could  not  show  the  proiier  permits  from  Monterey.  S.  £>ir;/o,  Ar<k., 
MS.,  280;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xii.  49.  Tlie  change  is  mentioned  in  -VW 
i?rr/.,  March  1841,  l.x.  178;  and  the  I lonohdu  Polynesian,  March  27th,  i.  107. 
Approved  by  Mex.  govt  in  1841.  Sup.  Govt  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvi.  19. 

(2U6) 


COASTING  TRADE  rROHIBITED. 


207 


record'^  sliow.  The  Tludson's  Bay  Company's  vessel 
Coliniihia,  having  arrived  on  the  1st,  was  not  atlected 
hy  the  new  reguUitions,  and  was  permitted  to  sell 
even  the  sugar  she  had  on  board,  without  restriction; 
l)ut  the  M(tri/huul,  arriving  later  witli  a  eargo  of 
Hawaiian  sugar,  narrowly  escaped  liaving  that  part 
of  lier  cargo  confiscated,  and  her  captain  was  glad  to 
oet  away  from  Monterey  by  paying  dues  on  a  ton- 
iiago  far  above  the  vessel's  proper  register.^  The 
3larijhind  seems  to  have  been  tlie  only  vessel  of  the 
year  whose  operations  were  at  all  interfered  with  by 
tlie  edict  of  January,  an  edict  which  was  virtually 
repealed  a  few  months  later.  In  July  the  Boston 
ship  7'(^s•,s•o  and  a  schooner  arrived  at  Monterey,  and  on 
liearin''-  that  they  could  not  engaufo  in  the  coasting 
trade,  at  once  prepared  to  depart  without  discharg- 
ing their  cargoes.  This  threat,  involving  a  prospect- 
ive loss  of  about  $20,000  in  duties,  brought  the  gov- 
ernment to  terms,  and  the  vessels  were  allowed  to 
trade  as  before.*  There  is  no  record  that  the  privi- 
lege was  formally  extended  to  other  vessels;  but 
neither  does  it  appear  that  there  was  any  further  at- 
tempt to  enforce  the  edict;  and  the  re-opening  of  the 
CaHfornian  ports  was  announced  at  Honolulu.^ 

Cuirent  commercial  matters  of  the  year,  with  the 
exception  of  that  just  mentioned,  were  not  of  a  nature 
to  attract  much  attention.  The  usual  caravan  of  trad- 
ers came  overland  from  New  Mexico  in  the  autumn, 
numbering  about  thirty-five  men,  under  the  command 
of  Estevan  Vigil.     There  were  the  usual  fears  of  the 

'Jan.  29,  1S41,  Estabrook  to  Larkin,  announcing  the  new  law,  wliich 
'will  unquestionably  be  carried  into  effeut  until  the  poverty  of  the  govt 
comptls  them  to  alter  it.'  The  writer  erroneously  claims  that  there  was  un- 
just tliscriniination  in  favor  of  the  Coliimlia  and  against  the  Mari/laiid,  sup- 
posing the  order  to  have  taken  effect  Jan.  1st.  lie  also  pronounces  the 
Ciwtonis  olhcers  a  'set  of  blockheads,'  who  made  a  blunder  of  GO  tons  in  meas- 
uring the  Mupjlaml.  They  linally  took  off  40  tons,  and  Capt.  IMinn  paid  for 
the 'JO  to  avoid  delay.  Lar'/c'ni's  Doc,  MS.,  i.  122.  In  a  letter  from  }ilontercy 
(■f  Fell.  20th,  it  is  stated  that  an  order  was  actually  issued  for  the  seizure  of 
the  sugar,  but  subsequently  withdrawn.   Iloitohdn  Pohincxian,  i.  107. 

*  July  .'),  1841,  .ibrego  to  Vallejo,  in  Vallcjo,  Doc,  MS.,  x.  199. 

■>  /fonolulu  Polynesian,  ii.  55,  The  news  was  brought  by  the  Llama  in 
September. 


II 


I  i  f ! 


. 


'JOS 


COMMERCIAL  AND  MARITIME  AFFAIltS. 


Clinguanosos,  the  hcfcs  Doh-s  of  soutlierii  California, 
j)aiticu!ar;iii\ii't_v  bciiiL"' excited  l>y  reports  tliat  apaity 
ol'  lifl.y-live,  Aiiierieaus,  [''I'l'iieliiueM,  Ilidiaiis,  aiui  e\eu 
'apostate'  Mexicans,  was  ai)proaeliiii^^"  witii  dcprdradi'st 
miras,  under  the  leadei'sliip  of  El  Cojo  Suiit,  probaMy 
Peg-leg  Smith;"  but  there  are  no  I'ccords  of  spei.-ial 
outrages  (•((Uiinitted  by  these  vagabonds  during  tliu 
year;  and  they  must  not  be  coidounded  with  tlie  paity 
of  inunigrants  by  the  same  route  to  be  noticed  latrr. 
Tlu;  smugglers  gave  the  authorities  but  little  trouble, 
tlujULih  it  would  be  unwise  to  conclude  that  they  hail 
nbandiined  their  evil  ways.  Abel  Stearns  did  not  I'.iil, 
howevei',  to  I'urnish  as  usual  an  item  for  this  brantli 
of  his  countiy's  annals,  since  he  was  re})eatedly  warned 
to  cease  Jiis  contraband  operations  in  hides,  and  his 
troubles  of  the  [)receding  year  had  not  yet  been  fully 
settled.' 

Yalleio  still  entertained  the  idea  of  transferriuL"' 
the  custom-houso  to  San  Fi'anciseo,  but  made  no 
progress  towards  the  realization  of  his  plan.  Lieu- 
tenant Wilkes  represented  Vallejo  as  controlling  tlio 
entire  trade  of  San  Francisco  Bay  with  a  view  solely 
to  his  own  personal  interests,  but  there  was  littK^  if 
au}^  foundation  for  such  a  charge,  and  there  is  noth- 
ing to  indicate  that  the  general  interfered  or  desired 
to  interfere  in    the    collection  of  revenues.*^     Otter- 

"Aug.  10,  1841,  passport  and  instructions  to  Vigil  8i:;nc(l  by  Capt.  Tnijino 
at  S.  JiKiii  do  Ids  Caballuros.  J)v]it.  St.  I'lip.,  Amj.,  yiS.,  vi.  77-8.  RuMurs 
aliDiit  the  I  liiiij'uaunsds,  soniu  of  thuin  hronglit  Ijy  Vigil's  party,  and  pre- 
c;iutions  taken.  /./..  iv.  41!;  vi.  7"'-<i;  xi.  130-1;  Gmrra,  Doc,  .VlS.,  vi.  I.V2. 
Report  about  Smitir.s  jiarty.  .S'.  hlcjo.  Arch.,  MS.,  '270.  Mofras,  h'.rjjl(imf!"iit 
i.  .■i.')4-(),  sjieaks  of  tlie  annual  caravan;  and  says  that  the  one  arriving  at  Lo3 
Angeles  in  Xuv.  of  this  year  included  1200  New  Mo.xioans  and  00  Americans, 
besides  a  detaehed  party  of  40  wiio  went  to  S.  Jos(^'.  The  departure  of  lliu 
caravan  is  noted  also  in  A'J/o'  L'';/.,  Ixi.  "JOD. 

■Los  Ai'ij'-li's,  Arrh.,  .MS.,  ii.  J-C;  Jh/J.  Sf.Pa/).,  Btn.  Prvf.  i/Jir:;/.,  MS., 
iv.  l-'2;  vi.  8i-'2.  Arnaz,  /'emcnlo-i,  ^LS.,  'i2,  tells  ns  that  V'irniond  raul 
Agiiirre  did  no  suiugLrling.  Relden,  Jfi<f.  Sfufenieiif,  MS.,  (i7-8,  relates  a  cur- 
rent story,  to  thoeliect  that  some  (>f  the  Californians  usecl  to  sell  Larkin  dio 
same  hide  several  times  over  liy  stealing  it  from  tlie  yard  back  of  his  st(;!c. 

^  8  Dec.  11,  1841,  V.  to  min.  of  war.  V,ill<jo,  Doc,  MS.,  x.  ,'JS(i.  Wilk-s, 
Karr.,  v.  "JlO-ll,  says  V.  'is  not  overscrupukms  in  demanding  du'it-  'f 
vessels  entering  the  port  of  San  Francisco;  and  until  he  has  been  seen  :'.iul 
consulted  a  vessel  trading  here  is  liable  to  an  indefinite  amount  of  duti-.s. 
A  portion  of  the  amount  adds  to  his  wealth,  and  how  nuieh  goes  to  the  guv- 


VESSELS  OF  1841. 


300 


liuiitiDt,^  wont  on  as  before,  hviu}f  confined  for  tho 
iii(»st  |i!irt  to  the  southern  coasts  and  islands,  where 
it  furnished  profitable  einployment  to  a  few  persons. 
Santa  Barbara  was  the  head(]uarters  of  the  otter- 
Innittrs;  and  captains  Fitch,  Wilson,  and  Scott  are 
the  nun  specially  mentioned  as  interested  in  this 
hranch  of  industry  in  1841.  The  records,  however, 
arc  vague  and  of  little  interest,  being  disconnected 
itriiis  relating  to  attempts  on  the  part  of  the  author- 
ities to  prevent  illegal  hunting."  Whalers  had  been 
ac'ciistonied  to  bring  goods  to  trade  for  needed  sup- 
jilies;  but  this  year  it  was  deemed  necessary  to  im- 
jxisf  lestrictions;  and  while  these  vessels  were  still  to 
k'  cM'Ujpt  from  anchorage  and  tonnage  dues,  they 
v.tro  to  pay  duties  on  the  goods  introduced,  which 
niuld  not  exceed  .§500  in  value  for  each  vessel.^"  I 
may  leniark  here  that  the  visitors  of  this  year, 
Douglas,  Mofras,  Peirce,  Wilkes,  and  Simpson,  in 
their  narratives  to  be  noticed  elsewhere,  give  special 
atttiition  to  the  commercial  interests  of  the  country. 
Ill  the  maritime  list  of  the  year  I  name  forty-six 
vessels,*'  of  which  number  seven  were  men-of-war,  or 

01  luncnt  is  not  known — enough  I  was  told  in  some  cases  to  save  appearances, 
:i;iil  iMi  more.'  He  '  considers  every  bushel  of  grain  as  much  at  his  command 
a;  lie  dues  the  persons  of  the  people  and  the  property  of  the  state.'  All 
tlieso  notions  were  imbibed  largely  from  Sutter. 

'>sia  JMrhnm,  Arch.,  MS.,  17',  21;  S.  Dii-'jo,  Arch.,  MS.,  281;  Doc.  ITU. 
''"/.,  MS.,  iv.  1112;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Aixjcloi,  MS.,  vi.  28;  XitPvrr'n  Life, 
MS..  107-8. 

" /';»/(),  Doc,  MS.,  i.  253,  359-60,  .308-0;  Dcpt.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.,  MS.,  iii. 
I'.'.  Due.  7th,  Spear  to  Larkin.  Complains  that  the  whalers  'play  the 
liiuei; '  with  regular  trade,  selling  goods  cheap  and  paying  high  prices  for 
1.;mIik'(.'.  Ldrkiii'-'i  Doc,  MS.,  i.  193. 

"SocfuU  list  for  1841-5  at  end  chap,  xxiii.,  this  vol.  Vessels  of  1841: 
.Kfrf,  Ai/HCiicho,  Bolina,  Bolivar,  Brai/aiiza,  t'ali/oriiia,  Catalina,  Chato, 
'I'lrii,  Cnlnmhia,  Columbine,  Constnntine,  Cvr,iair,  Cowlitz,  Ciiracoa,  Don 
<,''i(r:il(',  Elena,  Eliza,  Flying  Fish,  Hamilton,  Index,  J6ven  Carolina,  Jdren 
(.'Kijiiizfoana,  Juan  Diego,  Ju(<:\  Jose  (?),  Julia  Ann,  Lahaina,  Llama,  Lau- 
xiiiiie  (■;),  I jcon Idas (">.),  Leonora^"!),  Maryland,  Morea(^),  Xin/n,  Orcza,  Oregon, 
iircnhn,  Porpoise,  Ilosalind,  St  Louis  (?),  Sapphire,  .S'«.va»n,  Tas.so,  Thomas 
rrL-iii.%  Vincennes,  Yorktoion.  On  the  Oregon-built  schooner,  the  Star  of 
'■rrijr.n.  which  came  to  S.  F.  and  was  sold,  see  Hist.  Or.,  i.  247-8,  this  series. 
I  liiul  no  Cal.  record  of  her  presence. 

Statistics  for  1841:  Custom-honrie  receipts  according  to  records  in  Dept. 

>'._/''!/'.,  l}e„.  Cust.-H.,  MS.,  v.,  .$101,101 ;  expenses,  .$9,344;  netjjroduct,  891,- 

f^lT^    Hiirtnell  gives  the  total  as  $101,150  from  22  vessels.  Pico,  Doc,  MS., 

i  Sd.    In  Mexico,  Mem.  Hacienda,  1844,  annex.  1,  the  receipts  are  given  aa 

UisT.  Cal..  Vol.  IV.    U 


-.1 


f  ? 


&tUi^-' 


310 


COMMKRCIAL  AND  MARITIME  AFFAIRS. 


national  exploring  craft;  sovon  woro  whalers,  and 
l)r<)l)al)ly  a  lew  more  not  nainetl,  wliilo  twenty  vetssL-ls 
made  up  the  tradiiiLJ  ih'et  proper  and  broujj^ht  to  the 
country  ^^ood.s  Invoiced  at  about  .^100,000,  on  which 
duties  were  jtaid  to  the  same  amount.  Ca»'<jroes  in- 
troduced hy  contraband  metlioda,  there  arc  no  means 
ot'cHtimatinjif  accurately,  but  they  certainly  were  iidt 
less  than  half  the  amounts  entered  at  the  custom- 
house, Dullot  de  jNIofras,  an  intelligent  French  trav- 
eller who  visited  California  ^'lis  year,  estimated  tho 
importations  at  .$150,000  and  exported  products  at 
{?2H0,000.  Sir  James  Douglas  gave  $241,000  as  his 
estimate  of  the  exports.  Both  gentlemen,  however, 
referred  to  an  average  rather  than  to  this  j)artifiiliir 
year.  Four  or  live  vessels,  the  Tasso,  Aifucncho,  (Jor- 
sair,  Julia  Am),  and  Vowlitz,  paid  more  than  t\V(» 
thirds  of  the  total  revenue  of  the  year. 

Antonio  ^larfa  (3sio  still  remained  in  charge  of 
the  custom-house,  and  Jose  Abrego  as  comisario  still 
superintended  the  distribution  of  the  public  moneys. 
At  jMonterey  there  were  prol)ably  some  clerks,  and 
there  was  also  a  guard  under  the  connnand  of  lialael 
Gonzalez;  at  other  ports  the  «ub-prefect,  or  justice  of 
the  peace,  was  occasionally  called  on  to  see  that  the 
I'evenue  laws  were  respected.  The  records  make  no 
further  revelation  respecting  the    administration   of 

S97,7-2r);  expenses,  .?!11,74.3;  net,  .?Sr),98-2.  Larkin,  Official  ('orrrsp.,  MS.,  ii. 
37,  also  gives  tho  total  as  .^lOIjloO.  Wilkes,  Xarr.,  v.  1G8-9,  gives  the  ful- 
lowiiij!  as  the  average  of  exports:  ]  50,000  hides  at  fj2;  200,000  arrobas  tallow 
at  §1.50;  2,000  beaver  skins  at  §2;  50!)  se:i-otter  skina  at  .s30;  12,000  buslu'ls 
of  wheat  at  .50  cents;  and  ,'1,000  elk  and  deer  skins  at  50  ets  or$l.  Mo- 
fras,  Kxplor.,  i.  .500-5,  gives  the  imports  as  Mexican,  §50,000;  American, 
$70,000;  English,  .'j;20,000;  miscellaneous  and  whalers,  §10,000.  Exports: 
^Icxican,  §05,000;  American,  §l.50,0!»0;  English,  §45,000;  miscelliiiicous, 
§20,000;  or  hides,  §210,000;  tiillow,  §.",5,0u'0;  other  articles  .«;i.5,000.  Wssel.s 
from  Sept.  1840  to  Sept.  1841:  Mexican,  lO,  1,27."}  tons,  118  crew,  imjiorts 
§50,000,  exports  .?G5,000;  American,  10,  ',*,,'W2  tons,  153  crew,  imports  870,- 
000,  exports  §150,000;  English,  4,  !,'ji)7  tons,  crew  54,  imports  $20,000,  ex- 
ports §45,000;  miscellaneous,  3,  44')  rous,  crew  39,  imports  §10,000,  exports 
§20,(X)0.  Total,  27  vessels,  5,121  tons,  crews  304,  imports  §150,000,  r.xpoi^ts 
§280,000.  Also  7  men-of-war,  118  guns,  1,020  men;  and  9  wlialers,  ;f,"i7.J 
tons  (?),  275  men.  This  table  also  in  Cuttx''  Couqumt  of  Cal.,  23.  ISe>;  also 
tables  and  comments  in  Cong.  Globe,  184.1-4,  appendix  226.  Exports  to  Hon- 
olulu §42,700  for  this  year.  Flngifs  Beporf.  Sec  also  in  JJavis'a  Olimpses,  MS., 
au  important  table  of  hide  and  tallow  exports  in  these  years. 


VISIT  OF  DOUGLAS. 


211 


(Ic 


tiii('iitiil  (Inatici'-s.  Items  in  tlie  urcliivcs,  hotli 
{ 'iilirniiiiiiii  jiiid  Me'xictui,  tliouj^li  Hoinewhat  miiucrous, 
ill.  M)  \;i;4U('  and  (liscoiiiiectccl  as  to  throw  no  lij^ht  oil 
(li,  siiltjoct,  and  rurnish  no  statistics.  It  is  evident 
I'l.iiu  (icciisional  allusions  in  correspondence  of  the  time 
tli;ii  (•llicials  at  the  capital  were  still  popularly  accused 
dl'  M|u;m(lerinLf  a  considerablg  portion  of  the  revenues; 
hut  niiilroversies  between  the  vaiious  civil  and  mili- 
tiiiv  claimants,  if  now  ones  arose  or  the  old  ones  con- 
tiiiiicd,  have  left  no  trace. 

A  matter  of  ijencral  interest  in  the  annals  of  1841, 
and  niie  whose  connection  with  commercial  and  mari- 
tiiiu'  allairs  is  suiKciently  marked  to  j^dve  it  a  place 
naturally  in  this  chapter,  is  the  o[)erations  of  the  liud- 
Sdu's  l>ay  Coui[)any  in  California.  Relations  between 
Calirninia  and  the  company  had,  as  we  have  seen,  al- 
ways been  I'riendly,  but  never  very  intimate.  The 
company's  vessels  running  between  the  Columbia  and 
Jbuiolulu  had  often,  but  not  regularly,  touched  at 
^lontcrev  and  San  Francisco  for  supplies;  and  their 
tia|)]t('rs  had  for  years  frequented  the  broad  valleys  of 
tlu'  Sa(  iamento  and  San  Joaquin.  It  was  desired  to 
o.staMish  relations,  both  in  respect  of  trade  and  of  trap- 
l)inL;',  on  a  more  definite  and  favorable  basis;  and  no- 
i)0(ly  in  California  had  any  objections,  except  perhaps 
Snttn-  and  certain  merchants,  who  feared  rivalry  re- 
spLCtivelv  in  fur-huntini?  and  the  foreign  trade.^"  Chief 
Fact(»r  James  Dou<;las  came  down  from  Fort  Yan- 
couvi'iin  the  Cohnnhia,  arriving  at  Monterey  January 
1st,  having  with  him  a  party  of  thirtj'^-six  men,  and 
also  hringinix  '*^  carjxo  of  ijooUs  for  sale.  The  men  were 
)ii  jiait  hunters,  and  others  were  to  drive  overland  to 
the  Columbia  a  herd  of  live-stock,  which  it  was  hoped 
to  [)urchase.     "We  have  also  other  objects  of  a  polit- 

'^Aug.  .31,  1840,  Francis  Johnson  at  Honolulu  writes  to  Larkin  that  the 
H.  15.  (."().  is  planning  to  monopolize  the  trade  in  all  the  North  Pacitie.  A 
vessel  is  now  buihlii:^  in  Englancl  which  is  to  bring  a  cargo  of  goods  at  very 
low  piirc's.  Americana  ut  Honolulu,  liowevei",  do  not  fear  the  competition. 
La.rhiii'ii  Doc,  MS.,  i.  83. 


I 


n 


ii 


'aaiL-iiaaiia-MiMin>!iuitfc« 


1: 


m 


2f2 


HUDSON'S  BAY  COMPANY. 


ical  nature  in  view,  which  may  or  may  not  succc  ed 
according  to  circumstances,"  writes  the  visitor,  "hut 
in  the  event  of  success  the  results  will  be  important." 
Douglas  has  recorded  tho  events  of  his  visit  in  a 
journal,  whicli  has  never  been  published,  but  of  which 
I  have  a  copy,  unfortunately  not  complete,  but  of  rJio 
greatest  interest.  It  presents  a  vivid  and  accuiato 
picture  of  the  condition  of  affairs  in  the  country,  ])ar- 
ticularly  in  commercial  and  social  phases.  The  author 
remained  at  the  capital  three  weeks,  passing  his  time 
in  an  agreeable  mixture  of  social  entertainment  and 
business  conferences  with  Alvarado,  Spence  servinjif 
as  interpreter,  and  affording  nmch  aid,  though  at  Hist 
with  the  Scotch  trader  "tliere  was  something  wrong, 
some  lurking  suspicion  of  fancied  encroachments  or 
meditated  deception"  which  caused  him  to  "receive 
us  with  a  sort  of  reserved  courtesy  that  made  us  feci 
rather  uncomfortable,"  Alvarado  was  courteous  and 
iriendly.  Osio  and  tlie  revenue  officials  were  not  only 
gentlemanly,  but  'of  strict  integrity,'  and  business  went 
on  swimmingly.  With  a  dozen  of  the  company's  nicii 
under  McKay,  Douglas  and  his  companion  W(od 
made  tlie  trip  overland  fs-om  Monterey  to  San  Fran- 
cisco, being  sumptuously  entertained  by  Hartnell  and 
Joa(]uin  Gomez  at  their  ranchos  on  the  way.  With. 
the  Salinas  and  Santa  Clara  valleys  the  English  visi- 
tor was  so  delighted  that  he  was  moved  to  pronounce 
California  "a  country  in  many  respects  unrivalled  hy 
any  other  part  of  the  globe."  Whether  or  not  he  saw 
anything  on  the  barren  peninsula  of  San  Francisco  to 
modify  his  views,  we  may  not  know,  for  the  fragment 
of  his  journal  in  my  possession  terminates  abruptly 
with  tlie  arrival  at  Santa  Clara  on  January  -id. 
From  other  sources  we  know  that  the  voyager  was  at 
San  Francisco  late  in  February,  and  back  in  Oregon 
before  the  end  of  May.^' 

^^  Doiiijhn'  Voi/nge  from  the  Columbia  to  California,  IS4O-I,  MS,,  in  W. 
JoiiriKil/t,  p.  G5-I08.  Should  I  .ittcmpt  to  preiicnt  qnotatioiis  from  tlii'Uar- 
raiivc,  I  bIiouKI  liunUy  know  vhcro  to  sloi*  uliort  of  giving  the  wliol( .    I 


I  -.^'K 

•t..,  ,..•:; 


TIIK  FUR  HUNTERS. 


}in 


The  first  matter  that  came  up  between  Douj^las  and 
AK'tiiido  was  that  of  f'ur-liunting  operations  in  the 
int.  lior.  Every  3'car  Michel  Laframboise  hatl  ranLjecl 
tlu  viilleys  with  a  band  of  the  company's  trappers,  and 
this  since  1837  under  a  kind  of  official  sanction;  but 
Sutter,  wishing  to  monopolize  the  hunting-fields,  had 
])rr(.iiij)torily  ordered  the  trappers  tt)  discontinue  their 
visits — an  order  not  obeyed,  as  J3ouglas  said,  because 
nothing  was  known  of  Sutter's  authority.  Alvarado 
statt  (1  tliat  Sutter  had  acted  unadvisedly  in  issuing 
oidcis  rather  than  requests;  and  he  declared  that  his 
ooviTHUjent  had  been  [)leased  with  the  conduct  of  the 
(•iiiiipauy's  hunters  as  compared  with  that  of  otlier  Ixm- 
ilitti  calling  themselves  tra[)pers;  yet  he  insisted  that 
as  settlements  were  extended,  the  hunting-pai'ties 
must  withdraw  to  more  distant  fields,  as  their  [)resenco 
couhl  not  be  reconciled  with  the  ^lexican  laws.  "I 
tiilil  him,"  says  Douglas,  "that  the  wislies  of  the  gov- 
t'l'Minrnt  when  officially  communicated  to  us  would  be 
attended  to  in  this  and  every  other  particular."'*  A 
\'vw  (hiys  later,  as  part  of  a  general  agreement  to  be 
iinntioned  presentl}^  Alvarado  consented  to  the  em- 
jiloyiiicnt  of  thirty  hunters  who  should  become  Mexi- 
can citizens,  and  half  of  whom  if  j)ossible  should  be 
iiati\(s  of  California.  Later  still  at  San  Francisco, 
I'ouglas  applied  to  Vallejo  for  a  license  to  hunt  on 
(•(tudition  of  submittiuix  to  lesjal  restrictions,  and  of 
paying  a  tax  or  duty  on  each  skin  taken. ^■'     It  is  evi- 

i-lwll.  hiiwt'vor,  liave  occasion  to  cite  itou  special  t"i)ics.  Sir  .Tames  T)iiuj,'la3 
\v;i>  :i;i  intelligent  ami  eilucatcil  gciitlcii'in.  ll>  spectinfj  the  country,  it.) 
jHiiiilc,  iind  its  institutions,  his  ohservainuis  aic  always  sensiMe  and  just. 
Ill'  ilii  nut  ])('rniit  liis  admiration  of  v'.ilifornia's  nati'ral  advantaj^cs  to  lilind 
liiiii  t>  the  serious  faults  of  licr  pco]'l''  and  rulers;  l)ut  he  wrote  always  in  a 
!-\>Wh  (if  kiudness,  which  produced  a  marked  contrast  Uetween  his  nairative 
aii.l  iIkoc  of  Lieut  Wilkes  and  ojicr  foreign  visitors.  Yet  who  can  say  that 
lii-;  humor  would  not  have  l)een  somewhat  less  kindly,  if.  arrivini,'  two  days 
hitii-,  l:e  had  heen  refused  porniission  to  sell  liia  sugar,  or  if  lie  had  faileil  in 
sir.iu'  iif  his  other  negotiations  ? 

"/^w(;//((.<'  Voj/riift,,  MS.,  7l-.'<.  Jan.  4,  IS41,  perhaps  the  very  day  of  the 
inti'ivicw.  .Mvarado  writes  to  the  juez  at  S.  F.  to  use  all  diplomatic  measures 
tiian-c  Michel  •■  i,l  his  nicn  to  retu'c  pending  a  decision.  Dipt.  /I'er.,  MS., 
xii,  I. 

'■  lau.  13,  ItvU,  Alvarado  to  Douglas.  Vdl'cjo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxiii.  182. 
Tliis  agreement  was  to  'oo  submitted  to  the  co.  for  approv.-d.     FcJ:.  l.">th  to 


if 


*li»i*Jw*i»(,.j 


214 


HUDSON'S  BAY  COMPANY. 


11 


dent  that  some  kind  of  an  arrangement  was  sul)sc- 
qucntly  concluded  on  the  basis  of  one  or  both  propo- 
sitions, though  I  have  no  definite  record  of  the  settle- 
ment, wliieh  was  doubtless  m^'-e  or  less  satisfactury 
to  all  but  the  New  Plelvetian  magnate.^"  At  any  rate, 
the  company's  trappers  did  not  suspend  their  oixra- 
ations  for  several  years. 

Douglas  succeeded  also  in  buying  cows  and  sheep 
for  the  north,  though  he  had  to  take  them  from  the 
government  at  higher  prices  than  the  rancheros  would 
have  demanded.  The  animals  were  doubtless  drivou 
to  the  Columbia  during  the  season. ^^  There  were 
rumors  current  that  jMcKay,  as  representative  of  the 
company,  was  to  get  a  large  grant  of  land  in  the  Sacra- 
mento Valley,  on  which  the  trappers  of  the  interior 
would  have  their  headquarters.  Mofras  goes  so  far 
as  to  state  that  a  grant  of  eleven  leas^ues  was  actu- 
ally  made;  but  I  lind  no  evidence  that  such  was  tlie 
fact.^^     Of  course   foreigiiers  of  other  than  English 

March  11th,  corresp.  hctwecn  Doul:1;is  iiiul  V.  I(L,  x.  57,  77,  81.  So  tar  as 
thia  correspondoncj  sliowa,  the  only  point  not  settled  wixa  thnt  of  tt'iiitory, 
Dougliis  wishing  a  free  naiigc  of  the  whole  country,  and  V.  desiring  at  liist  to 
restrict  tlie  hunters  to  the  region  west  of  tlie  Sacramento. 

'"Sutter,  P<rx.  Urmtn.,  MS.,  G;5-S,  tell.)  us  that,  tliinking  it  wron^.' tlmt 
the  furs  of  the  country  should  bo  taken  away,  he  complained  to  the  govt,  .'.ml 
•so  higlia  duty  was  put  on  fun)  that  the  coiuimny  had  to  abandon  the  liiM, 
and  then  he  had  it  all  to  liiniiielf. 

''Tlie  price  paid  for  cows  wi-s  §(i,  and  for  ewes  S-.  Douglas'  Vofio;ir,  MS., 
7.").  4,000 sheej)  were  bought,  and  also  hor.^es  for  the  drovers,  whiili  Ih.i'  os 
were  sold  to  Wiikc:,'  i^iirty  for  the  retuiii  trip.  SiiiijtuoH'n  Nixrr.,  i.  '2'M.  -VW. 
1 .  100  sheep  from  8ta  Clara  mission  by  governor's  order.  Sf.  Pctp.,  Mi^^g. ,  .MS., 
ix.  41. 

'^^  Mofras,  Kxi>lor.,  i.  4,")().  Jan.  29,  1841,  Ethan  Estabrook  in  a  letter  to 
Larkin  says:  'The  11.  B.  Co.  Is  jilaying  the  devil  with  the  Cal.  cnttle,  it  not 
with  Cal.  itself.  They  are  preparing  to  purchase  on  a  large  scale.  Capt.  Jliim- 
phrey  informs  me  th.at  they  want  at  least  100,000  cattle  and  half  a  niiiliniiiif 
sheep  if  they  can  be  had.  McKay,  the  chief  hunter,  is  to  have  agraiit  iu  tlie 
Tulares  of  about  .'^O  miles  square.  This  is  destined  to  be  the  lu'adciK.ii  tcrs 
of  their  cnterprire  in  the  interior.  About  1*20  hunters,  well  armed  aii'l  ilis- 
ciplined,  are  now  iu  the  Tulares,  and  40  or  50  came  as  passengers  iu  the  naik 
and  proceeded  from  Monterey  to  the  'i'ulare.s  headed  by  McKay  to  tiiK-  |  'is- 
session  of  his  new  estate.  This  company  is  to  bo  increased  to  any  nu'ilni' 
that  may  1)0  judged  reijuisito  for  hunting,  collecting  cattle,  etc.  It  i  very 
easy  for  the  govt  of  Cal.  to  admit  these  people  within  its  limits;  but  uill  it 
be  as  easy  to  drive  them  out?  I'linsn  que  no.  His  excellency  lias  soM  iniio 
tliousand  or  two  of  cattle  of  his  own  ami  from  the  missions,  etc.  Tie  !'■  is, 
liowever,  quite  an  cxciteiuent  above  because  ho  will  not  permit  others  t.  mH.' 
Zrar/i/;i'.t  y>or.,  MS.,  i.  1_2,  EsUvbrook,  it  will  bo  renumbered,  was  •  .  5>. 
consular  agent. 


A  PERMANENT  POST. 


215 


a.ji' 

MS., 

oil 

li.l-  03 

'JIM 

,  -1%. 

(.<l^'. 

,  -MS., 

\v 

til-  to 

1.', 

ii  nut 

)t, 

ll-.iiii- 

iii' 

limiuf 

lilt 

ill  the 

I'l' 

..-irtin-s 

ill 

,|  ,lis- 

til 

r  iiavk 

a! 

iv  ]m- 

iiii'iilior 

t 

\  >r\- 

If 

u;llit 

>1 

1     nlllO 

•| 

.1  ;r  is, 

, 

,..,.11.' 

^ 

1'.  s. 

nationality  acted  from  interested  motives  in  spreading 
(^xa!4H'erated  rumors  respecting  tlie  company's  in- 
tuiK led  encroachments. 

Nevertheless  it  was  the  company's  purpose  to  have 
a  juTiiianant  trading-nost  in  Cahfornia,  whatever  may 
li.ive  been  their  pohtical  hopes  and  aims.  To  this 
(11(1  largely  Douglas  directed  his  observations  as  re- 
(  iidod  in  his  journal.  His  conclusions  were:  "If  we 
enter  into  the  California  trade,  I  would  advise  that 
wc!  should  do  business  with  persons  of  good  character 
onlv.  For  this  purpose  we  ought  to  confine  our  at- 
tention to  a  wholesale  trade,  supplying  the  country 
iiicrcliants  with  goods,  and  receiving  payment  from 
tlic'iii  in  hides,  tallow,  and  grain.  By  this  plan  we  would 
l)c  secure  from  great  risks.  A  much  less  expensive  es- 
tal>lishment  would  suffice,  the  presence  of  a  vessel 
would  not  be  constantly  required,  and  with  these  ad- 
van  tasfes  we  might  count  on  doing  a  safe  and  i^rofit- 
al)le  business,  whereas  the  retail  trade  would  involve 
us  in  heavy  expense;  and  we  have  no  people  compe- 
tent to  carry  it  on  and  compete  with  the  clever  active 
men  now  engaged  in  it,  who  speak  the  language 
fUuntly  and  know  almost  every  person  in  California. 
We  ought  at  all  events  to  start  as  wholesale  dealers. 
As  San  Francisco  is  the  port  considered  most  favor- 
aljlo  from  its  growing  trade,  I  think  we  ought  either 
to  erect  or  purchase  premises  at  the  Yerba  Buena, 
the  n'  'st  onvenient  place  for  shipping  within  the 
port  Ori<  gentleman  with  two  trusty  servants  might 
niii  ui.;':  tisc  affairs  of  the  establishment;  but  it  would 
be  L,i;ttcr  to  have  two  attached  to  it,  as  the  j)resence 
»jf  tilt;  pKUf"'j,ai  agent  would  be  occasionally  wanted 
at  ^Monterey  to  enter  consignments  and  settle  matters 
amicably  with  the  custom-house  authorities;  as  any 
Hiisnianagement  with  these  people  would  convort  them 
into  bitter  enemies  and  be  a  source  of  infinite  annoy- 
ance. If  the  company  do  not  wish  to  confine  our 
trap -actions  to  the  port  of  San  Francisco  alone,  it 
wi       .-come  a  matter  of  calculation  whether  the  busi- 


:»titaia^UiiJ>tjijii^c.w«iiM»<ii4»>Y«iu»j»iw«it-i«ai»a 


I' 


'! 


316 


THE  HUDSON'S  BAY  COMPANY. 


riess  can  be  Dianngod  to  most  advan'^ge  by  vessels 
or  by  having  ohtabliahnients  in  the  greatest  seapoit 
towns,  such  as  Monterey,  San  Pedro,  and  San  Diego. 
There  are  a  few  houses  at  Yerba  Buena.  If  wo 
intend  to  purchase  ^vheat  in  great  quantities,  wo 
should  have  a  store  erected  at  the  embarcadero  of 
Santa  Clara,  where  the  farmers  would  bring  tlioir 
wheat  as  we  bought  it,  and  thus  prevent  delays  in 
shipment.  We  should  also  have  400  bags  of  twilloil 
sacking  holding  exactly  a  fanega  when  tied,  as  the 
country  people  have  no  means  of  transporting  grain 
from  their  farms  to  the  store. "^' 

In  accordance  with  these  views,  an  agreement  was 
made  witl;  ">  ^''  '"ido,  by  which  he  pledged  himself  to 
permit  the  e.  ny  to  engage  in  the  California  ti.ido 
by  putting  one  jr  more  vessels  under  the  Mexican 
flag,  and  obtaining  naturalization  papers  for  the  (.'oni- 
nianders.  He  also  promised  to  grant  a  building-lot 
at  some  point  to  be  selected  within  the  port  of  San 
Francisco,  and  to  give  the  company's  servants  tlio 
privilege  of  pasturing  the  animals  of  the  establish- 
ment on  the  commons,*"  The  factor's  plans  were 
apj)roved  on  his  return  to  Fort  Vancouver  in  April 
or  Mav,  and  Chief  Factor  McLoughlin  immediatolv 
despatched  his  son-in-law,  William  Glen  Rae,  with 
Robert  Birnie  as  a  clerk,  to  take  charge  of  the  pro- 
posed establishment  at  San  Francisco.  Douglas  wroto 
to  Alvarado  ^lay  24th,  introducing  Rae,  and  stating 
that  the  company  had  decided  not  to  nationalize  any 
of  their  vessels  this  year,  having  none  suitable  for 
the  purpose.  He  says  further:  "You  promised  to 
jdace  the  national  schooner  at  our  disposal  for  tho 
transport  of  any  goods  sent  down  this  year  from  tho 
port  of  entry  to  San  Francisco,  and  Mr  Rae  trusts 

'•  Dotii/lax'  Voi/nr/p,  ^IS.,  8r)-fl."».  It  ia  unfortunate  in  this  connection  that 
that  part  of  thu  journul  <lescril)in';  tlie  visit  to  S.  F.  is  not  extant. 

'"Jan.  II,  IS4I,  Douglas  to  Alvariido,  stating  che  concUisioiia  rcaolinl  at 
interviews  as  he  understood  them,  and  asking  the  governor's  ~ipprov;il  in 
writing.  VuUijo,  Dor.,  MS.,  xxxiii.  177.  Jan.  1.1th,  blotter  of  A. 's  approval. 
/(/.,  18'2.     Corresp.  also  noted  in  Vallcjo,  llisl.  Cat.,  MS.,  iv.  17o-9. 


RAE  AT  SAN  FRANCISCO. 


21: 


entirely  to  your  good  offices  to  i)usli  him  through  the 
(lillieulties  of  entering  by  a  foreign  vessel.  I  made 
110  selection  of  land  at  San  Francisco,  but  Mr  Rae 
will  either  do  so  now  or  purchase  a  convenient  lot 
I'ldin  some  of  the  inhabitants  there."^^ 

Rao  arrived  at  Monterey  in  August  on  the  Coic- 
///:,  which  cam,,  by  way  of  Honijlulu  with  a  cargo  on 
wliieh  duties  amounting  to  over  $10,000  were  paid. 
No  trouble  was  made  about  the  transfer  to  San  Fran- 
cisci>,"^  where  the  agent  proceeded  to  buy  from  Jacob 
P.  Leese  a  lot  on  whicli  stood  a  building  occupied 
fioiu  that  time  as  store  and  dwelling.  Mrs  Rae 
joined  her  husband  at  the  end  of  the  year."^^  James 
A.  Forbes  acted  as  '^  kind  of  sub-agent  for  Rae  at 
Sail  Jose'.  Of  the  company's  business  in  California 
under  the  new  arrangement  I  have  been  able  to  find 
no  definite  records  for  several  years;  but  it  is  under- 
stood to  have  been  moderately  prosperous.'^*     It  is  re- 


lou 


thivt 


llio'l  at 
|iv:il  in 


-'  May  24,  1841,  D.  to  A.  Vallrjo,  Dor.,  MS.,  xxxiii.  210.  Ho  also  sent 
somu  gilts,  which  he  begged  the  gov.  to  accept. 

--Aug.  '2.3,  1841,  gov.  to  juez  at  S.  F.  The  supercargo  of  the  Carotide  (?) 
is  autliorized  to  land  his  goods  and  form  his  warehouse  where  ho  pleases. 
Dil^t.  Ra:,  MS.,  xii.  17. 

-'  liirnie,  Personal  Adven.,  MS.,  4-5,  who  ^ame  as  clerk  with  Rae,  tells  na 
tliat  fur  tliu  100- vara  lot  and  the  frame  and  adobe  buihling,  S4,G00  was  paid, 
half  ill  money  and  half  in  goods.  Mrs  Har\'ey,  formerly  Mrs  Rae,  Life  aj 
McLoihil-.u,:,  MS.,  p.  22,  describes  the  building  which  was  near  what  was 
later  .Montgomery  St,  between  Clay  and  Sacramento,  as  about  .30x80  feet, 
iliviiled  in  the  middle  by  a  hall  into  store  and  dwelling.  HittcU,  Ilixt.  S.  F., 
8!),  says  tliat  Rio  bought  out  Leese's  business  as  well  as  his  store.  The  car- 
liest  communication  from  Rae  in  person  which  I  liavo  found  is  one  addresscil 
to  Alvarado  on  Nov.  1st.  Vallrjo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxiii.  238.  Vallcjo,  JlUt. 
Vid.,  MS.,  iv.  179-98,  says  that  the  company  aiiplieil  to  him  for  permission  to 
cstalilish  a  protestant  church  at  S.  F.,  which  ho  refused.  Tho  general  de- 
fends his  act  at  some  length,  stating  that  he  was  much  blamed  for  it;  but  I 
liiiil  no  other  reference  to  the  matter  whatever. 

■^'Hittt'll,  lliat.  S.  F.,  89-90,  apparently  on  the  autliority  of  Leese,  says: 
'Rav  saw  tliat  there  was  an  excellent  opportunity  to  monopolize  tiie  trade  of 
the  bay.  The  great  capital  of  the  company  gave  them  an  advantage  over  in- 
iliviilual  competitors,  and  the  profits  of  trade  would  justify  tho  attempt.  Mr 
Lcise,  miable  to  compete  with  them,  sold  out  his  store  and  business  to  them, 
and  moved  to  Sonoma.  The  American  merchants  had  paid  for  their  hides 
and  tallow  on  delivery,  in  merchandise  upon  which  great  prolits  were  made. 
Hay  olieri'd  to  pay  half  cash  and  half  merchandise,  and  to  pay  tho  merchan- 
dise share  in  advance.  These  terms  were  so  much  better  for  tlio  ranclieros 
than  tliust!  of  tho  Americans,  that  the  latter  could  get  hut  little  trade,  and 
the  ll\;dson  ]Jay  Co.  rapidly  grew  in  importance;  but  in  1844  (?)  Sir  Geo. 
J^inipson,  tiie  governor  of  the  company,  vLsited  the  coast,  condemned  Ray's 
paj limit  in  advance,  and  refused  to  approve  the  purchase  of  tho  house.' 


•I 
■  v 


fsn 


!:•!! 


I 


218 


HUDSON'S  BAY  COMPANY. 


lated  that  Rae  when  in  his  cups,  and  questioned  l)y 
inquisitive  persons,  used  to  say  it  had  cost  his  com- 
pany £75,000  to  drive  Bryant  and  Sturgis  from  the 
north-west  trade  in  furs;  "and  they  will  drive  you 
Yankees  from  Cahfornia  if  it  costs  a  milHon." 

At  the  end  of  the  year,  on  December  30th,  tlio 
Cowlitz  came  back  to  San  Francisco  from  the  Colum- 
bia, having  on  board  Sir  George  Simpson,  governor- 
in-chief  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  John  ]\Ic- 
Loughhn,  chief  factor  of  the  company  on  the  Pufific 
coast,  M.  Duflot  de  Mofras,  the  French  traveller, 
Horatio  Hale  of  the  U.  S.  exploring  expedition,  and 
Mrs  Rae,  wife  of  the  agent  at  San  Francisco.'"^"  Early 
in  January  Simpson,  accompanied  by  McLougliliii, 
Rae,  and  Forbes,  crossed  the  bay  to  Sonoma,  spend- 
ing a  night  on  the  way  with  Timothy  Murphy,  and 
being  hospitably  entertained  for  two  days  l)y  Vallejo 
and  family.-''  Returning,  he  visited  the  Mission  Do- 
lores, an^^  sailed  for  Monterey  on  January  12th,aiiiv- 
ing  throe  days  later.  At  the  capital  the  two  distin- 
guished travellers  were  entertained  by  Spence  and 
Watson,  and  met  Ermatingor,  who  with  his  tra[»i)eis 
had  come  down  overland  by  the  usual  route.  At 
Santa  Barbara,  on  the  23d-2Gth,  they  were  received 


Simpson  in  his  narrative  hints  at  no  such  disapproval,  and  indeed  saj  s  i 
nothing  about  the  co..ipany's  affairs  in  Cahfornia.  Phelps,  Fore  a.ul 
'271-'>,  gives  a  rersion  very  different  from  that  of  Ilittell,  saying  that  the 
pany's  agents  could  not  compete  with  the  Boston  traders,  whose  .sysl 
doing  butiiness  was  different  and  far  better  adapted  to  the  condition  ( 
Calit'ornians.  Tlio  company  could  not  depart  from  its  long-cstublishnl 
tcni  of  cash  or  barter  anil  no  credit.  The  people  had  no  money,  and  had 
used  to  ])ay  the  Boston  ships  in  hides  and  tallow  when  they  could;  tliii 
the  company  got  no  customers  and  finally  had  to  remove  all  their  ellc'cts, 
ing  out  to  Melius  &  Howard  in  184G  for  §5,000.  Both  Phelps  and  Alfred 
inson  erroneously  connect  llac's  arrival  with  that  of  Simpson. 

'*  Voyage,  arrival,  and  passengers.  Siniji.ion'n  Xarr.,  i.  2.53-74;  flf/ 
Pup.,  Bin.  Mil.,  MS.,  Iv.  17-18.     They  found   in  port  the  Russian  cxi 
Rosa  on  board  the  Coii.'itautine,  about  100  souls,  men,  women,  and  chil' 
'all  i>atriotically  delighted  to  exchange  the  lovely  climate  of  Califonii 
the  ungenial  skies  of  Sitka.' 

'•"•Ho  speaks  in  flattering  terms  of  Vallejo  generally,  but  some  of  1 
pressions  about  the  meals  served,  which  he  did  not  altogether  admin 
w hull  he  described  to  illustrate  the  Californian  stylo  of  living,  have: 
cntly  given  offence  to  a  writer  in  the  Sfa  Ifosa  Democrat,  .Jan.  2.  1S7" 
al  tributes  his  slighting  remarks  to  disappointment  in  not  having  sue 
ia  making  Vallejo  sec  the  beauties  of  an  English  protectorate! 


vully 

I'lim- 
Ml  of 
f  the 
sys- 
1  icon 
rf.ire 
,  scU- 
];ob- 

t.  Sf. 
IS  of 
ihvu, 
a  for 

is  ex- 
,  and 
l.p;u-- 
uho 
ciicJ 


ii'J.-.  ' 


SUTTER'S  THREATS. 


219 


ulth  great  ceremony  by  the  new  bishop,  and  Simpson 
iiiiule  known  to  Dona  Concepcion  Argiiello  under  what 
circumstances  Rezdnof,  her  lover  of  1807,  had  died,  for 
the  lady  had  never  seen  Langsdorff's  book.  Then  the 
{Jviii'ttz  sailed  away  for  the  Islands. 

Of  his  company's  enterprise  in  California,  Simpson 
]i;is  notliing  whatever  to  say.'^^  The  vessel  brought 
down  some  articles  for  Rae's  establishment,  which, 
notwithstanding  recent  friendly  relations,  had  to  be 
caii'ied  to  Monterey  and  sent  back  to  Yerba  Buena 
at  considerable  expense — a  circumstance  which  caused 
some  not  very  complimentary  criticism  of  the  revenue 
system  and  managements^  On  one  subject,  however, 
as  is  shown  b}''  the  archive  records,  the  governor  had 
occasion  to  act  officially.  Captain  Sutter  had  natu- 
rally been  displeased  at  the  fur-hunting  concessions  and 
had  probably  made  some  foolish  threats,  as  was  his 
custom,  of  not  submitting,  liae  complained  to  Alva- 
rado  on  the  subject  in  November,  and  Sutter  was  per- 
haps warned  not  to  interfere j^'  but  subsequently  the 
Swiss  adventurer  tried  to  accoujplish  his  purpose  in 
another  way  by  involving  his  rivals  in  trouble  with 
th(>  government.  In  connection  with  his  threats  of 
overthrowing  the  Mexican  power  in  northern  Califor- 
nia, he  gave  out  that  his  movement  was  to  be  sup- 
ported by  the  trappers,  and  apparently  went  so  far  as 
to  send  out  his  confidential  agent,  Custot,  to  excite 
the  Canadian  hunters.    Vallejo  sent  a  com[)laiiit,  with 

••'' Alfred  Robinson,  Statement,  MS.,  17;  Life  in  Cal,  108-i),  tells  us  tlio 
i.lea  was  prevalent  that  Simpson's  visit  and  his  efforts  to  ijain  friends  were 
comiccteil  witli  a  plan  not  only  to  monopolize  the  country's  trade,  but  per- 
haps idso  to  got  hold  of  the  country  itself. 

'-'Simpson  .says  there  was  much  disappointment  at  Monterey  wlion  it  was 
learned  that  he  had  no  cargo  of  goods  on  which  to  pay  duties.  Tiio  fear  had 
lieon— ho  tlunks  without  any  reason — that  the  duties,  if  paiil  at  S.  F. ,  would 
fall  into  Vullnjo's  hands.  According  to  Dept.  Sf.  I'c/i.,  MS..  Iv.  IT.  tiio 
Ci'irlilz  had  refused  to  pay  even  tonnage  dues,  and  protested  ayainst  the  order 
ti)  remain  at  Verba  Buena  only  48  hours. 

■'Xov.  I,  1841,  Uae  to  Alvarado.  Sutter  is  determined  to  oppose  the 
governor's  permission  to  trap  in  Cal.;  relyin;^  on  that  permission,  the  o;).  has 
sent  a  party  of  hunters,  whose  arrival  is  daily  expected.  Serious  loss  will 
result  if  their  operations  are  interfered  with.  An  order  is  solicited  foibid- 
<Hii','  Sutter's  interference,  an  order  which,  however,  will  be  used  only  in  case 
of  absolute  necessity.    Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxiii.  238. 


220 


VISITS  AND  BOOKS. 


proofs,  to  Simpson,  who  at  once  gave  the  desired 
assurance  tiuit  his  men  would  not  be  allowed  to  take 
any  part  in  Sutter's  revolutionary  schemes,  and  sent 
corresponding  orders  to  Ermatinger.^'  Later  in  1842 
there  were  two  parties  of  the  company's  trappers  at 
work  in  the  country  under  Ermatinger  and  Lafriini- 
boise  respectively.  This  was  un<ler  the  ])rovisi()iial 
permit  to  hunt  (m  condition  of  paying  duties  on  all 
skins  obtained;  and  Vallejo  permitted  the  company's 
vessel  to  land  su[)]>lies  for  the  men  at  Bodega. '^^ 

Sir  George  Simpson  had  sailed  from  Liverpool  in 
March  1841,  for  a  trip  round  the  world.  His  route 
was  to  Halifax,  Boston,  and  Montreal;  thence  direet- 
ly  across  the  continent  in  British  territory  to  Fort 
(Jolville,  and  to  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia;  up  the 
coast  by  land  and  water  to  Sitka  and  back,  inspecting 
the  company's  pt)sts;  to  California,  Sandwich  Islands, 
Sitka,  and  Okhotsk  by  sea;  and  thence  across  the  con- 
tinent to  St  Petersburg;  reaching  London  in  October 
1842.  The  traveller  published  an  interesting  naiia- 
tive  of  his  journey  in  two  volumes,  devoting  about 


'".Tan.  12,  1842,  Simpson  to  Viillejo.  'My  Dear  General.  I  was  this 
morniim  concerncil  and  very  niucli  surprised  to  learn  that  Mr  Sutor  has  w  lit- 
tun  highly  improper,  threatening,  and  insulting  letters  to  yourself  and  (iuv. 
Alvai-adu;  and  that  it  is  reported  throuj,diout  the  country  that  lie  counts  upon 
the  sup})ort  and  countenance  of  the  H.  B.  Co.  in  the  offensive  nieiisiiics 
against  the  government  which  it  is  said  he  threatens.  I  can  scarcely  think 
it  possible  that  either  your  Kxcellency  or  the  governor  can  for  a  moment  j;ive 
credence  to  any  report  tliat  may  reach  you  of  onr  having  any  coiniectimi  (H- 
comnninication  directly  or  indirectly  with  Mr  Sutor,  or  M'ith  any  one  else,  of 
apolitical  character,  or  unfavoralde  or  unfriendly  either  to  yourself  uv  the 
governor.  On  the  contrary,  I  beg  to  assure  you  that  vre  shall  always  he 
ready  to  discountenance,  by  every  means  in  our  power,  any  measures  either 
hostile  oroirensive  to  the  authorities  and  laws  of  the  country,  iu  the  tiiiii- 
quillity  and  prosperity  of  wliich  we  feel  deeply  interested.  And  in  aceoid- 
ance  with  this  assurance,  I  beg  to  forward  a  letter,  left  open  for  your  |iriii- 
sal,  addressed  to  Mr  I'^rmatinger,  the  commander  of  our  trapping  expe<lition. 
Mr  ^IcLoughlin  unites  with  me  in  warmest  and  best  wishes.'  ValUjo,  Dm:, 
MS.,  xi.  22.  .Same  date,  Simi)son  to  Ermatinger,  of  similar  purport.  /</.,  x. 
3G.  Vallejo,  JJixt.  Cal.,  MS.,  iv.  111-10,  also  gives  a  full  account  of  the 
subject. 

"  A])ril  28,  1842,  V.  permits  a  vessel  to  touch  at  Cape  Mendocino  or  lio- 
dega.  Vallejo,  Dor.,  MS.,  xi.  212.  Sept.  23d.  McLoughlin  to  V.  Thanks  for 
the  privilege,  and  details  of  the  hunting  license.  /(/.,  xi.  264.  Bidwell,  '  '(/., 
IS.'/l  S',  MS.,  00-102,  tells  us  that  the  trappers  continued  to  drive  cattle  and 
horses  to  Oregon  on  their  return  trip  each  spring,  more  and  more  as  the  yi;i.ra 
pas.scd  by  and  the  profits  of  the  fur  trade  decluied. 


n  1 

Hi: 


SIR  GEORGE  SIMPSON. 


221 


150  pages  to  California."^  This  English  visitor  de- 
sciibes  in  a  most  charming  style  his  own  experience 
{iiid  im])ressions  of  what  he  saw,  introducing  here  and 
theiiv,  with  a  pleasing  disregard  of  order,  sketches  of 
the  country's  history,  condition,  pros[)ccts,  people,  and 
institutions.  He  had  not  much  time,  as  we  have  seen, 
for  ol)servation  and  study,  but  he  had  the  benefit  of 
Douglas'  experience  as  well  as  that  of  others;  and 
while  in  his  narrative  he  does  not  enter  exhaustively 
into  any  matter,  he  speaks  intelligently  of  many,  bill- 
ing into  no  serious  errors,  showing  no  strong  preju- 
dices, indulging  in  neither  abuse  nor  llattery,  I  ap- 
pend a  few  quotations,  which  show  the  spirit  of  his 


or  iTloTaiip'     K    ^    VlkDC< 


^lc>| 


fwi  S.Frqn ciscuk 

/        S.C.riiK 

'     Montf  I 

.  -  S.BarltaHil 


Simpson 'a  Map. 

observations;  and  I  shall  have  occasion  to  allude  else- 
■»\  hero  to  his  views  of  the  country's  future  destiny  po- 
litically, and  to  some  of  his  local  descriptions.^ 


'■  Simpgon,  Xiirrative  of  a  Journey  round  the  World  diirinff  fhn  j/ears  IS.}! 
anil  IS.'/-'-  liy  i'>ii'  Oeorr/p  Simpson,  Governor-in-('hi<J'  of  thi'  Hik/soii'.s  Day 
Vompniiifs  UrrttorieR  ill  North  America.  Loudon,  1847.  8vo,  2  vol.  Portrait 
and  m:ip.  The  matter  devoted  to  California  ia  found  in  vol.  i.,  p.  •2(J7-tll; 
anil  that  country  is  also  represented  on  the  general  map  of  the  world  showing 
the  tiiivfller's  route.  I  dcetn  the  map  worth  reproduction  on  an  enlarged 
scul(\ 

^^  'Here  on  the  very  threshold  of  the  country,  was  California  in  a  nutshell, 
iiiit\iro  doing  everything  and  man  doing  nothing — a  text  on  whicli  our  whole 
SDJcnnii  proved  to  be  little  but  a  running  commentary. .  .The  trade  of  the 
w  holt!  ])i'ovince  is  entirely  in  the  hands  of  foreigners,  who  arc  almost  c.\clu- 
sively  of  the  English  race.  Of  that  race,  however,  the  Americans  are  more 
luiiiicrous  than  the  British — the  former  naturally  flocking  in  greater  force  to 
neutral  ground,  while  the  latter  find  advantageous  outlets  in  their  own  na- 


>.*.■!,.<*&»;■.  *^M6iit:ii^-M^;t^mi..Afi>4m!,^^-^-.^, 


[] 


222 


VISITS  AND  BOOKS, 


Two  other  sources  of  information  about  Callf'oiiiia 
in  1841  I  will  speak  of  here,  though  their  only  cluiiu 
to  bo  connected  with  commercial  and  maritime  aftaiis 
consists  in  the  fact  that  one  was  a  proposition  to  con- 
nect the  two  oceans  by  a  railroad,  and  the  other  was 
a  description  of  a  visit  by  the  captain  of  a  tradiiii^f 
vessel.  The  idea  of  building  a  railroad  across  the 
continent  originated  at  a  date  not  yet  settled;^'  but 

tional  colonies.  The  forcignera  are  to  the  Californians  as  one  to  ten;  wliilo 
by  their  monopoly  of  trade  and  tliuir  coinmanil  of  resources,  to  say  notiiiuf,'  of 
their  sii[)i'rior  energy  and  intelligence,  they  already  possess  vastly  more  Ui:m 
their  numerical  proportion  of  political  influence,  exciting  but  little  jealousy, 
most  of  tlicni  being  Catliolics  and  married. .  .Neither  butter  uor  elieese  nor 
any  preparation  of  milk  whatever  is  to  be  found  in  the  province.  The  n;itive 
wine  tiiiit  wo  tasted — e.vccpt  at  Sta  Barbara — was  such  trash  as  nothing  Imt 
politeness  could  have  induced  us  to  .swallow. 

'The  po|)ulation  of  California  in  particular  has  been  drawn  from  the  most 
indolent  variety  of  an  indolent  species,  being  composed  of  superannuated  troop- 
ers and  retired  ollicc;- holders  and  their  descendants.  .  .Such  settlers  were  not 
likely  to  toil  for  much  more  than  what  the  cheap  bounty  of  nature  aCfordcil — 
liorsci  to  ride,  beef  to  eat,  with  hides  and  tallow  to  exchange  for  such  otlicr 
supplies  as  they  wanted.  In  a  word,  they  displayed  more  than  thoprovci-ljial 
indolence  of  a  pastoral  people,  for  they  did  not  even  devote  their  idle  liours 
to  the  tending  of  tlieir  herds.  Gen.  Vallcjo  is  a  gooddooking  man  of  about 
4."),  who  has  risen  in  tl.c  world  by  his  own  talent  and  energy.  His  father  died 
about  10  years  ago,  leaving  to  a  lar<,'e  family  of  sons  and  daughters  little  other 
inheritance  than  a  degree  of  intelligence  and  steadiness  almost  unknown  iu 
the  country . . .  What  a  curious  dictionary  of  circumlocutions  a  Monterey  I  >iiec- 
tory  would  be !. . .  Alvarado,  whate  veraliility  he  may  have  displayed  in  rising  from 
an  inferior  rank  to  be  the  first  man  in  California,  has  not  allowed  the  earis  of 
government  to  prey  on  his  vitals,  for  the  revolution  of  183G,  amid  its  otlicr 
changes,  has  metamorphosed  its  champion  from  a  thin  and  spare  conspirator 
into  a  plump  and  punchy  lover  of  singing,  and  dancing,  and  fcastinc;.  Ho 
received  us  very  politely. .  .Throughout  the  wdiole  of  Spanish  America  ihc 
machine  called  a  g(jvernment  appears  to  exist  only  for  its  own  sake,  the  gnuul 
secret  of  office  being  to  levy  a  revenue  and  consume  it;  public  men  have  little  or 
no  object  in  life  liut  to  share  the  l)ooty,  while  iirivate  individuals  look  v,  i:h 
apathy  on  intrigues  which  promise  no  others  change  than  that  of  the  naiiio.i 
of  their  plunderers.  ..Implicit  obedience  and  profound  respect  are  shown  I'V 
children,  even  after  they  are  grown  up,  toward  their  parents.  A  son,  thoii;,'li 
himself  the  head  of  a  family,  never  presumes  to  sit  or  smoke  or  remain  cov- 
ered in  the  presence  of  his  father;  nor  does  a  daughter  whether  married  or  not 
enter  into  too  great  familiarity  with  the  mother.  With  this  exception,  the 
Californians  know  little  or  nothing  of  ths  restraints  of  etitxuettc.  ..Bidls  lo  ik 
more  like  a  matter  of  business  than  anything  else  that  is  done . .  .In  all  but  t!ie 
place  of  their  birth  the  colonists  of  Spain  have  continued  to  be  genuine  Span- 
iards. ,  .  Foreigners  and  natives  cordially  mingle  together  as  members  o{  one 
and  the  same  harmonious  family.  The  virtue  of  hospitality  knows  no  bounds. 
In  a  word,  the  Californians  arc  a  happy  people,  possessing  the  means  of  p!iy- 
sical  pleasure  to  the  full,  and  knowing  no  higher  kind  of  enjoyment.' 

"♦O.  M.  Wozencraft  writes  to  the  S.  F.  Alia,  Sept.  .S,  18G9:  'In  yester- 
day's issue  you  mentioned  that  "the  idea  of  building  a  railroad  across  our 
continent  must  have  occurred  to  many  different  persons  as  early  as  ISU;)." 
Yc3,  it  did:  I  can  bear  witness.  In  1831,  one  Col.  Low,  a  professor  in  St 
Joseph's  College  at  Bardatowu,  Ky.,  conceived  the  idea,  and  he  published  hia 


lie  most 
d troop- 
k-oru  not 
urdcil — 
ch  other 
ovurbial 
ilc  Iwmrs 
jf  aV)Out 
licr  died 
tic  other 
nowii  ill 
y  l)irec- 
[iiig  from 
cari'3  of 
its  other 
ispirator 
I.?,     lie 
Inca  till' 
lie  gnmd 
llittleor 
lok  v.i-h 
Ic  iiaiiH  -i 
]own  l>y 
tliouu'h 
■aiii  e"\'- 
|d  oriiot 
ion,  the 
dls  1.'  'k 
butt'ie 
[C  Sp:i;i- 
of  i>;ic 
boumls- 
[of  phy- 

I  ycstcr- 
loss  iiiir 

is;',:!." 

Ir  in  ^t' 

Ihcd  his 


WARXEU'S  LKwTURE.  223 

nf  flio  end  of  1840,  or  early  in  1841,  John  J.  Warner, 
ii  1  (.•,>i(l(jiit  of  California  since  1831,  while  on  a  visit  in 
till'  east,  made  an  elaborate  argument  in  favor  of 
eslalilishing  railroad  communication  with  his  western 
hdiuo,  an  argument  delivered  apparently  in  the  form 
of  a  lecture  at  Rochester,  New  York,  and  published 
ill  tliUcrcnt  papers  and  magazines.'"*  His  idea  was 
that  of  a  railroad  to  the  Columbia  River  rather  than 
tn  San  Francisco,  and  the  question  whether  it  was 
the  lirst  proposition  of  its  kind  or  not  is  one  that  is  of 
no  especial  importance  here.^"     Tlio  chief  importance 

views  ill  pamphlet  form  preparatory  to  announcing  his  intention  of  running 
for  iii!imu.;,s  against  Ben  Harding.  The  trustees  of  tlio  college  held  a  meeting, 
a:iil  n  ithont  seeking  any  furtlier  evidence  than  tlic  main  idea  presented  in 
hi<  pamphlet,  declared  him  insane,  and  his  seat  ug  professor  vacant.'  In  the 
X.  y.  Tfihiiw,  Jan.  2,'),  1SG9,  \\c  read:  '  Tiio  man  who  first  projected  tlio 
I'acilic  11.  R.  is  nearly  as  nninerons  as  liia  brother  who  first  proposed  (len. 
Uraut  for  president.  IIo  lias  l)ecn  identified  with  Dr  Carver,  Asa  \Vhitney, 
Col.  lU'iiton,  etc.  Mr  John  King  of  Dubuque,  Iowa,  now  identifies  him  wicii 
Mr  .Jiihii  riuinbc.  a  Welshman,  who  settled  at  Dubuiino  in  ISIJl!,  corresponded 
cxteii.-iivuly  with  eastern  journals,  mado  the  first  .survey  for  a  R.  R.  westward 
fiuiu  Lake  Michigan,  and  urged  the  construction  of  a  K.  11.  to  the  Pacific  from 
the  V'-ar  1 S3G  onward.  IIo  called  a  private  meeting  in  its  behalf  la  the  winter 
of  ls;.l(>-7,  assembled  a  public  meeting  therefor  in  1S38,  and  wrote  largely  for 
the  jinuiials  in  advocacy  of  the  project  in  all  those  years;  urging  the  project 
in  a  iiumorial  to  congress  during  the  winter  of  1839-40.  Wo  think  Mr  K. 
makes  out  a  pretty  strong  case.'  In  (livers  newspapers  I  find  it  recorded  that 
Lewis  (1.  Clark,  in  1838,  thus  wrote  of  the  Pac.  R.  R.  in  the  K nkkerhoclcr 
Mii;iii:i:ic:  '  There  will  yet  be  built  a  railroad  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific. 
Let  tiio  prediction  be  marked,  for  the  work  will  bo  accomplished.  The  great 
chain  of  communication  will  yet  be  mado  with  links  of  iron  "long  drawn 
out". .  .Tlie  reader  is  now  living  who  will  make  the  trip,'  etc. 

^■•Warner  returned  from  his  visit  on  the  Julia  Ann  in  June.  Dept.  St. 
Pap.,  MS.,  XX.  10.  According  to  llaycs'  Emif).  Noteii,  .309-10,  the  lecture 
was  delivered  at  Rochester,  .ind  published  in  the  N.  Y.  Journal  of  Commerce. 
I  tiuil  it  under  the  title  of  Call /bruin  and  Orrrjon;  Diffmion  of  the.  Anglo-Saxon 
ll:(ir,  (did  Xeiv  Route  from  China  to  Boston,  in  the  Colonial  Magazine,  v.  229- 
3U,  .lune  1841.  Of  the  article  the  editor  says:  'Some  of  his  views  will  pcr- 
liajw  .si'cm  extravagant,  but  extravagance  itself  can  scarcely  equal  the  onward 
marcii  of  civilization  and  improvement  on  this  continent  within  the  last  oO 
years,  and  in  indulging  his  anticipations  of  the  future,  he  is  liable  to  no 
gravir  charge  than  at  the  commencement  of  that  period  would  liavo  been  laid 
at  tlu;  door  of  any  man  who  had  predicted  what  has  since  become  matter  of 
history.' 

'"'  Uaruer  writes:  'Let  us  suppose  a  railroad  in  operation  from  the  Colum- 
bia to  lioston.  The  distance,  allowing  for  sinuositie:^,  cannot  exceed  3,000 
miles.  Allowing  the  rate  of  travel  to  be  1.5  miles  per  hour,  it  will  require  10 
days;  and  allowing  GO  days  (or  29  by  steam)  from  Canton  to  Columbia  River, 
wc  have  70  days  from  Boston  to  Canton;  which  is  sooner  than  a  ship  couhl 
anivc  from  PanamA  at  Canton.  Can  there  be  a  doubt  that  tliis  will  be  the 
rou'.e  of  communication  in  less  than  CO  years?  Admitting  a  ship-canal  to  be 
made  across  the  Isthmus  of  Panamd,  can  it  compete  with  the  Columbia  route, 
when  a  large  proportion  of  the  China  products  which  arrive  at  Boston  find  a 
loiuket  of  cousumptiou  west  of  Boston  and  this  market  is  daily  increasing!' 


-"■f'-^^wm^iiuL-it 


SS« 


VISITS  AND  BOOKS. 


of  the  essay  is  as  a  vivid  and  accurate  presentment  of 
the  natural  advanta<(es  of  CaHfornia,  based  on  tlio 
author's  personal  observations  durinjr  a  residence  of 
ten  years,  and  on  quotations  from  other  writers.  The 
article  must  have  had  nmch  influence  in  attracting,'  iit- 
tention  to  the  country,  the  acquisition  of  which  by 
the  United  States  was  confidently  predicted  and  warm- 
ly advocated  by  the  author,  as  is  mdicated  by  quota- 
tions which  I  present  in  another  chapter.'' 

The  otlier  narrative  is  that  of  a  visit  to  Califoiiiia 
this  year  by  Henry  A.  Poirce,  master  and  owner  of 
the  Maryland.  It  has  never  been  published,  but  the 
oj'iginal  manuscript  is  in  my  possession.  The  author 
was  a  prominent  business  man  of  Honolulu,  where  lio 
was  later  U.  S.  consul.  He  arrived  at  Monterey 
November  24th,  and  after  a  few  days  went  up  to 
Yerba  Buena  on  the  Qitallua.  Thence  in  December 
he  made  a  trip  to  San  Rafiiel  and  the  region  tlieie- 
abouts,  his  purpose  being  to  purchase  the  Novato 
Rancho,  which  was  offered  for  sale  at  a  low  price. 
He  gives  many  interesting  details  of  a  local  nature 
about  what  is  now  Marin  County,  including  the 
drunken  pranks  of  Padre  Quijas  at  Read's  rancho. 
Returning  to  Monterey  on  the  Don  Qvixote,  Pel  roe 
sailed  on  his  own  vessel  January  3d,  and  two  days 
later  touched  at  Santa  Bilrbara  to  visit  the  grave  of 
his  brother,  who  had  died  there  several  years  before. 
For  nine  days  from  the  18th  the  Maryland  lay  at 
anchor  in  San  Diego  Bay,  the  captain  being  engaged 
in  disposing  of  his  cargo,  and  his  passenger,  M.  l)u- 
flot  de  Mofras,  in  studying  the  missions  and  other  in- 
stitutions of  the  southern  district.  From  Mazatlan 
on  February  7th,  the  Maryland  sailed  for  Honoluhi; 
but  Peirce  went  to  San  Bias  on  the  Victoria,  and 
thence    crossed   the    continent  to  Vera  Cruz.     Tlie 

"  See  chap.  x.  of  this  volume  on  foreign  schemes  for  the  acquisition  of 
Cal.  I  may  mention  liere  a  two-cohimn  article  on  Cal.  in  the  Boston  Mnrun- 
life  Journal  of  this  year,  republished  in  the  Honolulu  Polynesian,  i.  190.  It 
ia  both  historical  anil  descriptive,  containing  nothing  sufficiently  striking  or 
suiBciently  erroneous  to  merit  further  notice. 


PKIRCE'S  JOURNAL. 


225 


trnvcllcr's  ohsorvations  on  this  part  of  liis  journey  nro 
inmc  (K't.'iik'il  tlum  in  C^ilifornia,  and  are  inkTcstiniLf, 
tli'iii^ii  of  course  they  have  no  place  hei'o.  At  (luana- 
jiiiito  lie  i-anie  in  contact  with  the  Santa  Fe  prisoners, 
wli'isi"  narrative  he  enihothes  at  some  lenj^'th  in  his 
(,\\ii.  From  Vera  Cruz  he  sailed  March  4th  for  lla- 
l,;iii;i.  (in  the  French  Hhi[)  Atlantic',  and  had  not 
naclicd  the  port  on  March  3 1st,  when  the  journal 
clusiis  al.)ruptly.^  From  other  sources  we  know,  how- 
mi  I',  that  he  reached  the  Unite<l  States,  and  person- 
,illv  ciiuiiiinnicated  his  inj[)ressions  of  Califoi-nia  to 
\V(  hster  and  other  hii>h  autliorities  at  Washinyfton, 
I  shall  have  occasion  to  notice  furtiier  a  letter  on 
Cilifoniian  affairs  addressed  hy  Peirce  from  on  board 
Ills  vcs.st'l  to  a  gentleman  residing  in  the  Hawaiian 
Islands. 

'"  I'lirrr's  Journal  of  a  pnnnnr/e  from  Iforioliilii,  Onhii,  to  the  roast  of  CaU- 
foi'iiifi  iiiiil  Mi.cii-o  !n  till'  hriij  '  .Miin/liiinl.'     MS.,  4',  41  p.     Tliis  journal  is 


on  tlio 
anil  Val- 


].ii'(il('il  in  till'  same  volume  hy  I'eirce's  jounial,  or  lot',  of  a  vii\  .i;,'i! 
siliiKiMcr  Morsi',  starting  from  Boston  April  '21,  ISUi),  via  Cape  Ih  in  a 
|Nir;ii.si)  in  1S((  days  to  Honolulu,  73  p.     The  same  volume  contains  also  some- 
t  ixtt iisi\o  roconls  and  genealogical  tahles  of  Mr  I'eirce's  family.     Tho 


aitlmr,  wli'i  had  visited  C.'al.  in  1S'2H,  and  was  a  resident  of  S.  F,  in  1880-4, 
lias  coiitriliuted  other  material  for  my  use. 


Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  IV.    15 


CHAPTER  IX. 

SUTTER'S  FORT-U.  S.  EXPLOIilXG  EXPEDITION— DUFLOT 

DE  MOFRAS. 

1841-1S42. 

Proohess  at  New  Helvetia — The  Fort — Indians — Ind'/stries — Viogkt's 
Map — Si'tter's  Land  Grant — Visitors— Pl'kch.».^e  of  Ross— Vikws 

OF     PEIRCn    AND     SiMPSON — SuiTEIi's    TrOUBI  Ilri — DeI'.TS — TraDK    AM) 

Trapping- V.vLLEjo  and  Sutter-  Threats  of  Revolt— Li-.ttk.r  m 
Lkese — U.  S.  Exploring  Expedition — The  Fleet— Pt'isLisiiKii  Re- 
si'LTs — Opfuations  !:■?  California- Ringgold  on  the  SArRAMExro— 
Emmons'  Overland  Trip  from  Oregon- -Map — Wilkes'  NAnnAiivi: 
— Serious  Defects— Qcotations — Ditflot  de  Mofras — His  Move- 
ments— His  Experience  at  Mo^ierey,  Yi:RBA  Buena,  and  Sonoma— 
His  Character — Hi.«  ]iooK — Map. 

Captain  Sutter's  acts,  and  the  progress  of  liis 
estahliwhiiient  on  tli(3  Sacramento,  cannot  be  tr.'aloil 
as  a  purely  local  aftair,  but  must  be  prescrted  w  ith 
the  cun-ent  annals  of  the  department,  so  closely  arc 
they  connected  with  the  general  subject  of  inniiiuna- 
tion  and  the  growth  of  foreign  influence  in  Cahfor- 
nia.  The  adventurous  Gorman  can  hardly  bo  re- 
garded as  a  political  missionary,  "determined  to  ivar 
the  standard  of  American  freedom  in  this  distant  and 
sechuk'd  dependency  of  imbecile  Mexico,"^  as  sonic 
of  his  admirers  are  wont  to  picture  him;  for  Ills  aim 
was  to  make  a  fortune,  and  it  mattered  little  to  him 
whether  he  did  it  in  the  role  of  Yankee  pioticcr, 
Swiss  inmiigrant,  French  officer,  jNIexican  alcaldi .  ov 
cosmopolitan  adventurer;  yet  all  the  same  he  ditl  by 
building  uj)  his  frontier  trading-post  contribute  very 

'  I'liham'i^  Notes,  318-22,  imd  similar  axpressions  often  repeated  l>y  m  ws- 
iwiper  writers. 

(22U) 


PROGRESS  AT  NEW  HELVETIA. 


227 


iimtciially  to  hasten  the  success  of  American  occu- 
pation. 

Piogress  at  Nucva  Helvocia  in  1841-2  was  for  the 
most  i'urt  ill  the  same  directions  that  liave  been  indi- 
oatfd  in  the  annals  of  the  preceding  year.''  Work 
was  (>o!itiiiued  chiefly  by  Indian  laborers  on  the  fort, 
wliiili  liad  been  begun  in  1840,  and  was  completed 
prolialily  in  1844.  Wilkes  found  the  Indians  at  work 
ou  llio  walls  in  the  autumn  of  1841,  but  there  is  no 
Ycrord  to  show  the  state  of  the  structure  at  any  timi; 
before  its  completion.  The  fort  may  be  described, 
with  snfHcicnt  accuracy  for  my  present  purpose,  as  an 
ad'ihe  wall  eighteen  feet  high  and  three  feet  thick, 
enclosing  a  rectangular  space  cf  about  500  by  150 
feet.  At  the  south-east  and  north-west  corners  pro- 
jecting bastions,  or  towers,  rose  above  the  walls  of 
the  I'ectangle,  and  contained  in  their  upper  stories 
cannon  which  commanded  the  gateways  in  the  centre 
of  each  side  except  the  western.  Loop-holes  were 
pierced  in  the  walls  at  difl'erent  points.  Guns  were 
mounted  at  the  main  entrance  on  the  south  and  else- 
wlieie,  and  the  north  side  seems  also  to  have  been 
protected  by  a  ravine.  An  inner  wall,  with  the  inter- 
mediate space  roofed  over,  furnished  a  large  number 
of  aj)artnients  in  the  Californian  style,  and  there  were 
ether  detached  buildings,  both  of  wood  and  adobe,  in 
the  interior."  Some  of  the  wooden  buildings  were 
Iirought  from  Ross.  The  armament,  as  early  as  184"J, 
consisted  of  two  brass  fiekl-pieces  and  a  dozen  or  more 
iron  nuns  of  different  kinds,  brought  from  Honolulu 
and  purchased  from  different  vessels.  Sutter  states 
that  lie  bought  only  one  gun,  one  of  the  brass  piecos, 


'  See  chap.  v.  of  thia  vol. 

'fSi't'  views  and  ilosciiptions  of  the  oomplctoil  buililinys  in  Uplicim''x  Xo/r.t, 
.TIS-'.*'.';  Firri/,  Cu!.,  '.)~;  Jfd^lii.iix'  Emhjvaut  0'ni''i',  10'2  .'i;  l.awi  ii'<  Cru'iKi'  of 
the  iKil' ;  Ui'!iitn''s  What  I Sarr  hi  Cal.,  21)7-70;  L'liffiiiiis  G'Jil  /I'f'v/u/?.-',  'A-o; 
/I'l /'cr. '.>•  J''<iir  (if  J)uti/,  74;  and  many  otlur  piiMiciitionji.  Mofra.s,  Explor., 
i-  4,")7-llO,  tills  ua  tliat  the  wall  was  5  feet  thick,  ur.d  strf-ngtheiied  witii 
Ikuiiis;  that  cull  face  (if  the  <iiuulrilatcial  wa:i  100  mriris;  mid  that  then^ 
"13  ail  ixtiri.ji-  gallery  running  ronnd  the  \v;;ll — but  the  structure  wm  fcu- 
hum  tuiiiplutu  at  the  time  of  thia  author's  visit. 


'i  "I?!  ■* 


i  .'    H: 


hft      •'■  lift 


r 


2'JS 


SUTTER'S  FORT. 


from  tlie  Russians;  Bid  well  and  others  think  moro 
were  ohtained. 

I  tind  MO  evidonre  of  serious  trouble  with  the  Indians 
in  tlu'sr  years;*  indeed,  Sutter  seems  to  have  had  n- 
niarkidde  success  in  maintaining  friendly  relations  witli 
the  n;itiv(^s,  and  in  inducing  them  to  work,  not  oiilv 
for  himself,  hut  for  friends  in  other  parts  of  the  coun- 
try to  whom  he  sent  them.''  Little  progress  if  anv 
Mas  made  in  agi'iculture  before  the  end  of  184"2;  as 
we  have  se(Mi,  Sutter  had  no  wheat  with  whicli  to 
niaki'  his  first  ])ayinent  to  tlie  llussians.  His  live- 
stock, however,  had  gained  in  number  both  from  tlio 
natural  inci-ease,  and  especially  fron)  the  1,700  cattle, 
900  horses,  and  900  sheep  purchased  at  Ross."  Tra]i- 
ping  was  not  successful  in  1H41,  on  account  of  the  de- 
fective t\",\\)s  and  want  of  skill;  but  in  1842  the  result 
was  more  t'n('onra<_>in<jf,  and  beaver-skins  beo'an  to  he 
sent  down  tlie  river  in  consideral)le  (]uantities  to  pay 
the  more  urgent  of  the  captain's  debtors.  Tlie  only 
other  products  nf  Xew  Helvetian  industries  wlilili 
were  put  to  a  similar  use,  or  exchanged  f  )r  such 
needed  sujtplies  as  could  not  be  obtained  on  crcslit, 
were  deer-fat  and  wild-grape  brandy.'^     No  lists  of  in- 

<Tii  D<pf.  S-t.  P„p.,  MS.,  xvii.  SS-9.%  Snttcr  reports  to  Alvarinlo  (isili 
that  tlio  Co.xuiiiiu's  and  ( 'usoluniucH  hail  1)ecii  plotting  against  him.  trying' 
fii'st  toi'nticf  him,  liy  storii'sof  a  whito  uianliving  in  tho  mountains,  to;.;o\vitli 
thcni,  ami  lat^r  to  cntico  away  his  Indians.  In  SiitUr  Co.  Hid.,  1.'!,  is  imii- 
tioned  Sutter's  jiursiiit  aii<l  capture  of  a  chief  near  Marysville  in  1S41. 

■"Aug.  1(1.  1S41.  Sutte'' regrets  tiiat  he  cannot  send  certain  Indians.  Tln'se 
from  S.  Jvafael  and  Vt'iha  IJucna  have  not  come  l)aek;  those  in  the  .soutli  aro 
fighting  aniDMi.'  tiicmsidves;  and  tlie  Sagayacumnes  come  no  mni'o.  fliiiv- 
fore  he  is  slim  t  of  wnrkinen;  hut  will  iiave  some  to  send  next  trip.  .Vi'/ii-- 
l^ni'ml  Corns/i.,  MS..  <l.  .July  '21,  1S42,  has  made  jieaco  with  the  Fentlui- 
Itiver  peoiile,  wh"  will  pick  grapes  for  him.  /</.,  Ki.  Mofras  found  aliiiit 
KK)  natives  at  work.    L'.'/ifnr.,  i.  4."i7-(iO. 

"Wilkes.  Xnn-..  v.  liK),  fives  the  nund)er  of  Sutter's  live-stock  li'fure 
tlie  pnreliase  i.rol,;iMy--as  •2,r>Q{)  cattle,  l.(H)0  horses,  and  1,000  slieep.  Mo- 
fras, Frp/io:.  i.  4."i7'-liO.  has  it  4,000  oxen,  1,-JOO  cows,  1,,JOO  hor-i -,  ai  ■! 
2,000  sheep. 

'.Tan.  0,  1S4I.  iiis  trappers  about  to  start  out,  and  despite  past  ill  -iucct'^s 
is  coiiiideut  h(>  will  have  ]ilenty  of  furs  soon.  \(///' r-.S'»(1oi  Coovsy/..  MS.. 'i. 
Oct.  lOtli,  will  have  some  brandy  to  send  soon.  Iif.,  11.  Mnrcli  "Jt.  1^4'.', 
May  1st,  eti'.,  semis  140  lieaver-skiiis  at  S'i.oO  pr  pound,  and  .SO  '  ji.l-ottci' 
skins  at  .S-J.."i()  raih.  Beave.'-iiunting  will  lie  poor  this  season;  ';csid<s,  his 
lieail  hunter  steals  the  skins  to  sell  to  Marsh  and  others.  Tlie  ('ohnabi.i 
Ei\cr  trappers  also  steal  and  trade  for  his  furs.    /'/.,  1'2-lH.     Deer-fat  sent  ainl 


MAP  AND  LAND-GRAXT. 


229 


luilillaut.s  or  cniploycs  at  this  place  are  extant;  but  I 
siii)|)i)so  that  by  the  end  of  1842  there  niusthax'e  been 
iViiiii  thirty  to  forty  white  men  connected  in  one  way 
or  another  with  the  estabhshment,  since  many  of  the 
(ivrilaiid  innnigrants  were  emphiyed  by  Sutter  I'or  a 
thiic  until  they  could  tind  an  opportunit\'  for  settle- 
ment. The  names  of  most  may  be  found  in  lists  given 
tlx.whore.  Tw(^  or  three  were  already  settled  >ai 
lands  in  tliis  region."^  It  would  seem,  howevei',  that 
more  firuigncrs  came  to  the  fort  at  times  than  the 
captain  desired  to  retain  in  his  service.'' 

Jraii  J.  Vioget  had  spent  some  time  at  Xew  Hel- 
vrtia,  probably  in  the  early  part  of  1841,  and  was 
i'in])loyod  by  Sutter  t(j  make  a  survey  and  map  of  the 
ri'i;ion,  to  be  used  in  his  a[)plication  f  »r  the  grant  of 
land  that  had  been  promisevl.  I  consiiler  this  maj),  as 
tlu'  Hrst  ever  made  of  the  Sacramento  leii'ion,  woilhy 
(if  reproduction.  Armed  with  the  dt'si'i'to,  Sutter  went 
(I '\\n  to  the  capital  in  May  or  June  for  his  grant."' 
llis  petition  to  Alvarado  was  dated  June  Ijth,"  and 


ot  ni- 


(isni 

111.  trying 

,);^(.i  with 

;!,  is  iiKii- 

vU. 

lis.  Tln'-'e 
sDutli  ;uv 
riit'i'i-'- 


snci-'f-3 

MS,.  :i. 

l-.),l.ntU'r 

kiiU'S,  llis 

'nlui,iW;i 

[si'iitaml 


]iioniis('il.  III.,  14,  otc.  July  ittli,  is  going  to  iniilve  'n'aiiilyon  .a  l.irtro  .'ii-jile. 
/''..  l."i.  Wilkes,  Xfirr.,  v.  101,  speiiks  of  the  tr;i]iiiL'r.s  ami  of  a  ilistilk'ry 
for  miking  "a  kind  of  )iisfo.'  Yntos,  Sbtch,  ?'S..  1."),  .say*  the  ilistilk'iy  was 
in  tliai'gc  (if  a  (iunnaii  nainocl  Uhcr,  and  makes  ajiiin  on  the  eonneitinn  of  lii.s 
liaiiii'  and  the  iini,  or  grape. 

''Tluse  were  John  Sinclair  at  Grimes'  raneho  mi  the  Aiiierii,.n  I!i\er, 
Nirli'iias  AUgeier  on  Feather  Kivor,  Theodore  Cordiia  at  .Marysvilh  ,  and  Wiu 
(Miiduii  Oil  Caehe  Creek.  S/iftcr  Co.  Hist.,  'l\-2.  .Inhii  Yates,  w  h<t  com- 
nii"iikd  Sutter's  sehooner,  and  who  writes  what  he  ealls  a  Shtrh  o/  a 
J.i'iriii  1/ !ii  IS.'/ J  from  SucraineHtn,  CaL,  thromjh  the  I'lZ/iy. -M'"*..  large  fol., 
H.'i  ]!,,  represents  himself  as  having  visited  in  succession  Sinclair,  AlL'eier, 
Hnik  F:uiii,  Duttou  and  Xeal  on  IJuttc  ( 'reek,  and  Lassen  '_'.")  miles  lieymid, 
tiitio  liiiiig  a,  house  and  live-stock  at  each  place;  liut  Outton,  Xeal,  and  Las- 
si'ii  arc  uiulerstood  not  to  have  settled  here  until  a  later  period.  I  do  nut 
imipcisc,  however,  to  go  into  details  ahout  the  earliest  sottleis  at  pnsent. 

''>hiy  10.  1S4'2,  he  writes:  Me  commence  ildoniier  h'  conge  ii  he.iueoiqxles 
I'tnsrgcis,  ])arcc(pie  jepieK.c  <iv;  n'avoir  pas  aut.-int  en  laon  service,  parce- 
quil  y  a  liicn  pcu  yarmi  eux  qui  sont  hon.'    t<ii>li-r-Sit,~i,,l  ('tirn^ji.,  Ms..  I.">. 

'''.\piil  '21,  1S41,  will  see  Sunol  in  person  the  next  trip.  Apr.  .SOth,  if  ho 
ciiuus  to  S.  .lose,  will  .Suflol  lend  him  a  liorso  to  go  to  Monterey?  Tlie  next 
Kf.  r  is  ilated  Aug.  '2d,  at  X.  Helvetia,  after  his  return.  Siif'i  r-Sniid/  <  'nn-i  ■■'/). , 
.Ms..  4-."). 

"  In  it  hestatcs  'that  since  he  first  arrived  in  this  country,  heiiig  desirou.s 
I't  riilti  uting  a  part  of  the  many  vacant  lands  whicli  it  })ossesses,  lie  solicited 
iiiil  iilitanii>a  your  superior  appi'obatiou  toestahlish  himself  on  the  land  which 
111'  iniw  occupies,  accompanied  by  some  industrious  families  w  lio  chose  to  fol- 
1  '"■  liiiii.  In  eonsef|uonco  of  assiduous  labor,  his  establishment  now  promi.ses 
1  uttering  hopes  to  him.sulf  and  advantages  to  the  department  iu  general;  for, 


'•■i*-ii':  ■Jh»*artkiAt*>>j;»i^«,.&<LAlAwr--  A 


III 


;.i    , 


,.jp 

||:   1: 

m 

Myiik,iyi 

r.o 


SUTTER'S  FORT. 


Map  of  New  Helvetia,  1841. 


THK  SACRAMENTO  GRANT. 


231 


(111  tlio  IStli  the  pfrant  was  iiuulo  in  duo  form  to  Sut- 
11,  \vlii»  "  lias  suttioi(jiitly  accredited  his  laboriousnoss, 
uiMid  ((iiidiu't,  and  other  quahfications  required  itisucli 
(•  IMS.  and  has  ah'oady  in  advance  manifested  his  great 
.ill lit s,  his  constant  tirmness,  and  truly  patriotic  zeal 
ill  r,i\i»r  of  our  institutions,  by  reducing  to  civilization 
a  l,tri;e  )iuniber  of  savage  Indians,  natives  of  those 
IViiiitiiTs."  The  land  granted  was  eleven  square 
1:  ,il;ik'S  within  the  tract  designated  on  the  map, 
li.iuiuled  on  the  north  by  the  Three  Peaks  and  lati- 
iliulo  oU'  41'  45";  on  the  east  by  the  "margins  of 
Frather  River;"  on  the  south  by  latitude  38'  41)'  32"; 
aiul  on  tlie  west  by  the  Sacramento  River — the  eleven 
IcagiK's  n(jt  including  lands  flooded  by  the  river.  The 
(•(iiKlitions,  besides  those  of  usual  formality,  were  that 
"lio  shall  maintain  the  native  Indians  of  the  different 
ti'ihes  of  those  points  in  the  enjoyment  and  liberty  ot 
theii'  jiossessions,  without  molesting  them,  and  he  shall 
ii<c  no  other  means  of  reducing  them  to  civilization 
lnit  those  of  prudence  and  friendly  intercourse,  and 
IK  it  make  war  upon  them  in  any  way  without  previ- 
ously obtaining  authority  from  government." ^^ 

This  grant  of  New  Helvetia  was  made  in  good  faith, 
with  due  regard  to  the  requisite  legal  forms,  and  with 
a>  much  attention  to  accuracy  of  hjcation  as  was  cus- 
iniiiary  at  the  time.     Its  validity  was  subsequently 


p'.iimihitrd  liy  the  cwaniplo  of  Ilia  followers,  industrious  ideas  are  awakening 
i'l  \'\v  ntluT  iiiliid)itant:i  of  this  country,  and  at  the  siiiiio  time  the  place,  iVoni 
its  ^itiiiition,  serves  as  a  strong  barrier  to  the  ineursiims  of  the  l)arl)arouH  trilies 
t  ■  till'  srttlements,  and  as  a  school  of  civilization,  hoth  to  the  liaihanuis  na- 
tivi  -;  :iiiil  to  tiidse  sulijceted  to  the  missions,  wlio,  in  the  long  perind  of  time 
ta;it  t!uy  havelieen  under  subjection,  have  iii'ver  been  useful  mi'inbers  to  so- 
I'ii'ty  in  u'l'iieral,  as  tlie  undersigned  has  now  the  satisfaction  to  know  tiiat 
tlicy  will  bi  .on.",  owing  to  his  indefatigable  labors.  For  all  these  leasuns, 
tlic  undersigned,  in  ordt;r  to  aggrandize  his  enterprise  and  cstablisli  twelve 
p""l  faniiliis,  is  under  the  necessity  tif  rcpiesting  of  the  goodness  of  your 
Kxoelliiicy  that  you  be  pleased  to  grant  him  eleven  leagues  in  the  estalilisli- 
imnit  named  Xueva  llelvecia,  situated  towards  the  north,  in  exact  aceordanco 
witli  the  hnid  designated  on  the  plat,'  etc. 

'-The  petition  and  grant  have  often  been  printe<l  in  connection  with  va- 
Hoiis  Ic^al  jiroceedings;  lint  for  tliem  and  the  ma])  I  refer  the  reader  only  to 
till'  case  of  l'"en  is  vs  ("oover,  in  ('(■/.  Ji'i  jiort'<,  x.  .'JS!)-ti40.  f 'ases  growing  out 
<  f  this  grant  before  the  laml  commission  wci'e  nos.  0,  1)2,  248,  G33,  037,  und 
Gs:i. 


i  §  I 


'  'iMitilMmim'i^atimmaiiatb 


■  »:  i 


tJ,  ^^^  • 


1 1  i*  i\ 


232 


SUTTER'S  FORT. 


m 


sustained  by  the  U.  S.  j^ovcrnineiit,  although  thcdii.;'- 
inal  grant  had  been  destroyed  in  one  of  the  Sacra- 
mento tires.  A  variety  of  cireumstances,  however,  in 
ad(htion  to  the  ordinary  (hfficulties  connected  uiih 
'flontinu''  OTants,  consi)ired  to  cause  no  end  of  htitj^utioii 
in  later  years,  into  the  particulars  of  which  this  is  not 
the  place  to  enter.  Such  circumstances  were  Vii  igct's 
error  in  fixing  latitudes,  Alvarado's  apparent  blundci' 
in  copying  one  of  the  latitutles  from  the  maj)  to  tlic 
document,  Sutter's  peculiarities  of  tem[)erament  wliidi 
led  him  to  dispose  of  more  land  than  even  the  jum- 
verblal  elasticity  of  a  ]\[exican  grant  could  be  niade  to 
cover,  the  foundation  of  a  large  town  Ujion  tlic  tract. 
and  the  large  number  of  owners  and  claimants  to  bo 
satisfied. 

On  the  23d  of  Aufjust  Lieutenant  Rini^uold  uf 
Wilkes'  expedition  arrived  at  Sutter's  Fort,  coinin;^ 
up  the  river  in  boats,'^  and  September  4tli  the  saino 
party  called  here  again  on  their  return.  October  I  Dth 
Lieutenant  Emmons  of  the  same  expedition  arrived 
with  his  overland  party  from  Oregon,  a  part  of  the 
company  spending  two  days  at  the  fort.  With  t!ii> 
company  from  Oregon  came  a  small  party  of  immi- 
grants, some  of  whoui,  as  Sutter  states,  had  cio^scd 
the  continent  with  him  and  came  to  enter  his  service'* 
Wilkes  acknowledges  with  thanks  the  kind  attentions 
shown  to  members  of  his  ex})edition  liy  Suttei'.  wlio 
was  found  to  be  a  man  of  frank  and  prepossi'ssini;' 
manners,  of  much  intelligence,  conversant  with  sev- 
eral languages,  "and  withal  not  a  little  enthusiastic' 
The  latitude  of  the  fort  was  found  to  be  38^  33'  4.V': 
and  a  brief  description  is  given  of  the  establishment 
and  its  surroundings.     The  prediction  is  also  oilired 

^^Siit/cr's  Dinri/,  S;  Sept.  1st,  Sutter  writes  tliat  the  party  is  cxploriii-'  i:]' 
the  rivor,  .iml  lio  is  very  curious  to  learn  ivhat  they  have  discovered.  Suf'-  r- 
Siii'iol,  ('iirr(.<j>..  MS.,  10. 

"Oct.  1<),  IS41,  Sutter  mentions  the  arrival,  Sm'inl  Coircop.,  MS..  11.  In 
his  J>ini-i/,  .S,  Sutter  gives  tlie  date  lis  Oct.  ISth,  and,  ever  ready  to  cliiini  .lU 
possible  ci'cdit,  even  for  small  services,  states  ttmt  ho  despatched  one  I't  llw 
parties  down  the  river  in  his  vessel;  though  it  appears  from  Wilkes' uaiiMtive 
that  they  went  down  in  the  Viaceuiufi'  boat. 


ROTCHEF  AXD  MOFRAS. 


•233 


hlo- 


litioiis 

\v1m» 

I'ssiii'j; 

St'V- 

4.)  ; 

llllf!lt 

|rin-'  I'P 

>■.,/  ,  /•■ 

.lini  :ill 

,.f  I  In.' 

Irnit  ivo 


tliiit  "it  will  not  be  long  before  it  becomes  in  f^ouie  re- 
sjiccts  an  American  colony." ^^ 

it  was  at  the  beginning  of  September,  while  liing- 
o( lid's  party  was  in  the  valley,  that  a  schooner  arrived 
fimii  Tloss  with  ^lanager  Rotchef  on  boartl  to  nego- 
tiate for  the  sale  which  has  already  received  sufHcient 
notice.^"  The  bargain  was  closed  during  the  first  half 
of  September,  though  the  contract  was  not  formally 
si<4ned  until  December;  and  at  the  end  of  October, 
Slitter  sent  a  party,  including  Livermore,  Merritt,  and 
\\'alker,  to  drive  his  newly  acquired  livcrstock  across 
the  country,'^  sending  Ridley  about  the  same  time  to 
take  eliarge  of  his  interests  on  the  coast.  Bidwcll 
succeeded  Ridley  early  in  1842.  The  purchase  in- 
cluded the  Russian  schooner,  which  was  rcchristened 
the  S<icr(i)ii('uto,  and  made  frequent  trips  to  and  from 
l!e(hga,  bringing  back  all  of  the  })roperty  that  was 
lunvalue  and  could  be  utilized,  including  several  of 
the  wooden  buildings,  which  were  set  up  within  the 
walls  oFtiie  fort  at  New  Helvetia,^^ 

It  was  on  Se[)tember  1st  that  there  arrived  at  the 
felt  .M.  ])uflot  de  Mofras,*''  whose  visit  to  California 
ill  miieral  I  shall  notice  later  in  this  chapter.  ]\[ofras 
i:ives  a  l)iief  historical  and  descriptive  sketch  of  Sut- 
ter's establishment,  to  which — partly  on  account  of 
the  captain's  French  antecedents,  for  Sutter  still 
t.dked  of  his  twelve  years'  service  in  the  royal  guard — 
he  attaches   nmch   importance.      Sutter's   plans,   as 

'^  Wilbs'Xarr.,  v.  189-94,  204-7,  2C'2-3. 

"'Socj  elui]).  vi.  of  this  vol. 

''  In  liJH  D'ldrji,  .'{,  Sutter  tells  us  that  100  head  of  cattle  were  dnnvucil  in 
fmiliiij,'  tlic  S.ici'anieiito.  lie  gives  tlie  ilate  of  .sending  the  men  as  Sept.  •iScii, 
1ml  tills  is  tloulitless  an  error  of  a  month,  since  lie  vvrites  Oct.  I'JtIi  of  tlie 
tiniilile  he  anticipates  in  moving  tlie  animals,  Siittcr-Suiiol  Canrsj).,  MS..  11; 
aiid.luel  ]'.  Walker,  Xarmtirc,  ^l.S.,  12,  who  came  with  Knnnons  on  Oct. 
I'.itli,  tells  us  that  lie  accompanied  the  party  to  lioss.  It  was  very  likely 
evi  11  later  tlmn  (^)etober. 

'Mnliii  Bidwell,  Callfoniin,  JS/fl-fl,  MS.,  8."),  says  that  Sutter  attempted 
uiisiiri'i  ssfully  to  remove  the  heavy  threshing-floors  hy  towing  tlieni  as  rafts 
1"  hind  ills  .schooner,  via  S.  V.  Mofras,  £xjilor.,  i.  4(JS,  gives  a  picture  of  ix 
liiiusc  like  thiwe  thus  removed. 

^'' Siiiur-iiiii'iol  t'orrvp.,  MS.,  10,  where  ho  is  spoken  of  aa  M.  lo  Comto 
w  ilulnis. 


Pi 

m 

lii  ■His 

In 

H 

m 

n 

■■HI 

H 

■^H 

rm 

I^H 

f '■■'■]'      WMM9 

nil  1 

lif,,    fl™!l 

■V'''               *           11 

^'''' -           IP 

\  i.      I  !r 

.■^ 

<  ^ 

' 

ji!!|;j  ;. 


!  J  »    ; ;, 


■  *! 


urn  I 


234 


SUTTER'S  FORT. 


iiKitltj  known  to  this  traveller,  iiiclvKlcd  not  only  tlir 
cxj)oi'tatioii  of  s>;rain,  vcjjfotablus,  butter,  anil  clicese, 
but  tlie  cultivation  on  a  lai'<jfe  scale  of  rice,  cotton,  and 
inflisjfo  on  the  tints,  and  of  grapes,  olives,  and  utlicr 
fruits  on  the  higher  lands.  "His  intention,"  wiitcs 
^lofras,  "is  to  grant  rent-free  at  first  some  lots  of 
land  to  colonists  who  may  come  to  settle  near  liis  es- 
tal)lisliment.  Meanwhile,  his  white  workmen,  tliiitv 
men,  Germans,  Swiss,  Canadians,  Americans,  ]']nL;- 
lish,  and  French,  almost  all  occupied  as  wood-cuttiis, 
smiths,  carpenters,  or  trappers,  receive  two  or  thiiL' 
dollars  a  day  besides  their  board,  paid  part  in  money 
and  part  in  goods.  All  these  men  live  with  Indian 
or  Californiau  women,  and  the  colony  contains  not 
less  than  two  hundred  souls. ..  .M.  Sutter  can  tiadc 
independently  of  the  custom-house  or  the  jMexicaii 
{iuth(jrities;  he  can  receive  people  or  goods  cither  hy 
land  from  Bodega,  or  by  sending  his  schooner  tliorc. 
]M.  Sutter  has  served  in  the  French  army;  in  Cali- 
fornia ho  is  considered  a  Frenchman;  he  lives  in  a 
territory  which  barely  belongs  in  name  to  Mexico:  lie 
has  about  him,  and  is  working  to  bring  about  liini, 
Canadians  and  Frenchmen.  In  a  few  years  Xtw 
Helvetia  will  become  a  considerable  establislunoiit, 
through  wdiich  will  pass  caravans  coming  by  land  tVoia 
Cana(hi,  from  the  (Columbia,  and  from  the  Unitoil 
States.  We  thiidc,"  and  it  may  be  suspected  that  tlic 
writer  does  not  express  his  thought  quite  fully,  "tliat 
it  would  be  very  useful  for  M.  Sutter  to  realize  the 
desire  which  he  has  often  expressed  to  us  of  ha\iiii;' 
with  him  some  Frencli  missionaries  to  civilize  the 
Indian  tribes  about  liim."'^'' 

In  November  a  party  of  over  thirty  immigrants  ar- 
rived by  the  overland  route,  as  will  be  fully  iclati  il 
in  the  next  chapter.  One  of  the  men,  James  .loliii, 
came  in  advance  of  the  party  to  the  fort,  arriviny 
November  3d;  and  many  of  his  companions  soon 
came  from  San  Jose  and  Marsh's  rancho,  to  live  aiul 

^^  Mnj'ras,  Explor.,  i.  457-00. 


SIMPSON'S  OPIXIOX. 


235 


m(m1;  fiU"  a  time  at  Now  Helvetia.  All  of  this  jvirty 
lia\e  testified  to  the  kind  liosj)itality  of  Sutter's  re- 
ception, and  his  zealous  cff(jrts  in  their  behalf  In 
the  only  contemporary  published  narrative,  John  Bid- 
vi'll  i>ore  the  same  testimony,  but  gave  no  desei-ijttive 
or  historical  details  about  the  vSacramento  establish- 
iiifiit.-'  Henry  A.  Peircc,  visiting  the  countiy  late 
in  November,  did  not  go  to  New  Helvetia,  and  had 
nothing  to  say  of  it  or  its  owner  in  his  journal;  but 
lie  had  occasion  to  make  some  inquiries  about  the 
iiinii  in  consequence  of  a  proposition  from  Sutter  to 
puichase  goods  on  credit,  a  proposition  which  was  de- 
chnod.-"  Sir  George  Simpson,  the  only  other  visitor 
of  1841-2  whoso  remarks  on  this  subject  require  men- 
tion, did  not  go  to  Sutter's  place  as  he  had  intended 
to  do;  and,  "besides  having  thus  lost  the  opportunity 
of  .stjeing  a  little  of  the  interior,"  ho  writes,  "we  had 
I'oasons  of  a  less  romantic  character  for  regi'etting 
oui'  (Hsappointment;  as  Sutter,  a  man  of  a  speculative 
turn  and  good  address,  had  given  to  the  Hudson's 
]);iv  Company,  in  co!innon  with  many  otliers  less 
iihli;  to  pay  for  the  compliment,  particular  grounds 
fir  taking  an  interest  in  his  welfare  and  pros[)erity. 
lb)  had  successively  tried  his  fortune  in  St  Louis, 
among  the  Shawnee  Indians,  in  the  Snake  country, 
on  tlic  Columbia  River,  at  the  Sandwich  Islands,  at 
Sitka,  and  at  San  Francisco,  uniformly  illustrating 
tlie  j)roverb  of  the  rolling  stone,  but  yet  generally 
(ontiiving  to  leave  anxious  and  inquisitive  friends 
hehind  him.  Sutter  was  now  living  on  a  grant  of 
land  al)out  sixty  miles  long  and  twelve  broad,  trap- 
|iing,  farming,  trading,  bullying  the  government,  and 
letting  out  Indians  for  hire.  If  he  really  has  the 
talent  and  courage  to  make  the  most  of  his  posi- 

•'  Uhlirfirs  Jimrney  to  CaJ.,  20. 

^•'  Ftl).  1,  18-t'J,  I'circe  to  Thos  Cummings  of  Honolulu.  'I  tliink  Sutter's 
piiis]ir(ti  ;u'e  good.  Since  leaving  S.  F.  I  have  iicard  much  to  the  prejudice 
of  his  .h.'iractcr.  Some  transactions  of  liis  in  the  U.  S.  and  in  New  Mexico,  if 
tnu' as  nlatcd,  would  ]irovc  him  tn  lie  a  man  not  to  lie  trusted  and  without 
huuur.     I  did  not  sue  him.'  I'circe's  Iiuiajh  Sketch,  MS.,  78-'J,  84, 


M 


;i 


fiii 


mm 

ffllii 


Hii 


236 


SUTTEirS  FORT. 


tioii,  lie  is  not  uiilikt'lv  to  rcndur  Culiforniii  a  stcniMl 
Texas.  For  fostering  and  maturing  l^rotlier  .Imi- 
athan's  anil)itious  views,  Captain  Sutter's  estalili.-h- 
nieiit  is  admirably  situated.  ]^esides  lying  on  tin,' 
diiect  route  between  San  Franciseo  on  the  one  liaiid 
and  the  ^Tissouri  and  Willamette  on  the  other,  it  vir- 
tually excludes  the  Californians  from  all  the  In-t 
parts  of  their  own  eountiy.  Hitherto  tho  Siianiai.ls 
liavc  confmed  themselves  to  the  com|)aratively  baiicu 
slip  of  land  from  ten  to  forty  miles  in  width,  which 
lies  between  the  ocean  and  the  first  range  of  moun- 
tains; ami  beyond  this  slip  they  will  never  penetrate 
with  their  i)resent  force,  if  Sutter  or  any  other  adven- 
turer can  gather  round  him  a  score  of  such  marksiutii 
as  won  Texas  on  the  Held  of  San  Jacinto."-^ 

Thus  established  on  a  })rincely  domain  in  the  \al- 
ley  of  his  own  cIkjIcc  granted  without  price  by  a  grn- 
erous  government,  clothed  with  legal  authority  n\ii' 
the  settlers  on  his  estates,  successful  in  converting  tlio 
savages  into  laborers,  owner  of  large  herds  and  llocks 
to  be  })aid  for  in  the  future,  with  a  band  of  tra|i|H  rs 
at  work  for  him  in  a  region  rich  in  furs,  with  a  distil- 
lery yielding  a  ])roHtable  ])r(Kluct  of  brandy,  and  with 
a  constant  inc(jming  stream  of  innnigration  which  was 
vastlv  increasinLT  his  streno'th  and  was  sure  to  ^/\\o 
great  value  to  his  lands,  it  would  seem  that  the  mag- 
nate of  New  Helvetia,  looking  back  to  the  time  Kss 
than  ten  years  before  when  he  landed  a  bankru[)t  ad- 
venturer on  the  shores  of  the  New  World,  must  liavo 
contemplated  his  present  position  with  pride  and  imi- 
tentment.  Yet  he  had  still  some  petty  annoyances 
which  often  ruffled  the  serenity  of  his  temper,  ami 
caused  him  to  affect  the  role  of  a  much-abused  iici- 


sonage. 


The  Russian  debt  gave  him  but  little  troul>le  as 
yet;  but  other  creditors  were  at  times  claniomns 
for  pa3'ment,  and  not  always  ready  to  admit  the  fuivc 
of  his  ever  ready  excuses,  or  to  be  satistied  with 

^^  Simpson'^  Xarr.,  i.  325-7. 


IIS 


TIIK  CAPTAIN-S  TROUP.LnS. 


liiiiiii.d  instalments  of  brandy,  (Iccr-fat,  and  licavor- 
skiiis.'*  Sutter  aspired  to  wuccess  as  a  merchant  as 
Avcll  ;is  a  liaeendado;  and  he  sent  Jolm  Sinelair  to  lion- 
(ihiln  111  ol»tain  consio-nments  of  goods  on  creiht,  mak- 
iii.;'  ;i  simihir  ap})lieation  to  Ca[)tain  Peirce,  and  prob- 
jililv  to  other  visitinjj;'  traders;  hut  tlio  Hawaiian 
traders,  for  reasons  doubtless  satisfactory  to  them- 
sihis,  refused  their  cooperation,  and  Sutter  was 
(.lili'^cd  to  curb  liis  ambition  in  this  direction.-"  His 
tr;iii[iiii,Li,'  operations  were  ivndei'ed  less  proHta1)le  by 
tlior  of  th<'  Hudson's  ]-Jay  Comjiany,  and  tii(3  ,n'<)v- 
ciiiiiieiit  declined  to  prohibit  the  latter  so  long  as  they 
|,i(M('r(leil  in  accordance  with  the  laws  and  their 
lirciiscs.  This  caused  Sutter,  as  already  related,"*^  to 
.•stii'  up  a  fjuarrel  betwemi  the  trap|)ers  and  tln^  gov(M'n- 
iii(  n<:  and  for  his  failure  and  his  wrongs  in  thisdirec- 
tiiiu,  lie  threw  the  blame  upon  Valk^o,  of  whose 
jealousy  and  etloi'ts  to  annoy  him  he  did  not  fail  to  in- 
i'liiiii  each  visitor  to  the  fo.t,  mentioning  also  the  same 
^.ulijcct  in  his  later  statements.^' 

-'Mt  's  (iiily  in  tlio  caso  of  Siinol  that  anything  is  known  of  the  details 
(if  Siitti.r's  tiuiil)li's  in  this  diroction.  In  all  Sutter's  letters  of  IStl-'J, 
Siit'iul  I 'urrf^ji.,  MS.,  passim,  there  arc  few  in  wjiich  he  does  not  promise 
fill  ly  ■■^1  tllciiR'Ht;  many  in  which  he  asks  for  new  favors  and  creilit:  ami  some 
ill  whirli  he  aimiiunces  the  sending  of  skins,  lie  continually  coiniilains  of  the 
Hull,  ui't  named,  wiioiire  working  or  talking  against  him.  The  letters  revoiil 
iiiiuli  ol'  Sutter's  real  eharaiter.  ti.OOi)  ft  of  Inndior  were  among  his  new  ]>ur- 
(■liiis(<.  .Iidy  'Jl,  l.S4"J,  lie  speaks  of  delits  to  Sunnl's  ln'otliers-indaw  also. 
Si'in.  ^tll.  hopes  that  Sufiol  will  not  carry  out  his  throat  of  coming  to  take 
!nv:iy  ills  live-stock  Ky  force.  (.)ct.  7th,  oilers  some  cattle  in  payment.  The 
111:111  «)."  representeii  him  as  saying  that  he  only  wrote  letters  to  Sufiol  to 
pii^s  awiiy  tlie  time,  and  that  he  would  pay  when  lie  was  rcaily,  is  liranded  as 
nil  iiif;ir,inus  liar.  July  '2'2,  ISfJ,  Isal»d  Sepulveda  at  S.  liafatd.  Complains 
tiiiit  Slitter  owes  her  money.  Wishes  Salvador  to  go  and  liring  him  a  pris- 
oner tn  Siiiioma.  I'lilli'Jo,  ('ornspoiiili  liciii,  M.S.,  0.">.  Aug.  '20th,  \'ioget  dc- 
llKlllci^  .-111  eiiih.irgo  on  Sutter's  sciiooner  until  'le  shall  settle  with  t'elis,  hut 
tlie  .;eii(  i:d  declines  to  meddle  in  civil  atlairs.  r«/V;',,,  ])nr.,  M.S.,  \i.  •24f», 
'J'd.  Ill  Ills  //;.s7.  CiiL,  MS.,  iv.  'J.s;{-4,  \'alIejo  .says  he  had  many  such  appli- 
iMtinns.  and  liy  his  refusals  to  act  caused  much  oU'eiicp. 

-'In  a  letti'r  of  July  'J4,  IS  12,  he  says  the  house  at  the  Islands  which  was 
tu  lijivc  sent  him  merchandise  had  failed,  and  thereliy  gi'eatly  injurod  him, 
lu.'ili  to  the  delight  of  his  foes.  Siittcr-Stii'iul  Cnnri/i.,  MS.,  I,").  Other 
ti'iiiilile-i  aie  shown  hy  the  following  references:  Marili  (i,  IStl.  jue/  of  .S. 
thi>i'  to  prefect.  Suiter  proposes  to  recover  stolen  Imises  on  sliares.  .9.  ./ox', 
Ai'rii  ,  Sr.s.,  iii,  44.  M;irch  ISth,  Sutter  has  lieen  seen  to  sell  40  stideii  horses 
t'ltlie  ('.ijuinliia  Co.    /</.,  iii.  4."i. 

■•''See  chap.  viii.  of  this  vol. 

'-'  Snii'i-'-'  li'ntrij,  ',V,  Id.,  Pits.  JRemhi.,  MS.,  01.     lie  says  Vallejo  was  his 


Ill  v 

liUi 

11  w 

liflr 

Iw  El  1 

1 1  *H   )' 

¥ 


238  SUTTKR'S  FORT. 

Vallcji),  as  tlic  rciidcr  ih  aware,  had  pjroiinds  fdc 
dissatisi'actioii  with  sotne  of  thu  ('irfunistanc'c's  uii(!(  r 
which  Alvarailo  l.ad  [lennitted  Sutter  to  settle  on  tiiu 
Saerameiito,  and  outside  of  political  aspects  oC  llio 
matter  it  is  not  unlikely  that  he  may  have  looked 
with  somethin;,' of  ju-rsonal  jealousy  on  the  i»roi;iv>s 
of  so  poueiful  a  rival;  yet  there  is  no  evidem-e  he- 
yond  Sutter's  vai^ue  charges  that  he  induli^ed  in  any 
})ctty  manifestatiojis  of  jealousy  or  suhjected  Sutter 
to  any  other  annoyance  than  that  of  complying-  to 
some  extent  with  the  laws  of  the  land.  Politically, 
ValKjo  had  understood  fi-om  the  iirst  tlic  dangers  lo 
]\Iexican  rule  to  be  apprehended  from  such  an  estalj- 
lishment  as  that  of  New  lEelvetia.  A  man  of  his  in- 
telliu'ence  couM  not  he  hlind  to  a  state  of  things  so 
ap)»arent  to  every  fort'ign  visitor;  and  in  fidlihiiciit 
of  his  duties  as  a  Mexican  oflicei',  he  Iraiddy  coiniim- 
nicated  his  views  to  the  iL^overnment."    Sutter,  on  his 

enemy  on*\  rival,  ;ni(l  tixik  every  fipportniiity  to  nnnoy  liitii;  but  his  only  ilc- 
liiiite  eliarge  is  that  the  general  deniandeil  jiassjiortsfioni  his  men  going  iivor*' 
lanil  to  Itosa,  ani'i  required  the  eattle  to  he  driven  thidugh  SimoMia  for  e\;iiii- 
ination.  Wilkes'  ycirr.,  v.  11)2,  says:  'There  was  iiuieh  ai)|)reliensioii  on  tliu 
part  of  some  that  the  present  goxeriior  of  the  distriet  west  of  New  llel- 
vttia  felt  jealous  of  the  power  and  inlhieneo  that  ('apt.  Suter  was  ohtaiuiii^ 
in  the  country;  and  it  was  thought  that  had  it  not  heen  for  the  force  wliii  h 
the  latter  could  hring  to  oppose  any  attemjit  to  disl  dge  him,  it  would  li.nu 
hei  n  tried.  In  the  mean  time  Cajit.  Suter  is  using  all  his  energies  to  ri  ii'lir 
him.-i!f  impregnahle.'  Elsewhere  Wilkes  douhta,  and  witii  much  reason,  that 
the  i'ei  ling  hetweon  Sutter  and  N'alhjo  was  as  hitter  as  was  pretended.  .Mo- 
fras.  Ih-jilor.,  i.  -KU,  s;iys:  'Le  eoinniandant  Valh'jo,  (|ui  a  la  pretention  tlo 
gouverm;r  sans  eontrole  le  pays  situe  sur  la  i  ive  droite  dii  fleuve,  n'a  jias  vii 
sans  une  vive  jalousie  raceroissement  dela  Nouvelle  llelvetie;  ilanieiuieliii- 
elie  A  suseiter  (pielijues  ditlieidtes  A  M.  Sutter.' 

■-'"Xov.  17,  1S4I,  V.  to  Alvarado.  VhII(Jo,  /)or.,  MS.,  x.  .340.  .Tan.  , 
ISPJ,  Id.  to  niin.  of  war.  J'l.,  xi.  4.  He  states  thatSutter,  styling  his  |il:ae 
tlic  Fort  of  New  Helvitia,  and  hiniself  governor  of  that  fortress,  exercisi  s  ,ir- 
hiti'aiy  and  desjidtio  pt)\\er,  wages  war  on  the  natives,  forces  them  to  wnik 
for  him,  shoots  them  without  formalities  or  the  approval  of  the  govt;  itci  ivis 
foreigners,  no  matt-r  Mheuee  or  how  tln'y  come,  not  ohliging  them  to  pr.  s,  at 
themselves  t>)  the  authorities  and  sometinus  not  even  rejiorting  their  aiiiv;d; 
■-wild  finally  he  makes  seditious  threats,  as  is  ]irove!i  l>y  the  enclosed  oii:;iii;il 
letter  (tliat  to  Leese  prohaMy,  to  he  iiotii-ed  ]iresenily).  Alvarado,  liiiwcxer, 
nasurcs  the  suj).  govt  on  .Jan.  J 1,  ISPJ,  that  Vallejo's  ohjeetions  have  no  ie.'al 
foundation,  as  Sutter  has  only  S  men,  all  with  projicr  carfiiit.  JMpt.  /.''■., 
^IS.,  xiii.  PJ.  O.t.  l.'i,  1)^4'2,  Vallejo,  in  a  private  note  to  ^licheltorenn,  spiaiis 
again  of  Sutter's  fnolish  iittemiits  to  make  trouhle.  iSays  lu^  has  force  eiiiiU!;!i 
to  oust  Slitter,  and  the  H.  15.  (Jo.  has  ollVi-ed  to  aid  in  .sue'u  a  work,  lut  iiu 
has  disliki  .1  to  inti  rfere  w  ith  a  ))rospeious  settlement  so  mucli  -leeded  in  t!it' 
country.    I'ulhjo,  Doc.,M.i.,\i.'276.  The 'King's  Orphan,'  VinU,  11,  who  was 


SUTTER'S  TIIRKATS. 


•::;:) 


purf,  (l(iul)tloss  nindo  sonic  pn'tty  loud  tliroats  of  ri^- 
\(ilt  MLfaiiist  the  authorities,  and  to  give  his  threats 
wt  i'^lit,  talked  ot'su|t[)ort  I'roni  France,  which  derived 
ii  (|i-ive  of  plausihility  from  the  visit  of  a  French 
dJMlniiiiiiic  otHcer  at  this  time.  jNFofras  asserts  that 
ill  Xdvciiiher  1841  Sutter  wrote  to  Vallejo  that  unless 
\\\<  ;iniii>vances  cease-d,  he  would  hoist  the  French  tlajjf 
mid  niaich  on  Sonoma.  Bidwell  notes  the  current 
1,  iiiiit,  (■  )ntii'med  by  Sutter  himself,  that  he  had  an- 
iiuiiiM'cd  in  writing  his  ahility  and  readiness  in  ease  of 
ihtcriti'i'iice,  not  oidy  to  defend  himself,  hut  to  chas- 
tise the  Californians.  1  append  (piotations  I'rom  a 
sdi III  what  remarkable  lette!'  addressed   by  Sutter  to 


29 


(it  tlic  fort  in  184n,  sayn  tliat  Suttc^r  in  liia  traiii)inf;  oporationa  'was  greatly  in- 
ttiUivil  villi  liy  lln'  II.  I!  •'().,  vlri)  went  tlitir  liiiiiturs  uiuiii  his  f^roiUKl.-i. 
He  iMiiijiliiiiHMl  til  tilt!  iiriijii  .uitlniritics,  Init  ,'ify  Jiaiil  no  attciitii'ii  totlio 


IMilttcl'. 


Ill 


not  I'ontint  with  tlmn  injurinii,'  liini,  iiitonncd  the  hum 


U'HIII 


illi"ll!M;.'ri 


s  Mrx.  ;,'ovt  that  lu!  was  foncditiiij,' I'l'Vdliitioi'aiy  jilans,  and   tiiat  ho 
1  iliscrtrrs  and  ntlur  <li.s()i(k'ily  j.roplu  t<)li\i'at  his  sitthincnt.' 


>  ittri-cNjilaiiu'd  that  a  loinlition  of  his}.;riint  was  to  draw  settlers,  and  there 
f.ii  he  had  n  reived  thu  Liwhss  Htlag^lera.  'Tiie  govt  was  not  satislied. 
r  .;id  on  hy  iiivioiis  neighliers,  it  ^\as  pionipted  to  send  to  Sutter  a  t  onmiit- 
Ire  iif  investi;.'ation.  Tho  captain  was  so  enraged  at  the  idea  of  sueh  a  thing 
th;it  he  treated  tht;  eouiniittei!  with  great  eontenipt,  »iid  said  he'  eould  defend 
l.iiii^'  If.  .  .AVhereupon  the  govt  threatened  to  send  a  fort'c,  hut  thon;,'i!t  lietter 
.11     matter  when  they  found  out  the  character  of  the  men  and  of  tho  \[i\: 


I'lit;  liutannoyed  hiii  with  legal  suits,  and  aft(  r  a  g 


reat  I 


dof 


lih  nlty  he  was  acipiitted  of  any  treasonuhlu  design  against  the  govt.'     'i'hi.s 


01  e.iur.-c;  a 


11  came  from  .Sutter  himself. 


,l/./,'(.s  Exiilor.,  i.  4()t:  JiiilwU'.s  Cil.  lS'/l-.<!,  ^FS.,  Si'-."..     Jiasting.s. 


M/.    till. 


>['rii\ 


'I 

(l(\  U>l{,  has  it  that  a  spy  was  .«ent  to  X.  Helvetia,  .-ind  Sutter,  :mi  (• 

11^'  Ids  purpose,  sent  him  .away,  with  ames.sage  to  the  ejlet't  that  if  .Me\- 

s  at  lilierty  to  try  it — whereu|ion   the  go\t 

r  souui  iiro- 


tocx 


.11 


um  sue  wa 


•d  to  let  him  ulcme!     Writing  to  I.eese  on  Nov.  8,  1S41,  afte 


1" 


for  1 


fir  Kiiitinues 


(uymg 


Leese's  pai't  of  ceitain  launches — on  credit  of  course— Sut- 


ciy  curious  Rapports  came  to  nic  fi'om  Ik  law;  hut  the  ])0;ir 
vntrhe.s  dont  know  what  they  do.  I  explained  now  Mr  Speucc  to  explain 
tlic.^e  i'juoiant  people  what  wouhl  lie  the  con.scc|uence  if  they  do  injui-e  mo, 
t'.ir  fust  french  fregatn  who  cimo  here  will  dome  justici'.  The  people  dont 
knew  me  yet,  hut  soon  they  will  tind  out  what  1  am  aide  to  do.     It  in  to  late 


tod 


rive  nic  ant  the  country,  tho  first  step  they  do  ajiainst  me  is  tiiat  [ 
will  make  a  declaration  of  Independence  and  proclaim  (^aliforida  foralU'iiuh- 
liiHir  iiide])enden 

(; 


t   of   Mexic 


I 


am  strong  now,  one  ot  mv 


St  fr 


HiiaaM  genllcTiian   eamo  from   the   t  olundiia  Jliver  with   [)lcnty  ]>eo[)le,  an 
'  ci' ]iaity  is  close  hy  from  Missouri.  .  .1  am  strong  enough  to  hold  mo  till 


otii 


tlic  cduiiers  go  to  the  ^Vaillamet  for  raiso  ahout  (iU  or  70  good  men,  an  other 
Jiaity  I  Would  dispatch  to  tho  ?nountains  and  call  the  hunters  and  Siuiwaecs 


l),l 


i«arcs  \M 


til  wh 


iicli  I  .'im  very  wi 


II  acipiaintcd,  the  same  party  have 
t'^-'oto  Missouri  and  rai.se  nhoiit  'J  or  liOO  man  )iioro.  That  is  my  iutcui- 
tioii,  ^u',  if  they  lot  uie  not  alone.     If  they  will  give  mo  satisfaction  and  jiay 


J 


0- 


Uil 


5    '  '■ 


l\        >■ 


210 


SUTTEPt'S  FORT. 


Suttor  luid  no  feclinj^  wliatever  of  loyalty  to  lii^ 
adoi)te(l  nation,  or  to  the  government  that  had  troattd 
liini  so  u'enorouslv,  and  under  which  he  held  ofiicc: 
and  he  would  wi^^hout  hesitation  liave  raised  tlu; 
standard  of  revolt  in  hehalf  of  France,  or  any  other 
nation  that  could  advance  his  })ersonal  interests;  ytt 
it  is  not  to  he  supposed  that  he  had  at  this  time  aiiv 
definite  ])lan  or  intention  of  political  conspiraoy. 
Harassed  by  his  creditors,  [)artiaily  thwarted  in  S(»iiie 
of  his  schemes  for  inakinu^  a  fortune,  eij^otisticallv 
lookintjf  down  upon  the  Californians  as  inferior  l)eiii!4s, 
and  annoyed  that  he  was  not  allowed  to  control  the 
whole  countrv  as  arbitrarily  as  he  did  New  Helvetia 
—he  induli^ed  in  threats  that  had  not  much  sii^niri- 
cance,  merely  to  relieve  his  mind  in  moments  of  di- 
]>ression,  and,  as  Sir  George  Simpson  expressed  it,  to 
'bully'  the  government.  In  politics  as  in  commei'ciai 
and  industrial  enterprises,  Sutter  always — as  the  dis- 
tinguished English  trav(iller  might  have  said  but  d\d 
not — "bit  off  more  than  he  could  chew." 

I  have  had  occasion  more  than  once  in  recording' 
the  annals  of  past  vears  to  note  the  arrival  on  the 
coast  of  scientific  exj)loring  expeditions  fitted  out  l)y 
diftVn-ent  European  powers  and  resulting  in  ])ublish(.d 
narratives,  in  which  this  couiitry  and  its  affairs  wnv 
more  or  less  fully  described.     The  first  expedition  of 

the  expenses  wli.it  I  liad  to  do  for  my  security  here,  I  will  be  a  fnitiiful  Mi\- 
iciin;  ))iit  when  this  llaaule  ot  Castro  should  conic  here  a  vury  warm  ami 
hiU'ty  welcome  is  prepared  for  him.  10  f;iuis  hiivo  well  mounted  fur  iimttit 
t!i;'  fortress  and  two  licld-picces.  ]  have  alsoahout  5>)  faithfull  Indians  w  !  it'll 
shot  their  musijuet  very  (piik.  'J'lie  wole  day  and  night  we  an'  iimUr 
arms,  and  you  know  tliat  foreigners  are  very  expensive,  and  for  this  truiilili.' 
1  will  he  payed  when  a  freiuji  fregate  come  iiere.  I  wi.sh  you  to  tell  tin-  ■  'in- 
iuidante  general  tliat  I  wislied  to  he  his  friend,  and  that  [  am  vci  v  imirh 
ohlidged  to  him  for  his  kindni'ss  when  my  people  passed  Sonoma.  If  lnwniil.l 
join  us  in  sueli  a  case  I  slioiild  like  it  very  much.  IJnt  all  is  out  i|U(stiiiii  .-'n 
long  they  let  mc  alone  and  trouhle  mo  not,  lint  I  want  security  from  tin'  -."iv- 
ornment  for  that.'  Vullija,  J)or.,  .MS.,  x.  XV2.  Vallejo,  l/i.<f.  Cnl.,  Ms  ,  iv. 
l(iS-7"),  cites  this  let* 'r  mainly  to  snow  that  Sutter's  muehtalked-of  .\iinri- 
ean  patriotism  was  >f  later  "date.  Dec.  'Jl,  IS4I,  Jan.  'J4,  184'J,  IvinK  >iMil.i 
]>erreyesa  to  Vallejo,  warning  him  of  .Sutter's  hostile  plans.  Hopes  s.  \ 
)\'.ise  the  French  flag,  in  which  ease  Solano  and  his  men  will  make  tiiiick  \\o>k 
of  him  and  his  yraiui  fortl  Wi'lijn,  Doc,  MS.,  xi.  10;  /(/.,  Con-a'p.,  Nls.,  lin-l. 


f!i 
nil 

iail 


iiiiisti'i 


■4* 


WILKES'  VISIT. 


241 


tliis  Idiid  under  tlie  flag  of  the  United  States  made  its 
aiipeaianeo  in  ]  841.  As  in  other  similar  cases,  this  ex- 
iiiditiou  requires  buo  few  details  respecting  its  organ- 
ization, operations,  and  results,  except  so  far  as  they 
l)cai'  directly  upon  the  subject  of  this  work.  A  fleet 
di'  six  vessels  under  the  command  of  Lieutenant 
Cliailes  Wilkes,  having  on  l)oard  about  six  hundred 
imii,  including  over  eighty  officers  and  a  scientific  corps 
of  twelve,""  sailed  from  Hampton  Roads  in  August 
l.^'iS.  Th(;  ti'eneral  route  followed  in  accordance  with 
instructions  was:  to  Brazil;  round  Cape  Horn  to 
Cliilc;  to  Occanica;  to  ^lic  Hawaiian  Islands;  to  the 
iioilli-west  coast  of  America,  and  California;  and 
tlieiice  homeward  round  Cape  Good  Hope.  The  ar- 
rival at  New  York  was  in  June  1842.  A  narrative 
(if  the  voyage  was  written  by  Wilkes,  the  connnander, 
vlid  also  wrote  a  volume  on  meteorology.  Of  the 
s(ieiiti!i(  corj)s,  Dana,  Pickering,  Hale,  Per.le,  and 
IJru-keurivIm;  each  produced  one  or  more  volumes  in 
liis  special  department.  Still  other  volumes  were  ed- 
it .1,  from  ohservations  and  collections  made  by  the 
explorers,  by  other  competent  men  selected  by  the 
.Sinithsoniau  Institution.  The  result  was  a  magnifl- 
(viit  set  of  twenty-eight  volumes  in  quarto  and  folio, 
iihistrated  with  line  engravings  and   colored  plates, 

■"'  The  vessL'ls  with  coinmiinilcrs,  lieutenants,  ami  scientists  at  the  ilt'iiai-t- 
iiii'  \vi  10  as  follows — there  being  fre(|uent  ehanj.'es  later,  and  those  names 
i.iiukcil  with  a  star  {*)  not  having  readied  (Jalitornia;  yiiiciniKX,  sK)oi)  of 
w.iV.  T'^O  tons;  C'huihs  Willies,  com.;  lieutenants,  'I'lios  'l'.  Cravtii.*  Overton 
Cur.  Iliilicrt  E.  .Tohnson,  James  Aldeii,  and  \Viii  L.  Maury;  sei  iititie  uorjis, 
(':.,irr.s  I'ickriing,  naturalist,  Jos  l)rayton,  artist,  J.  1).  I'>rarl.euiidu'e,  as.-t 
Ktiui^t,  .lohii  vi.  r.i'own,  instrument  niaUer,  .lolm  \V.  W.  ])ye>,  asst  t;ixider- 
\u[<.  .lus  1'.  t'outiioiiy,*  naturalist.  Poiaid:,*  sloop  of  war,  (i.V)  tniis,  Win  L. 
llu'lxiii,  com.;  lieutenants,  .Samuel  P.  Lee,*  W.  M.  Walhir,  (.eo.  ]•'.  Imiuuohs, 
e  11.  IVriy;  scientists,  James  1).  Daii.'i,  mineralogist,  T.  K.  I'eale,  natural- 
i-t.  lloiii'.io  Iliilc,  ])Iiilologist,  V.  L.  D-ivenjiort,*  interiueter.  /'oc/.v" .■••(', 
KiiiiliiiL',  •-*;!(»  tons;  Ciuhvalader  Kinggold,  com.;  Jieuteniints,  M.  (1.  1,.  Clai- 
'"•nie,*  H.  J.  Hartstein,*  John  15  Dale.*  7.'./;-/,*  storcHhii.;  A.  K.  Long, 
I  ■ui.;  lieutenants.  It.  F.  riukncy,*  A.  L.  Ca.se,' Jos  A.  I'nderwood;*  \\iii 
hill,  hi'tauist.  S<(i-Giill,*  tender  or  pilot-lmiit;  Jas  W.  K.  Held,*  eom. 
li'jni'j-i'i^h,  pilot-hoat  used  a.H  tender;  Samuel  I'.  Kno.x,  com.  'Y\w  Pvii-iirk 
mill  Si'i-tjiill  were  wrecked,  the  Jiiliifsi^ui  home,  and  the  (hri/o'i  i)urclia.srd 
1 1'  lure  the  arrivjil  in  Cidifornia.  In  my  lists  of  iiioneers  and  vi.'itors  I  iii- 
i-iiil('only  those  v.hc)  were  in  eonnnand  of  vessels  or  hnul  iiartus  on  the  (/il- 
1'  nii.i  coast,  a  few  of  the  scientiots,  and  such  members  of  the  expedition  as 
left  it  in  California. 

lliax.  Cal.,  Vol.  IV.    16 


fi 


1:  i-  i  {> 


iml 


t 


242 


U.  S.  EXPLORING  EXPEDITIOX, 


published  at  the  cost  of  the  government.  Copies 
were  sent  as  gifts  to  the  states  of  the  Union,  and  to 
some  of  the  European  governments  and  scientiiic  in- 
stitutions. Of  some  parts  only  a  limited  numbf  r  of 
copies  was  printed,  and  the  plates  were  destroyed ;  so 
that  a  complete  set  is  now  of  rare  occurrence  and  of 
great  pecuniary  value.  From  that  in  my  collection, 
originally  one  of  the  presentation  copies  alluded  to. 
I  append  a  specification  of  the  parts.^ 


31 


"  United  Stites  E.ifiloring  Expedition  during  the  years  183S,  ISJO,  L^\','\ 
IS4I,  IS4.;  etc.  Philadelphia,  1844-58,  4',  '20  vol. ;  foL,  S  vol.  Details  iil«mt 
tbo  publication  of  this  work  do  not  properly  belong  here,  and  if  tiny  iliil.  1 
have  found  no  satisfactory  bibliographical  description.  Those  given  Ky 
Bruuct  and  others  do  not  agree  with  my  set  either  in  number,  order,  or  plueu 
of  ))ul)lication,  of  the  different  volumes.  The  following  is  a  list  of  the  piai-i 
as  found  in  my  collection: 

Vol.  i.-v.  Narrative  by  Chas  Wilkes,  maps,  plates,  and  cuts.  An  ;itlas 
is  mentioned  on  the  title-page,  but  does  not  seem  to  have  been  puMis-liel, 
Phil.  1844,  4°.  (I  have  also  tho  edition  of  Phil.  lvS4r),  Svo,  5  vol.;  mi.l  tlaic 
was  also  publislied  an  edition  of  Phil.  1845,  imp.  Svo,  5  vol.,  with  ;iu  iitl;.-. 
Brunet  names  Svo  editions  of  Phil.  1849;  New  York,  lSo'2;  and  New  Yoik. 
IS;")!);  also  an  abridgment  in  one  vol.  of  New  York,  1851.  Jcnkii/s'  ['.  S. 
Explor.  Exjieditions,  etc.  Auburn,  1850,  Svo,  one  vol.,  also  contiiius  dm 
abridgment.)  Tliat  part  of  the  narrative  pertaining  to  California  is  tuiniJ 
in  vol.  v.,  p.  1 00-271.',  or  chap,  v.-vi.,  with  some  allusions  also  in -.ul.  iv., 
52G;  v.  1'27,  142-3,  l.^)?. 

Vol.  vi.  Ethnofiraplnj  and  Philolorjy,  by  Horatio  Hale.  Phil.  18-}(),  4 . 
In-Jiansof  Cal.,  p.  1!)!),  221-.3;  fl  vocabularies,  p.  0o;)-4, 

Vol.  vii.  Zooph/tfi',  by  James  D.  Dana.  Phil.  1840,  4°;  atlas,  Phil.  \sV\ 
fol.,  01  pi.     Slight  scattered  I'efcrence  to  Cal. 

Vol.  viii,  Mnmmalo(jif  awl  Ornitholo'jij,  by  Titian  R.  Poale.  Phil.  1S4S, 
4°,  Frequent  mention  of  Cal.  animals  and  Inrds.  (Tliis  volume  seems  to 
have  Iteen  suppressed ,  and  replaced  by  another  vol.  viii. ) 

Vol.  viii.  (bis).  Mummahr/i/  and  Ornitholofni,  by  John  Cassiii.  I'liil. 
1858, 4';  atlas,  fol.,  53  pi.  Contains  very  manj'  scattered  descriptions  of  ( 'iil. 
animals  a:  d  birds. 

Vol.  ix.  The  J?nces  of  Men  and  thiir  Oenrjmphical  Distribution,  by  ('I1-5 
Pickering.  Phil.  1848,  4\  Map  showing  Cal.  as  a  Malay  region;  ji.  l.WiO, 
slight  reference  to  Cal.  in  dcscriptiim  of  th.e  Mongolian  r.icc,  and  v.  ^v. 
coast;  p.  100-12,  on  the  Californians  as  Malays,  with  something  of  nanativc; 
and  p.  231,  2' ;«,  288,  307-12,  allu.siona  to  Cal. 

Vol.  .\.  Geoh<u/,  l)y  James  D.  Dana.  Phil.  1840,  4°;  atlas,  fol.,  21  pi. 
Chap.  xviii,,p.  011-78,  is  devoted  to  the  geology  of  Oregon  and  northern  (':il., 
with  some  cuts.  Plates  of  fossils  in  the  atlas  seem  to  contain  little  or  iiutli- 
ing  from  Cal. 

Vol.  xi.  J/p^e^-ofo^y,  by  Chas  Wilkes.  Phil.  1851,  4°.  Tables  of  oh*" • 
vutions  in  Cal.,  cliieUy  at  iSaiizalito,  p.  570-G23,  with  diagram,  pi.  xiu.,  ini<l 
mention  in  Introd.,  p.  xlvii.-viii. 

Vol.  xii.  MoUnsrn  and  fdich's,  by  A.  A.  Could.  Phil.  1852,  4';  atlas  (not 
published).     Slight  scattered  reference  to  Cal.  shells. 

Vol.  xiii.-xiv.  C'ntslncea,  by  James  D.  Dana.  Phil.  1852,  4",  2  vel.; 
atlas,  Pinl.  1855,  fol.,0(ipl.     Sea ttereil  references  to  Cal. 

Vol.  XV.  JSotnn 'I,  i>ti.  Phanrroiidmia,  by.\saGray.  Phil.  1854,4';  atlai, 
fol. ,  lUO  pi.     Descriptions  and  illustrutious  of  Cal.  plants. 


RINGGOLD  AND  EMMONS. 


'J43 


Wilkos  had  instructions,  given  doubtless  not  with- 
out .some  consideration  of  political  possibilities,  to  tle- 
vntu  special  attention  to  a  survey  of  San  Francibco 
]J;iy.  Accordingly,  from  the  Colu.  'I  ia  River,  where 
his  ilcct  had  been  for  several  months,  he  despatched 
tlie  Viiicenncs  under  Lieutenant  Ringgold  for  Califor- 
nia. She  sailed  August  7,  1841,  and  arrived  at  S;ui 
Fra  i(  SCO  on  the  14th,^'  lvin<;  at  anchor  at  Sauzalito 
until  November  1st.  On  the  20th  of  August  Ring- 
ookl,  with  Dr  Pickering,  six  officers,  and  about  iil'ty 
uu.ii,  .vtarted  in  the  boats  to  explore  the  Sacramento 
Iiivor,  arriving  at  Sutter's  Fort  in  three  da3\s,  con- 
tinuing tlie  exploration  up  to  latitude  3'J°  13'  3i)",  re- 
turning to  New  Helvetia  September  4th,  and  to  the 
Vtitf'cniies  five  days  later.  Subsequently  Ringgold 
nuule  other  exploring  trips  about  the  bay  and  up  the 
San  Joaquin,  not  particularly  described.  They  met 
^vith  no  adventures,  and  their  description  of  the  couii- 
tiv,  with  its  Indians,  animals,  and  vegetation,  calls 
fur  no  special  notice  here.^ 

Another  party  under  Lieutenant  Emmons,  consist- 
ing of  four  officers,  eight  men  of  the  expedition,  live 
vi'  the  scientific  corps — Dana,  Peale,  Brackenridgi', 
Piicli,  and  Agate — six  trappers,  a  guide,  and  three 
immigrants  with  their  families,  thirty-nine  persons  in 

Vol.  xvi.  Botany,  Cn/ptorfamla,  by  Win  D.  Brackcui-iJgo.  I'liil,  \So-i, 
i  ;  ntlus,  riiil.  18.")."),  fol.,'40  pi.     Many  Cal.  iilauts. 

Vdl.  xvii.,  xviii.,  xix.     Never  publisluHl,  so  far  as  I  can  learn. 

Vol.  XX.  Jlrrjjetoloim,  by  S.  F.  Buinl.  Phil.  1S.")>S,  4';  atla.s,  M.,  H-J  ].l. 
SoatteiTil  ruferencea  to  Cal.     (Later  inipre.ssions  bear  tlie  following  title:) 

Vt.l.  x\.  (I)is).  y/cr;)(to/oi/i/,  by  Charles  Giranl.  I'liil.  1S.")S,  4  ;  atlas,  fol., 
S'.'  jil.  (Same  as  preceding,  except  title,  anil  addition  of  a  list  of  plates,  i). 
473- (1.) 

\"|.  xxi.     Geoijrnphical  Dixtrlhittion  of  Aiiiin'il.<. 

"-Anival  noted  in  a  letter  of  Aug.  Uth.  I'allfjo,  Jjoc,  MS.,  x.  "J."!;.  I 
t'uicl  III  ifi'iird  that  the  exploring  fleet  was  troubled  about  aiie!iorai,'e  dues. 

=■•  ll';'A< w'  Xur,:,  V.  18lS-207.  The  oul/  localities  named  are  New  Helvetia, 
AiiuiiniM  Fork,  Prairie  Bates,  Bute  Creek,  i'eather  Kivor,  and  I'oplar*  Jri>vi\ 
li  Mils  sii]i|Hiseil  that  tho  Jesus  Maria  of  the  S|)aniard3  was  the  Saeraniuilo 
al».v.j  the  junction  with  the  Feather;  but  there  is  no  foun<latiou  for  this  the- 
wy.  Til.'  two  names  were  applied  lon^  b-f' re  the  Spaniards  had  been  nj)  to 
1  i:ithi  r  Kivtr,  unilcr  the  impression,  formed  from  the  branches  or  sloughs  at 
tni'  hkiulIi,  that  there  were  two  large  rivers  flowing  from  northerly  dinctions. 
1  iLlaiiii:.',  ill  vol.  ix.,  i).  104-10,  also  gives  a  slight  description  of  this  exploru« 
tiuu.    1  rcpioduco  \Vilkcs'  map  of  Culilbruiii. 


n 


i  '^       I 


\ 


lU 


U.  S.  EXPLORING  EXPEDITION. 


^:^^ 


IHtta  L., 


':-  ;-,.;..  ^*%^r*.^ 


l^Al**\.lt,-^«> 


•>-,fii^^'^'^ 


7 


I'S^," 


i^8ut( 


,   .^Mi.Smith 


■ 1/ 


^«^-^'iV^,U.a   V^.\,^&^^ 


si"*-,,,  Vw 


\  ''^»^ 


•  L.c/i/iimtAi'l    ^:A 


f»a..,pt\H.;;f^«'V^'^ 


liiA^^^ 


I..ThU 


PI, 

ftiConotiicion 


AViua;«'  Mai-,  1841. 


WILKES  AT  SAUZALITO. 


21: 


all,  caiue  tlown  from  Oregon  ovcrlai)d.  Tliis  Jiarty 
crossed  the  ]3ouiKlary  Kaiigo  Septuiiiber  2*JtIi  into 
(,'alit'oriiia,  and  four  days  later  struck  the  head  waters 
of  ihe  Saei'aniento.  On  October  I7tli  they  reachetl 
the  Feather  River,  and  two  days  later  were  at  Sutter's. 
This  journey  also  was  without  adventure.  At  New 
llrlvetia  the  company  divided,  one  party  with  Em- 
uiMiis  embarking  on  the  Vi ucc it nes  boat  that  had  been 
st'ut  to  meet  them,  and  reaching  San  Francisco  ou 
the  24th;  while  the  rest,  under  Midshipman  Eld,  pro- 
ceeded by  land  by  way  of  San  Jose  and  reached  the 
tlret  on  the  28th.-'* 

Meanwhile  Wilkes  had  sailed  from  the  Columbia 
on  the  Porpoise  with  the  F/ijukj  Fish  and  Oreyou — the 
latter  Ix'ing  the  Thomas  Perkins,  purchased  to  re|)lace 
the  Peacock,  >vhich  was  wr-ecked  on  the  Oregon  coast-4- 
aiid  arilved  at  San  Francisco  on  the  same  day  tliAt 
Einnions  reached  Xew  Helvetia,  October  IDth.'"'  His 
[leisoiial  ex[)erience  in  California,  outside  (jf  his  vessel, 
seems  to  have  been  limited  to  a  two  or  three  days' 
trip  to  Santa  Clara,  which  he  describes  in  an  interef^t- 
iiiH'  manner;  but  his  officers  visited  many  points  rouuil 
the  bay,  including  Sonoma  and  San  liafael.  Martinez 
;.iid  liichardson  are  the  only  entertainers  who  are  Ik- 
vuiably  mentioned;  and  guests  ou  board  the  fleet  are 
represented  as  having  stayed  longer  than  they  were 
Welcome.''*'     The  "closintj  scene  of  the  tour"  was  an 

■"ir;.7.v,s'  Nan:,  v.  2.V2-6.1;  also  v.  127,  112-3;  ix.  110-12.  Thu  names 
u.nil  aic  rKUiiulavy  JJangc  and  Mt  Kmniona,  Ivlamct  river  anil  valley,  Mt  Slia-Li' 
(uith  \)\\\ ),  ])(>'lritction  liivor,  Pitt  liiver,  Sacramento  River.  Hoar  ('i!ir.]i. 
l'i:iiri(5  I'mteij  (;1'J'  8'),  Little  Fork,  Feather  River,  New  Helvetia,  Ivio  ('of^nie- 
iiis,  .^ll■^ul■l^■^^  Itiver,  San  Ju;ui,  Frencliiuau'd  Camp,  8au  Joachin,  Fnl  I'urrioc 
j''ll^,  Nlissji.nSan  Josi'-.  and  Santa  Clar.-i. 

''Oct.  '11,  1S41,  Wilkea  to  Nallejo,  ainiouneinf;  his  arrival,  and  iiskin;,'  as- 
sistance ill  the  \V!iy  of  snpiilies.  VnHiJo,  Dor.,  MS.,  x.  .112,  .'!lt.  On  Dec. 
lltli,  \'m11i  jo  reportc  il  tlio  visit  and  operations  of  the  expedition  to  tlio  miii- 

istci- nf  w.ir.  lii.,  X.  ;i.s:{. 

"  li;'/,v,'  Xnrr..  v.  207  28.  Vallcjo,  IliM.  Ca'.,  MS.,  iv.  2.10-40,  meiitioii-< 
a  vrsif  nf  l!inpi;(il(l  to  Sonoma,  and  an  invitation  for  himself  and  ^'ainily  to  vi«it 
till'  Meet,  w  liicli  he  was  oliliged  to  decline.  Some  of  the  ollicers,  nccordiiiL.'  t'> 
y''7i'ivV,7;,Hy,.v,,s',  MS.,  711-84,  also  made  a  visit  to  T-ss.  Davis  came  frc(|neutl>- 
into  contact  witli  the  officers  an<l  men  of  the  ixpedition  while  at  S.  F. ,  and 
lio  yivcs  ail  interrstin;^'  account  of  the  visit.  Hn  tells  us  that  Wilkes  talked 
fi'ooly  with  Spear  aliout  the  prosncot  of  the  U.  S.  securing  S.  F.  Bay,  and  the 
Joteiiiiiiiutiuii  not  to  let  En;^lund  gahi  any  advantage. 


24G 


U.  S.  EXPLORIXG  EXPEDITION. 


finotion  sale  of  tlie  horses  of  the  expedition  at  Yorlta 
lliiena,  the  proceeds  of  which  amounted  to  8210.  On 
November  Lst  the  fleet  set  sail,  several  deserters 
being  left  behind,  and  one  man  being  accidentally  killotl 
as  tiie  Vinceiines  crossed  the  bar.  Mr  Hale  had  been 
left  ill  Oregon,  and  came  down  with  Simpson  in  De- 
cember. ' 

In  naming  the  volumes  devoted  to  a  record  of  sci- 
entific observations  which  form  the  bulk  of  the  great 
work  resulting  from  this  expedition,  I  have  specified 
tlio  parts  of  each  pertaining  to  California.  No  furl  Ik  r 
notice  of  these  volumes  is  called  for  in  an  historical 
Avork;  but  I  have  no  reason  to  doubt  that  they  were 
altogether  worthy  of  the  eminent  names  attached  ti) 
them.  Officers  and  scientists  did  their  work  faitlil'iillv, 
and  left  an  agreeable  impression  in  the  minds  of  siuh 
residents  of  the  country  as  came  in  contact  with  tlieiii. 

Ot  the  narrative  written  by  the  connnander,  Imw- 
cver,  not  much  can  justly  be  said  in  praise,  so  far  as 
that  part  relating  to  California  is  concerned.  It  is 
not  worthy  of  the  great  enterprise  it  records,  nor  of  its 
scientific  appendices;  nor  does  it  compare  favoi'alily 
with  earlier  and  less  pretentious  narratives.  The  li  i- 
bitual  misspelling  of  Spanish  and  other  names  is  a 
blemish  specially  noticeable  in  a  work  written  by  an 
educated  officer,  and  published  under  the  auspices  of  a 
government  and  a  learned  society  in  so  magnificent  <a 
form."'  Wilkes  was  reserved  and  cold  in  manner,  uv 
seemed  so  to  the  few  Californians  who  met  him;  and 
his  manner  of  referring  to  most  things  and  men  in  iiis 
bot)k,  in  marked  contrast  to  the  spirit  of  courtesy  tli.it 
had  distinguished  the  statements  of  other  visitors  in 
like  positions,  is  not  calculated  to  inspire  among  ( 'a!i- 
fornians  much  regret  that  he  was  reprimanded,  at'lcr 


iiiMtfi 


^' For  instance,  Wilkes  WTites,  Los  Angelos,  San  Joacliin,  Ml  liiavdi', 
Kaiiuinca,  Jesii  Maria,  IJute,  Nappa,  Zonoma,  Mop;uele9,  Cosiiiciii's,  ('\pe 
filciKlooina,  Xacatecas,  Nativetes,  Caravallio  Kiver,  .San  Juan  t'apista,  Wnn- 
cafurtc,  Giia<Ialonpe,  Kihas,  ilr  .Spears,  Sr  Noniga,  Echandia,  t'o^^nie  I'l'iiiu', 
Ii:iniiercz,  Pcralto,  Padre  Mercador,  tula,  puros  (pozos),  coural,  Douna,  Nos- 
tra Seaora,  etc. 


WILKES*  OBSERVATIONS. 


247 


a  tiinl  l)y  court-martial,  for  severity  to  his  men  during 
till'  \  (ixa^'o.  The  season  was  one  of  drought,  but  that 
I'act  t'oiikl  not  justify  this  author's  absurd  underesti- 
mate of  the  country's  natural  advantages.  Tlie  people 
aiiil  tliuir  institutions  certainly  afforded  some  ground 
t'.if  unfavorable  criticism,  but  Wilkes  constantly  in- 
iliil;is  in  careless  misrepresentations  and  exaggera- 
tions.'''  And  I  find  no  special  excellence  in  any  respect 

■'^  I  Ljivca  series  of  brief  quotations  to  illustrate  the  spirit  of  the  narrative. 
'Altliiiu;,'li  I  waa  prepared  for  anarchy  and  confusion,  I  was  surprised  when  I 
fuiiii'l  a  t'ltid  absence  of  all  gavernincnt  in  California,  and  even  its  forms  and 
cjicuioiiioH  thrown  aside.'  p.  102.  '  Tlie  alcalde  of  S.  F.  (Don  Francisco  (Juer- 
iriuiwiis  t'ldl  of  self-importance,  making  up  for  what  he  wanted  in  the  eyes 
lit  (itlipis  by  .1  higii  estimate  of  his  own  dignity.  I  could  find  no  one  who 
fiiuM  fiiiiiisli  me  with  Ids  name  (!),  which  must  be  my  apology  for  not  re- 
u.iidia,'  it.'  p.  KilJ.  'The  country,  at  the  time  of  our  visit,  and  for  several 
yo.'ira  previous,  had  been  in  a  state  of  revolution  (!),  and  was  involved  in  an- 

iu'iliviiiid  confusion,  without  laws  or  security  of  person  or  property With 

C:;!iiiiniiu  is  associated  the  idea  of  a  fine  climate.  This  at  least  w'as  tlie  idea 
v.itli  which  I  entei'cd  its  far-famed  port;  but  I  soon  found  from  the  reports  of 
til  ■  otLii-rrs  that  their  experience  altogether  contradicted  the  received  opinion. 
.M;iny  cniiiparod  its  climate  tothatof  Orange  Harbor  atCape  Honi.'  p.  l(>.3-4. 
Till'  v:illcy  iif  S.  .Juan  is  described  as  one  of  the  most  fertile  tracts,  ))ut  what 
valley  is  referred  to  it  is  hard  to  tell.  '  The  inland  plain  constituting  a  largo 
iiai't  (if  Upper  California  is,  according  to  all  accounts,  an  arid  waste.'  p.  lli,^. 
niilyasinall  portion  of  the  couut.'y  oll'era  any  agricultural  advantages,  p.  100. 
'There  is  but  comparatively  little  trade,  for  the  hides  and  tallow  which  fur- 
nurly  made  the  business  profitable  arc  no  longer  to  be  procured.'  p.  108. 
Tiie  exp'jrts  include  200,000  arrobas  of  tallow,  and  all  merchantiible  products 
ii,e  less  than  a  million  dollars,  p.  lOS-9.  'Although  California  maynotl)oast 
et  ifsdeiisu  population,  every  intelligent  person  1  met  agreed  that  it  consumed 
imiro  spirits  in  proportion  than  any  other  part  of  the  world.'  p.  10!).  Tuxes 
are  represented  as  very  high,  ;ind  the  'church  tithes  enormo\is' (1).  ]).  171. 
■  Ueseeuded  from  the  old  Spaniards,  the  (,!alifornians  are  unfortunately  found 
to  have  all  their  vices,  without  a  proper  share  of  their  virtues.'  'Tlio 
tVniale  imrtion  of  the  community  are  ignorant,  degraded,  and  the  slaves  of 
their  husliands.'  '  The  state  of  morals  is  very  low,  and  is  every  day  becoming 
woi',>o,  l)iiring  the  residence  of  the  old  Spanish  priests,  the  people  M-cre  Ue]>t 
u:i!er  some  control,  but  now  priest  and  layman  are  aliUc  given  up  to  idleness 
mill  dehaiieliery.'  Tlicy  have  a  reputation  for  hospitalit}',  but  will  take  money 
if  (illered  through  a  servant,  and  will  swindle  a  guest  should  he  wish  to  liiro 
ei'  liuy  anything,  p.  187-8.  '  The  best  route  to  the  U.  S.  is  to  f(dlow  tlio  S. 
•hiaehin  for  00  miles,  thence  easterly  through  a  gap  in  the  Snowy  Mount.iius, 
h\  a  {,'001 1  Ix.'a ten  road  (I);  thence  the  course  is  north-easterly  to  Clary's  lliver. ' 
1'  1!';!.  A  Californiaii  'is  content  with  coarse  fare,  proviiled  he  can  get  enough 
!•!  stioiig  diink  to  minister  to  this  thirst. .  ..The  i)ahn  for  intcmpcranee  was, 
1  tihiik,  !;ener;dly  given  to  the  padres.'  A  large  i)art  of  the  S;icramento  Valley 
'is  UMiioiibtedly  barren  and  unproductive,  and  must  fon^vcr  remain  so.'  \). 
-'lO.  \  allejo  "is  not  overscrupulous  in  demanding  duties  of  vessels  entering 
the  |iuit  of  S.  F.,  and  until  he  has  been  consulted,  a  vessel  is  liable  to  an  in- 
tiefiiiite  amount  of  duties.'  Anecdotes  of  him  'show  a  striking  disregard  for 
t.ie  lives  as  well  as  for  the  property  and  liberty  of  the  Indians  and  gcnte  »le 
raziui.'  One  of  the  governors  trained  Lidians  as  sohliers  and  a  company  of 
ta'  111  'iiia^le  sueh  proficiency  in  the  use  of  their  arms  that  his  excellency  be- 
cuiK' alarmed  and  forthwith  ordered  them  all  to  be  8hot(!).     I  have  little 


2JS 


DUFLOT  DE  MOFRAS. 


lii 


to  C()ni|)ensfito  for  those  dufccts.  Thorc  is  of  coiirso 
much  that  is  accurate!  enough,  but  nowhere  does  the 
narrative  rise  above  the  eonuuonplace,  or  throw  any 
new  light  upon  eitlier country  or  peoi)le.  The  <lescii|)- 
tive  ]tortions  are  incomplete,  and  often  inaccuiatr. 
The  historical  sketch  is  taken  without  much  skill  tVniii 
Forbes,  in  the  earlier  parts,  while  later  events  an; 
drawn  apparently  from  Farnham,  or  some  source  tinged 
with  that  writer's  prejudices.  3^ut  for  Wilkes'  pnsi- 
tiou,  and  the  peculiar  circumstances  under  which  his 
nan-ative  was  written  and  published,  these  remaiks 
might  with  some  justice  be  regarded  as  hypercritical, 

]\I.  Euijene  Duflot  de  ^lofras  w  .3  a  young  attaclu' 
of  the  Fi'ench  endjassy  at  jMadrid,  who  had  previ(»u>Iy 
visiteil  America,  when  at  the  end  of  1839  he  was  re- 
called by  j\[arshal  Soult,  minister  of  foreign  alFaiis, 
and  attached  to  the  legation  at  Mexico,  with  a  special 
mission  to  visit  thu  north-western  provinces  of  tlio 
republic,  and  the  American,  English,  and  ]{ussiaii 
[)osts  beyond,  "in  order  to  ascertain,  independently  <<( 
a  political  point  of  view,  what  advantage  might  he 
offered  to  our  conmierce  and  to  our  navigation  hy 
mercantile  ex[)editions,  and  t!ie  establishment  of  trail- 
ing-posts  in  those  regions  still  little  known  in  France."" 
The  book  which  resulted  from  the  performance  of  this 
mission  contains  no  narrative,  beyond  here  and  there  an 
incidental  mention,ol' the  author's  personal  adventures; 
and  I  am  obliged  to  depend  on  the  archives  and  other 
records  that  are  not  so  complete  as  would  be  desira- 
ble. ]\r.  Mofras  still  occupied,  in  1878,  a  high  diple- 
matic  position,  that  of  ministre  })lenipotentiairc  under 

doubt  that  tliis  story  may  be  essentially  true.'  p.  210-11.  'The  state  of  so- 
ciety lu'i'e  [Sonoma]  is  cxceuilingly  loose;  envy,  liatrcil,  and  malice  jnclNini- 
natc  in  almost  every  breast,  au'l  tlio  people  are  wrctcheil  under  their  inr-iiic 
'.'iilers.  Female  virtue  is  at  a  low  ebb,  anil  the  eoar.'se  and  lascivioti^"  ilami'* 
bIkiw  the  def^raded  time  of  manners.'  p.  "211-1-.  The  administrator  at  >;^i 
Clara  had  taken  the  name  of  his  wife,  ,\liza,  one  of  the  most  famous  in  early 
times!  p.  'J17.  The  eountry  between  .Sta  Clara  and  S.  Franei.seo  was  iiiitiii- 
es(|Ue  in  places,  'though  to  all  appearance  entirely  unfit  for  cultivation  1 
p.  '2-m. 

•"' J/o/Ww,  Exploration,  i.  Avaat-ptnjpoa,  p.  viii.-ix. 


A  FnENCn  VISITOR. 


240 


flic  Froneli  srovornnicnt;  and  ho  has  assurerl  mo  tluvt 
he  iiivservod  no  journal  or  memoranda  oHiis  personal 
e\]irri('iu'0  in  C'alit'ornia.*'^ 

ll;i\iiig  arrived  in  ]\Ioxico,  the  attache's  passports 
and  1<  ttcrs  of  recommendation  were  issued  in  May 
1S40,"  and  ho  soon  started  on  his  mission,  visiting,''  Co- 
lima,  Jalisco,  Sinaloa,  Sonora,  and  ])erhaps  Lower  Cali- 
Ininia,  beinjjf  on  the  ^ulf-coa«t  apparently  in  Noveni- 
I)(.f."  In  April  18-U  he  came  up  IVom  iNIazatlan  with 
Cantain  Fitcli  on  the  Ninfti,  touchin;^'  first,  })erhaps,  at 
San  redro,and  arriving  at  Monterey  in  May.*'  Before 
Juiie  1  Ith,  he  had  visited  Sonoma  with  a  letter  of 
introduction  to  Yallcjo  tVom  Virmond,  and  prol)al)ly 
wriit  to  Ross  before  returning  to  the  capital."     In 


'"  I:i  one  of  liiH  letters,  dated  at  Paris,  Dec.  11,  187S,  M.  Mofras  writen  mo 

a^  fiilliiws.  'Chef  Arnnsieur:  l>u  reti/iir  d'un  voyaj,'i>  ,"i  roustaiitinopli^  p 
tnmvi:  vutre  aiiiicalu  lettre  et  jo  ue  puis  assez  vous  reiiiereicr  do  votrc  liioii- 
VI  ilhiiiii';  mai.s  jo  vmis  asmuo  (jiu;  j'ai  tout  mis  dans  niou  mivrage,  I't  <|Ui,'  ju 
ii'iii  \iM  t'ait  clo  jiminal  do  inos  iinprcssioiis  persounollpi,  qui,  depuis  si  loin,'- 
tiiiips  .sunt  iraiUours  ijieu  eliacies  do  lua  iiKjuioiiv.  Vouillez  voua  souvenir 
rii-iiitc  ipi'au  luiiiuoiit  do  mon  exploration  clle  Otait  souvent  perilleuse  et  (pie 
jr  vny;iis  saus  oesso  les  ours  tlans  lo  foret.  Taut  rnnn  tcnij>s  ct  ines  faculti's 
il.iK  ,'t  pris  ])ar  nioa  (jbservations  et  el  aoin  do  ma  vie  niatorielle.  Que  do 
t  is  j'ai  soud'ert  le  froid,  la  faini,  et  Ic  .soif!  Quo  do  foii?  je  me  .suia  (giir6  des 
i'liniiros  entiires  au  ris(juo  do  succomber!  Vous  avez  unc  ('.ilifornic  cpii  res- 
wiiiMf  ;i  I'aiis  niainteuaut;  niais  alois  il  etait  diilieilc  souvent  d'livoir  des 
pii'lt  f  ct  il  fuUait  I'raindre  et  les  Indiens  et  surtout  les  ours.'  I  have  hefoto 
iiie  anutiior  orij^iiial  letter  of  the  same  writer,  dated  at  Monterey,  July  'Jt), 
l-*4l     not,  howovor,  addroaacd  to  myself. 

"  May  'Jl,  ISIO,  min.  of  rel.  to  gov.  Announces  that  passporti  have  been 
Umrd  to  Mofras  for  a  scientilio  visit  to  Cal.,  and  orders  protection  to  bo  af- 
f'r.lf.l  him.  Jh'pt.  St.  P(tp.,  A)i;j('k:i,  MS.,  xi.  llS-li*.  May 'JOth,  Virmoml 
t  >  Alvaiaih),  introducing  and  highly  recommending  Mofras.  Vallijo,I)oi\,  MS,, 
xxxiii.  74.  May '20th,  V'irmond  to  Vallejo,  to  same  efVect.  /r/.,  ix.  140.  Tho 
onli  r  from  the  govt  reached  Cal.  at  tlio  end  of  Oct.,  and  w.ia  circulated  in 
Nov.  lhi,i.  St.  I'ap.,  An'j.,  xi.  IIS;  Id.,  Ben.  Pnf.  yJuzj.,  v.  13;  S.  iJlcjo, 
Aich.,'2>n. 

'•'  Mo/ni.'!,  Explorntion,  i.  203.     Tho  year  is  not  mentioned. 

"Ajiril  i;!,  LS41,  arrival  of  A'i'/i/'a  with  Mofras  on  board,  19  day.s  from 
Mazatlan,  but  no  place  named.  JJtpt.  St.  Pap.,  AikjJ's,  MS.,  iv.  8:1.  May 
IJtli,  com.  of  Monterey  announces  arrival  at  Monterey  on  May  Gth.  VnUijo, 
i><'t..  M"^.,  X.  i;j;».  May  i2th,  ho  felt  an  earthquake  at  Monterey,  and  again 
on, Inly  ;id.  E.rphir.,  ii.  ,")G. 

".hino  II,  IS41,  Vallejo  to  com.  of  Monterey.  VaVejc,  Doc,  MS.,  x.  VV.\. 
\:ilKjc),  liist.  Cal.,  MS.,  iv.  2.J0-5,  speaks  of  Mofras'  visit  to  .Sonoma,  and 
s.iy.-)  Ill'  sent  an  escort  with  him  to  Ross,  wlienec  he  returned  with  a  Russian 
rsini't  to  Sauza'.ito,  crossing  over  to  Yerba  Buena  in  Richardson's  vessel.  In 
lii.s  I.rjJ'.rufioii,  ii.  lit,  he  speaks  of  having  visited  Ross  several  times;  for  tho 
si'Cdiiii  time,  /(/.,  ii.  27,  in  Aug.,  wheu  the  author  goes  so  far  as  to  speak  of 
an  incident  on  the  way. 


I 


2:n 


DUFLOT  DE  MOFRAS. 


i  > 


July  lio  was  at  ]\rontorc'y,  as  appears  from  liis  letters." 
Se[)teinbor  1st  he  arrived  at  Sutter's  Fort;*"  and  diir- 
iiii;'  the  saiiie  iiionth  was  at  Sau  Jose  and  Santa 
Cruz.*'  ()eti)l)(.'r  I  <Sth  the  traveller  had  embarked  at 
Sail  Francisco  on  the  (Jotiiitz  for  Fort  Vanc<»uvri', 
nieetinuj  Wilkes  (jutside  the  heads;*"*  and  on  J)t'C(iii- 
licr  JiOth  he  came  back  on  the  same  vessel  to  Saii 
I'rancisco  in  comi)any  with  Sir  George  Simpson,  John 
!McL()un'ldin,  and  Horatio  Hale.'"'  Alofras  and  Hale 
immediately  took  passage  on  the  Bolicttf  for  .Nlontc- 
rey;'*"  and  on  January  ;Jd,  th  ;  former  sailed  with  ( 'a|i- 
lain  Peirce  for  ^[azatlan  on  the  Murijhinil,  wliidi 
touched  at  Santa  Barbara,  and  remained  for  iiiiiL' 
days,  January  IHth  to  27th,  at  San  J3iego.'''  HurinLi' 
the  travels  of  which  I  have  presented  this  fraguicii- 
tary  record,  !Mofras  visited  {)rol)ably  every  mission 
and  other  settlement  in  California.  I  supp(»sc  that 
the  Santa  Bdrbara  district  was  explored  in  A[tril,  as 
the  Niufa  came  up  the  coast;  those  of  Monteny  and 
San  Francisco  I'rom  ^lay  to  October,  the  exploivr 
making  his  head([uarters  at  the  capital  and  Yciha 
Buena;  and  that  of  San  Diego  in  January  1S42, 
Avliile  the  Man/land  was  disposing  of  her  cargo. 

Of  the  French  visitor's  acts  and  experience  duiiii'^ 
the  travels  thus  outlined,  we  know  even  less  than  tit" 
the  travels  themselves — nothing  at  all  indeed,  so  far 
as  the  south  is  concerned.  At  Yerba  Buena  he  spent 
some  time  at  the  house  of  Nathan  Spear,  making  tliat 
his  headquarters  while  he  visited  different  points  in 
the  north.     At  this  time  William  H.  Davis,  S[)oar"s 

"July  20tli,  Mofms  to  the  V.  president  .at  S.  Joa^  Pico,  Doc,  MS.,  ii. 
13.     Sniiie  date  Mofias  to  Alviifiido.   J>i/,t.  S/.  I'a/i.,  MS.,  v.  117. 

■""St'itt,  l.st,  Sutter  to  Suuol,  anuouneing  the  arrival  of  '  M.  lo  Conitf.'  Sid- 
ti  r-Siirioi  Curirx/i.,  MS.,  10. 

*'  t'u-/ilonUio)i,  i.  417,  ;>'-'4. 

'^  U'ilkfi'  Xnrr.,  v.  l.")7.  A  boat  came  from  the  Cowlitz  to  the  VorpnUf, 
Laving  on  l)ounl  Capt.  F.roteliio  and  Mofras.  His  intention  then  wu8  to  ga 
from  tiic  (."ohunliia  to  the  Suudwicli  Islands. 

'^Di-pt.  St.  Pfi/,.,  Bill.  Mil.,  MS.,  Iv.  18. 

'-"Siiiipn'in'K  Aarriiiiiv,  i.  .S03. 

^'J',!rri'\t  Ji'ninjh  Stench,  MS.,  87;  Id.,  Journals,  MS.,  90-1;  Mofra^,  l^i- 
2>hrnliuii,  i.  o'.rl. 


M(1FRAS  AXD  VALI.EJO. 


231 


lii.Mii  of  businoss,  panic  imu'li  in  rontant  with  ^Tofras, 
whii  often  siiilctl  with  liini  on  tlic  sclioonor  Isdhrf/a  lo 
(litrcivnt  j)oint.s  on  tht;  hay.  Davis  hecanic  a  givat 
;i(liniri'r  of  the  Frcnchiuan,  whom  ho  dcscrilx's  as  a 
most  iicconipiishc'd  gentleman,  well  liked  hy  all  wlio 
i;i(t  liini.  intellii^ont  and  ol)servant,  enthnsiastic  to  tlio 
\(>i'^(^  of  exeitMhility,  and  prone  to  indulj^e  in  rhap- 
x.dical  prophecies  on  the  grand  future  of  San  Fran- 
lisci)  Jriay  and  the  region  thereahout." 

During  his  visit  to  Sonoma,  Mofras  in  some  way 
criwr  olleiice  to  Vallejo,  who  conceived  a  l)itter  dislike 
III"  the  niiui,  which  is  clearly  expressed  in  his  narrative, 
1111(1  which  perhaps  accounts  f\)r  the  fact  that  the 
iiMVeller  is  not  very  complimentary,  though  hy  no 
iiitans  severe  or  abusive,  in  his  allusions  to  the  gen- 
eral. A'^allejo  admits  that  JMofras  Mas  an  intelligent 
iUiil  highly  educated  man,  and  that  he  could  beagon- 
tli'Di.'ui  if  he  chose;  but  insists  that  he  was  conceited, 
;iiiO'_;;nit,  and  disposed  to  look  down  on  the  Califor- 
iiiaiis  as  inferior  beings.  Alleging  no  impro[)rieties 
(111  the  ])art  of  the  visitor  at  Sonoma,  he  gives  credence 
Im  several  absurd  scandals  respecting  his  conduct  else- 
where, antl  delights  in  presenting  his  every  act  in  an 
iiiilavorable  and  ridiculous  light.'*'^  Of  these  scandals, 
Ihi  only  one  worthy  of  notice  here  is  that  of  ]N[ofras' 
ciwuhict  at  the  Alisal  liancho,  an  account  of  which 


•'■-  J'tivix'  Glimpses  of  the  Past,  MS.,  38-4'2.  The  author  relates  that  on  ono 
(noiii-idr  tlio  SL'huoncr  groundctl  on  the  miul  flats  at  North  lieach,  and  they 
l:iiil  t  I  wait  for  the  liile  to  iloat  them.  Mofrasaltcr  a  time  Ixjcainoiiniiatiuiit, 
t!i".i  oxcitcil,  and  liually  jumped  overboard  to  wade  and  swim  and  wallow  to 
tlio  sh.  ic,  whiili  he  snececdcd  in  reaching  in  a  not  very  prescntalile  eondition. 
\  lull  jo  tells  the  .Manio  story,  and  he  says  also  that  this  adventure  was  on  the 
rtiiii!!  11(1111  J Id.is  via  Sauzalito. 

'■'^i'allij'i,  J  J  int.  ('ill.,  MS.,  iv.  244-59.  The  author  says  ho  was  at  work 
oit  nt  (I.  iis  when  Mofras  made  his  appearance,  an<l  asked,  'Where  is  tho 
Cdiiii.iKliinte  general  if '  'Mr  I'rudon  will  conduct  you  to  his  oflice,  sir,' re- 
I'li.d  \  ;i!l(  j(i,  who  Htroightway  entered  I'y  a  back  door,  donned  his  uniform, 
!;;i'l  ivccivcil  liis  guest.  In  tho  interview  that  followed,  Mofras  sc  .nsto  ha\o 
ii<:;iiiicd  ((jiisideraMe  self-importance,  and  to  have  spoken  in  a  tone  of  famil- 
i.'ilty  tluit  Was  ollensive  to  tho  general'.s  sense  of  dignity.  Vallcjcj  in  some 
^^ayjjnt  tlie  idea  that  Mofras  left  the  country  angry  with  tho  (.'alifornians, 
mill  oji  ci;dl y  with  himself;  and  bis  statement  seems  to  have  been  maile  with 
fi  \ii'\v  to  counteract  such  charges  and  abuse  as  lie  supposed  the  Frenchman 
Iwd  iiiiRniiiccd  in  his  book— which  he  had  not  iseen. 


<  ■ 


M 


2."2  DUFLOT  PR  MOFRAS. 

>VMs  mndc  ]»n1ilic  in  a  ii<'\vs|)M|)t'i'  on  tlx'  nutliorify  nf 
^Irs  llartiii'll.''  It  is  oiioiigli  to  siiy  <tii  tliis  sulij  •i-t 
that  till!  lady  mentioned  lias  since  declared  tlio  stuiv, 
Ko  far  as  ^lolVas  is  concerned,  to  l»e  without  touiida- 
tion.  At  San  Antonio  he  had  some  kind  of  a  (|U;iiivl 
with  Ji'siis  l*ico,  the  udministriitcjr,  according  to  'liu 
hitter's  statement. •' 

At  ^Monterey  ^r(»rras  had  a  correspondence  with 
various  [)adres  ahout  the  condition  of  their  respective 
estahlishments  and  matters  of  mission  history,  scii;l- 
inj^'  them  as  gifts  cei'tain  sacred  trinkets  which  he  liad 
hrought  from  S[)ain.'"  lie  also  conducted  some  ih^h- 
tiations  with  the  governor,  with  a  view  to  have  dis- 
covered and  punislied  i\iv  murderers  of  the  French- 
man, Duhosc,  in  iy4()/'''  Alvarado  descrihes  liim  ns 
a  young  man  of  great  ahility,  gcMierous  inclinations, 
and  tiery  tenqieranu'nt;  but  arrogant,  and  prone  t.» 
dissipation/'^  Sir  George  Simpson  speaks  of  "a  pas- 
senger of  the  name  of  De  jNTofras,  who  represented 
liimself,  for  he  had  no  cnulentials,  as  an  attache  of  iho 
I^'i'ench  embassy  in  Mexico.  Though  this  gentleiii;ui 
professed  to  be  collecting  information  for  the  ])urp()sc 
of  making  a  book,  yet,  with  the  exception  of  aceoiii- 
panying  us  to  the  Willamette,  he  scarcely  went  tin 
miles  from  the  comfortable  quarters  at  Fort  Vancouver; 

^'  Moutory  Herald,  March  20.  187');  /</.,  Oct.  2-1,  1«75(?);  Jlarlmll,  Snr- 
mttm,  MS.,  II-'JO. 

'•>•'  I'h'o,  Aronlrriminitof,  MS.,  .'54-7;  f'l.,  Icittt-f,  Piovrr  Skrfrhru,  MS.,  no. 
'2.  I'ioo  t'l;iiuis  to  have  put  MofrsLS  iiiulur  arri'.st  in  the  padre'?*  hou.sc,  ilie 
])a(h'c  allnwinj^  him  to  I'scajte  to  Monterey,  wlicre  tlie  qnarrel  wiia  rcinnvuil 
later.  Tlie  ori'^in  of  tho  trouble  was  ilofras'  insolent  complaint  tliat  siitli- 
eient  attention  was  not  shown  him.  Jiihis  L'.Cjloru/iuii,  i.  388,  M.  ftpcaliHdflii.s 
in(lip;nation  .it  seein;.;  <iii'  ailiniiiistrator  at  .S,  Antonio,  an  old  serviiiit  of  tho 
niisaion,  take;  advantaj^o  of  the  path'e'ii  paraly/cd  condition  to  refuse  liiiii  tli" 
iiccis.-ary  aid  and  food.  .Salvador  Vallejo,  Xotat, /li<f.,  M.S.,  \-2'J-:\<\  u'm^ 
sonic  pricK;  in  iiaving  told  Mofras  of  a  mission  at  !Sta  llosii,  and  of  vaniil.i 
growin;^  tlicre. 

'•'"Pirn,  Doc,  MS.,  ii.  l,*?.  Only  one  of  the  letters  appears,  but  otliirsaa' 
alluded  to  in  tiiis. 

"y>;.,'.  /.Vr.,  MS.,  xii.  41;  Drjit.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  v.  117.  Mofraa,  E.r]l„:, 
i.  4(55,  accuses  Vallejo  of  having  shut  his  eyes  and  allo\vcd  the.  assnssiii  to 
escape. 

'■"^Alvarado,  IlUt.  Cat.,  MS.,  iv.  nO-O.  Tho  autlior  sha.-es  Vallcjo'svicw 
to  some  extent;  and  sUites  that  Mofrjvs  became  involved  in  many  riiliculu;!.* 
and  <liagraceful  troubles  on  account  of  his  lack  of  self-respect  wlicn  uiuKt  tlw 
intlueucc  of  liquor. 


MOFRAS'  BOOK. 


8SS 


whiK'  in  r(»nv('rsi»tl»)ii  Ik;  was  more  ready  to  dilati;  on 
Jii-i  nwii  i'(|nestriaii  feats  than  to  hear  wliat  others 
iiii.;lit  Ik'  ahk;  U>  tell  hiui  ahoiit  the  eoiiiili-y  or  tht; 
j)i(»|iK '.''''■'  I'^'oni  all  the  evidence,  I  eonclude  that 
J)iill()t  di'  Mol'ras  was  a  ir.an  of  talci'.t,  hnt  soMicwliat 
wild,  hmt  on  amusing'  himself,  fonder  of  personal  coin- 
forts  than  of  stndy;  not  disposed  to  j^^o  far  out  of  his 
way  for  historical  information,  hut  using  intelliu'ently 
Miih  material  as  came  into  his  hands;  <;entli;maidy  in 
iiiiiiiiiLr,  hut  not  oN'erawed  hy  the  dignity  of  Califor- 
iiiaii  ollicials,  and  somewhat  too  careless  ahout  the 
r>|tutatiun  he  might  leave  in  so  distant  a  land. 

To  the  l)ook  which  resulted  from  the  visit  of  ^lo- 
iVas,  which  1  have  frequent  occasion  to  cite  on  dill'er- 
ci.t  to[)ics,  and  which  I  describe  in  a  note,""  a  high 
(kgree  of  ]>raise  must  he  accorded.  Its  plan  is  e.\- 
fcll-'ut,  and  the  execution  creditable  to  the  author, 
ill.'  aims  to  give  a  com|)lete  descri[)tion  of  the  coun- 
tiv,  its  ]»ast  history  and  present  condition,  compiled 
I'li'iii  tlu!  jiiincipal  works  that  had  been  published  r.w 
llif  subject,  and  supplemented  by  his  own  researches 


^•.S7m;wo)('.<<  Xtirrafivf,  i.  245. 

'■"  ,l/c./>((,s',  iU-iilorntlin  <lu  'J'irrifoire  de  VOrfrion,  dea Californm,  rt  t/c  la  Mrr 
Vi  riiiulli',  firniiri'  fnudant  Ics  innn'i'H  JS40,  JS.}1.  et  J!^'4J,  jirir  M.  Jinjldt.  dc 
J/';iW(x,  Attnclif  i\  it  L<yiilioii  <lr  Frniire  d  Mexico;  Oiivrtn/c  jniltlic  jirtr  ardre 
dii  Iv)i,  siiiiH  A.I  (tit.ipici'.'i  d<:  M.  Ic  Mfm'r/int  Soiilt,  Due  dc  JjuliiKilir,  J'n  lidcnt 
till  ijiHKiil,  <t  Ui'  M.  li;  Miiiistrc  del  AjlhiriH /Jlmiii/ires.  Paris,  1814.  Svo, 
2  vnl,,  jiiiil  fdlio  atl:is.  The  portions  rfliUiiif,'  to  Cal.  arc  vol.  1.,  cha|i.  vii.,  j). 
-'l-.'il),  lii.stijiy  of  iiiiasions,  piuliloH,  and  presidios;  cliap.  viii.,  p.  ;n.")-S4, 
FyjtPm  (if  ^'uvt,  population,  local  tloscription,  uiul  history  of  soutlicrii  d'a- 
diets;  cliap.  ix.,  p.  ;jSo-4GS,  local  description •niul  historj',  northern  districts; 
cli.ip.  X.,  ]i.  4(i!»-5 1 8,  agriculture,  stock-raising,  coinnierco,  etc.;  vol.  ii.,  clifip. 
i ,  p.  l-'_'(>,  the  Russian  establishment;  chap,  ii.,  p.  '21-71,  niannera  and  cus- 
UUM,  i)liysic;d  features,  foreign  relations,  resume.  Plates  relating  to  Cal. 
i:ivi,l.  i.,  view  of  Monterey;  portrait  of  P.  Duran;  Californian  throwing  tlio 
lij  1;  Kiissian  house.  Plates  in  tiie  atlas:  general  map— inehuling  t'alitornia 
v.liicli  I  reprochu'c;  charts  of  the  ports  of  S.  l)ie;,'o,  mouth  of  Colorado,  S. 
rtdi-.i.  Sta  lli'uliara,  Monterey,  S.  F.,]>odeganndKo8s,  and  Trinidad;  view  and 
yiiumil-plan  of  S.  Luis  Iley  mission.  The  liooks  consulted  by  Mofras  on  «  a!., 
11-'  iiaiiicil  in  his  list,  are  (the  titles  changed  to  agree  with  my  list):  J)i-(tb'  He- 
r  iV'';  Jlnrlini's  Vvi/.;  Moiiteirt/,  Extrutlo;  Morn ll's Xanuitia' ;  Ffiijr.i^  I  "."'';/''; 
i.'o-''(,i(('N  Jiisl.  /nil.  Col.;  liiohno,  lidacion;  Dnhaid-Cilbj,  Voy.;  Cal.  11' ■il-i- 
itinili,i;S4;  Itotiijl in,\n  Coiiip.  Hot.  Miiij.;  Poloit,  I'ida  (l<: Srrra;  ('a.^lm,  Dc- 
f/r'ny;  /'(i/'/x ,«,  C(d.;  L(i  Piroicc,  Voyaijc;  Mixsion  Archives;  I'ancoi'ri  r''s 
li'.v.'  Mdiifircij,  Arcliirvs;  Arririvifa,  Croii.;  I'llit-Thouurx,  Vnij.;  Sul'd  y 
}l].rn,iii;  Jii fi/i, r\i  I'o//. ,•  Ld injsdorff's  Voy.;  Laplace,  Caiiqiugnc;  Kotzebuta 
loy.;  Jwquc/euil,  Voy.;  KotztOue'd  S'eiv  Voj/, 


I  IIP 


ffMi'i 


m 


i  r.'.'i" 


i-E^ 


^- 


1  ••''■«"«*<)«  l;„, 


,  <;4"''le8.l.uiVTK^,.,,u,. 


H.S,H,Yo  ^' 


1  ■    l.bA.f  ATAt  iSa-^ 


ivkjiiiiii  (Vi|,istm&!,    I   ;' 
V  S.I..ir,lV,iu.!f>iM,v- 


■'•■\. 


f  > 




*. 

•■IlLU 

'■"-^£77 

"       r-^-- 

^ 


--U_. 


1 


1 . 
•: 

}   - 

-        -     Al.dJAOAljuPE      ; 

j                               i 

-     -    i  .                            1 

i.v,  iM  -;*^ 


,131-"^— .  ijj.^  _^ j!g 


i        I.DE  CErtRpa  AL 
lilP  111! 


MoFiLia'  Mat  di'  Calhounia. 


Ill 

I'iui 
si'ar 
carr 
use 

sati 
and 
iiiaiii 

tatii 
that 
iiicri 

tr|isi\ 

ill  the 


VALUE  OF  THE  WORK. 


265 


in  til''  archivos  and  personal  observations  in  the  ro- 
(.jitiis  (le^crihcd.  It  must  be  admitted  that  tliesc  re- 
scaiclies  and  observations  were  not  so  extensive  and 
careful  as  was  desirable;  yet  they  enabled  ^Tofras  to 
use  iiitcHii^ently  the  material  before  him,  and  to  |>ro- 
tliict'  without  great  expenditure  of  work  a  somiiwhat 
satisfactory  result.  Had  he  been  a  harder  student 
ami  more  diligent  mvcstigator,  he  might  have  avoided 
iiiaiiv  jH'tty  errors,  and  have  given  his  work  an  air  (tf 
(iiiniiiaUty  that  would  have  added  grer.tly  '  >  his  repu- 
tal it'll.  Forl)cs'  work  is  the  oidy  one  of  the  time 
that  can  be  compared  with  this;  but  while  not  less 
iiicritdiious  in  numy  respects,  it  is  very  much  less  ex- 
tensive and  complete.  Of  some  political  as[)e'.'ts  of 
Mofras'  work  and  tour,  I  shall  have  occasion  to  speak 
in  the  next  chapter. 


^p:^|fe^ 


:|*ii^^f*F" 


iiiiM 


'i 


ii: 


CHAPTER  X. 

FOREIGN  RELATIONS  AND  I:MMIGRATI0X. 

1841. 

Hopes  and  Plans  of  Foueign  Nations — United  States— Manifest  Des- 
tiny— Wilkes  AND  Waunek— FouEifJN  Opinions — British  Pkojkcts— 
Simpson's  Views — Ahpjkations  oe  Fua.nce— Mofras  on  a   Catiioliu 

ruOTECrORATE — SCTTEK  AS  A  FkENCUMAN— ADVANTAtiES  OF  YanKEK 
Ml.TIIODS— BeGIXNINO     ok     OvE1;LAND     ImMIOKATIoN — Exi:iTEMI.NT    I.V 

THE  Fkontiei;  States— Bartleson  Takty  froji  Missouiu—  Bii>\vr  i.i.'s 
DiAUY — Naruatives  of  Belden,  Chiles,  and  IIorrEU— Crossing  tiik 
Desert  and  Sierra— List  of  Names — Arrival  and  Recki'tion  — 
roLicY  T(i\vai:d  Foreioners  —  Vallejo's  Acrs — ]>i;  ^L\K^II  Tiii: 
Workman-Rdwlanu  1'\rty  fhom  New  Mexico — Wilson's  N'aui;a- 
TiVE— Rowland's  List — Other  I'ariies — Mrs  Walker  and  'Miis  Kix- 
SEV — List  of  New-comees  eoh  1841 — Items  acoct  Old  Settli;u>. 

It  is  luanifestly  impossible  to  ascertain  deliiiitily 
the  liopes  and  })lans  of  the  United  States,  Eii-iiuul, 
and  France  at  this  time  respecting-  Cahfornia.  ]ii 
1841,  and  for  years  before,  naviu'ators  of  each  nation 
had  iH'aised  the  natural  advantaLjcs  of  the  couutrv, 
and  especially  of  its  great  port.  They  had  atiiiiiKd 
that  it  could  iKjt  long  remain  under  Mexican  lulo. 
They  had  pointed  out  the  ease  with  which  it  luinlit 
be  secured,  and  had  directly  or  indirectly  urged  its 
acquisition.  That  these  representations  had  their 
ell'ect  at  Washington,  London,  and  Paris  on  inllueii- 
tial  members  of  the  govermncnts,  that  the  mattir  was 
discussed,  and  that  secret  instructions  were  issued. 
can  hai'dly  bo  doubted.  It  has  always  Ijcen  a  p(>[)ular 
idea  of  Americans  that  other  nations  weiv  in  (!ie 
race  for  the  prize;  ami,  while  it  has  been  olten  cxag- 

(  '.50  ; 


AMERICAN  SCHEMES. 


237 


oi  r:.f til  ill  C'ortain  respects,  it  lias  not  been  witliout 
i;.mii!,ili()ii.  Nations,  however,  do  not  announce  iheir 
clr>iL:ii>  of  this  nature  in  advance;  neither  are  they 
picii  ■  to  eonless  them  alter  their  I'aihire. 

AiiH'iicans,  or  such  of  them   as  t(»ok   the  matter 
into  consideration  at  all,  had  no  doubt  that  it  was  the 
•iiianilr-^t  destiny'  of  their  nation  to  absorb  this  west- 
ern l:uid.     Th  jir  navigators  and  writers  and  emigrants 
had  spoken  more  plainly  than  those  of  other  nations 
(111  til"  sul.ject.      Ainiexation   was   already  a  to]uc   of 
0(ai\>  is.ition  and  newsj)a{)er  comment.     We  have  seen 
that  ilie  United  States  had  once  actually  proj)osed  to 
Mexico  the   cession  of  ni^trthern   Cali+'ornia,^  and    wo 
have  n(tted    the    alarm    expressed   by   tjie  American 
Jill  ss  .it  the  rumor   of  purchase   by   England.-     ]>t> 
viiiid  the  fact  that  Wilkes  Avas  instructed  to  make  a 
6j;eri:;l  survcy  of  the  bay,  there  was  but  little  in  con- 
neetioii  with  the  exploring  expedition  or  its  narrative 
t  >  ']\vn\\  light  on   American  schemes.      Wilkes  did 
iini  iiiihed  represent  the   country  as  a  very  desiral^lo 
ar(jui>ition,  except  for  the  commercial  and  naval  ini- 
|)()itaiiee  of  its  harbor;  yet  he  writes:  "The  situation 
ef  ( 'alil'oi'nia  will  cause  its   separation   iriMu   ^lexieo 
Ixlore  many  years.       It   is    very   probable  that  this 
ODuntiv  will  become  united  with  Oregon,  with  which 
it  will  perhaps  form  a  state  that  is  destined  to  con- 
trol the  destinies  of  the  Pacific.      This  western  coast, 
ciijoyiiig  a  climate  in   many  respects  superior  to  any 
eiher  ill  the  Paciiic,  possessed  as  it  must   be  l)y  the 
Aii'^JM-Xennan  race,  and   having  none   to  enter  into 
rivalry  with  it  but  the  indolent  iidiabitants  of  warm 
linii.'ites,  is  evidently  destined  to  iill  a  large  space   in 
tlu'  \vei-](i"s  future  history."^     It   was  obviously  not 

'  This  i;i  ISIi'i.     Sec  vol.  iii.,  cliap.  xiv. 

'^  iir  |s;)7~i).     Sec  oh;', p.  iv.  of  this  vol. 

^i'>"'ll:'.s'  yarr.,  v.  \>V2-X  JIc  id.io  lilanic",  the  govt  for  ita  lack  of  inor'-y 
in  iTi|iossi;ii^  the  wroiiyi  of  the  (livJuun  party.  Davis,  6'//;»ji.sv'.-.',  M-i..  77  ;*, 
siy.!th;it  WiUu.'i  cxprcNii  (1  hiinaclf  vorv  freely  to  Xatli:'.:i  Si.earoti  tl-.e  ]i(."it- 
iciiliis|iei:ts  of  his  vi.;it,  ilecliiriny;  th;  t  the  1.'.  S.  v.o\-,hl  li:-.ve  C:il..  iiml  i:)- 
||iiiriii;'  (•.■uinytly  iihoiit  Mofraa'  inoveineiit;*,  ami  tiie  (laii;;or:i  of  l''roiieh  inUT- 
viiitiiiii.  (',i!itor:.iai'.ti  a','iv(;  tliiit  tlie  coining  uf  AVilkes"  tlect  causetl  coiiaiJ- 
llisr.  Cal.,  Vol.  IV.    17 


hi 


I  ' 


mmfn 
Ms 


!'  '    '■    ,  ' 

jl 

ir 

[  ki' 

t: 

III  Ml  i 

':^il 

i  s 
+  J 


2j& 


FOREIfiX  IIKLATIOXS  AXD  IMMTliRATIOX-lStl. 


for  tlio  interest  of  United  States  to  a-Ljitate  tlie  iimt- 
ter;  since  now  that  immigration  liad  Ih'h'uu.  dclav 
could  not  but  favor  tlieir  cause,  and  tiie  oidy  tliiiiM'  in 
be  leai'c^l  was  the  interference!  of  same  otiier  fur.  ion 
j)owei'.  ]']vi(U'ntly  it  was  the  pohcy  at  Washin;4!nii 
to  watdi  closely  for  such  interference,  and  nieanwhile 
to  jjfive  manifest  destiny  a  loose  rein. 

The  secretary  of  the  navy,  in  his  report  of  Dercin- 
l)er  4th,  after  alluding  to  the  (Irahani  afl'air,  says;  '•  In 
C'alil'oi'nia  there  are  already  considcrabh^  settldut  nts 
of  Americans,  and  others  are  daily  re-sorting  to  tli.ir 
fertile  and  (h>hghtful  region.  Such,  however.  i-<  thf 
unsettleil  condition  of  that  counti'v  that  tluy  camint 
be  sai'e  either  in  their  j)erso)is  or  ]>roperty  exccjil  im.. 
del'  the  protection  of  our  naval  power..  .  .It  is  lii^jilv 
desirable,  t  >o,  that  the  Gulf  of  (^difornia  slioiil;!  Ii' 
fully  explored.  For  these  reasons" — and  pel  h.ijw  I'lr 
olhei's  not  stated — "I  have  caused  estimates  t.>  In' 
]ii'ep;ired  f  )ra  largcMncrease  of  the  Pacilic  s(pi;idiMn."^ 
ill  the  s;.me  re])ort  it  is  stated  that  C'ommoiloi-;-  .\^\'Ar^ 
is  about  to  sail  f)r  the  Pacific  to  take  conimaii'l.  <  )i' 
this  oHicer's  instructions  and  acts  we  shall  h-ai'u  nii'.!!i 
from  till-  annals  of  the  next  year.  In  connection  v.iiii 
the  immigi-ation,  to  be  noticed  later  in  this  cli.iuiii'. 
tliei'e  wore  publishe<l  many  iiewspa})t'r  articles  nt^iiili 
a  sensational  nature  as  to  cause  alarm  in  ]\b'xii'o.  ,i,iil 
lilcely  to  do  more  harm  than  good  t)  the  Aiii('ii'':i!i 
cause.  I  mav  add  that  Warner,  in  his  lecture  ahva/lv 
n<»ticed,  earnestly  urged  the  importan*^>  of  proiii|'l  ..'•- 
tioji  to  secure  possession  of  San  Francisco  JJay  hy  |'Ur- 
chase.'* 


u 

craliK'  uiK'a;i:K'ss.  yalUjo,  ll'i-t.  Cif.,  MS.,  iv.  "Jll -'J,  snys  it  cvca 
hi  i  foos  at  -Montorov  intn  iiiakiii';  DVLTturrs  fi>r  ivoiu'lliatimi  for  dcl'in 
l)iil\vi'!l,  <  '■!/..  MS.,  !)7-il,  allinii.'.  that  it  iMiiviuct'il  in'djilf  tiiat  tlio  I  . 
■wassimu'lliiiiv;  iiioi'o  than  a  lavth,  anil  liail  a  good  clloi't. 

'  r.  S.  ^'..r•  Do::,  'JTth  oii^'.  -.M  kcss.,  Son.  D.ic,  no.  1,  p.  ;i(>:t. 

^  ir((C/(i/'',-i  ('((/.  uiiil  (tfdjmi,  'I'M.    'J'lio  iuithoi'  says:   '1  liavi'  (jnut  ■ 
tlu's;'  I'uv^'li.sli  \v;itcr;i  (FoiIk'.*  cliiclly)  I'oi-  three  olijeuts:  I.  'J'n  eniTiih  ■• 
o\\  ;i  rmiirko  ivsp;'oliii;,'  tlic  vahiodf  tliis  territory.     'J.  To.'^how  that  \'i 
liAli-i'oadini;  eiir.nniinity  ami  the  f^'ovt  liaxc  more  int'orniatinn  '  uhoiii 
ve.      ' ,'].  To  e  i;itir:a   tlie  o[)iuh);i   that    J'ai,;;lanil  is  now  ilisjioscMl  t  >  n 
vith  Me^xico  I'or  t!ie  li.iy  of  S:wi  Franei-ieo  anil  the  territory  of  Caii;- 


-.■■anl 
■.  i;.>-.t 


1  fr.'iii 
i;i'  iiiy 

r.  tbii 
'tiate 


SIMPSON  OX  AMKHICAN  PLAXS. 


259 


( 

11:  ■ 

1 
I 
.1 

itf 

', 

111 
111 

■a' 

h 

a 

:i 

'iir- 


■tiate 


Nit   only  (11(1    Aiiicrit'Miis  jiimniiiicf  tlicir   purpn-ic 


and  ili'ir  conliileiK'c  in  ultiinatf  succi'ss. 


Imt  t 


Ol'cl^'Ilrl'S 


;i-  w 


(.•> 


!l  admitted  tliat  tlicy  would  succfcd — oxccj)t  in 
■I'taiii  coiitinn'cncics.  Sir  ( u'orgc  Simjjson  writrs: 
Till.'  Aini'i'icans,  booomiiiiL;'  innstcis  of  the  iiitei'ior 
tliiMiiu'li  Suttej''s  establisliineiit,  "will  soon  discovci- 
lliat  llicv  liavo  n,  iiatui'Ml  li^lit  to  a  Diai'ltiiiie  out'it ; 
:.i)  tliat  whutcver  may  be  the  late  of  ]\[onten'y  and 
the  more  soullu'i'ly  ports*,  San  Fi-anciseo  will,  to  a 
nmral  certainty,  sooner  or  later  Tail  into  the  possession 
cl'  Aiinrieans" — uidess  the  I'^niilisli  take  it.  "As 
T''\as  has  been  wrested  I'rom  .Mexico  dn  tlu'  one  side 
.li'tlie  continent,  .so  Calilornia  will  bi'  speedily  lost  to 


li-r  on  the  olhei', 


T\ 


le  onlv  ( 


lor.bt 


IS  wnetlier 


( 


:ill- 


I'dinia  is  tol'all  to  the  j^ritishortotiie  Aniej'icans.     Th 


lati 


•  T.  wnetne 


th 


lin 


V  jii'eti 


one  looks  at.  thuir  seizure  of  Texas  or 
nisions  to  t!u>  ()re^■on,  have  clearly  the 
(lvai)taj4e  in  an  uns('i-ui)ulons  choice  of  wea])ons,  '.c- 
1',^  altoi;ether  too  i-eady  to  for^-et  that  the;  fulHlnieiit 
r  '.Veil  the  most  ])alpal)le  deert-es  of  pnn'idenct!  will 
i>1  jiistity  in  man  the  employment  of  untiv;'hteoiis 
^[o^ras  o'ave  much  attention  to  the  subject. 


acaii>. 


i;id  convmeed  Jinnse 


Iffi 


m  his  intercourse  wi 


til  oil 


icers 


Will 


ves    c 


x'-)(>dition  and  of  the  Hudson's  Bav  C'oui- 


Tliii'ci'.  11)  ji  lint  of  all  IV^oific  Ainoric-i  ibiit  uiiitc-s  a  nsnicty  of  thcndvnntni^cs 
1  iiu.il  ill  Uic  liiiy;  mi',1  it  is  ficc  from  ji!l  o'.ij,i.''ai>:i:i. .  .Tlio  n:Uiiral  union  ho- 
tii  en  til' ciiiintvy  :-oiitli  of  tliu  ( 'oluinliia  iinJ  t!io  liiiy  of  San  I'Viuii-isi'i)  iind 
snnviuiKlini,' I'oiratry  i:<  sui'li  lliat.  iiltlioiiyli  j,'oviTnr.icnt:i  iniiy  for  ii  time  lio 
;i!'L'  to  sfj.arato  tlit-ni,  tlio  ilay  is  not  far  ilisUuit  wlini  11k\v,  drawn  to;,'(.'tlii!f 
I'V  tlicir  oiii'iR'ss  I'f  intrji-st,  will  liid  tli'liaiK'o  to  lo;t  iun'  Ji  iwors.  Jf  a  union 
liv  ;  not  t:;ki'  jilacc  an)itMl)ly.  it  will  liy  forcu.  .  .  If  the  )iropo-;ition  toccilo  ( 'al. 
I'O.x  i;iiL;lis!i  .ihould  lio  aoioMiiilisiied-  iilai.in.i.;  llie  all-ini|ioitant  liarlpor  of 
S.  I',  ill  ji;ii<>i'ssion  of  t!ie  most  iiowcrful  naval  and  I'omni;  nial  kin^idoui — 
V  iMild  it  not  ruin  thojudspiHtsof  the  (>iv;,'on  territory''.  .  .Is  itiiot  im|M irtant, 
I'.iia,  tli:it  in.itcail  of  ])crinittin^;  it  to  fall  into  tlii.  liands  of  our  most  ilauprous 
r.v;d<,  it  f^liotdd  lie  united  to  ourowu  territory?'  W.iincr  was  a  Mi'xican  i  it- 
i/tii;  liiit  no  niattor.  'Altliouuh  1  may  In"  acciisi'd  of  iir.sumpti  <i\.  1  raimot 
1  vtri'ia  from  .';ayinjj  that  the  pnscnt  appoars  a  favoralil'  opiiortn  lity,  wl.cii  ;i 
l:i','utialinn  is  iicndini,'  wliich  must  li'.-ivc  Moxito  a  ililitor  to  tliif  j;'ovt,  not  in 
llio  l.^st  jio.siiioii  to  taniil  tin-  I'laim,  and  iMvilialily  glad  to  tr;  nstVr  t'.il.  .  ii 
tic  .■loi'onut. .  ,  W'v  must  not  snj)|ioso  llir.t  C'al.  is  t«)  remain  stationary,  <  ■  Mii- 
<l'i' the  iM.ntrol  of  t!i"  Mixiian  );ovt,  v.liiic  all  tiio  parts  of  tlic  earth  a;  i:i 
rii'Viiiuiit  if  not  advancing.  It  must  soon  fill  to  seme  more  enterprising  n.i- 
ti.ui.' 

'■.S/,,,/,,^,,-.,  x„r,:,  i.  :VJ7,  401). 


gS''" 


Hi 


\     -f 


lii^ 


m: 


200 


FOREIGN  IlELATIOXS  AND  I.MMIGllATIOX— IS4I. 


)i;iny  "tliiit  I'^iij^lajid  iiiid  tlir  Ignited  States  i'.iiui- 
tlu'iiiselvos  nliko  with  the  \(\vii  al'  takinj^  Cahliin:i:t 
from  jVIexioo.  It  is  iiKtrcovci'  evident  to  us  that  ( 'aii- 
loinia  will  heloii'Lf  to  whatever  nation  c;])oose.s  to  stud 
t'lere  a  man-of-war  and  L'OO  men;  and  we  can  hut  aji- 
prove  the'  })ati-iotie  eondm-t  of  tin-  English  and  Am- 
ci'iean  govei-nments  in  making  sure  in  advance  oriinjjdr- 
tant  j)oints  on  the  l*aeiHc,  .  .It  is  to  bo  doubted  that 
the  English,  with  all  the  tn\\\\mih]v  force  d\'XjKinsii>,(  df 
tlu'ir  govermneiit,  can  distance  their  rivals  in  the  (m;- 
eupation  of  this  line  territory.  As  lor  us,  it  is  usrk^s 
to  say  that  our  political  sympathies  are  for  the  Aiiili- 
icaiis;  and  since  ( 'aliforjiia  must  chanjjjo  masters,  wo 
i.hould  pi'cfer  to.see  it  in  the  hands  of  the  United  Statis 
rather  than  in  those  ol'  Engkuid" — always  if  it  cannot 
btdoiiij  to  Fi'auce.' 

On  Hritlsh  ])rojects  for  ae(juiring  California,  tlhi\; 
is  not  iiuich  of  fact  to  he  I'ccorded  for  1841,  thMUi^h 
the  coming  of  the  man-ol'-war  Cunu^on,  the  visiisii' 
Douglas,  Simpson,  and  ]\IcLoughrm,  and  the  u|i(i;!- 
tions  o^  the  Hudson's  Ijay  Coinj)any  were  j)oi)u!arly 
tU[»posed  to  be  connect'^d  with  those  projects.'  11;  • 
iieg'otiations  to  set'ure  ( 'alil'ornia  in  payment  ol'  t!i.' 
Mexican  de1>t^  were  believed  to  be  still  in  ])ri)gm>.s. 
In  Warner's  lectui'e,  an<l  the  current  news]'a]Kr 
s~ketches,  this  arrangement  was  held  up  as  an  iiiiiiii- 
iient  daiig(M'.  ^NTofras  gives  an  account  of  the  nego- 
tiations, and  expresses  his  conviction,  formed  lavuvjy 
from  coiivorHHition  with  olHcei's  of  the  Hudson's  liay 
Com})any,   that   England    was  confident  (A'  s^(•(■(•^.■-.■' 

"  Mo/nt",  Kxjih))-.,  ii.  (11-71.  Tliia  iuUhor  lliinl;s  tliu  ik'lay  nf  tliu  V.  "^. 
ill  tliu  (iriiliain  i;tV;iir  wan  with  a  virw  tn  a"cniiiula'..c  claiin.4  ami  gravji'io  s 
against  MixiL'o  until  a  loiivciiiciit  siasoii. 

"  IKti!  I  may  ivccinl  that  an  Irisliinan  at  lii'ancifnrtc  was  linivl  >'-il  I 'i' 
liaviiiL,'  in  tlio  inrsciiL'LMif  -witncssi.':-!  ajijilit'il  a  vilr  (  ,'itiu't  t')  the  Moxiraii  guvt 
mill  i'  (ilfii'ials,  (Kclariii','  that  lingUuid  wouhl  come  ami  tak''  the  whi'le  lot. 
Monti  r< II,  Arch.,  MS.,  x.  ■}. 

"Si't;  cliaj).  iv.  nf  lliis  vul. 

'" 'Jmi  CO  nionu'iit  la  coniiia^'iiic,  i-rtrc  ilo  rajipiii  dii  gouvornoniciit  I'litau- 
nifHu;,  iions.si:  uii(>  ligm'  ilo  fm-i:!  vini  I'o  tii ritoau;  lUc  I'spi  '•(■  ((Uu  Ic,-;  p  L'i«i'- 
tioiin  oouiiiR'ni-i'is  it  y  a  jn'ii  d'anuccH  )iar  laniaisini  Lizanli  do  Lonih'i-v  ■  'iia.i- 
r.,.;mt  (In  Mo\i((Uu  iumi'  la  cosriim  ilu:!  terrains  en  payt luciit  i!o  li  il  "i'  ""■ 
gluiso  ft  rciiouvck-i's  tivs-rcceuimeut,  iiuiiirout  Otrc  eouvouuC'ca  ilc  aii-'-Os,  uC 


ts  ' 


EXGLISII  rr.OSPECTS. 


S61 


Au'l  SiiupsiMi  iK'licvt'd  tliat  it  was  not  only  possiMo 
lut  iii">t  (U'sirabli;  tor  Eu>'laii(l  to  take  th(3  (;ouiitr\  ia 


•<  I 


I  IV 


iiH'iit  of  the  debt;  uiul  ho  also  adv 


iiicct 


I   th 


ii)(pj>.(sitioii  that  "under  the  treaty  of  17'.)0,  En^'land 
i-  cviu  now  entitled  to  colonize  a  eonsiderablu  [>ortion 
ol' till' n|»])or  province.  As  America  has  renounced 
.■\(  iv  iliiiiL;'  that  lies  below  4'2\.  .  .Kn^dand,  without 
lii'iii;j;  questioned  by  anyone,  may  iiniuediatcdy  occupy 
die  coii^^t  from  4"2'  d(jwn  to  the  due  ranire  of  the  set- 
dt'iii'iu  of  S.ui  Francisco,.  .  .and  may  to-morrow  ju.s- 
tiliiihly  occupy  the  valley  of  Santa  Kosa,  which  opens 
i:ito  Ho(lc-a  i3ay"!" 

l''iii,dly,  i'or  the  Californian  aspirations  of  France, 
I'ss  (Irliuitc  than  those  of  her  two  rivals,  we  have  as 
saliriit  points  the  recent  comin_i;'  of  the  D'Uuwlc,  the 
>'ii'iii'4  (':uiadian  French  element  amon^' the  tra[»peis, 
llic  otahlishment  and  threats  of  Sutter,  who  was  a 
I'Vi'iirlminn  when  it  suited  his  idans  to  be  so.  ai 


P 


nc 


1th 


vi<it  of  M(»fras.      There  is  no  ivason  to  doubt   tliafc 
I'l'Miicc,  ill  sendiniif  an   ao'ent   to   collect   infoi'ination 


',111)1 


it  tlic  Pacific  lyn'ions,  was  actuated  to  sonu;  extent 
ly  ,'i  liopc,  similar  to  that  of  other  powi-rs,  that  Cali- 
iMiMii;!  tuij^ht  one  tlay,  by  some  lucky  chance,  fall  into 
luT  possession.'-^     In   his   published    work  jMofras  is 


CfttlJ    fi 

!  vt  lie  l;i  S(i: 


uis  CI'  no  SI' 


1 


n•^  an  icxas  on  ilan- 


riiih' 


nenr  ( 


In  X( 


Mc- 


luMM  ijiK'  lo  ,!;i)iivci'ii('ni('!it  .MoxK'ain  I'liri 


ira  ik's  tcirains,  inai-t 


I    '.i  iliMs   111  Haute   Califoniie.     I'lTsoiiuc  n"i,L"iii'iT  ijno  la  (Icttc  s'cli-vc  ,'i 
•JTO.iHKI.OiMi  iraiios,  ct  (|m;  cctte  tli'tto  lie  jiourra  j.:'!uiis  etrc  payee.    Si  la  ces- 


i  do  hi  pruviiicc  iivait  lieu,  la  ecn;ipa.i,'iiie  vondrait  etie  la  ])i'i 


liilere  a  <>ee:i- 


1'  r  1l'»  meilleurs  terrains,  pour  les  rcveudre  ensuite  en  deiail  ;ivec  uu  etionuo 


k'lli'Ui.'e. 


.1/' 


II  I 


-/ /•((.•( 


h'.i/ilor.,  ii.  01 -'2. 


I'lii;,'!i.s!i,  iiis,)me  sense  ur  other  nf  the  wmil,  tlieriehest  port 


vtiia  must  heeonie.     I'jther  (! 
I'lliiin  iif  all  elasses  and  eiih: 


l;rit;i 


in  inti 


h' 


.veil 


ulatcl 


s,  or  l!n'  i:eople  of  tin?  V .  S.  will  inundate  the 
iiitry  vviLh  their  own  jieiniliir  mixture  of  hclplcsi  lionda'.e  and  lawless  in- 


"inlination.     lietween  t 


\o  little  room  forehoice;  and  even  if  there  M( 


;ieh  alteriiiitives,  the  Califin'niatiH  themselves 


V.  iii;. 


1 


■  innd  lor  hesitation, 


tl 


u  V 


Ml  eonviincd,  fiuil  in  their  aeh;al  e\|iirieiiee  sullieieiit  reason  for 


riilin;,' ill  favor  of  the  r.ritish.  .  .Thouu,'h    i'n.uland  laiiiiot  iitlord  tuaecpi 
I'liliolial  territory  hy  such  ineasnics  as  would  ^  hake  that  reputation  1 


l'".'ntv 


1  wliieh  her  enipi 


vc  i)  founded,  vet  she  has 


one  I'oiid  opei 


to    l! 


er 


Itli.itof  thodtht),  hy  wl.iieii  .she  may  hriii!;  ("alifornia  under  her  sway,  without 
•  itiior  force  or  fraud,  without  ei;!ier  tiie  violence  of  marauders  or  the  etlion- 


tiTVoI  d 


ip!"'nali.-.ts. 


IllljIl'Oli.'i  . 


-S,  4(«>-l(l. 


inly '.w.  oS41,  Valleio  to  Alvarado.     Tliei'e  is  no  douht  ihat  I'rance  is 


iiiln 'ii.i, '  ;  J 


.'coi.ie  laidtress  of  t.'al.    VtiUcjo,  ].>'€.,  MS,,  x.  'I'M.     l)\viiielle, 


' 


k 


l^ 


,1  #R  ' 


1: 


mil 


262 


FORKKiX  RELATIONS  AND  IMMIOrtATION— ISII. 


cnri'riil  to  note  wliat  I'^rciujluiu'ii  reside  at  each  jxiiiit, 
j^'eiu'rally  iianiinn'  oiic  <ir  t\\<»  as  partk-iilai'ly  patii(itic 
ami  triistwoi'tliy;  lie  dwells  on  the  iinportaiice  ef"  \(  w 
J  Ii'lv.tia  as  all  essentially  i^'reiich  settlement,  suj;  ;vsf- 
iiii^'  that  missidiiaries  he  sent  there.  He  calls  atten- 
tion to  the  sj>ceial  J'riendshi[>  shown  hy  Calit'uriiiaiis 
i'oi'  his  coni|)atriots  at  the  tiini;  of  the  (jJraham  nlhlv 
and  on  other  occasions,  lie  ])oints  out  the  idcntitv 
of  rt'li<jfiou  and  teniperanient,  stati's  that  AKaraili 
oll'ered  to  j^rant  him  a  large  tract  of  land  in  the  Tii- 
lares  for  a.  French  colony,  and  declares  it  as  his  oiiiu- 
ion  (hat  a  French  [>rotect(.»rate  otfers  to  California  tin.' 
most  satisfaetory  wi'.y  (»f  escape  from  the  dangers  that 
thiiateii  its  future.'^ 

i'hus  it  is  a]>|»areiit  from  what  has  heen  said,  aii.l 
8till  more  clearly  from  the  devcloj)meiitsof  latt-r  yvnv:-. 
that  the  three  great  jtowers,  as  I  ha\"e  said  <it.  t!i  ' 
start,  had  hopes  of  ai'(|iiii'ing  territorial  possession.;  in 
('alifornia.  So  far  as  legitimate  methods  of  a((|'ii.-i- 
tion  were  concerned,  the  chances  of  the  three  conte-t- 
ants  were  not  very  uneipial,  each  having  certain  .nl- 
vantages;  hut  the  United  States  was  not  only  nie;  ■ 
thoi'oughly  in  I'arnest  than  her  rivals,  hut  had  a  vari- 
•.■ty  of  natural  agents  at  work  in  her  interests,  noial.l/ 


J.'    ■-•■ 
u 

r 

f 


it^ll 


Aihlir<>K,  5,  says  Mofras'i'X[)Iur;it  ion  wns  intended  to  prepare!  the  way  t'  I'r  ii'  'i 
iiinipu'st.  (.'ronise,  yahtnd  Wmtih,  (IT,  .says  'it  \.\  Icno'.Mi  tliat  secret  ii'-'cati 
<it"  tiiat  LCiivt  re.siilcil  in  C.'al.  fi'.iin  tiie  tinu;  of  ]\I.  do  Mofra.s'  vi.-it  uiilil  it  kil 
iiitr)  tiie  liands  of  tiie  L'.  S.'  Davis,  (///;)(/w>,  MS.,  7S,  nMuaiiis  tiiat  Wiik  .* 
txliiliited  gi(;at  anxiety  to  learn  all  the  details  of  what  tlic  Frencliuiaa  till 
ami  said. 

' '  'Lo  .sort  de  (X'  pays  est  d'etro  eonipiis,  s'il  no  ,so  replace  sous  l.i  protci.- 
tion  d'linc  nionareliie  euri)j)i'ci'.iie,  !;eid  muyfn  de  .saint  (jui  Ini  re;ti'.  >'• 
iiioyen  est,  il  niai.i  somlile,  eeliii  ()Ue  la  France  doit  pri-fiier.  ..Lo  stul  parti 
v.ritableinent  fin t  est  It;  parti  royaliste,  antonr  duipiel  viennent  se  !,'icuii>  i' 
presi|iio  tou.s  k'S  iMiropeeiis,  les  Californii'iis  restes  lionnetes  f;ens,  ct  imiiio 
ei'U.K  (pii  out  pillo  le:i  ini.ssioiis;  on  un  mot  tons  les  lialiitant.s  ipii  ]iar  liur  ic!i- 
i.ion,  lenr.<  nueurs,  lenr  l,in','ue,  ot  lenr  origine  sont  n.-itiirolli'nieiit  ,iali|i.i' 
thiijnesanx  Alexia  is  etan.x  AnuTicains.  ..Tonsccs  iiomnies  so  voientsiul-'  \\"\\\l 
iVetro  livrisii  \ine  raoi;  ini]iitoyal)le,  ot  lo  sort  de  notre,  niallieureux  (  iiiiad;], 
cilili  dej  Florides  osp.iL;noks  t'tdii  Texas,  n'est  j,aicre  do  natnre  ;i  les  i;i>.>uii.'r. 
("est  done  vi^n;  I'lOnropc  oatlio!i(pio  ipi'U.s  tou'-nont  loars  rei^'ar'ds  car  ;.h 
s 'I'ieiit  fort  hion  (|u"ell(i  sc\do  pent,  les  n)nsrraire  a  la  dmiiination  ili' iltHX 
puissances  ipi'iis  rodontent  egali'Uleut.'  Mi>/i<('<,  Kv/'loruHoii,  ii.  OS-TI.  •!■''>' 
•J  \  l.S-H,  Mni'ra-i  \\ii:os  that  oii"  or  two  Froiicli  Iri;,'ate3  will  liereuitcr  vi'it 
tlic  ojast  of  Cal.  eaeii  year.  Piru,  JJuc,  ^IS.,  ii.  13, 


J.liji 


llifil 


[1;  r,!'. 


OVERLAND  IMMIGllAXTS. 


2(i3 


;il  iif  iiiiiuii^n-atioii,  inakiiiij;;  delay  a  positive  advaii- 
^  :  aiil  luaUiii^'  certain  the  eomiiiii;- of  aday  when,  it' 
•iiwu  by  tlie(jtliers  c<»ul(l  also  be  delayed,  the  [)layinL;' 
"a  li'aiu)t-(aril  in  the  Texas  manner  would  secure  the 
;i Iv  >.  Moreover,  the  European  j)owers  were  deterred 
Mii  p'.MUipt  action,  not  only  by  the  dlfticulty  of  inak- 
>j;  a  satisfactory  bargain  with  ^lexicc^  but  by  other 
•M^^iiciive  obstacles  likely  to  arise  i'roni  ell'orts  to  en- 
ih.'  |)iecepts  of  the  Monroe  doctrine;  for  Cali- 
:;  ;,i.  Ii  r  ^'oKlen  treasure  beiiiiL;'  unknown,  was  not 
-lie. I  at  the  [)rice  of  a  war  with  the  United  States. 


t:i 
a' 

si 
i'l 
ii 


(1< 


Ii  was  in  1841  that  overland  ininiiu[ration  proj)er 
iii;i\-  be  said  to  have  be^un;  though  nu'U  had  before 
ciiiiic  1(1  California  l»y  land,  as  it  may  be  well  to  re- 
st itc  biietly,  en  resume,  before  pi'oceeding  to  record 
tlifcitiiipaiiies  and  tripsof  this  year.  Jedediah  Smith 
fi'iia  Sail  Lake,  with  a  parly  of  hunters,  in  August 
ls:2(I,  went  down  to  the  Coloratlo,  and  crossed  over 
iVniii  .Mojave  to  San  Gabriel  hi  December.  In  May 
1SJ7  Smith  and  two  men  crossed  the  sierra  and  went 
t'l  Salt  Lake,  returning?  before  October  with  (.ight 
111(11.  These  were  (ho  lirst  overland  tri[)S  by  a  direct 
iiiMiiiitaiii  route;  but  the  exact  routes  are  not  known, 
iu)r  i^  it  known  whether  Smith  went  and  returned  by 
t!ic  s;;iiie  iiiute.  Several  of  Smith's  men  remained  in 
Caliiniiiia.  Parties  of  the  Huds(jn's  JJay  CN»mpaiiy 
entered  California  in  1828-U  under  MeLeotlantI  (>.;•- 
iliMi,  the  foi'mer  from  the  north  and  the  latter  perha[)S 
fiMiii  (li,.  rast  by  Smith's  last  trail.  After  1830  thj 
s  came  down  from  the  Columbia  nearly  every 
The  Patties  from  Santa  Pe,  in  M;u'ch  18:18, 


ti;,iiji( 
\!':ir. 


leLlc 


iiiailc  their  ap[)earance  with  six  ti'appers  at  San  D'u 
hciii^-  brought  as  prisoners  from  ]  >aja  Califoi'uia.  Se\  - 
cia!  (if  the  number  remained  iu  the  country.  In  IS-'JO 
J'i^viii;.;'  \  ouiiLC  caiue  from  Xew  ]\Iexi(X)  with  a  parly 
•'1' iiuiitcrs,  all  of  whom  went  back.  In  18:31  Wii'l- 
lani  A\  ohskill  brought  a  company  of  huntei's  iro':! 
^ew  ^lexieo  by  a  nnito  thac  lay  north  of  the  CoIj- 


'■'I    ■    i 


it!  I 


204 


FOllEIGN  RELATIONS  AND  IMMIORATION— IStl. 


rado  down  to  ^[oiavo,  not  ht'infjf  nl)lo  to  rross  the  lu'iiin.. 
tains  above  .'U)  as  lie  liad  iiite'iidcKl.  WoH'sUlll  and  oiIk  rs 
bocamt'  permanent  settlers,  as  did  Wai-ner,  uiio  i;iiiu> 
with  Jaekson's  l>arty  by  the  (jiilji,  route  later  in  Is.il. 
Kwin^  Youn^J  returned  in  18.'?2,  and  left  many  of  his 
men  as  pioneers.  The  southern  route  iVoin  Xiw 
jMexieo,  by  Tucson  and  the  (jiila,  was  now  (tjtcn  .ind 
often  traversed,  a  few  immigrants  in  small  piirtics  or 
in  eon)})any  with  the  native  traders  coming;'  over  it 
each  year  after  l.S.'H.  The  second  party  to  cross  the 
sierra  westward  was  that  under  Walker,  who  with  sninc 
Ibrtv  exploring  trappers  came  from  Salt  Lake  in  1  ■:;;!. 
Their  course  was  down  tlio  jMarv,  or  0<x<len,  liivi  r  to 
its  sink,  and  thence  [)robably  by  Walker  lake;  and  ii\  ii- 
over  the  mountains  to  the  bead  waters  of  ilic  Mii- 
ced,  nothing  more  delinite  being  known.  Walkri'  i, ■- 
turned  in  IS.34  througli  what  has  since  been  know  n  ;is 
Walker  Pass;  l)ut  several  of  bis  men  remained  brhiiid. 
I'hei'e  are  no  other  companies  that  require  notice;  hut 
it  should  l>o  noted  that  of  the  men  wlio  canit.^  su!)^(.'- 
qnently  Irom  New  Mexico,  several,  like  John  !». 
AV^olfsicill  and  William  Pope,  came  rather  as  regular 
innnigraiits  than  as  hunters  or  adventurers;  while  a  frw, 
like  Marsh,rcixarded  Missouri  rather  than  New  .Mr\i((j 
as  their  starting-point.  In  the  same  connection  I  nmy 
also  state  that  Sutter  in  1838,  Wiggins,  Dutton,  :iiil 
otliers  in  1839,  and  others  ])robal)ly  in  1840  crossed  the 
co'^iitry  to  Oregon  with  more  or  less  definite  ideas  df 
sc;ttling  in  California.  There  luul  been  in  all  about  lifiy 
men  who  had  settled  in  the  country  before  1841,  i  in:- 
ing  by  land ;  ])ut  hardly  a  dozen  of  the  nund)er  had  Kit 
their  old  homes  with  a  deliberate  ])urpose  of  liiiiliii.;' 
new  ones  on  tlu;  Pacilie  coast;  and  only  two  paiUi's, 
those  of  Smith  and  Walker,  neither  composed  orini- 
]n!i»rants  proper,  had  crossed  the  mountain,!  direii  to 
Caliioi'nia.*' 

The  years  1839-41  were  in  the  western  fronti'  i' le- 
gion-; biyiind  the  ^lississippi  years  of  bard  tiuK^^  .uii 

■■  J'or  (k'tailn,  yee  vol.  iii.,  chap,  vi.,  xiv.;  ami  chap.  iv.  of  tlii:;  vol. 


rRKPAUING  TO  EMIGRATE. 


2C" 


disci. ntont  among  tlio  settlors,  at  least  to  an  extent 
V,  111  li  tiuiied  the  |)(»|)ular  attention  toward  otiiei-  lands. 
Til'  |i "(tide  were  all  emln'i'ants  hy  jjrofession,  and  con- 
tiiiurd  movement  westward  was  their  normal  condition, 
iii'^lilv  colored  rumors  were  in  circulation  ahout  Cal- 
ilniiiia's  genial  skies  and  fertile  lands  to  ho  had  i'or 
l!ir  jiskint;.  They  came  hy  way  of  New  ^Mexico  iind 
Or.uun,  with  which  leu^ions  overland  communication 
was  rri([uent.  The  Irontier  newspapers  re[>rinti'd  ar- 
tlilcs  fi-om  the  eastern  press.  There  was  scarcely  a 
(oiiiity  tliat  had  not  its  trap[)er  visitor  who  told  \\oi\- 
(Iriiiil  tales  of  a  farther  west  to  dwellers  in  a  land 
v.liicli  was  itself  the  Far  West,  and  few  in  which  pri- 
vati'  letters  from  some  old  resident  now  in  Caliioi-nia 
(li.l  imt  circulate.  Yet  the  hroad  intermediate  stretches 
uriiinimtain  and  desert,  with  their  hostile  Indians  and 
t'.iikiiown  danL,n!rs,  and  conflicting  rumors  resjxM-tiiig 
t!io  treatment  of  new-comers  hy  the  Spaniards,  made 
tlif  undertaking  of  so  long  a  journey  no  trilling  mat- 
tiT,  even  I'or  those  hardy  I'rontiersmen.  Our  knowl- 
edge of  details — rumors,  enthusiasm,  projects,  ohsta- 
cles,  I'ailui'es — is  meagre;  hut  the  reader's  imagination 
M  ill  largely  supply  the  want,  and  that  without  leading 
liliii  far  astray. 

Iti  Platte  county,  Missouri,  and  tho  region  there- 
aliniil,  the  excitement  ran  hi<jfli  in  the  late  sununer 
and  aiitnnm  of  1840.  A  leading  cause  was  the  rep- 
it  seiitiitions  of  one  Rohidoux,  who  had  heen  in  Cali- 
I'liiiiia  with  the  Santa  Fe  trappers,  and  j/ietured  tho 
iMinitiy  as  an  earthly  jxiradise,  not  oidy  in  conversa- 
tion, hut  in  iMihlic  meetinixs  held  to  consider  the  e\- 
iH'diiMuy  (it  emigration  on  a  large  scale.  Letters  I'roni 
'liilui  Marsh  to  I'riends  in  Missouri  contrihuted  to  fan 
the  llanie.  An  organization  was  eifectcd,  committees 
\vere  appointed,  and  a  j)ledge  was  drawn  U[)  binding 
the  -signers  t^o  dispose  of  their  property,  [)urcliase  suit- 
alile  outfits  for  a  trij)  across  the  ])lains,  and  to  he  ready 
te  start  from  Sapling  Grove,  Kansas,  in  May  1841. 
J-)uriiig  the  winter  some  five  hundred  signed  the  pledge, 


M 


i  mi 
!  1,1 3 


1    f 
'1 . 


1  hi' 


n 

n 

mm 

m 

i 

1 

W 

1 

1 

1 

■ 

1 

IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


V. 


/ 


O 


{./ 


^       WJ^ 


"o        '"/Asi 


/, 


« 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


IIIM   ill 


t    ji    1 2.0 

1.4    IIIIII.6 


V] 


<^ 


/a 


^. 


'3 


cta 


%  ^7 


^? 


•^ 

'^/i^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


V 


«^" 


^ 


N> 


z> 


o^ 


23  WEST  MAiiVi  iTPte" 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


S"  Mi.  J, 


%° 


Va 


^ 


Ill 


200 


FOREIGN  RELATIONS  AND  IMMIGRATION— 1841. 


SO  throat  was  tlio  excitcinent.  It  seemed  that  tlio  iidd- 
ulatidii  was  about  to  migrate  en  masse.  Some  ojiiio- 
sition  sj)rang  up,  however,  chiefly  among  the  mercliiiuis 
of  the  town  of*  Weston,  who  set  themselves  to  uoik 
to  defeat  the  movement  by  means  fair  and  unf'aii',  ;ii- 
gument,  denunciation,  and  ridicule — and  especially  iiv 
the  puMication  in  local  newspapers  of  all  that  cot;',, I 
be  found  unfavorable  to  California.  After  the  exciti'- 
ment  had  cooled  considerably,  letters  of  Thomas  J. 
Farnham,  republished  frijui  the  New  York  [)apciN, 
seem  to  have  given  a  quietus  to  the  scheme.  Of  all 
that  had  signed  the  pledge,  only  one  was  ready  to 
start  in  the  spring. 

This  was  John  Bid  well,  a  man  of  twent3'-ono  yi'ais, 
a  native  of  New  York,  who  had  migrated  witli  ]ii.s 
]iarents  to  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio,  and  without  tlioiu 
to  Iowa  and  Missouri.  He  had  beenaschool-teaehfr, 
and  had  finally  settled  on  a  farm  m  Platte  county, 
wliicli  was  'jumped'  during  his  temporary  absence. 
He  thought  of  Texas  for  a  home,  but  decided  in  favor 
of  California;  and  was  prominent  in  promoting  tho 
organization.  Though  the  comi>any  was  a  failuio, 
Bidwell  found  three,  Robert  H.  Th"c  cs,  Geoi'^o 
Henshaw,  and  ^Michael  C.  Nye,  wl  Iiou'tIi  tlicv 
had  not  signed  the  pledge,  agr-eed  to  accompany  liim. 
The  four,  with  their  wagons,  oxen,  mules,  arms,  ami 
])r(n-i8ions,  started  for  the  rendezvous,  being  accouitia- 
nied  for  several  miles  by  many  ])eoplo  of  West(»n  t* 
say  good-by.  Nobody  was  found  at  Sa[)ling  ( Irovu; 
but  the  nucleus  of  a  goodly  company  was  overtaken  a 
little  farther  along  on  the  Kansas  Iliver;  and  tliiilier 
came  other  small  ])artics  for  a  week  or  more  iV  na 
different  parts  of  Missouri  and  Arkansas,  until  tin  ro 
were  f  )rtv-eii>'ht  men  in  all,  with  some  fifteen  wnmea 
and  chiklren.     This  is  substantiallv  Bidwell's  account.'' 


iSi: 


L'lf 


i;  J^^ 


'■'  Biilifill,  (''lUfornki  IS.'fl-S;  Au  Immhjrcnl'tf  !!<  rnilcrt'wii-i  of  (i  Tr'/iH''!'  it 
f/ii'  P/iiiii.i  (lull  (;/'  Ml'})  (ttiil  J'Jrait.-i  ill  Kurhj  Daii^;  inrhid'iKj  the  licur  l'l",i  !•'<  "■ 

tiliititiil.       lUl  lloii.    ,/n/ui    Jlidinl/,  of  (liico.      jj/rfdfcil   hjl   f/ic   illillv  r  I  >  >'.   ■'■ 

JSniiiitiiiijnr  ll,i'  lUnirn'j'l  J.'ihriinj,  'jS77.    -MS.,  fol.,  'I'Xi'yi.     Tliij  tiilr  ii  ■".'• 
liuiciitly  uxjiluuiitury.     Tlieuuthoi-  luis  resided  ia  Cal.  since  1841,  ami  i-  '-w 


THE  BARTLESOX  COMrAXY. 


267 


nil. 


her 

rl\; 

rvcspocting  the  other  wmall  parties  or  'mesfies'  tliat 
caiin'  together  on  the  Kan^^as,  wc  know  but  Httk;  in 
(Irtall;  of  most,  nothing  at  all.  It  is  easy  to  imagine 
that  each  liad  resulted  from  circumstances  similar  in 
tlicir  goneral  features  to  those  described  b}^  Bidwell. 
( )iic  of  them,  organized  at  St  Louis,  was  headed  by 
Josia'a  Belden,  and  included  Chandler,  Brolaski,  and 
Sin  it  well.  Belden  was  a  native  of  Connecticut,  who 
had  lived  in  New  York,  Louisiana,  and  Mississippi, 
hrl'oi'c  coming  to  Missouri.  This  party  joined  others 
at  iiulependencc  before  going  ou  to  the  Kansas." 
Auotlicr  mess  was  headed  by  Robert  Rickmau,  an- 
dthci"  1)V  John  Bartleson,  and  still  another  probably 
1>\-  .biseph  B.  Cliiles.  One  party,  including  Charles 
\\'( her,  did  not  join  the  company  until  several  days 
al'icr  the  start;  and  one  j)arty,  as  we  sliall  see,  was 
too  late  to  j;)in  it  at  all.  On  Februar}^  1st  there  had 
been  a  public  meeting  at  Independence,  at  which  lifty- 
ciglit  had  agreed  to  make  the  trip  to  California;  ami 
doubtless  a  part  of  these  helped  to  make  up  the  com- 
jiany  of  which  I  am  speaking,  though  their  proposed 
route  at  that  time  seems  to  have  been  by  Santa  Fe." 

of  the  best  linown  and  most  respected  men  in  the  state.  It  is  needless  ti)  add 
tli^tt  his  narrative  gives  a  vivid  and  accurate  picture,  not  only  of  the  overland 
trip,  liiit  of  all  tiiat  came  under  liis  observation  down  to  ISIH. 

'■'  II'  I'Icii,  Historical  Slatemrnt  of  Farts  oiiCnIiJhniia.  JJi/Jnsiah  Belden  of 
Sn,iia  <'lfira  C'li.  Dic/a/id  for  the  Bancroft  L/brari/,  1S7S.  MS.,  70  p.  Tlio 
f-utlior  has  been  a  prouiiuent  citizen  of  Cal.;  and  tliouu'li  his  narrative  is  not 
(.0  lull  a:j  that  of  Bidwell  respecting  the  journey  oveiland,  it  contains  n>.any 
iitiicstiii^'  facts  about  early  days,  particularly  aljout  the  luanuersanil  customs 
of  ihc  people  in  California. 

'■  The  account  of  this  meeting  seems  to  have  been  published  in  the  X.  Y. 
JiiuriKi!  of  (Jii)iniivrc(',  ^larcli  30,  1841;  but  1  liud  it  in  \\\c  (.'nloiiinl  M(t[i(r.inc^ 
V.  i'lW:  and  also  a  reference  in  the  Ilonoliiln  Pn/ifucsiuii,  ii.  70.  Some  of  tho 
rt'Nohuious  adopted  were  as  follows:  'That  our  oljject  in  going  there  is  that 
of  iicace  and  good-will  toward  the  people  and  govt  of  Cal.,  and  our  principal 
iailuit'iiieiit  for  emigrating  to  that  country  is  that  we  believe  it,  from  the  beut 
iiiliiiiu.-itinu  we  havebcenable  to  promre,  to  bo  more  congenial  to  our  interests 
and  I'lii.iynieut  than  thiitof  our  present  location.  That  as  this  eom])aiiywi.^he5 
t.j cooperate  witii  all  otiiers  that  may  design  to  emigrate  to  (Jal.  tli(;  ensuing 
spring,  it  is  recommended  that  all  suc!i  conipanirs  and  iiuUviduals  reiide:;voi!3 
f.t  tlio  Sapling  Crove  on  the  old  Sta  Fe  route,  aliout  0  miles  west  of  the  ^lo. 
lino,  iiLfiiiiist  the  10th  of  May  next,  at  which  time  and  place  they  re(iuest  tho 
I'uiieiiiieiiee  of  all  other  com)ianies  and  individuals.  That  in;i.smueh  as  other 
eoiiip.niies  are  expected  to  join  them,  tlu^  election  of  ollieers  to  eondtict  tho 
l'^:pl'dilion  be  deferretl  ti!'  the  general  rende;',vous.  That  all  jiersons,  eitiicr 
siiule  or  having  fam..,es,  .shall  be  proviiled  with  a  .suiiiciency  of  provisioii^ 


f^n^ 


It 


,    m 


2G8 


FOREIGN  RELATIONS  AND  IMMIGRATION— 1841. 


It  slionkl  ])C  borne  in  mind  that  not  all  of  tlio  e o-n- 
})any  had  (k'finitoly  resolved  to  settle  in  Calilbriiii, 
some  being  bent  mainly  on  adventure. 

Tlie  company  was  organized  May  18th  at  the  Kan- 
sas Itiver  camp.  Talbot  H.  Green  was  })re.si(iciit, 
and  IJidwell  was  secretary  of  tlie  meeting,  at  wlii /li 
rules  were  ado[)ted,  and  John  Bartleson  was  eh'cti  I 
captain.  Besides  Bartleson's  company  of  forty-eight, 
there  were  seventeen  other  persons  who  were  to  l)o 
their  companions  for  the  first  half  of  the  journov. 
These  were  three  catholic  missionaries,  three  hunters, 
and  five  teamsters  bound  for  Oregon,  a  jMethodist 
preacher,  two  men  on  a  pleasure  trip,  and  three  liuiit- 
ers  for  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  Oregon  jiaity 
was  under  the  guidance  of  Fitzpatrick,  a  mountaiiicei' 
and  guide  of  great  experience,  who  virtually  was 
conunander  of  the  exjiedition  so  long  as  he  remaiiici! 
with  it — and  fortunately,  for  from  him  the  inexperi- 
enced members  of  the  California  company  leai-iicil 
much  that  was  useful  after  his  services  were  lust. 
The  march  began  May  19th.  The  missionary  ])ar<y 
with  live  carts  took  the  lead;  and  there  followed  tlij 
wagons  of  Bartleson's  company,  eiglitor  nine  of  wliii  ]i 
were  drawn  hy  n)ules  or  horses,  and  live  l)y  seventeen 
yoke  of  oxen.  The  route  was  one  that  had  (il'teii 
hcen  traversed  by  trappers  bound  to  the  lioeky 
^Mountains  and  by  parties  bound  for  Oregon — up  th' 
north  fork  of  the  Platte,  by  the  Sweetwater  through 

cinil  other  nocessarios  to  insure  tlicm  ag.iinst  want  till  they  reach  tho  biill';!'> 
region  at  least,  which  shall  ho  determined  at  the  pciicral  rendezvous.  Tl:at 
no  jiersou  shall  1)0  permitted  to  take  any  spirituous  liquors,  except  for  inni' "il 
pur])oses,  and  this  shall  bo  detennined  hy  tlio  company  at  the  general  rciHt  <■ 
vous.  That  a  cannon  having  been  i)rescnted  to  the  company  and  tii.nikmlly 
accepted,  Mr  A.  Overton  l)c  selected  to  have  it  properly  e(Hiippcd  auil  .niiiily 
supplied  with  aiinnunition  at  the  expense  of  the  company.  That  -Nhiisli^i 
route  is  liclicvcd  to  bo  the  best  by  which  to  cross  the  mountains.'  In  ..\  V<  s' 
/iV'/.,  Ixi.  p.  '200,  there  is  mention  of  a  company  fitting  out  at  Inilepcuilrnoe 
ia  May  of  about  90,  under  R.irtleson  an<l  Rickman,  to  go  via  the  (jiliinilii;i; 
(Hid  jinotlier  of  IfK)  men  and  30  women  and  children.  One  was  to  bo  j"iiii'il 
by  .1  caniv,in  from  Stii  Fe.  I'lvidently  tlierc  were  several  largo  organiV  i!i'  ih 
fiiiiiiar  (o  that  dc'scrilied  by  lliihvoU;  fi'agments  from  all  of  which  mil  i;;) 
t'.ic  com[)any  that  actually  started.  One  party  went  to  Sta  FO,  but  ul  tins 
I  iihall  speak  later. 


TO  SALT  LAKE  AND  FOIIT  HALL. 


2G9 


hoii 


til  r 


(Id. 


(I 


iss,  aiul  tlown  ana  iij)  uraiiciios  ot  urceii 


f  G 


IwMi',  to  J>ear  KivfcT  A^alloy  near  (jireat  Salt  Lake, 
Till'  travcllt'i's  (jiuUired  the  usual  hardsliip.s  of  the  loii'j,' 
aihl  tedious  joui'iiey;  hut  met  with  no  disasters  except 
leiital  death  of  one  man — and.  two  marriau'es 


\\\r  ;ifCU 

hrrwi'iii  members  of  the  caravan.  To  Bidwell's 
jinwiiiil  we  are  indebted  for  most  that  is  known  about 
\lic  details  of  this  expedition.'* 

Near  Soda  Springs,  on  Bear  River,  August  11th, 
tl;;'  company  separated,  the  Oregon  party  tun  ing  oif 
liiirtliv.ard  for  Fort  Hall.  Twelve  of  those  who  had 
i;  tiiided  to  go  to  California,  and  several  of  wh(jm  did 
l-u  r  leaeli  that  country,  decided  now  to  join  the 
iiiitlKTU  l)arty,  live  others  having  left  the  main  com- 
]  :Miy  hifoi'e.'"  A  few  also  went  to  Fort  Hall  in  the 
liMpf  of  bringing  back  some  information  about  the 
r  aite  to  California;  but  nothing  definite  was  known 
till  re  on  the  subject.  The  idea  was,  however,  vaguely 
]  I'cvident  that  the  emigrants  must  find  and  Ibllow 
?.Iaiy  River;  and  that  unless  that  stream  were  Ibund, 
;'.!!  would  perish,  since  the  deserts  to  the  south  and 
iiinuntains  to  the  north  were  impenetrable.  This 
,1  came  of  course  from  the  tri[)s  of  Smith  in  1827, 
1  that  of  Walker  in  1833.     There  were  now  left  ia 


i;l. 

aiK 


^^  JUiliiV'll,  A  JoiiriKif  lo  Cali/oniia.  Xo  titlo-pacrc,  place,  or  date.  8vo, 
"J  I'.  'I'liis  very  rare  paniplilct  in  an  aln'idL^nicut  of  iJidwella  journal  fi'o:.i 
(!  y  III  day,  wideli  the  writei'  sent  from  Bodega  on  March  30,  184J,  and  whk'.i 
v.as  [Jiiii'a'd  in  Missouri,  proLahly  in  tliat  year  or  the  next,  it  gires  tlio 
ii:;!m.S(.f  all  inend)ers,  the  progress  and  incidents  of  each  ilay's  niareli,  and 
i;!l  the  infuriiiation  about  Cal.  that  tiie  author  liail  lieen  alile  to  gain.  It  is 
of  ciiurse  llie  hest  authority  extant  on  the  journey.  The  winie  author's  C'c;'- 
{,'0/'»('(,  yiS\,'/-<^\  .Ms.,  already  noticed,  eoidains  also  a  \ery  good  narrative:  of 
tao  ti'ip.  JJehten,  in  hia  l/lsf.  S/dtciiuiit,  MS. ;  C'lnl.  s,  in  his  Viy'it  to  Cal.  iii. 
K'lihj  yV//!(.v,  ^IS. ;  and  JIo}iper,  in  Xua  Xdmiliro,  MS. — all  ineinliei-s  of  t'.:u 
party— liave  given  general  accounts  of  the  journey.  James  1'.  Springe:-, 
lu.utlitr  nieuiher,  seems  to  iiave  kept  a  diary  which  1  have  not  f(nind,  it  hav- 
ia.^  I'ceii  left  iiy  the  author  in  ^lo.,  as  he  states  in  7'«///or's  JJixrof.  m.d 
r ■:i,iiltiy.  i.,  no.  7.  Sonic  accounts  published  in  dilFerent  newspajM-rs,  and 
iKuliiig  ehictly  with  the  names  of  members,  I  shall  have  oeea.sion  to  noticu 
litter.  ' 

"The  twelve,  including  all  but  one  of  those  who  liad  started  with  their 
faiiiilies.  were  Carrol,  Augustus  I'ifer  (or  I'lcifer).  Chas  W.  Fliiggc,  D.  1'. 
liill,  ■).  .M,  Jones,  l.saiali  Kelsey,  Sanuiel  Kelsey,  ^V.  1'.  Ovei'ton,  James  Ros  i, 
K:isli;i  ^tclne,  William  Fowler,  iind  liichard  Williams.  Of  the  T)  others,  Jonc-, 
l''!'-'".  and  Peyton  had  turned  back  eastwiu'il;  Sinip-on  had  st.ipped  at  Ft 
Luk'.iuk;  and  Shotwell  had  accidentally  killed  him.ieli  ia  June, 


nuRrii 

Wf 

V 

270 


FOREIGN  RELATIONS  AND  IMMIGRATION— 1841. 


]):)itlcson's company tliirty-two  nion — witli  one  wniii.in 
Mild  cliikl,  the  wife  and  dauglitcr  of  Benjamin  KelM\  — 
Nvliose  names  I  append  in  a  note."" 

For  ten  days  the  company  marclicd  down  B;  ;ir 
Kiver  until  within  ten  miles  of  where  it  empties  iutd 
(:;!reat  Salt  Lake;  then  turned  off  westward  over  li;ii'- 
ren  plains,  being  forced  nortliward  in  search  of  v.iiti  r 
until,  on  August  27th,  they  encamped  at  a  spriii'^-  iu 
the  mountains,-'  whence  Bartlesou  and  Charles  Jlop- 
per  proceeded  in  advance  to  find  ]\[ary  Biver.  ILto 
the  store  of  buffalo  meat,  previously  secured  en  route, 
gave  out,  and  oxen  had  to  be  killed  for  food.  The 
company  remained  in  camp  until  September  5th,t!H'ii 
nxjving  slowly  forward,  meeting  the  scouts  on  tlir 
Dtli,  and  on  the  15th  deciding  to  abandon  tlicir 
wagons,'-^  with  such  other  propeity  as  could  not  \n; 
packed  on  mules,  horses,  and  oxen.  So  far  as  mavl)(.' 
determined  from  the  courses  and  distances  given  in 
the  <Iiary,  the  route   followed   was  too   far  south  tu 


i 


f  t' 


(!co.  Ifc'iisliaw,  diaries  H(.>pper.  Keiiry  liubcr.  James  Joliii.  'J  lios  .)..,„-, 
AlulrCiT  Kel.--.ey,  IJeiij.  Kclscy  (and  family),  Joliu  McDowell,  Green  MeMalmn, 
Ne!  :i)ii  McMalion,  ^lieliael  C  Nye,  A.  Gwiiin  Tattdii,  Robert  Rielciiiiiii,  I  .!iii 
];  ilaiiil.  .lolin  L.  Schwartz,  .James  I'.  Si)rin!.'(i-,  Robert  H.  Tliomes,  Aiiilmisc 
A\'altoii,  M.'ijor  Walton,  and  Cliarlcs  M.  Weber. 

'J'liis  list  1  have  formed  from  the  original  made  by  Dr  Marsh  on  tlie  |i;nty'.s 
arrival,  the  bondsLjiven  by  citizens  for  the  good  boliavior  of  the  meinliri^^.  .ml 
Jjidwell's  printed  journal.  There  is  no  doubt  of  its  accuracy,  except  piiii,i|i'j 
in  tlie  spellin!,'  of  one  or  two  names.  As  I  have  said,  all  latei-  lists  aic  iij.ii- 
eiirato,  the  errors  consisting  mainly  in  omitting  sonic  names  and  inrlii'lin,' 
others  who  went  to  (Jrcgon.  It  docs  not  seem  necessary  to  point  out  tin; 
inaccuracies  of  i>ach.  One  of  the  bes-t  is  that  by  Springer  in  Trn/lor'.i  /)i<'or, 
(I  (I  /■oiiiiilcr.f,  i.  '27.  Ridwell  in  !iis  M.S.  omits  si'ViM'al  n:imcs,  jis  does  ISililrii. 
'J'ho  list  most  ■widely  circulated  was  the  Pioiiorr  (irrrl(tinlci:-<  of  JS.'/I,  uvaih'  up 
fr.un  the  recollections  of  'J'liomes,  'J'oonies,  and  Given,  lirst  publislied  in  the 
iS'.  /'.  Jiiil/rtiii  fif  July  7,  ISliS,  and  reprinted  in  many  other  iiews]i;i|ic;s. 
AVitii  sliglit  Yari.'itions,  the  same  list  i.i  found,  m  ith  descriptions  of  the  j'Hinnv. 
ill  many  of  the  county  histories.     1  could  give  a  long  li.-t  of  references  t>i  I'lifl 

newspajier  descriptions  of  this  overland  trip,  only  a  tew  of  which  a.lil  

tiling  to  real  knowledge  of  the  subject. 

-'In  later  trips  emigrants  avoided  the  southern  detour  and  follnw 
south-westerly  course  to  the  lluinlioldt,  over  what  is  known  as  the  'oM 
{xraiit  road.' 

--Geo.  McKinstry  notes  on  I'idv.elfs  journal,  p.  1."?,  that  his  pni' 
1S40,  cooked  their  supper  with  the  remains  of  these  wagons. 


:ili\- 


rllU- 


IH 


|i|i« 


TPIE  FIRST  OVl-:nLAXDER.S. 


271 


sliik*'  tlio  river  at  tlie  nearest  point,  but  on  the  2.'^<1, 
;;I'tii'  ci'o^sin^'  what  was  a|)])ai'ent]y  the  east  Huinhohlt 
l{;iii4'e,  tliey  reached  the  south  lorl^  of  the  rivei',  fol- 
low in;^'  it  for  eight  days,  though  in  great  trouble  be- 
c:iii-i'  its  course  was  toward  the  lu^rth-west  rather 
tliau  the  south-west  as  tliey  had  imagined.  On  (Jcto- 
]>vr  -d,  however,  they  were  deliidited  to  iind  the 
stic.iiii  trend  in  the  desired  direction;  and  live  days 
l:;li'r  Were  in  the  region  of  tlie  sink.  Here  l:)artleson, 
vim  had  forced  the  company  to  move  much  faster 
t'.i.iu  was  deemed  ])rudent,  started  in  advance  with 
!iis  own  mess  of  eight  men;  while  the  rest  crossed 
over  to  and  ascended  what  is  now  Walker  Ivivi'r, 
(Mllcd  by  thc;m  Bidm  Kiver.  While  resting  on  the 
luail  waters  of  that  stream  on  the  l()th,thcy  were  re- 
j  iiii('(l  by  the  captain  and  his  lialf-starved  companions, 
v.Iii)  had  ])robably  reached  Walker  Lake  in  their 
v.a!idei'ini>-s,  and  had  jjfained  nothiiiLi:  by  their  haste. 
Thrre  were  now  but  three  ])f)()r  oxen  left  for  meat, 
and  tlie  lofty  and  apparently  impassable  sierra  tow- 
ered before  the  worn-out  emigrants. 

I'nr  tliirteen  davs,  from  October  17th  to  the  30th, 
tlifV  struii"<2'led  to  cross  tlic  mountain  barrier  to  the  land 
(if  proniise,  in  the  region  of  what  is  now  known  as  the 
Suiora  l*ass,  from  Walker  Kiver  to  the  Stanislaus. 
1  make  no  attempt  to  })icture  the  dangers  and  hard- 
ships and  anxieties  of  tlie  half-starved  band  in  this 
thr  most  difficult  jxirt  of  their  long  and  perilous  jour- 
i:iy.  I  have  no  space  for  the  details  of  |)ersonal  ad- 
venture which  impart  such  a  fascination  to  the  orig- 
inal in'inted  diarv,  nuich  less  for  those  of  Bidwell's 
later  and  more  elaborate  nari'ative.  Fortunately  in 
iiH  the  trip  there  were  only  hardships  an<l  no  disas- 
t  rs.  ■  On  the  last  day,  when  a  nude  had  been  killed 
ihr  meat,  when  most  of  the  horses  had  given  out  or 
hen  stolen,  when  Hopper,  their  most  experienced 
ninimtaiiieei',  had  begun  to  despair,  when  tlu'ee  of  the 

'i'lic  Indians  were  iiowlioi-o  ho-itilf,  though  in  tlie  s'urra  they  were  lUs- 
\«iif  I  tn  [lilt'or.     A  tivachoi'ous  guiilc  was  shot  hy  (ii'ovc  Cook  Oct.  'JTth. 


ii 


•'J 


(.; 


Hi 


.^, 


U 


i  ^i 


\mr¥'' 


272  FOREIGN  RELATIOXS  AND  IMMIGRATION— 1S41. 

(■'iin])aiiy  liad  l)oen  iui.s.s'mj>'  for  a  Avcok  or  more — V.\ny 
caiue  siuldnilj  in  view  of  a  valley,  that  of  the  8l;iiii.s- 
laus,  wliieh  they  entered  on  the  last  day  of  Oeto!)  r, 
and  wJiich  to  their  longing  eyes  was  most  beautil'iil, 
though  parehed  by  the  sun  and  stripped  of  vegeta- 
tion hy  iire,  since  it  abounded  in  game.  Bartlcsou 
and  his  men  dec-lared  that  there  was  yet  a  long  Jmii;'- 
ney  before  them,  and  decided  to  remain  long  eiitui'^Ji 
to  lay  in  a  storti  of  meat;  but  the  rest,  after  killin;.- 
tliirteen  deer  November  1st,  moved  on  the  next  dnv, 
confident  that  they  were  in  California.  The  queslini 
of  their  whereabouts  was  settled  when  they  met  two 
of  the  missing  men,  Kelsey  and  Jones,  who  had  lum 
guided  by  Indians  to  ^Marsh's  rancho,  where  ;dl  I'l- 
com])any  ariive(l  Xovendjer  -1th,  except  the  otlicr 
missing  man,  James  John,  who  had  left  the  oHk  i/s 
October  2Uth,  and  who  reached  Sutter's  Fort  the  ;i,l 
of  November. 

Before  narrating  the  reception  of  the  immigrniits 
in  California,  let  us  notice  the  rumors  that  had  |ir - 
ceded  them  by  a  quicker  though  more  roundabnut 
wa}'.  The  preparations  for  migration  on  a  large  scale 
had  been  widely  announced  in  the  United  States;  an.l 
in  making  the  announcement  certain  newspapers  had 
s[)oken  very  j)lainh' of  tlie  movement  as  a  step  toward 
the  inevitable  accjuisition  of  the  country.  Exi rails 
on  the  subject  were  ibrwarded  from  Washingt'Mi  t  > 
Mexico,  where  they  naturally  created  alarm  on  tlio 
pai't  of  the  govermnent,  Mexican  representati\  's 
id)road  were  ordered  by  the  president  to  give  piiMic 
notice  that  any  person  going  to  California  without  tlio 
consent  in  due  ibrm  of  Mexican  diplomatic  or  coiisii- 
lar  agents,  would  do  so  at  his  own  ]»cril,  the  gowiii- 
ment  incurring  no  resnonsibilitvfor  damages.  At  the 
same  time,  on  May  18th,  the  very  day  on  which  mv- 
tleson's  con)pany  was  organized  in  Kansas?,  orders  wiro 
sent  to  California  that  no  ibreiu'n  innniijrant  slioiiiil 
be  permitted  to  remaiji  in  the  country  who  was  not 
provided  with  a  legal  passj)ort,  and  that  even  old  -->ot- 


RECIiPTIOX  OF  THE  NirxVCOMERS. 


273 


;]ois  iiius^t  1)0  rc(|uin;(l  to  depart  iinlt\s-^  tlioy  |)rocuro(l 
tlic  riirhtsde  scijur'nhul  required  by  law."'  ^leauwliilo 
tliore  liad  been  in  California  no  special  feeliiiL!;  ai^'ainsfc 
tuni-iiei's  since  the  exile  of  Graham;  the  i)eo[)le  as  a 
vuK'  were  well  dis|)osed  toward  uew-eoniers,  and  the 
auth'iilties  treated  them  much  more  leniently  than 
was  jicrmittod  by  the  spirit  or  letter  of  the  laws. 
"Stran'j;'ers  arrivinj^  here  in  a  lawful  manner  have  no 
(lilliciiliy  in  obtainiiii^  the  necessary  passports  either 
to  resit  li!  or  travel,"  writes  a  forci,L]^n  resitlent  of  Mont- 
(•rcv  in  Fel)rLUiry  ;'^''  and  we  shall  see  that  there  was 
hut  little  change  in  this  respect  later,  notwithstanding 
the  strict  orders  from  Mexico  and  apparent  danger  of 
Aimiican  encroachment. 

Dr  Marsh  did  not  extend  a  very  hospitable  recep- 
tion to  tlie  immigrants  whose  coming  had  been  })ro- 
niotcd  liy  his  letters;  at  least,  such  was  the  I'cport 
sfiit  hack  to  Missouri."'^     For  a  good  [)rice,  however, 


^'M:iy  IS,  ISH,  Almonte,  miii.  of  war,  to  Viillejo,  eiiclosiii!^  dospatclics 
from  tin;  .Mcx.  coiniiiis:uoiiLr3  at  Washington,  with  '.'lippingH  from  the  N<tlionil 
hilnVhli  lift  i;  O'lchc,  ami  other  papers,  a  statement  of  instructions  sent  to 
WasliiuL'ton,  anil  strict  orders  to  V.,  as  reconloil  in  my  text.  Original  in 
Viillijo,  por.,  MS.,  X.  IKJ.  Almonte  says  that  some  of  the  newspaper  articles 
lire  \vriite;i  ill  a  pcaeeahle  ami  friendly  tone;  hut  no  more  so  than  were  tlio 
cxpivssiiins  of  Austin's  colony  and  otlier  immigrants  who  afterwards  r.aised 
the  staiiilard  of  revolt  in  Texas.  May  '20th,  sup.  govt  to  Aharado  on  tho 
Siiiiio  tupic.  recoi!imending  vigilance  ami  strictness.  iHiip.  Curt  St.  I'up.,  MS., 
xvi.  '20.  Sept.,  notice  from  X.  Orleans  consulate  that  none  may  settle  or 
travi'l  in  ('al.  without  passports.  A'ilcs'  /iV;/.,  l.xi.  100.  1S42,  letter  of  Mcx. 
iiiin.  tu  Jifi'iiinoiv  Ainnrlritn,  in  /'/.,  Ixiii.  '277.  Dee.  ']\,  IStO.  to  J)ce.  Itsll, 
minor  orders  from  Mex.  and  circulated  in  C'al.,  rcijuiriug  complimicc  v,it!i  tho 
passport  law  of  May  i,  1S2S.  JJvpf.  I'ec,  MS.,  xii.  l(i;  Sn/i.  (Uni  Sf.  Pap., 
MS.,  xvi.  i;};  jM'pf.  ,S7. 1'ai).,  :MS.,  iv.  ],3S;  /(/.,  Jloiifcni/,  iv.  o,'.;  Sta  li.  Anh., 
MS.,  ;{1;  ,S'.  Jo-::',  Arch.,  .SlS.,  ii.  -10.  Aug.  1,  1841,  preliminary  instructions 
f'li- exact  compliance  witii  the  passport  regulations  of  May  1,  1S2S.  Dipt.  St, 
Pop.,  Mo)it.,  MS.,  viii.  4-0. 

'■''IIiMi:ih.ilii  Pohindfkui,  i.  107.  Jan.  '21st-2l?d,  Fel).  7th,  proposition  to  tax 
iimiatiirali.'.ed  foreigner.'!  for  hunher  cut  and  sold  hy  them.  2f<iiiln-(i/,Arr/t.,'M'.''., 
viii.  2-.'!;  S.  Jo.yi';  Arch.,  MS.,  iii.  41,  44.  :Mar.  oth-Sth,  Stearns  lined  for 
hurliuvi'ig  a  deserter  from  the  Alert.    Lo.i  Aii;iclcs,  Arch.,  .MS.,  ii.  ;5(i-7,  .'iD— D. 

■''•'ro  my  friends  and  others  I  must  speak  candidly  of  Dr  Marsh.  Wlait 
he  was  iu  Missouri  I  cannot  say.  I  speak  for  the  emigrant,  that  he  may  ho 
nil  his  guard,  and  not  be  gulled  as  some  have  heen  on  coming  to  this  country 
iivhiiii.  I  [c  is  perhaps  the  meanest  man  iu  California.  After  tlie  company 
h;;i  ei'eainped  near  his  house  about  two  days,  anel  there  had  Ijcen  killed  for 
the  n  a  siiiall  hog  and  a  bullock,  he  began  to  complain  of  his  ])overty,  saying 
"till  (Miiij)aiiy  had  already  been  more  than  §100  expense  to  him— (iod  knew 
vhet.ier  he  Would  ever  get  a  real  of  it  or  not."  Hut  poor  as  the  company  w  as, 
he  hu  1  already  got  .">  times  the  value  of  his  pig  and  bullock  iu  dillercnt  kiiida 
Hist.  Cvl.,  Vol.  IV.    13 


'^n 


'•Hi  I 


■ '  >i 


I'M 


nlW 


flir'^' 


i!|: 


'l^ 


ili 


274 


FORKIGX  RELATION'S  AND  LMMIORATIOX  -|s|!. 


ho  ronderod  some  service.  On  Noveiiihoi'  olli  lie  nn. 
tificd  the  sul)-|)rc'fe('t  of  the  ari'ival  of  the  thirtv-oiio 
ijioii,  who  at'tcr  rostinn'  a  while  at,  liis  raiiclio  woiiM 
jiresciit  theiust.'lv^es  to  [)rovc  their  hiwl'iil  iiitciitioiis.'-' 
Next  (lay  about  halt'  the  company  started  for  San  .lose, 
and  on  reaching  that  place  were  put  under  arrest  ;iinl 
lodgiMl  in  the  calahoose,  though  treated  with  kiiidiRss 
and  given  to  understand  that  the  airest  was  littlo 
more  than  a  formality.  Vallejo  was  at  ^[ission  Sun 
Jose,  and  to  him  the  matter  was  referred  hy  Siihpre- 
fect  Suhol.  His  ])osition  was  a  delicate  one;  his  or- 
ders from  Mexico  were  explicit;  yet  the  new-cDimrs 
had  no  passports,  and  alleged  their  ignoiaiice  that 
such  documents  were  necessary.  The  excuse  \\a>< 
absurd,  since  it  is  hardly  possible  that  nothing  luul 
been  said  in  ^Missouri  of  passport  reipiireinciits; 
but  Vallejo  had  no  dis]X)sition — even  if  he  Ii.hI  tho 
])()wer,  which  is  doubtful — to  drive  the  strangei's  hack 
into  the  mountains  to  perish.  He  had  the  prisoii(M'?< 
brought  to  the  mission,  and  on  the  llth.  sent  one  nf 
them,  Nye,  with  a  letter  to  Marsh,  who  was  resumed 
to  come  and  ijivc  an  account  of  his  conduct  in  iiivitiiiii- 
such  an  inmiigration,  and  also  to  ex[)lain  the  iiiteiiiiuns 
of  the  strangers.-^  On  ]\Iarsli's  arrival  and  ai'tei-  duo 
deliberation,  Vallejo  decided  on  the  13th  to  assuino 
the  responsibility  of  granting  temporary  [cisses  Id 
serve  until  the  foreigners  could  take  the  proper  steps 
to  legalize  their  residence,  they  inducing  well  kiiewii 
citizens  to  become  bondsmen  for  their  jjfood  behavior.'-^ 


of  articles — powder,  lead,  knives,  etc.  He  charged  the  company 
to  go  ami  fjot  tlu'ir  passports — a  good  price  for  his  services.'  jihln 
iiey,  .'U.     There  is  iiinch  more  on  Marsh's  character. 

-'Xov.  ;"),  ISll,  Marsh  to  sub-prefect.     Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  x. 
chides  an  accurate  li;<t  of  all  the  names. 

"Xov.  nth,  V.  to  Marsh.    l',illojo,  Doc,  MS.,  x.  .33.-).     Bidwcll 
20,  wlio  was  not  one  of  tho  \'t  who  went  to  S.  .lose,  notes  the  aniv 
witii  tlic  summons  to  Marsli.     Hopper,  Xarr.,  MS.,  ,S-4,  also  mri 
fact;  luit  lie  says  tiiere  was  only  o.  Chiles,  Bartlcson,  McDowell 
himself,  who  went  to  S.  Jose. 

-"\ov.  I.'ith,  corresp.  Iietween  V.  ami  the  sub-prefect,  in  wiiii 
I'.ier  states  that  the  Missourians  are  permitted  to  remain  and  travel, 
t'lcy  had  with  them  a  letter  from  Marsh,  urging  some  of  them  t 
Cal.  Drpt.  St.  Pap.,  S.  Josd,  MS.,  v.  104-J;  Id.\  lien.  Pre/,  y  Jtr 


•S'!  ,•)  piece 
//'.,■  ./.jtir- 

.•iOO.    In- 

I  .lunrnoi, 
al  (if  Xyc 
itiDiis  the 
Xyc,  and 

\  the  fur- 

1 1  .seems 

1  cimie  to 


•JD; 


RECEPTION  ny  VALLEJO. 


273 


All  nu'i'co  that  Vjillcjo,  as  well  as  other  Californiaii^i, 
tivaliil  llii'in  with  ('(tiLsidcralioii  and  kiinhicss,  ta!;ini^ 
if\vid  pains  to  cxplaiu  the  la\V8  under  which  lie  was 
,iMi'4>  d  to  act.'''  In  Jiis  reports  to  the  governor  and 
,-!i|)iviiic  government,  the  j^eneral  stated  frankly  what 
lie  Imd  done,  and  his  belief  that  he  "had  eni[»lo_ved 
tlic  oiilv  means  to  reconcile  justice  with  circumstances 
and  duty  with  ])rudence,  the  country  havinti;  the  dire 
ahrin.ilive  of  consenting  to  what  it  cannot  [>revenr,  or 
iMiiiiiiaiiihng  without  being  able  to  entV)rce,  for  want 
of  military  strt;ngtli,"  lie  even  seems  to  have  taken 
ii  rui'iain  degree  of  jdeasure  in  preaching  to  Alvarad(! 
a  sci'iniin  on  the  defenceless  condition  and  impending 
(laiiud'  of  tlie  country  i'roni  the  text,  "I  told  you  liow 
it  would  be  if  my  i)lans  were  not  followed  in  the  mat- 
ti  r  el"  military  organization;"  while  the  governor  in 
Ills  ivnoi't  to  Mexico  im|)lied  that  A^allejo  had  acted 
iiiiwi-cly  in  permitting  the  foreigners  to  remain, 
I'aniigli  he  himself  had  not  interfered,  wishing  to 
avoid  liduble  with  the  general. ^^  Meanwhile  the  im- 
migrants scattered  in  a  few  clays  to  various  parts  of 

VnHij.i,  Dor.,  MS.,  X.  .330;  Montornj,  Arch.,  :\IS.,  x.  20.  Xov.  17th,  V.  to 
lgiiafi(j  Alvi.sii,  rtTdiniiicniliiiy  .">  of  the  couipniiy,  not  ii;imt'<l,  wlio  go  to  So- 
li 'iiia  to  sici:  tlic  country  with  a  view  to  settlciin-'ut.  Tlicy  aro  to  lie  proviilod 
witli  111' iiii  and  food  until  ho  arrives.  I'«//r_yo,  y>(;c. ,  MS.,  x.  ;{.')().  Xov.  Kitli, 
.Al;;i'>ih  huLonuM  suuniity  for  1.3  of  the  men,  llickiiian,  Dai'tlcsou,  (Jreun,  llop- 
])  i',  I'jitton,  Chiindlcr,  Xyo,  Banictt,  McDowell,  tlu;  Kclsoys,  C'liilcs,  (jiok, 
i;.  .\Ic.\hihnii,  and  M.  Walton.  LI.,  x.  .'UO.  Xov.  7th  (17tli''r),  a  kind  of  ])as.s 
friiiii  V:illi'jo  for  liclty,  liolaud,  iSohwartz,  and  Ijirny  (?)  Oawsoii.  .S'.  ./ii*', 
.l,r/(.,  MS.,  ii,  -10.  Xov,  ISth,  Thos  l!.  Bowen  l)cconlc.^  security  for  ]'.id\\ell, 
Si)iiii:;(r,  N.  MiMahon,  X.  Dawson,  and  A.  Walton.  Vull'ju,  JJoc.  MS.,  x. 
!l."i").  I  )(i'.  Stli,  .John  A.  Sutter  becomes  security  for  llubor  .John,  iuul  \Vel)er. 
/'/.,  \.  ;>7.'i.  For  the  otlicrs,  Ik'lden,  llrolaski,  Hcnshaw, .)  lo',  and  Thoi:ie:3, 
tiie  liiiiiilsiiian  wiis  J.  A.  Forbes,  who  is  named  by  Beldeu,  JIit<l.  Sla/ctiu  nf, 
il.v,  11- 1.-). 

'■'My  narratives  from  memory  by  Bidwell,  Belden,  Chiles,  and  floiiiicr 
C'liuaiu  many  nunor  ditierences  about  the  events  of  these  days  which  1  ha\  e 
111)  space  to  notice. 

"'  Nov.  17th.  V.  to  A.,  declarin,!:;  that  there  is  no  power  to  enforce  the  law, 
tlimi.;li  lie  is  -lilled  with  horror  at  tlic  audacity'  of  the  American  newspapers. 
li.iiilitlcs< many  more  immigrants  will  come  soon.  WiHijo,  j.)<i<-..  MS.,  x.  .')-r>. 
.Vliuiit  same  date,  V.  to  mill,  of  war.  J[e  gives  the  nuiiiher  of  the  comiKiny 
as  I'i,  and  says  a  larger  party  is  expected.  /<!.,  x.  147.  Xov.  ;>Oth,  .\.  to  \'. 
It  ij  iicicssary  to  asii  promptly  for  .nssistanee,  iiiid  if  none  coniis,  to  prep  uu 
I'l.ir  a  liiav(!  defence,  and  not  tamely  submit  to  foreign  ilomiiiatioii.  /'/. ,  x. 
"iilO.  .Ian.  11,  IS-t-J,  A.  to  min.  of  rel.  The  general  is  frigiiteiied,  and  owns 
liisinaipiiity  to  prevent  the  entry  of  liO adventurers.  DcpL  Jicc,  MS.,  xiii.  t^-i'S. 


Wt' 


lyiiiii 


\  : 


U 


fllf 


iiii^'^ 


I '' 


::'    ;  w  ''     . 


•JTd 


FORKinX  IrKT.ATlOXS  AXD  TM>ri(inATir)N-     1*^11. 


(lie  coiiiitiy,  wliitlior  it  !s  lu.i  my  present  ])urprK(.  fu 
I'ollow  tliciM.  ^liuiy  went  Cora  time  to  Stittcr's  l''ntt.''- 
( 'Iillcs  ,'111(1  1  loppcr  trin-cllcd  (piltc  cxtiuisivcly  ovo'  tli,. 
iKntlu'i'ii  portion  of  tlic  dcpartiiu'iit,  and  tlic  m  xr 
year,  as  wo  sluiU  see,  wont  hack  east  with  se\-eii  of 
1  lieir  eonipanions.  It  should  l»e  added  also  (li.it  in 
])eeoniber  Charles  Flil<jfn'e,  on(>  of  tlic  oonipany  tlmi 
liad  eono  to  OroLjon,  caiiio  down  to  Now  ILjIvctia 
with  the  trapp(>rs,  und  rej)orted  that  his  coini)aiii(iii< 
had  arrived  safely,  and  wore  euutented  in  the  iiurtli. 

Another  party  of  inimii^rants,  twonty-five  in  nnin- 
her,  came  this  year,  arrivinL!^  at  Los  Anu'i.'les  iieai'lv 
at  the  same  time  tliat  tho  Bartleson  |)arty  reaclir;| 
San  Josd.  This  oonipany  was  organized  in  Xe\v  .Mt\- 
ifo,  where  most  of  tho  nionibors  had  for  a  time  ro- 
>idod;  but  a  few  men,  including  Given  and  Toemrs, 
had  oonio  to  Santa  Fu  from  ^lissouri  with  the  ititm- 
tion  of  going  to  California.  Thev  had  formed  oiujoftliL' 
Muall  parties  which  had  planned  t(^  moot  at  Indepen- 
dence, but  which,  arriving  at  tho  rendezvous  after  tliw 
eoinpauy  had  started,  preferred  to  follow  tlie  Santa 
Fe  trail  with  a  largo  party  rather  than  take  the  risks 
of  starting  alone  on  tho  northern  route.^^    There  wqk 

'^]5iihv('ll  was  one  of  tlicso,  nmX  in  his  C'lli/ori/in,  ^IS.,  7">-'^,  liorclatDi 
that  Marsh  lirout,'lit  passiiorts  for  tliosu  wlio  hail  not  anu  to  S.  .loso,  niA 
ilolivcrfd  tlieni  as  fast  as  tlic  men  (.'oiihl  yay  hU  iiricc,  liut  the  wiiter  (.'"t 
none,  and  suhscqvicntly  on  goin^'  to  the  pueblo  was  arrested  and  kept  in  jail 
for  several  days  until  Ijon'cn  proeui-ed  him  his  pass  from  ^'aliejo  witli'iiit 
chartrc.  The  author  is  somewhat  hitter  a^jainst  tho  doctf)r,  ami  e\  iikutly 
had  sonic  serious  p(;rsonal  misunderstandinL,'  with  him.  Maisli,  Liiln' t> 
t'oin.  Joiif't,  MS.,  p.  13-14,  speaks  of  the  ari'ival  of  the  eoiiipany  at  lii-* 
house  without  any  other  guide  than  a  letter  ho  had  witten,  and  akio  ot'  tlair 
kind  reception  by  the  authorities. 

'■•Givcn's  statement.  x\t  the  meeting  of  Feb.  1st  at  Independence,  the  ren- 
dezvous at  Sapling  (Jrovcis  spoken  of  as  being  on  the  old  Sta  Fe  route;  m\'- 
one  of  the  resolutions  declares  Marslr.s  route  the  best— though  this  may  iiit'.'i;i 
the  route  recommended  by  Marsh  rather  than  the  one  followed  by  liiiii.  ('"' 
vial  Ma;/.,  v.  220.  In  iV/Yc.s'  A'l;/.,  Ixi.  "20!),  it  is  stated  that  onc'of  tlio  coin- 
])anies  fitting  out  at  Independence  is  to  bo  joined  by  a  party  from  Sta  1  . 
In  the  Ploufi  r  Ovcrlaiider-^  it  is  stated,  on  the  authority  of  Toomes,  that  th  ■ 
two  companies  both  started  from  Independence  by  different  routes.  Liuiciy. 
Cniisr  of  the  Dale,  17-,  mentions  the  Workman  party  as  having  staitcd  fro:n 
Missouri.  Toomes  was  one  of  the  few  that  came  from  Missouri  dii'iet,  aiM 
current  confusion  on  the  subject  resulted  chiefly  from  his  statcmcutd,  iwt 
however  in,;euiled  to  deceive. 


Tin:  WOlilv.MA.NKOWLAM)  I'AUTV. 


277 


niililli'.il  ivasuiis  wliidi  iiilliionct'cl  tlio  (k.'jwirlui'c  of 
Wdikiiiaii  and  llou  land,  tlic  (»i'L!,ani/ers  and  Iradcis 
(,|'llic  ciinipany,  and  |»i'ol»alily  «»!' sonic  others.  'I'lu'rc 
was  iiiiK'li  *'\(-Itcn!t;iit  in  New  ^Mexico  over  rmiiors  <»f 
;Mli'si'4M  to  enilu'oil  tliat  counti'V  in  tliu  TL-xan  troii- 
].\r^:  aiidllifse  inuu  \vcrosus|n'ctod  ol'ltcing  concfrnt-d 
111  ilic  plot.'"  Tlit.'y  started  lV(tni  Al>i<(iiiu  in  S(.'j)t(;ni- 
l»i,i',  crossed  the  Colorado,  and  followed  the  same  route 
as  that  taken  by  Wollskill  in  1831,  wliieh  had  often 
!m(  II  (•!io.'«eli  1)V  the  New  ^lexiean  tradel'S.  Tliov 
(ii'dVc  ii  tloek  of  sheej)  lor  food;  met  with  no  adven- 
tuivs  and  few  hardsln[)s;  and  arrived  at  San  Gabriel 
atlv  in  November."'  Two,  VrcH'kman  and  (Jordoii, 
Iidii'^iit  their  families  on  this  ti"i[>,  as  others  diil  later, 
aiMiuL  half  of  the  whole  nuniber  coming'  in  (piest  ol' 
j;iriiiaiii'nt  homes.  Others  were  in  S(3arch  of  adven- 
iuirs,  and  soon  found  the!'"  'viy  back  to  New  jMe'xico; '" 
while  three,  (landjle,  Lyman,  and  ]\lead,  wen;  men 
(  rsciciiiilic  ])r()elivi' ios,  and  spent  but  a  short  time  m 
Calhoniia.    The  innnigrants  were  in  company  part  ot 

='  ]ril<i)ii\'<  Oh'-i'rrdthiiid,  MS.,  '21-'2.  The  suspicion  followi'd  tliciii  tuCal., 
ami  giivo  tliciu  sonic  litllo  trouble  uliout  gotliiig  lands.  Fob.  IS4'J,  corrubp. 
wIlIi  ici'eri'!ic(5  to  txtrjict  from  Diurio  (hi  Llvhanw,  ilcclaringlt.  and  W.  trai- 
tors. ])v],t.  SI.  I'up.,  MS.,  xviii.  (iO;  111.,  Jj'rii.  Pnf.  i/Jnz'i.,  iii.  09-71. 

"''Luici;y,  Cnifo'  iif  (he  l>iih\  oO,  172,  says  tluy  arrived  at  the  S.  Diego 
iiiis;i'pn  Nov.  lOili,  and  remained  (jver  winter;  but  <lii;-i  is  iuiprolidilo.  Toouics, 
ih-rrlmid  rioiii'i  rx  of  JS'/l,  says  tiiey  reached  Cal.  Nov.  lOtli.  The  going 
t  .1  S.  I)iei.'()  is  also  mentioned  in  the  Wr.4  Shirc  (MCi'tlc,  Yolo  Co.,  8-!).  Oct. 
llitli,  .1.  F.  Vi;.'il  to  Frefect  Argiielio,  mentioning  the  a])proacli  of  a  party  of 
Aiuurican  traders  and  colonists.  .S'.  JJiojo,  Arcfi.,  MS.,  '27!).  Dee.  '2d,  7th,  an- 
li  n;!KiiiioMt  (if  arrival  of  X.  ^Mexicans  and  fo.cigners,  Fit  persons,  at  Airueles. 
Ji<l''.  S/.  I'.ip.,  Bni.  J'lrf.  y.hizii.,  MS.,  iii.  llO-lOS.  Dec.  0th,  Alvara'do  to 
Castro.  ILis  heard  that  a  party  of  strangers  is  approaching  Angeles,  and  fear.-) 
tliciv  is  ilangrr  alu'i.d.  V(il'(Jo',  Doc,  MS.,  x.  .'57;{.  -li^n.  11,  1S12,  \.  to  niin. 
'f  i(.'l.  Has  heard  of  the  approach  of  50  or  GO  foreigners.  Castro  will  nuo'  h 
ti.i  uioet  ihcni,  and  will  act  according  to  circnnistanees.  Needs  ivi-nfoici'- 
i.:riit.-i.  hut  will  do  his  best  to  savo  tho  country.  J)<'iit.  lire.,  MS.,  xiii.  |;!-1.'), 

''  iHiijaniin  I).  Wil.-;on,  a  native  of  Tenn.,  .'50  years  of  ago,  who  had  ti.-id'd 
ill  .Miss.,  joined  tho  trappers,  and  lived  in  N.  Mexico  and  the  surroumliiig 
yi".'iiiii«  since  Is;;;!,  wag  ono  of  the  men  who  had  no  idea  of  settling  in  Cal., 
!iUt  iutciulcd  to  go  to  <  'hina.  lie  liked  the  country,  howevei-,  and  spent  tho 
iv.tof  his  life  in  it,  ln'ing  a  widely  known  and  respected  citizen.  In  1S77, 
I.  tew  iiiDiiths  before  Ids  death,  'Don  IVnito,' as  lie  was  commonly  calh.-il, 
iiii.tiit(.(l  ;it  las  ranch  of  Lake  Vineyard  for  my  use  his  Ob,<crfalh,iis  on  £ar  i/ 
hiil'<  ill.  (J'il{i'ijriii'i  aii(/  .\(ii)  Mexico,  MS.,  fol.  11.'}  p.,  signeil  with  the  au- 
thor's atitngraph  Dec.  (!,  1877.  This  not  only  contains  the  best  narrative  ex- 
t..iit  uu  the  Worknian-Fiowland  company,  but  is  in  many  other  respects  ;i 
vuluablc  addition  to  my  collection. 


fi 


r't  H 


i'; 


m 


f 
t 

^   i 

11 

■Ml    ■•    ; 

1 

i:        .  1 

278 


FOREIGX  RELATIONS  AND  IMMIGRATION— 1841. 


llie  way  with  the  New  Mexican  traders,  and  i1kmv 
wei'e  three  native  faniihes  who  came  with  them  inyo- 
main/^'  Rowland  on  his  arrival  furnished  to  the  ati- 
tlioi'ities  a  list  of  his  companions,  witli  a  statement  <if 
tlieir  intention  to  obey  all  legal  requirements.  I  ap- 
pend in  a  note  a  complete  list  of  the  company."'* 

There  is  little  to  bo  said  of  other  parties  that  caiuo 
in  1841.  Joseph  R.  Walker,  unless  the  arcliive  record 
is  at  I'ault,  came  to  southern  California  in  the  spring 
with  a  l>art3'  of  trading  trappers ;^''^  and  later  in  the 
>,  ear  El  Cojo,  or  'Peg-leg,'  Smith  was  reported  to  have 
entered  the  Tulares  with  a  band  of  horse-thieves;*- 
but  there  is  no  record  that  these  leaders  left  any  of 
their  men  in  the  country.  Joel  P.  Walker,  a  l.tiotlur 
of  J(>se[)h  R.,  with  two  other  settlers.  Burrows  ami 
Nichols,  and  their  families,  came  down  from  Orc'Tou 
with  Ennnons'  party  of  the  U.  S.  exploring  expedi- 
tion, to  Sutter's  Fort  in  October."     Walker's  funiih' 

•''  These  wore  Taca,  Trujillo,  ami  Salazar,  according:;  to  liowhtnd,  Lhtn, 
MS.  Hayes,  L'/ni;!.  Xo^..•,  (U'J-;!,  tells  us  tliat  Tnijillo  olrtaiiud  lumls  iit 
A,!jua  2*lanza  (S.  Ijcrnardiiio  Co.),  and  fovnied  a  settlement  of  San  Salv;ul"i'. 
Also  that  Isaac  Slover,  of  I'attic's  party  in  1828,  came  with  him. 

""  Workman-Rowland  immigrant  company  of  1841:  *Fred.  Bachelor, 
*I''ran!<  Ik'diljcy,  *James  Doke,  Jacol)  Frankfort,  Isaac  <  iiven,  *\Vni  (laiiiltl", 
Wm  Ciordon,  *Frank(jwinn,  ''Wado  Hampton,  Wm  ]Cni::ht,  Thos  Limlsyv. 
*L.  (or  J.  H.)  Lyman,  *Jolin  ^IcChiro,  J.'n.nes  D.  Mead,  \Vm  C.  Moon.  .Lliii 
Rowland,  I»aniel  Sexton,  Hiram  Taylor,  *Tibeau,  Albert  G.  Toonics,  MicliiH ! 
White  (of  iSJi)),  Renj.  1).  Wilson,  and  Wm  Workman.  Those  who  did  ii"f 
remain  in  Cal.  arc  marked  liy  a  *.  John  ]5ehn  and  Joim  Reed  arc  ii.iiiicil  I'V 
AVilsun  and  others  as  members  (jf  the  partj',  but  are  not  included  iu  /'■'.''• 
/(Hid,  L(4<i  ilvlox  quale  ucompaaan  rnsa  llfijw/a  (tl  To-vi/oriu  dc  A'la  Cnlij'n'- 
'i.ifi,  Ms.,  signed  by  Rowland,  and  copy  certified  by  ]\Iamiel  IKniiiiiguc;', 
juez,  l''ob.  '2(i,  1S4'J.  The  lists  in  Tooiurit'  Over!.  Finn.;  Lanrn/'.-<  ('riii«\  oO, 
17-;  yolo  C(i.  IliM.,  y.\;  Bflflfii'n  Hint.  Slafrinint,  MS.;  and'otlici'5  ;i,:.'iw 
vith  each  other,  and  all  are  probably  taken  from  the  first.  Tlicy  all  omit 
many  names,  and  add  that  of  a  Mr  I'iekman,  which  I  omit.  Sec  alsu  >'.  /' 
y/r /v(/(/,  .Fune  ].'),  185(5.  Mofras,  Explor.,  i.  311,  says  that  100  .\iiKri«i:n 
arrived  from  X.  Mexico  in  October;  and  Rcirce,  Lollcr  to  Cumiir»iii>,  testiii"* 
that  'JilO  ariived  during  his  stay  of  two  months.  1).  \Y,  Alexander  and  Jc^u 
13.  Riiuello  seem  to  have  come  from  N.  Mex.  this  year. 

""Fel).  10,  1S4I,  prefect  at  Angeles  advises  gov.  that  Walker  \\\i\\  two 
Americans,  and  commanding  a  party  of  VI,  has  come  with  a  passpoit  from 
tile  Mexican  ehargi'i  daHaircs  at  W'ashingtnn  to  bu,\  horses,  and  Ntay  Iv.t 
months.  Walker  ccmiplains  of  robberies  by  the  Chaguanosos.  Ihj'l.  S'. 
Pa/i.,  Ben.  I've/,  y  Jiir.i/.,  MS.,  iv.  3.  There  may  bo  au  error  about  the 
year. 

■"".s-.  I)i,;)n,  Arcli.,  MS.,  '279. 

^'  W'iUccs'  Xan:,  v.  142;  also  Walker's  owuiVarra<jir  o/  Adventures  thro' 


LIST  OF  NEW-COMEIIS. 


270 


Consisted  of  his  wife  and  live  cliildrcn.  Mrs  Walkor 
setuis  to  luivo  hoc'ii  the  first  American  woman  in  the 
Sacral iKiito  Valley,  or  who  came  to  Calil'ornia  by 
laii;l;  ^Irs  Kelsey,  of  the  Bartleson  company,  to 
wlidia  tlio  honor  is  usually  accredited,  arriving  some 
twenty  days  later.^^ 

Xrw  names  of  foreigners  in  the  records  of  1841, 
not  including  the  muster-rolls  of  the  U.  S.  exploring 
cxi)c(lition,  number  nearly  two  hundred,  all  of  them 
L;ivcii  lisewhere  in  my  Pioneer  Register,  and  many 
earlier  in  tliis  chaj)ter,  in  connection  with  narratives 
lit' the  immigrant  parties.  There  were,  however,  only 
>ixty-seven  entitled  to  be  classed  as  pioneer  residents, 
ami  t  liese  are  named  in  the  appended  list.*^  Most  j^rom- 
ineiit  as  citizens  of  California  were  Bclden,  Bidwcll, 
Chiles,  (ireen,  LeidesdorfF,  liowland,  Stephen  Smith, 
Teiii[)le,  Thomes,  Toomes,  Weber,  WiLon,  and  Work- 
man; and  thirteen  of  all  the  number  still  survived,  I 
think,  in  1884. 

In  presenting  the  countr^'^s  annals  year  by  year,  it 

Alnhnna,  Florhlii,  X.  Mexico,  Orerjon,  and  CaV>fornhi,  bi/  a  Pioiicirof  Pin- 
nrr,:<.  lilrttitcd  hi/  Joel  l\  Wal1:er  to  R.  A.  Tliomp.soii,'M'f^.,  p.  10-11.  lie 
says  that  lie  came  in  Robert  I'ocl's  company.  Several  Oregon  settlers  came 
\.itli  KiiiiiKins  as  assistr.nts,  most  of  whom  soon  returned  to  the  north. 
TIuso  were  Henry  Wood,  Calvin  Tihbetts,  Henry  Black,  ami  Warliehls. 
Tlic  latter  was  accompanicil  by  his  family,  and  may  have  remained. 

'-  Wilkes  mentions  al.so  a  sister  of  Walker,  but  is  prel)ably  in  error,  as 
\\'alki  r  .^ays  nothing  of  her.  liurrows  brought  his  wife,  but  she  Tuay  not 
have  heeu  American.     ^Mrs  W.  brought  with  her  a  child  less  than  a  year  old. 

''■>  I'ioiieer.sot'  IStl :  *I)avid  W.  Alexander,  Joseph  Allshou.se,  Ivl.  Ardisson, 
rienr  Atiil;;n,  KliaaBarnett,  John  JJchn  (?).  *Josiah  IJeldon,  Wni  ISelty,  *.rol!ii 
Hi.Kv<ll.  *j;ol>ert  liirnie,  Uradley  (V),  Fred.  Luel  (?),  Joseph  W.  lUizzell  (?), 
Ill  mi  Caiiibustoii,  Dav.  W.  Chandler,  *Joscph  15.  Chiles,  l^ph.  Collin,  (irovo 
('.  ('oi'k,  *lVter  Daveson,  Robeit  G.  Davis,  Xic.  l)aw.son,  \Voll)erton  Days  ('.'), 
M.uuicl  I  Intra  de  Vargas,  Francis  Frmatinger,  Wni  Fife,  Chai'les  W.  Fiiigu'i', 
lli.li.  i'lainade,  .Tacob  Frankfort,  Wm  Gamble,  *Isaae  (liven,  W^in  Curdoii, 
jlciij.  (oablo  (?),  'Talbot  11.  Green,  Fred.  Hegel  (?),  Charles  Hopper,  *  Henry 
Huhi  1-,  'riiiis  Jones,  Andrew  Kelsey,  ]5e;ij.  Kelsey,  Wm  Knight,  Wm  .\. 
l.ri.l,-.,|,,||i',  *J,,3  Y.  J.imantonr,  Thos  Lindsay,  *(ireeu  .MeMalion,  Wm  C. 
i^hiiin,  MiehaelC.  Xye,  James  Rock,  John  IJodi'riek,  *John  i{i)se,,Iean  It.  Rou- 
cllc  I';),  .bilm  Rowland.  John  Schwartz,  *J)aniel  Sexton,  J;ii:ies  Smith,  Ste- 
1  hill  Siuitli,  Tiios  Sniitli,  .Fames  1'.  Springer,  Hiram  Taylor,  Hiram  Tial, 
iV/iiiiis  1'.  F.  Temple,  Robert  H.  Themes,  Riifiis  Titeondj,  Aliiert  (t.  Toomes, 
Jml  1'.  Walker,  Charles  M.  Weber,  Pjcnj.  1).  Wilson,  and  Wm  Workman. 
Sm\iviirs  of  ISS-I  are  marked  with  a  *;  but  this  in  some  instances  means  no 
moiu  than  that  I  have  not  heard  of  the  man's  deatli. 


'  t* : 


. 


i      I 


kill 


FOREIGX  RELATIONS  AND  IMMIGRATION— 1841. 


'f , 


tl\ 


f      - 


,!:r 


i:!;i 


!    I 


is  of  course  impracticable  to  notice  the  record  of  old 
settlors  individually;  and  a  mere  list  of  such  of  them 
as  appear  on  the  records  would  have  little  or  no  in- 
terest. For  them,  therefore,  as  for  the  experience  of 
new-comers,  I  lofer  to  the  biographical  slcetclies. 
Among  the  most  important  items  in  this  connuclion, 
not  already  recorded,  I  may  note  that  Nicholas  I'^iiik, 
of  183G,  was  robbed  and  murdered  at  Los  Anccclus  in 
January,  for  which  crime  three  men  were  executed  in 
April;  Anthony  Campbell,  of  1840,  was  murdered  at 
San  Jose  in  August,  and  the  murderer  was  put  to 
death  in  July  of  the  next  year;  Daniel  Ferguson,  of 
1824,  was  killed  in  Salinas  Valley  in  July,  on  suspi- 
cion of  having'  committed  which  crime  a  ]\Iexicaii  was 
1)anishpd;  Isaac  Sparks,  of  1832,  was  this  year  in  no 
end  of  trouble  by  reason  of  his  amorous  irregularities; 
James  Weeks,  of  1831,  was  assaulted  and  stabbed  in 
a  quarrel  at  Santa  Cruz;  William  Pope,  who  eanie 
with  Pattie  in  1828,  accidentally  killed  himself  at  liis 
rancho  in  Pope  Valley;  and  J.  J.  Warner,  of  ls;!l, 
returned  from  a  visit  to  the  east,  where  he  had  util- 
ized his  time  in  behalf  of  both  his  native  and  adoptid 
country,  by  delivering  a  lecture  on  the  natural  advan- 
tages of  California. 


CHAPTER  XI. 

ALVAILIDO,   VALLEJO,   AND  MICHELTOREXA. 

1842. 

Pi;rriON'  at  MoxTEnEY — Alvarado's  Plots — Bcstajiante  on  Santa  Axxa 
— The  Goveknou'.s  Despatches— Depauturb  of  the  Comisionados 
CastaSares  and  Prudox — Too  Late— Manuel  Micueltorena  Ap- 
pointed Governor  and  Cumandante  General — Uks  Instuuctions — 
PiAisiNo  AN  Army  of  Convicts— The  Jociiney — Batallon  Fijo— List 
01-  Officers — Arrival  at  San   Diego— At  Los  Anoeles — Vallejo 

TrilNS  OVER  THE  MILITARY  COMMAND — AlVARADO  DISAPPOINTED  EHT 
Sl'liMISSIVE — PROCLAMATION — MiCUELTORENA  AsSFMES  THE  GOVERNOR- 
SHIP Ai'  Angeles  in  Decembeu— Junta  Departamental — Tribunalde 
JisTici A— Discovery  of  Gold. 

Victor  Prudon  arrived  at  IMontercy  January  1, 
IS  12,  oil  his  way  to  Mexico  as  Vallcjo's  comiiiis«ioner 
to  tlio  siH)rome  government.-'  The  schooner  California, 
which  was  to  carry  him  and  his  despatches,  liad  ar- 
rived rroiu  San  Francisco  tlie  day  betbre.  But  dilli- 
fultii's  jH'csentcd  themselves.  Prudon  called  on 
Aharado  to  ask  if  his  despatches  were  ready.  "What 
dispatches?"  "Those  for  the  interior."  "Ah!"  said 
the  governor,  "I  have  not  yet  concluded  what  to  do; 
I  am  awaiting  the  arrival  of  my  compadre  Castro  to 
Iiuld  a  conference."  He  then  explained  the  reasons 
t'U'  Ids  hesitation,  namely:  that  liustamante  having 
lioeii  succeeded  by  Santa  Anna,  California  had  no 
]ir(»t('(,i()r  in  Mexico;  he  feared  the  schooner  miglit  bo 
^t'izrd  at  Acapulco;  and  that  there  was  no  money  in 
tlio  treasury    to   pay    expenses    of  the    commission. 

'Stc.hiip.  vii,  of  this  vol.  for  PraJon'a  appointment  and  the  circutnstaucca 

atti'iuliii,'  it. 

( 281 ) 


%  m 


1 '  . , 


^t'} 


:|:l|:!! 

It 

V     ' 

«!!'  i 


I-  iti-   :f. 


t\(i\ 


m 


111 


282 


ALVA  R ADO,  VALLEJO,  AXD  :MICIIELT0REXA. 


Abrci^o,  Jimono,  O.sio,  and  others  of  Alvarado's  paitv, 
iiicludiiiL;'  Castro,  wlio  soon  arrived,  took  tho  s;uiio 
viow.^  A})parent]y  there  was  a  plot  to  prevent  his 
depai'tnre,  or  at  least  to  devise  some  scheme  by  Mliicli 
tlie  object  of  his  mission  might  be  tlefeated.  At  li'iist 
Priidon  took  this  view  v\'  it,  and  wrote  some  snisi- 
tional  reports  to  Vallejo  on  tlie  subject,  warnin^  the 
general  against  the  intrigues  of  his  foesaud  [)reteiulr,l 
friends.^ 

Finally,  however,  the  obstacles  were  overcoini!  hikI 
Alvarado  consented  to  despatcli  the  schooner  Ibi- Aca- 
pulco,  to  carry  not  only  Vallejo's  commissionci',  luit 
his  own.  There  arc  indications  that  this  coiiMiit 
may  have  been  given  under  the  belief  that  ]'rii(l(iu 
v/ent  accredited  to  ]^ustamante  and  not  to  the  mw 
president — a  fact  likely  to  put  him  at  a  disadvanta^v 
in  his  diplomatic  efforts  against  the  governor,  wlio 
addressed  his  despatches  with  a  proper  amount  of 
flattery  to  Santa  Anna.*     Alvarado's  conunis.-iuiiers 

"Jan.  'J,  184:2,  \1ji'c^'o  to  Valk'jo,  ilci'laring  tliat  there  is  no  money  to  casli 
l:is  oriler  in  favor  or'  I'riulini  fur  Sl,."i(K),  tlmugh  ;i  French  ship  jint  anivcil 
may  jiay  lur  duties  in  ,uin.  I'ulfijo,  J'or.,  MS.,  y.\.  (i.  Jan.  i)th-Uith,  .\hRL;o 
liually  oilers  and  1*.  aeeopts^.VWin  money  and  .SI, OOOiii  ch)tlis.  /</.,  xi.  l!l-.';i, 
27.  in  ),'.'«  oriL;inal  instructions  of  ]Xc.  (-1st),  adratt  for  .SS.OvlOcn  llai'iius  i,; 
mentioned,  tho  remainder  (jf  wiiicli.  after  paying  expenses,  was  tol:e  iiivist;  il 
in  War  material.  /</.,  xiv.  'JS.  So  it  seems  that  tho  general  hail  made  piuvi- 
bIou  fur  financial  oljstaclcs. 

s.Tan.  .^th,  (ith,  Sth,  1'.  to  V.  Valhjo,  Doc,  MS.,  xi.  11-12,  I.")  Ki.  l!o 
declares  that  tliero  is  a  conspirat^y  to  intercept  all  V.'s  comnumieatiiuis,  and 
to  slander  him  in  -Mexico.  Describes  a  drnnUen  hrawl  of  Castro  and  hiscnm- 
panions,  wiiieh  had  jiut  tho  town  in  a  tunnilt.  Fears  they  uiay  luauauo  lo 
get  the  general's  des[)atclu's  from  Capt.  ( 'ooper  by  deception.  Abreuorel'iises 
to  pay  even  .S-">0  fi'r  writer's  jiresent  expenses.  Fc;aisliis()wn  lil'e  isia  daligci', 
jMatters  have  a,  most  alarming  aspect.  '  I'oor  Rodriguez isin  be.l  bccausoufa 
eaningfrum  Castro.'  Castro  has  deceived  \.  when  ho  prctemlcd  tobcdissatis- 
iied  with  Alvarado's  acts.  The  C'lH/oriiia  will  probably  sail,  or  ])retcn(l  to 
sail,  for  the  Isiands.  Alvarado'.s.-igeiits  will  go  accredited  to  Santa,  .\iina,.'aiil 
^'.  will  be  seriously  comprondsed.  .Ian.  v!d,  Roberto  I'ardo  from  Sta  ll;ir!ia:u 
warns  Vallejo  not  to  trust  tho  uziilr-'*,  as  they  will  do  their  best  to  uji-et  liilii. 


Who  the  (miles  (blues)  were  is  not  veiy  clear;  but  Vah 


//;../. 


.'-l"_'-;{,  says  they  were  I'ico,  Carrillo,  and  others,  wlm  v.rvui 


LI. 

Cf('.,  MS. 

ready  beginning  to  ]ilot  in  favor  of  ]''.nglisli  schemes, 

*"Valiejo\s  version,  J/ix/.  CaJ.,  ISIS.,  iv.  •J:)!»-()C,  is  that  the  liist  iilaii 
against  him  was  to  <lesp;;teli  the  Cnllhirn in.  with  A. 's  agents  to  S.itita  .Aii'.^i 
iieforo  I'rndon  couhl  bo  ready;  but  linally  in  tho  belief  that  \'.'s  de>jiatilus 
were  r.ddressed  to  JUlstamante,  and  in  the  fcai'  that  J'ludon  might  wait  t) 

have  them  changed  and  follow  (|uiekly  in  another  vessel,  it  was  dt li'ii  t'l 

let  him  go  on  tho  schooner.     V.  had  originally  addressed  his  enininiiiK':!- 
tions  to  Ijiistamunte;  but  on  hearing  of  tho  eliango,  at  once  i'oruaiduil  tu 


THE  GOVERNOR'S  PLANS. 


2S3 


v,i  !(■  T^.ianut'l  Ca8tanares — a  brother  to  Don  Jose 
]^i;iii';i,  who  had  recently  come  from  Mexico  with  an 
iiii[)(Mntment  as  administrator  of  custi-nns,  whicli  \A'dco 
f(ir  some  uiihnown  reason  he  had  not  assumed— and 
JVaiiiisco  Iiivera.  Their  exact  instructi(^ns  are  not 
known,  but  wo  have  Alvarado's  despatches  to  the 
Hiinistcr  of  rehitions.  In  the  first,  while  admittino- 
that  liis  government  Avas  inv(jlved  in  some  slight  dif- 
liciiltics  from  lack  of  funds  and  lack  of  cooperation 
on  t!ie  })art  of  the  general,  he  pictured  the  situation 
of  the  country  as  in  most  respects  satisllu'tory.  The 
liussians  were  at  last  to  leave  California;  Sutter's 
I'ital.tlishment  had  been  in  every  way  a  great  advan- 
tage; and  most  current  com[)laints  were  M'ithout 
foundation.  The  natives  wei'e  now^  at  peace,  and 
v.lun  hostile  had  been  and  could  be  easily  controlled 
1)V  the  auxiliary  ftjrcc  of  citizens.  The  number  of 
civil  servants  was  already  smaller  than  was  called  for 
by  law,  l)Ut  ho  would  gladly  reduce  it  for  the  benefit 
(if  the  treasury  if  authorized  to  do  so.  The  gx-neral 
with  a  force  amply  sufficient  for  actual  needs  had  con- 
fLSM'd  liis  inability  to  prevent  the  entry  of  thirty 
aniiei!  adventurers  from  Missouri,  and  liad  most  un- 
wisely given  them  })assports.  ''There  are  ambitious 
M'lienies  affecting  this  department,"  he  continues, 
'"and  endangering  the  integi'ity  of  ^Mexican  territory. 
The  comandante  o'eneral  is  afraid,  and  I  shall  have  to 
act  according  to  circumstances;  let  the  sj^overnment 
U(.'ci(le  whether  it  be  best  to  authorize  me  to  I'aise 
fii'ces  or  to  send  Mexican   troops."     In   his  second 

I'lU. loll  Mil uk  slit'et.s  of  ofi.ci'i'  paper  with  liin  si  tnatiii-cH  and  I'lihric,  to  Ijc 
lillcil  (lilt  jiikI  sulisiitutcd  fur  tlio  otliers — an  ()[icraLiiiii  iciidorcil  easy  liy  tliu 
faet  iluit  l'riidi)H  as  his  scoi'L'laiy  liad  >\i-itt*'ii  tho  orii^iiials.  The  incisciL^cr 
liL'twt'i'u  !^h.lllt^•^L■y  and  Sonoma  allowed  himself  to  ho  scilneed  ami  showed 
liis  papeivs  to  the  spies  of  Castro  and  Ahaiado;  liiit  ho  had  heeii  provided 
w'th  ii  air/n.  ijaiixii,  or  deeoy  letter,  iutemleil  to  he  show  n,  and  thns  tiio  enn- 
il'iiiilers  weio  tlirowii  oil  the  tieent!  Alvarado,  Hist.  ('„(.,  MS.,  iv,  IIC! -'_';);?, 
f.iliiiin  tliat  it  wan  not  thought  l)i!st  to  let  rnidou  reaeh  Mexieo  heforo  his 
I'Viii  1  iiiiiiui.-sioner;  hut  says  the  only  way  to  ])revent  it  was  to  lefuso  money 
from  ilio  treasury.  Thi^i  measure  heeamo  useless,  l)eeause  V.  furnished  the 
lii'iiiey  rcfjuired.  He  does  not  achuit  that  I'l  udua  outwitted  hiui,  and  thinks 
tin;  tiespatLlic^j  to  Lustuuuuite  were  not  cliuu'red. 


h  '^5 


234 


ALVARADO,  VALLEJO,  AND  MICHELTOREXA. 


despatch,  in  view  of  the  arrival  of  another  paitv  or' 
ioreigners  from  Xew  Mexico,  lie  admitted  that  it 
niiglit  be  well  to  send  150  or  200  men  "with  soukj 
])ecuniary  resources;"  though  confident  that  if  Hi- 
foreign  invasion  should  occur  before  the  arrival  of 
troops  he  would  still  be  able  to  defend  tlie  national 
honor  I  It  was  certaiidj  an  ingenious  argument,  not 
unlikely  to  be  effective  with  a  new  administiatiou 
hard  j)ressed  for  funds,  and  ready  to  favor  any  theory 
I'cspecting  a  distant  province  that  did  not  involve 
expense.^ 

The  nature  of  Vallejo's  despatches  has  already  bo,  ii 
stated,  and  about  his  plans  there  is  no  mystery  wluit- 
cver."  Xeither  is  theie  room  for  doubt  that  Casta- 
fiares'  mission  was  simply  to  prevent  the  success  of 
the  general's  project  of  uniting  the  two  commands  in 
a  Mexican  officer,  and  to  maintain  the  Califoinlau 
government  in  statu  quo.  There  is  no  evidence  that 
A^allejo  desired  the  governorshij),  or  that  Alvarado 
plotted  to  remove  Vallcjo  from  the  military  com- 
mand;^ neither  are  we  to  credit  Alvarado's  later  state- 
ment that  he  liad  sent  a  commissit)ner  to  Mexico  Id 
urge  the  acceptance  of  his  resignation  offered  the  yoai' 
before.*  Before  the  middle  of  January  the  ex|ii;(li- 
tion  was  ready, and  waiting  only  for  a  wind;''  and  l!ic 
alleged  conspirators  hastened  to  assure  Vallejo  tliat 
all  the  charges  against  them  had  been  groundless.^' 

*  Jan.  2cl,  lltli,  A.  to  min.  of  rel.   Di'iit.  Rcc,  ilS.,  xiii.  C-15. 

*Sec  cliap.  vii.  of  this  vol. 

'See  chap.  vii.  of  this  vol.  Hall,  HUt.  S.  Josf,  1.3:5-4,  says:  'Each  liml 
coinplainc:iI  of  the  otlior  to  the  govt,  and  oacii  hail  solicited  the  removal  ul"  tiio 
olhcr  from  olllcial  position.'  Jloliinson.  A(/''  ///  C'rt?. ,  SO.l-l!,  also  says  t'lint 
Alvarado  had  solicitoil  the  appointment  of  a  new  j,'i'ncral  with  an  adilitiiiKil 
fiirco.  Vallcjo,  Il'iKt.  CnL,  ^IS.,  iv.  '292,  says  he  heard  from  a  friend  at  Aca- 
pulco  that  Castafiares  was  tryinj,'  to  indncc  (ien.  ])n(pio  to  conic  to  tahi'  the 
command  in  Cat;  also  that  the  ( 'arrillos  were  plotting  to  make  an  iiultpiii- 
dent  state  of  baja  and  southern  Cal. 

*Sept.  24tli,  A. 's  proclamation  announcing  ^licheltorena's  arrival,  /''.i''. 
St.  J\ip.,  MS.,  X.  30.  Robinson,  St'ikinnit,  'MS.,  2G-7,  also  thinks  tii.t  A, 
had  asked  for  the  appointment  of  a  successor. 

*Jan.  I3th,  A.  to  min.  of  war,  amionncingtiie  sailingof  the  Caliiomh'  witli 
despatches.  W/j/'.  7.Vc.,  MS.,  xiii.  1 ').  Jan.  l.jth,  rnulon  to  V.  AUairaiiL:o- 
ments  completed.    VaUcjo,  Doc,  MS.,  xi.  27. 

'Man.  17th,  Ahrego  to  V.  Reports  of  revolutionary  movements  iil  .M':i- 
terey  arc  false— only  some  extravagant  toasts  by  men  who  had  drunk  iln ;  ly. 


A  NEW  GOVERXOR  AND  GENERAL, 


2S5 


Tlic  California  sailed  at  last  from  ^NTontcrc}'  the 
2(k'i  111' Jainiary,  and  landed  the  commissioners  of  the 
ri\;il  dignitaries  at  Acapulco  the  I4th  of  February. ^^ 
From  the  coast  they  proceeded  to  the  capital,  where 
tlicv  arrived  in  time  to  learn  that  nearly  a  month  be- 
f'lr.'a  new  governor  and  comandante  general  had  been 
fippi tinted  to  rule  over  California,  and  all  the  diplo- 
iiLKV  and  intrigue  attendant  upon  their  departure  had 
111  ,11  wasted.  Theii-  mission  was  not,  however,  cn- 
tii'rly  without  results,  since  from  Pi-esident  Santa 
Anna  Prudon  received  a  confirmation  of  his  captain's 
foiiiniission,  obtaining  also  for  his  chief  the  promotion 
(if  Captain  Vallejo  to  be  Lieutenant-colonel  of  the 
I'tgular army;  while  ^Manuel  Castaiiares  was  newly  aji- 
|iuiiitod  administrator  of  customs,  and  brought  forAl- 
varado  a  commission  as  colonel  of  auxiliary  troops — a 
kind  of  militia.^^  Both  comisionados  returned  with 
tlic  new  governor  in  August.  Vallejo,  in  proffering 
liis  jvsignation,  had  sent  to  the  govermn-Mit  a  statc- 
iiunt,  with  vouchers  of  the  sums  due  him  for  his  ex- 
I'l'iiditures  in  supporting  the  frontier  garrison  for  many 
vt'iiis.  He  was  soon  informed,  however,  by  Virmond, 
Lis  agent,  that  there  was  no  probability  of  having  his 
iLiiiii  allowed,  much  less  paid.  Sj)ence  and  others 
v.iili  valid  claims  fared  in  like  manner.-^^ 

I  liave  said  that  the  comisionados  arrived  too  lato 
ill  Mexico;  that  is,  Castafiares  did  so,  for  Prudon's 
<il»jc('t  had  already  been  act;oui[)lished.  In  accordance 
with  Vallejo's  recommendations  of  18-10-1, ^Hhe  Mex- 

V''!'!i).  Doc,  MS.,  xi.  20.  Jan.  10th,  Castro  to  V.,  witli  ussuriincn  of  con- 
tiiu'.'.l  fiii'iiilship.  'Our  only  foen  ;;i'o  t!ic  fi)n'i;.,'nur.'^,  and  of  tli(jni  I  am  iii>t 
aiVui  1  if  Ihc  Calilbrniaus  ki^cp  uuiteil.'  hi.,  xi.  ."M. 

"  ''Diifii  r's  Loij  (i/  t/ie  '('ali/<iriiiii,'  MS.  Tlii'  arrival  of  rastafiares,  Rivera, 
ami  I'niilrin  was  aiinonuood  in  Mexico  in  tlic  JJiario  (h  l(!ohh'riio»i  Marcli  '_M; 
Jl"-'>'ii,iti,iti',  Diario  M(.i\,  MS.,  xliv.  SI. 

'I'nulon's  commissions,  datod  May  4th,  in  VaJlojo,  J)on.,  MS.,  xi.  'Jl.VlO. 
\allt'j(i",s  commission  of  May '-d.  Id.,  i.  l(i.  Castanarcs'  aiipoininicnt  iiicn- 
tii'iiiil  by  Virmond  April  l(itii.  /(/.,  xi.  'JOO.  Alvarado'.s  commission  of  May 
-d   /'.,  xxxiii.  -277;  J'(]i/.  St.  J'cip.,  Mont.,  MS.,  vi.  47. 

"r-'A/",  />or.,  MS.,  i.  :ir,\;  xi.  '200;  /<!.,  IIM.  CaL,  ^IS.,  iv.  274-7. 

"  Vallejo  had  also  sent  Capt.  Castanoda  to  Mexico  at  the  cnil  of  1S30 — 
cliap.  w.  of  vol.  iii. — but  what   inlluencu  he  had,    if  any,    is  not  known. 


;    it 


^.1 


:;i  ;. 


I 


2-^0  ALVARADO,  VALLEJO,  AXD  illCHELTOREXA. 

icai)  <i^()Vornint'iit  liad  docidod  to  accept  liisrcsignntii.n, 
to  unite  the  civil  and  luilitary  coinniands  in  the  piiMui 
of  a  ^Fexicau  ofHcer,  anil  to  send  troops  to  Cahloniia. 
The  choice  of  an  officer  fell  ii[)on  Manuel  Miclu'lto- 
rena,  hi'ijj^adier  and  adjutant-general  in  the  ^lexicaii 
ami}',  lie  is  said  to  have  bcenof  a  distinguished 
family,  and  to  have  rc>ndered  good  service  in  Texas  and 
elsewhere;  hut  1  know  nothing  definite  of  his  cariMT 
down  to  July  1840,  when,  being  then  a  colonel  and 
acting  as  chief  of  staff,  he  hiilped  to  })ut  down  a  rc\  njt 
in  the  city  of  Mexico^' — a  se^rvice,  doubtless,  wliidi 
gave  him  his  ])romotion.  lie  also  defended  .lose 
Castro  before  a  court-martial,  and  thus  became  known 
t(^  Califoi-nians.  His  a[)[)ointment  as  governor,  coiu- 
andante  goni'ral,  and  ins])ector  of  California  was  daicd 
.Fanuary  22,  1842;  his  instructions  bore  date  of  I'lli- 
ruary  11th;  and  the  announcement  was  made  to  (al- 
ifornian  authorities  the  22(1  of  rebruary.^° 

Miclieltorena's  salary  was  fixed  at  .'?4,000.  In  liis 
instructions  were  expressed  in  the  usual  flattering 
terms  unlimited  confidence  in  his  ability  and  patriot- 
isu),  and  also  the  nation's  profound  interest  in  all  that 
alfected  the  welfare  of  so  promising  a  department  as 
California.  IJeeause  that  country  was  so  far  away, 
however,  and  in  view  of  the  difHculties  hkel}'  to  arise 

Xotliiiifj  is  lionnl  of  liiin  fi-Din  April  1S40  'nntil  April  ISll,  when  ho  wnsa  pns- 
si'ii'^'cr  from  Aeapiik'ci  ou  tlic  <.'i>lifonii<t,  and  gut  left  at  Mazr.tlan.  ('("/"c's 
/.'»/,  MS. 

'■' N'ali'iicia's  ii'port  of  Ani;.  8tli,  in  JJiario  del  Oohierno,  Aug.  II,  I '^10; 
Vallijo,  Dor.  Hist.  Mrx.,  MS.,  ii.  S8. 

"Man.  24,  1:^4'2,  (Ion.  Valoncia,  chief  of  stafT,  to  !Michcltoreiia,  annitiiiu'- 
ing  his  ajipdintnicnt  on  .fan.  •-'•Jil.  Original  (hu".  in  Sarrnir,  ])o<\.  Ms.  iii. 
2-,'J.  .(an.  Ll-'ith,  Santa,  Anna  anl  inin.  of  rol.  to  Miciicltorena  ami  to  gnv.  i.i 
C;il.  Dvi^f.  St.  J'li/K,  111  II..  MS.,  i.  7;  A/..  Aii'i.,  xii.  (J7-S.  Fob.  'J'Jd,  miii.  .;f 
war  to  Valli'jii,  aunonnriiig  tlio  appoiutmi-'nt,  ami  acccptanoi'  of  \':.ll  ji  s 
ro-;ignation,  with  tliank.s  for  his  services.  Saniijr,  />0f'.,  MS.,  iii.  (!.  I'uI'Mi':!- 
tion  of  tlu'si!  ordt'i's  in('al.  in  Scptenihor.  Vnlh'jn,  J>or,,  MS.,  .\i.  '2'>'i  7. 
in  the  original  dncuments  oitt'il  it  is  to  he  noted  th;it  ^Slieheltorena  \\;i>  ui.kIo 
govei'nor,  etc.,  of  Alia  (^ilifnrniaonly;  hut  in  his  instructions  it  isst.ited  thnt 
his  anthoi'ity  is  to  extend  also  over  IJaja  California;  and  later  he  signed  liiiii- 
.self  '({cneral  do  lirigada  del  i'ljercito  Mejicano;  Ayndanto  (ieneral  de  l:i 
riann  Mayor  del  niisnio;  ( inhernador,  t'oniandante  (Jcneral,  6  Inspeiti'i' lU  1 
Departanieuto  de  lasL'alifornias.'  S.  Dlci/n,  Arch.,  :\IS.,  ;J00;  Arch.,  .V'</  />  i'- 
Ixtnt,  MS.,  \i.  141:  Piri>,  Dw.,  MS.,  ii.  1,"),  etc.  Tho  military  jurisui  tiuii 
of  the  pcninsuhi  had  previously  belonged  to  Sinaloa. 


JIlCnELTOEEXA'S  ARMY. 


2S7 


from  its  supposed  deinoralizcd  condition,  tlionewgov- 
vvunv  was  iavc'stod  with  some  extraordinary  powers, 
lii'iii'4'  authorized  to  remove  and  appoint  i)otheivil  and 
iiiiliiaiA'  employes  witliout  awaiting  approval  t'roni 
^r<'\it''>.  He  was  to  inspect  and  reorganize  the  pre- 
siilial  coni[)anies;  to  study  and  report  upon  tiie  situa- 
timi  in  resj)ect  of  missions,  custom-house,  and  treas- 
vuv;  to  encourage  by  all  means  within  his  power 
iiittiiial  improvements,  colonization,  the  civilization 
of  Indians,  and  education  of  youth;  to  regulate  the 
inalls  and  administration  of  justice;  to  fav(»r  the  de- 
vclo[)nient  of  art;  and  to  ])rot(M-t  agriculture,  com- 
mcrce,  and  all  the  country's  industries.^' 

( )!'  the  raising  of  troops  to  accompan\'  ]\licheltorena, 
\\)V  till'  support  of  which  .'i^SjOOO  per  month  was  ordered 
til  l»r  paid  at  ]\razatlan  in  addition  to  the  Californiau 
I', ■venues,*'^  less  is  known  tlian  would  he  desirable.  At 
tirst  it  was  reported  that  a  large  force,  perha[)s  1,000 
or  \,'u)0  men,  would  be  sent;^'-*  but  500  seems  to  have 
liron  about  the  number  tinally  decid^Ml  on,  300  of  whom 
Were  to  be  convicts,  and  200  reu'ular  soldiers.  In  Feb- 
niarv  a  decree  was  issued  thi'ou.>'-h  the  minister  of  jus- 
ti.c  oi'dcring  the  selection  of  ;300  criminals  from  !Mc>:- 
i  "111  prisons  for  this  })urpose.  Those  having  trades 
v.rir  to  be  preferred,  and  when  the}'  had  arrived  at 
tlifir  destination,  they  might  l)e  released  from  }iart  or 
ii'l  cf  t'lcir  term  of  convict  life  in  consideration  of  good 
ciiuluct  (»n  the  journey,  or  of  "services  which  they 
Uiiglil  render,"  for  which  also  tlu'ir  families  would  be 
aidid  to  join  tliem,  and  they  M-ould  receive  lands  and 
i'.ii|ilriiionts  to  become  colonists.-'     There  is  no  indi- 

'■  Mi'-lii Ifori iia,  Iitstrnccioiwx  que  recih'id  J'/  Supremo  Gohkrno  al  fnnuircl 
vinmliii/i'i'aHfurniax,  JS.jJ,  MS.;  also  in  IVf/A/o,  7/,V.  <'fil.,  MS.,  iv.  ■_'()S  T-.?; 
//((i/r<'  .1//.s'.sr;»,  /jfoo/',  i.  3,jS;  /</.,  ^'f-;•«//•^',  Lr-'/ril  Jli^t.  S.  J)ir;in,  i.  no.  ,")7,  p. 
;>i-4;  Whcikr^s  Laml  TiUci,  IIT-L'^.  MicheUiiruaa  i.s;iutli<irizi.'cl  to  call  iipDii 
tlu'  fniii.  gen.  of  Sonoia  and  Siualoa  for  aiil,  Init  apparunUy  only  for  Liaja 
Califiriiiii. 

''/>'l>f.  S/.  Pap.,  Ben.,  MS.,  i.  89-90. 

^■' J!".slamiwte,  JJkirio  JIc.v.,  MS.,  xliv.  ir)S-9;  /'/.,  If!st.  Sla  Anna,  }iIS., 
ii.  S. 

-■"  Ihvinelle,  Adtlims  he/ore  Cat.  Piomers,  ISGG,  p.  '20-1,  quotea  tlio  decrt'o 
lunkr  dato  of  Feb.  22d,  from  the  Obsen'ndor  Judkkd  y  dc  Liijidacion,  i.  372; 


I    1 


,    1. 


!  ,1 


f   --V^.i*  Li**'"' 


V' 


III 


!  I 


m 


2SS 


Ar,v.\i;.\i)(),  v.\i,m;.I(),  vxh  MicnKi/roi: 


A. 


)('(''i!||i 


('.•ilioii  ill  ilic  (icdcf  iliai,  flic  coiivlcls  wen.!  ti)  I 
siildicrs;    indeed,   criminals  cuidd   not.  Ik;   legally  en- 
listed ;  l)ll(  <l()lll)(less  Hie  's(M'\iee'  I'el'ej'ltMl  U),  lor  wlii 
lliey  \\'vn\  to  l)e  |»ardoned,  ('(Misisted  mainly  ot"  an 


I'll 


eii- 


ii'^cmt'iil.  t(»erdist  as  soon  ;is  ji  pardon  had  I'reed  t 
iVoiM  all  taint  of  er-iminality !     vVt  any  rate,  they  weiu 
soldiers  when  tiny  landed  in  (^dil'ornia. 

Theri!  is  no  I'eeoi'd  of  tlu;  liunihel'  of  convicts  ell- 
ladled;  hut  I  think  it  coidd  not  have  heeii  oNcr  liaH' 
that  re(|iiired  -or  'I'  all,  that  at  least  hall'  maiia.;v,| 
to  desert  ht'i'ore  sailiiijjf.  With  this  michnis  of  an 
aiMiiy  Michelloreiia  left  Mexico  on  May  Titli,  aiidai- 
ri\ed  at  ( Jiiadalajai'a  tlit^  'J'Jd,  tin;  <|iiickest  luarra 
on  record  hy  that  route,  having'  le-.-.nd  no  reasun  to 
coiii|(laiii  of  the  "chiel's  and  olHcers  to  wliost;  \alieiit 
swords  tho  pri'sident  conllded  the  iiitoLJ^rity  and  dt- 
1'eiice  of  the  national  tei-ritory  in  hoth  Caliloriiias.'-' 
It  would  seem  that  (Jeueral  I'ared 

.)ai; 


es,  oommaiKliii'. 


SCO. 


had   ordi>rs   to   rurnish  two   huiulred   regular 
soldiers,  and  ho  tttoi:  advantae'e  of  the  oj)[)ortuiiity  \<> 


lit 


■t  v\d  ol    a 


11  tl 


le    Ust'k'.ss   am 


I  u 


hh 


lunanau'eaole   nuii  m 


liis   army,  lilline-   uj)   the   nuniher  with  a  forced  I 
of  recruits  iVom  the  I'aruis  near  Guadalajara.^"     Tl 


,1  .1/, 
1' 


Moll 


tyrmoii  i 


/'In,: 


le  J). 


ll'/V'lW  V 


Ordr 


dc  hitr 


Cn 


:\K 


cvv 


lOO 


1  ^."lO. 


l-xil 


:Ul-l-_',  inti's  it  from  tlic  Diario  tid  Coin 


21.   ISrj;  ;uu\  Ah 

iri'l;ivi's--\vliif!i  lla^^  cliuloil  iiiv  si';>ivli- 


i>fS;iiit;i  Aiiii;i  piMviili'il  for  a 


•raliloriiias. 


///,•.•,'.   ('<(/.,   MS.,  iv.  "Jt;!.  from  ;i  douumi'iit,  in  tlu' 

diitiil  I'Vt).  -Jist.     F.I..  1st,  atloLMvi; 

iiuailroii  of  ai'tivu  militia  to  bo  callod  tlu:  '  lijii 


P  III, I  a 


d  L< 


Li'j.  Mcx.,  iv.  U)(i  7. 


May  ■_','!,  1S4'_',  MiclioUoreiia  to  iniii.  of  war,  in  SiijJo.  xix.,.]ui 


ihi'''aiiMii 


^■.  1>. 


iit,-io 


M 


( .r. 


Uil-ll 


\\itli 
•Al  f 


mmntions  an 


I  impl 


1).     llolia.lati 


ciiiouts 


.if  oxer  UK)  [)ai-l;-aiiiiiiaii 


ormarsc  cs 


nulso  oastiirar  I'l  Sr  (i 


ta  c-sr 


SlU'illLlOll  St 


mod 


ioroii  onaiitoacrimiiiidos  y  faoiiKi'o>u3 


>1 


I 


uiilo   lus  pooo-i  1[\1C 


fultaroii 


iiumoro  oon  una  U'va  on  las  oam]'iuas  do  (inailaia|ara,  ijiio  arroliato  y  pa'.u 


siomj 


av  do 


ilil 


us  lio^raros  sill  oaluuaoioiios  iii  oir  escopoioii  alguna  a  I'a' 


livsilo 


imilia  ooii  oolio  o  dio/  liijos.'     Mi.holtoiviiii's  ropurt  of  .1; 


It- 


.  i;;!a.  ■•t 


war,  in  Cti^tiu'ntir'i,  Col.  l>o 


.)S. 


A 


oooi'iliiu; 


to  .!/<■ 


J/( ;//.  d'li'  I'r  ',  IS;i, 


p.  -tS-O,  tlio  squadnin  was  mado  up  of  'roomplazos  (|iio  oon  i;ran  iv.iiitiKili'lai 


prop; 
tarv 


laro  oi  ooma 


iidaato  gi'iural  do  Jalisco.'     (.'liiolly  criirjinal.s  witli'i 


ili- 


disoipuiie 
says  tho 


rps 


Mr 


y.'./.,  \Slo,  p.  •2.")-a.     Sorr 


Mr: 


t  tirst  dostiuod  for  California  was  the  'Tros  do  .Vlloirlo 


Olio  of  tho  host  in  tho  scrvioo. 


llo,  Amador,  Mr 


M.S.,   14S-ol.ali.l 


othors  imply  that  the  oonviots  also  were  (.ihtaiiiod  in  .Falisoo.     IJotollo,  Air.V'  -. 
Ms.,  !V)-7,  toll  ns  that  one  of  the  men  sei;:od  in  the  Holds  afterwards  liccaino 


us  sorvaiK 


a1  Ijld  him  all  the  details 


two 
JJal 

iU>' 

(HI 

lllTII 

elii' 
ainl 
drew 

tlllVc 
tliell;. 

laiit; 
win  I  w 
lair 


'llli:  1JATALI,()\  I'l.IO. 


289 


twil     li'iillcS    of    lllCll     COllsiitullMl    wluit   V.ns     ('.'llli'd     lll(.* 

Jialalh'ii  i''ij()  du  ( 'aliloniius,  wliicli  \\a;s  marched  lo 
till'  coast  and  (;tidjaVk('d.  Many  suct'L'odL'd  in  C!.sca])in_i^ 
(HI  iln'  n»ad  and  at  San  JJlas  and  .\razatlan,  at  wliidi 
imii  .\Iii'lu;ltofi;na  tDitclied  in  vliat  apprars  to  lia\(j 
Im'cii  ;i  \ain  scarcli  lor  fluids.  It  is  I'l'latcil  that  at; 
diir  ul"  tlic  |)t)i'ls  tliu  cliolos  Wi'Vii  k('])t  on  an  island, 
aiiil  (hat  hesidcw  those  who  ('scapud  many  wero 
(li'.iw  iK'd  in  th(!  attc'm[)t.  1  siij)[)os((  tht;ro  wt.To  about 
tlnvi-  hun(h"(!d  who  linally  sail(;d  iVoui  ]\Ia/at,lan, 
tin  111^11  tluTo  is  no  accui'at(j  I'ecoi'd  of  iho  numlx.-r  rx- 
liiiit;  and  thci't!  wtTc  forty  or  tifty  of  lh(;  dcsurttu's 
wlio  \\ri'('  aiTustud , and  sunt  ttj  California  two  years 
later." 

'flu;  new  !.;'ovcrnt)r  and  his  hatallou  lijo  endjai'lced 
at  ?.iazatlan  ou  or  about  July  li^th,  in   lour  vessels.-* 

•'I 'i.roiu'l,  ''fxdx  ill'  ('ill.,  MS,,  .^S  ;),  s.iy.s  t'lcro  wi'io  ii  few  ovor  .'500  wlio 
firiivnl  ,il  S.  l)i('^;(i.  Miiri'i'liiio  (liii'ria  was  one  (if  tlir  ilcscrtci's  finiii  (ho 
ialaml,  Kii'l  ill  liU  ^lj'»)(^' .•('</;/('  Mic/ii //(iriiiii,  A]>., /^'ivos  smno  ilitails  jilHn'.t 
tliu  a'lvciiturc'n  uf  liiiiisclf  mid  (■i)iii|iaiiiiiiis.  Ilnliiiisou,  LU'iiii  (.'nl.,  '_'().-)  7, 
ciill:f  tin;  iiuiiilicr  ;!")().  'J'lie  alcalilc  nl'  S.  Hicu'cj  in  aiiiKPiiinirii,' tlu' arrival  of 
til"  lirst  vrsKcl  at  S.  l)i(';;o  said  lliat  •li)0  nicii  wuiv  ciiiiiiiif^.  Mirliillun  iin'-t  A'l- 
viiiii-lniliim,  I;  .S'.  lib ijo,  Arch.,  MS.,  -JS!).  Mnfras,  ..rplnr..  i.  HI  I  ]•_',  ;;i\(.'d 
t'lK'  iiiiiMi)t'ra.i  4.-)0.  SiTrano,  A inmli x,  MS.,  7S-!),  makes  it  HOO.  Soiiio  Califor- 
iiiiiiis  :\ivi\\i.  (if  li(J()  and  SOO  iiioii.  In  iii.s  Ictti'i'  of  Ih  14,  ( 'ii>itiiiiari-<,  (.'i:/.  Jjnr.. 
."i^.  Mi:  Ik  I'lOiciia  s[ii'ali-f  only  iif  liis  force  of  liOI)  men.  "JdO  was  tliu  iiunilirr 
lin;iily  sent  away  from  (,'al.  /hji).  Sf.  I'ltp.,  MS.,  vi.  'JO  I.  A  nwtfi'  in  /'/., 
V.  T'l-t,  nialica  tlu' force  of  tliu  liatalloii  at  tliccml  of  IS},']  about  'jriO  iiiLii. 
AirnKJiiij,'  to  tiiis  record  there  were  live  eonqiaiiii'S,  iiu.'lmlin;,'  one  oi  j^'rana- 
(ItKis  and  one  of  ca/.adori'.j.  I  ajipeiid  the  following  li.;t  of  (jllicer.s,  a  lew 
ni'.lllcs  li  ■iii'^'  ;iii]i|)lii'd  from  otiier  .sources:  Ooloiiel,  llafael  Tellez.  Adjutant.s, 
M(iri.iiii)  ( lartias,  Juan  ]..aiiil>aren  (died  in  IN4});  eomaudante,  .Fur.n  .Alxdla, 
(.'iiiitaias,  Francisco  J).  Noriega,  .lose  M'' Mejia,  i)ii)iiisio  ( ioiizalez,  .To.i/i  M» 
I'lniTs.  ,liis;''  .M*  Se,nura.  Lieutenants,  Francisco  Fj;nren,  Maceilonio  I'adiila, 
Kiiii.'ilio  Aliivgo,  Mariano  Villa,  l;.'nauio  A.i^uado,  I'Cimcio  Plaza,  .M;ui|ue;;, 
I.;iis(i.  Maciel,  Antonio  Soinoza.  I'ed.ro  (iarcia.  tjiil'dieutenaiits,  Joai|uiil 
Avila  y  Caiialejo,  l;,'iincio  Scrvin,  Fcliciaiio  X'ivaldo,  iJafael  Saaclie;':,  (iuada- 
lupo  .Medina,  Jose  M*  J.imoii.  I.eou  Kuiz,  Manuil  (iarlias,  Juan  X.  llravo, 
Maiuu'l  r.ravo,  Juan  Clutierre/,  .Jose  (,'orrea,  (Iiiillernio  Conniel.  Ser;.;ciiiit.-i, 
Si'VciM  Ai;iiirrc;  rest  vacant.  IJuglers,  Jose  M"  I'erez,  <i)uiriiio  \'ci\Lara, 
LuciaiU)  ■"•smdoval,  Jesus  ]''l(jres,  ^Mariano  ^Icvcado,  Juan  .lose  Lopez.  I>i- 
rcvtui'  do  licLSjii talcs,  Fauslino  .Moro;  jiito,  l.,aurtano  (iuzman;  "JO  eiiriior;d:.i. 
IV.tal,  (10;  privates,  ISO.  Total  force  in  1844,  •_';!7  men.  Id.,  L'm.  Coi,i.  and 
Tirv.-:,  V.  .'!-,"). 

•"'Ihe  cnly  record  I  have  found  cf  the  ilate  is  in  L'iirrn,  lI'iM.  Jtilo/iri,  iii. 
ii3!).  IVrliaps  all  the  vcs^;els  did  not  sail  the  same  day.  'I'lie  names  of  thivo 
ves^sc.U  only  are, L^iven;  that  of  the  '  '/ni/o,  mentioned  incidentally  liy  liohiu.son, 
Liji:  ill  C'((/. ,  •Jt).')-7;  the  ycV/JH///('''(Y«o,  nientinncd  in  some  of  ^liclieltoie:ia'.s 
hucrourresjiondence;  and  the  :idiv  ('■ii/uniin,  Capt.  Cooper,  which  hrou/.-ht 
0.'  iiicn  under  ].,ieut  Jose  M.  Sannicuto,  who  died  ou  the  voyage.  Cvuptr'it 
UisT.  Cal.,  Vol.  IV.    19 


1 

if 

1 

I.;';       ; 
,1      ' 

r     ■■      1     .  . 

.1    ■ 

i 

Hi.. 


m^m 


i'^\m 


-m 


I 

.  -1 


M 


200 


AI^VARADO,  VALLEJO,  AND  MICHKLTOHEXA. 


One  of  the  fleet,  witli  ^liclieltoreiiaoii  board — aiv!  als  > 
two  old  ac'(|uaintaiu'es  of  tlie  read^'»•,  Colonel  A.  \', 
Zainoraiio  and  (\ii)tain  Nicanor  Estrada,  the  f'>iiii,i' 
ill  a  dyinL(  condition^' — arrived  at  San  J)ien()  on  Aii- 
^aist  'Ii)th,  after  a  tedious  trij)  of  tliirty-(»ne  d;i\>. 
The  other  vessels  arrived  within  ten  days;-'  mil 
^lieheltorena  spent  several  weeks  in  organi/iii;^  .iml 
drillin;^  his  convict  recruits.  It  was  no  easy  t;i>k, 
thoui^h  many  of  the  men  had  done  military  service  ut 
some  |)eriod  of  their  lives.  It  was  lon^'  Ix-for*;  mhv 
considerable  portion  could  be  trusted  with  wi'Mp^iis; 
but  from  the  first  the  batallon  showed  marked  piM- 
ficiency  in  forngint^  for  sup|)lies  by  night.  jMoreoNcr, 
on  ovei'hauling  the  munitions  it  was  found  th.ii  the 
bullets  as  a  rule  would  not  fit  the  muskets,  and  liiid  tn 
be  remelted.  Financial  obstacles  were  also  encoun- 
tered from  the  start,  making  it  difficult  to  support  tlu- 
troops  sent  to  [trotect  the  country.  At  last,  Lite  in 
September,  ^licheltorena  started  with  his  men  iKntli- 
ward  and  came  to  ]^os  Angeles,  where  he  w;is  i,  - 
ceived  with  ])opular  demonstrations  of  enthusiasm.  []>.■ 
national //r.sY't  of  Sej)tember  IGth  being  i^ostponcd  in 
his  honor.-'     After  enjoying  the  hospitality  of  tlic 

Lou;  Larkiii\i  Dor.,  i.  .330.  Other  vessela  on  tlie  coast  in  the  autumn,  mil 
whii'h  prohiibly  inchidcd  tho  other  transport,  wero  the  Primnirin,  Jura 
Fdiiila,  PnhUina,  anil  (.iiii/iincornia, 

'■'Several  died  on  the  voyage.  Osio,  /Tint.  Cat.,  MS.,  420-2,  snys  Zaini- 
rano'.s  ilhiess  and  the  death  of  tlic  <)tlier.s  were  duo  to  suH'eriuL's  on  tlic  1  Jii; 
voyaj,'e,  the  masters  of  the  vessels  having  chartered  them  hy  tlu'  day,  ami 
making  the  trip  as  long  as  the  water  coul  I  he  made  to  last!  Itoliinsun,  wlio 
was  at  S.  Diego  at  the  time,  deserihcs  the  90  soldici'S  and  their  faiiiilir-;  wh) 
came  on  the  ('/into  as  having  landed  in  a  state  of  great  misery. 

^^  Aug.  2<")th,  Gongora,  juez  do  \y  '.  at  S.  Diego,  to  prefect  ai,  Augiirs,  an- 
nouncing arrival.  Aug.  2!)th,  prefc'  's  reply,  with  orders  for  great  attnitii'iis 
to  lie  shown  to  the  new  gov.  H.  Di  .o,  .IrcA.,  MS,,  2Sn;  Mirlnl/'irnii'.t  .11- 
mbiixtraflon  ill  Ujiper  Cal.,  IS.'/.J-o,  '  1-2.  This  is  an  Svo  panii>ldetof  "JS  p., 
containing  translations  of  27  origir.  documents  from  the  archives.  It  kin 
no  imprint,  but  was  i.robably  jiublis.  1  as  an  appendix  to  the  procei'diug;  i:i 
some  land  case,  Rohinson,  »S7f(?r»(c,  ^IS.,  2(i-7,  arrived  the  same  day  I'li 
the  All  rl,  wliieh  vessel  fired  a  saluti  o  the  new  gov.  Vallejo,  //'<'.  '  '"'•. 
MS.,  iv.  2S!),  says  the  troops  arrive'  that  is,  the  last  of  them,  Se|it.  St!i, 
iSept,  3d,  Micheltorena  announces  Ir'  arrival  to  V.  Val/rjn,  Dm'.,  M.'^.,  xi. 
2.",(!.  Aug.  28th,  letter  announcing  a  i.ival  the  day  before,  in  lloatou  Adr'r- 
tiiii;  Dee,  10,  1842;  NiW  Av/.,  l.\iii.  242. 

-'Sept.  0-15,  1842,  several  items  about  Mieheltorcna's  expected  arriviii, 
preparations  in  the  way  of  lodgings  and  supplie.'i,  postponcme:it  oij'i ■-'(/■  etc. 
liept.  Si.  Diip.,  AiKj.,  MS.,  vii.  7-23.     Sept.  2Jtli,  prefect  orders  tlie....;iiliii3' 


THE  COVKRXOR  AT  LOS  ANOnLES. 


801 


|,y,  iUi'l 
In,  v.'i  > 

lies,  iili- 

,■,.■  .1!- 

|f^' I'- 
ll h:i^ 
iup-i-' 
JaV  I'll 

it.  Stli. 
lS.,Ni. 

in-iv;il, 
l''(.  ft'-'' 

LinUiio' 


Ai!'.;'!'"'^'''  for  nearly  a  Tiiontli,  duriiii^  wliidi  time  lio 
siiKji ct.cd  his  porsoiial  p()i»ularity  to  a  sovoro  test  l>y 
iv,i-oii  of  the  necessity  of  feed! iiiiC,  ''"^'l  the  iinpossihi!- 
itv  dt' coiitrolliiij,'  his  thievini^  followeis,  the  ucoviM-uor 
i(  >iiiiit'(l  his  march  toward  the  capital.  He  had  out 
11(1  I'aither  than  San  Fernando  when,  in  tlie  night  of 
OctuKcr  Ll4th,  he  was  met  with  the  startlinj,Miews  tii.'it 
;i!i  Ameiican  lleet  had  anchored  at  Monterey,  and  had 
(IriiiaiMled  the  surrender  of  the  town.  This  atl'air  and 
v.liat  Miclieltorcna  did  in  connection  with  it  will  Im 
</\w\\  in  another  chapter.  The  new  ruler  l..id  jirovc  I 
liiuisilf  a  gentleman  of  kind  heart  and  pleasing  ad- 
(livss,  and  ho  had  met  with  a  cordial  reception  I'roni 
t!u.'  })<'ople:  but  there  were  those  who  doubted  already 
that  lie  had  the  qualities  by  which  California coukl  1)0 
.siived  troni  all  her  troubles.'^'^ 

It  is  not  clear  that  the  old  authorities  know  any- 
tliii)g  definite  of  ^Micheltoi'eiia's  ap[)oi!itment  befoi'o 
liis  arrival,  though   such  may  have    been   the  case.-' 

('t40i;u-ts  roijuiivd  by  Micliokorona.  Los  Ani/dcn,  Arrh.,  MS.,  ii.  Kil.  Ifo 
SIU1II.S  ti>  li.ivi'  (k'livort'd  an  oration  at  +lic  fiosta,  ami  for  a  week  there  \va>  a 
suciessiiin  of  halls  ami  other  sports.  The  festivities  are  de.serihed  at  soino 
ltiii.'tli  iu  Coroiicl,  (.Wf.s  (/«■  Cnl.,  MS.,  41-.">;  and  mentioned  hy  ]$otelli), 
AiinliM,  MS.,  101-2.  I'into,  Apniit.,  MS.,  iS4-S,  relates  that  '2.5  men  of  tlie 
l>iit;illoii  deserted  and  attempted  toescapo  to  Mexico  hy  way  of  the  Colorado, 
Imt  won;  i)nr.-<ned  and  hronght  li.ack  hy  a  foree  under  tlie  writer's  cominiind. 
Soo  goiiiial  mention  of  Miehcltorcna's  appointment  and  arrival  in  Tut/iiU's 
lIKCuL,  147;  nnrtmiiiin,Gr,„j.  Slat.  CuL,  i.  .S!»;  /'V/v*/,  Veil.,  23;  licldeui 
rr<st..,<tainiiiut.  MS.,  40;  Ord,  Ocurrcii'ki.i,  MS.,  !•_'."). 

■"O^t.  '2'2,  lS4i!,  J(jhn  C.  Jones  writes  from  Sta  lijirhara  to  Larkin:  'From 
.iceoiiiits.  the  general  is  a  mild,  nfFahlo,  and  well  disposed  man,  hut  devoid  (if 
111!  t'iR'rL,'y,  stability,  force,  or  resolution;  the  very  hist  man  tliat  shoidd  havo 
Ictii  sint  to  guide  the  destinies  of  California,  lie  ap[iears  tickle  and  very 
muk'ciiled  in  his  movements;  and,  if  report  speaks  true,  not  overstoekeil  with 
tilt'  I'lio  iiidisiiensahlc  requisite  to  make  agood  soldier.'  Hojies  tlie  newtroop.s 
limy  he  swallowed  up  before  they  reaeii  Sta  IJarbara.  '  J  I'  the  people  iiad  any 
;.rit  till y  would  rise  en  mas.se  and  drive  the  wre;..hes  out  of  the  eouiitry.' 
Miilultnrciia  was  to  lie  given  a  $S30  ball  on  his  arrival.  '  ])ou"t  think  of  t'lO 
tupital  lieing  fixed  at  Los  Angeles,  no  such  tiling;  the  general  ((uits  tin;  ]i!a-  y 
ia  ills  ais!:,  and  talks  of  Sta  Barbara  as  the  seat  of  government. .  .  .  IJut  no,  don't 
Ic  alarimd.  Treat  his  Kxeellency  well  at  j'our  place,  and  my  word  for  it 
tln-TL'wil  still  be  the  capital.  A  little  soap  and  a  linn  .spine  will,  without 
r.r.'.uh  (lii!ii;ulty,  bring  him  to  a  permanent  halt  in  your  good  town  oi  M(j:i- 
U'l'ry.'^  I..u-kiih  iJoi-.,  MS.,  i.  yU. 

•'The  I  7f(/v7rt  arrived  at  S.  Dietro  July  7th,  with  news  that  a  general  v.i;li 
■"i"!'  nun  was  coining,  Drpt.  St.  Pap.,  Awj.,  MS.,  vi.  1'28.  April  Kith,  \'v- 
iiiuinl  wiiies  to  Vallcjo  of  MicbeUorcua'a  appointment,  and  of  liis  linanei.d 


I' 


m' 


\-t  ■ , 


292 


ALVARADO,  VALLEJO,  AXD  MICIIELTORFA'A. 


On  Soptcni])cr  "d,  )io\vcver,  from.  San  Die^'o  ho  sent 
t:)  hoth  Alvn!'a<l<)  and  Vallejo  tho  official  orders  nl'  tlio 
oovei-nnient,  ])r()viding  for  liis  accession  to  both  i<>i,i- 
luands;  and  ho  took  advantage  of  tho  occasion  to  cx- 
lavss  tho  most  kindly  feelings  to^vard  both  gentloiiiciL 
as  well  as  his  determination,  and  tliat  of  his  men,  to 
make  California  liapjiy.  Other  despatches  of  siniilar 
])nrport  were  sent,  and  among  the  official  papers  suit 
to  Vall(>jo  was  a  lieutenant-colonel's  con\missi(>ii."' 
ValKijo  of  course  promi)tly  indicated  his  submission  ti) 
his  new  superior,  and  issued  corresponding  onK  rs  t» 
all  subordinates.  September  lOth  maybe  roLi-ardeil 
as  tlie  date  wlien  he  surrended  his  position  as  eomai!- 
(Iant(^  general.  In  accordance  with  those  orders,  ,ln>c 
Castro,  to  whom  ]Miclieltoreiia  als(^  brought  a  nwn- 
mission  as  li'  -tenant-colonel,  witli  Alferez  Pinto  and  a 
guard,  left  the  capital  on  the  27th  for  Los  Angc],  ., 
to  greet  the  general. ^^  Subsequently,  on  October  <»l!), 
A''allejo  was  made  comandante  of  tlie  northern  line,  in- 
cluding tlie  territf^ry  as  far  south  as  vSanta  Ines;  an^l 
lie  did  not  fail  to  notify  his  chief  that  the  i>'arris())i  n[' 
Sonoma  had  long  been  su[)ported  at  his  own  pi'i\;ao 
ex[tt'nsi';  that  his  resources  could  not  bear  this  r\- 
])ense  forever;  that  the  northern  frontier  wa^  expo.-ril 
to  contimuil  dangers,  and  that  tlio  j)eople  did  not  cai'o 
very  much  under  whose  dominion  they  wore,  so  Luig 
as  their  families  and  [)roperty  were  protected."'' 

.liiru'ultios.  Valhjn,  Dor.,  :\IS.,  xi.  209.  And  Vallejo  says,  If!sf.  Cal ,  Ms., 
i  v.  'J7--4.  tliiit  ho  i,-ot  the  lottor  in  May,  Imt  list  all  liopo  of  .siicccini  \\\\i\<.  l.c 
1  'Jinu'il  that  lack  uf  iiiouuy  was  alicaily  causing  troulilo.  In  Id.,  iv.  ■_'"'l-."i, 
he  says  lio  heard  ol'  the  aj)5>ointinciit  (illlcially  iiu  \w^.  17th. 

''Sept.  ,S,  1S42,  M.  t.)  V,  S„r.n,r,  l)„r.,  MS.,  iii.  9-11.  Xo  date  i]i!oli:iMy 
licforc  Sept.  .'M),  Id.  t(^  Id.,  to  same  ell'eet,  and  wants  aid  {uv  hi.-i  nua.  />/., 
iii.  7-S. 

•■"Sept.  intli,  V.  to  M.  and  to  his  snl.oidinates.  Vidhjo,  Jk«\.  .MS.,  xi. 
'J.'i.V.'jS.  Sept.  'JOth,  v.  to  Ahrogo,  oi'ilefinj,'  all  pos.sihle  pecuniary  i'ld  tj 
he  fui'nished  to  .M.  .An  ol'.icer  to  he  despatclied  witli  aid,  etc.  /''..  .x'.  -•""'- 
("2.  Si'pt.  'J7tli,  (."a))t.  Silva,  to  V.,  announcinj.;  ilcjiaiturc  of  Ca.stro.  I'iiito, 
and  four  soldiers.  /-/.,  xi.  'Jlili.  .Vlvarado,  Jlist.  ('«,'.,  MS.,  v.  l.'i-ltl,  trll.> 'is 
t!iat  .M.  ^vas  i-eeognized  at  S,  ]>ie;.,'o  liy  the  comandante  at  Vallejo's  I'l-iiirs; 
aid  he  even  execode<l  his  jiowewi  liy  recognizing  him  as  goverun,.  'J ho 
Mcxican.s  always  worshi])  thi'  li^inu'  sun.' 

■'■Oct.  ('(,  ls'4J,  M.  to  v.,  appointing  him  'Oefe  do  linea  militar  dc-ik  So- 
1.  !n);i  hasta  Sta  lues.  ]h  i,t.  Si.  /'n/i.,  J'i'<i.,  MS.,  ii.  ;{>-(!.  I'l-ivaic  a::!  '.liti-i'- 
iiig  letter  on  same  .subject  in  ]'ii:l<Jo,  Hist.  Cal.,  ^1'6.,  iv.  '2'Jo-~.     Oo;.  loAt, 


ALVARADO-S  DISAProiXTMEXT. 


293 


".''"■  "'""Slit  for  a  mnuontV      ■:"  ""  ••^'''l"""" 
'■''""■'V™>^  to  rais/tl,odri  "?'";'''"'';  '"«■> 

J';: 'nado  no  <Ie„,a„a  f,,f.,i,     ''',V™:>' t°  t!i«  capital 

•'^;'l'l  ■lal.o,-  2-ltl,  Alvarnrl    V  '  Monto,-ev.-"     (),, 

'"''•"'  !*■-•"  leliov,         ':"•?'"'•""■''  to  .state  tl,,(- 

j"^'-  to  ti,o  „„,it.s  of'^i ':,,  :r.;,"/'  1'"°  ^^"^  <'""o 

'""■''  ""^'  ti.e  liobilitv  of 


rail 


I 


1 


ZO'l 


ALVARADO,  VALLEJO,  AND  MICHELTOREXA. 


It! 


his  sentiments  is  impressed  on  the  communications  he 
has  sent  to  me.  The  ample  powers  with  which  he  is 
invested,  united  with  his  good  wishes,  will  tend,  as  I 
do  not  for  a  moment  doubt,  to  promote  the  happiness 
of  the  department,  removing  the  obstacles  that  liavc 
embarrassed  me  in  its  government.  I  congratuljitL; 
you  on  this  happy  selection,  and  I  hope  you  will  not 
disappoint  the  opinion  that  has  done  justice  to  your 
virtues."^^ 

The  part  taken  by  Alvarado,  like  that  of  ]Mielicl- 
torcna,  in  the  events  of  Monterey  in  October  will  be 
noticed  elsew'here.  These  events  delayed  Miclielto- 
rena's  coming  to  the  capital,  and  of  course  the  t'oiinal 
transfer  of  the  governorship.  In  December,  liow- 
cvor,  the  new  governor  decided  that  the  traiistir 
should  take  place  at  Angeles,  and  Alvarado  was  iKjti- 
lied  to  that  effect.  Naturally  the  latter  did  not  cui'u 
to  go  in  person  to  the  south  for  such  a  })urpose,  to 
render  the  abajeuos  spectators  of  his  humiliation;  so 
he  simply  made  Jimeno  Casarin  acting  governor.  ;is 
ho  had  done  often  before  on  plea  of  illness;  and 
Jimeno,  announcing  the  appointment,  proclaimed  that 
"General  Don  Manuel  Micholtorena  having  roprr 
sented  the  very  potent  reasons  which  make  it  im- 
possible for  him  to  present  himself  at  this  point,  ami 
which  have  forced  him  to  fix  his  residence  at  Los 
Angeles,  I  have  resolved  to  go  in  per«on  to  said  city 
to  place  his  Excellency  solemidy  iji  ])ossession  of  tiiu 
government."  The  junta  departamental  was  also  or- 
dered to  convene  at  Angeles  on  Deceuxlier  oOtli  1o  be 
present  at  the  ceremony.^"  Jimeno  was  acconipuniud 
on  his  trip  south  by  Francisco  Arce,  Jose  ]\raria  ( 'as- 
tanares,    Rafael    Gonzalez,    and    Zenon    Fernan<Kz, 


'If!  :    j.-i  I     ■•  ■      . 


I-  ^ 


^^Scpt.  24th,  A.'s  proclamfttion.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Amjckti,  MS.,  \.  ,"0. 
Eii^'lisli  translation  in  J/iclicltoroia's  AdniiiiMralion,  3. 

^''' Dec.  loth,  M.  to  justice  of  iicaco  at  S.  Diogo,  oi'dcring  him  t"  sus- 
I'cnd  all  acta  of  possession  until  he  has  received  his  oflice  of  irov.,  v.  liitji 
will  he  soon.  From  S.  Jtii'tjo,  Arch.,  MS.,  iiiK),  in  Mic/i(://o,ciia'n  Aiimni..  ',, 
Dec.  I'Jth,  A.  puts  .Jimeno  in  charge.  jMjif.  .S7.  I'ap.,  A  Hi/.,  M>*-,  n'-  '•■•'! 
j.ii.  G8-y.  Dec.  '.X)th,  J.'s  proclamations.  Id.,  xii.  GO-TO;  JIklii.'i'jn'M<s 
Admin.,  4-7;  .V.  JJkyo,  Arch.,  MS.,  'J'JO. 


MICHELTORENA  AS  GOVEKNOR. 


295 


$omo  of  whom  were  members  of  the  junta  or  in 
bdiiio  way  represented  such  members.^'  The  ccre- 
iiioiiv  at  Los  Angeles  took  place  at  the  house  of 
A'iccnte  Sanchez,  where  Michcltorena  took  the  oath 
of  olKce  at  4  p.  m.  on  December  31st  in  the  presence 
(if  the  ayuntamiei\to,  part  of  the  junta,  and  of  the 
most  prominent  citizens.  Speeches  were  made  by 
hoth  Jimeno  and  Michcltorena;  salutes  were  lired; 
and  the  city  was  illuminated  for  three  evenings,  or 
at  least  such  was  the  order  issued  by  the  municipal 
autlioiities,  in  order  that  the  people  might  "give  ex- 
piL'ssion  to  the  joy  that  should  be  felt  by  all  patriots 
ill  acknowledging  so  worthy  a  ruler."^^  On  the  first 
(lay  of  tlic  new  year  the  change  was  officially  an- 
iiouiK'ed  bv  Jimeno  and  Prefect  Arijfucllo,  and  on 
.laiiuary  Otli  Governor  Michcltorena  })ublishcd  the 
iiiiiKiimcL'nient  dc  estilo  of  his  accession,  with  the 
usual  ])romiscs  of  using  his  authority  with  zeal  for 
tluj  connnon  welfare.^'* 

Though  some  members  of  the  junta  departamental 
wore  present  to  assist  at  the  inauguration  of  the 
U(>V(}nior  in  December,  the  only  session  of  that  body 
in  I S42  had  been  that  of  May  31st,  when  four  vocales 
(;!'  supk-ntes  met  at  Monterey  to  transact  some  busi- 
ness connected  with  ihu  organization  of  the  tribunal 
<le  justicia.'"^  Meanwhile  Alvarado,  in  an  economical 
mood,  had  decreed  a  suspension  of  the  members'  pay, 

^' (itmzalez's  diary,  in  Vallijo,  JJoc,  MS.  ,xxxiv.  11'2;  <>)-(l,  Ofurrcnrku*, 
MS.,  I'.'li;  Vulk,  Lo  Pas'tilo,  MS.,:J()-1;  Jiotill^,,  Aiia'is,  MS.,  l()l--2;  Coco- 
).'',  Co.vftjj  (/(>  t'<il.,  MS.,  42;  Pinto,  Apunt.,  MS.,  t>!);  Serrano,  Ajiiinte-f,  MS., 
70. 

^'Dec.  30tli,  nyunt.  convened.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  An;;.,  MS.,  xiii.  (id,  70. 
I'co.  t'Ust,  piLfcL't'-s  orders  for  ceremonies  at  4  r.  M.  /,".<  Annt'/c'',  Arrh.,  .MS., 
ii.  HOS-!).  At  al>ont  midnight  Jimeno  wrote  to  Alvar.ido,  '  So  li;i  coiicliiido  il 
ilia,  il  nics,  el  auo,  y  el  gobicrno  dc  V'';  piie.s  aealio  de  liaeer  cntremi  ikl 
mmW  Alvarado,  Uhl.  Cat.,  MS.,  v.  17.  Vall.'j...  /list.  Cat.,  MS.,  iv.  .'ill- 
I'l,  tliiidis  A.  sli(jnld  have  insisted  on  M.  coming  to  the  eajiital. 

"'•'•I.in.  i.st,  tJimcno  to  jn-efect,  and  the  latter  to  the  jieople.  Jan.  (ith, 
Miolirltorena  to  varions  snbordinate  ollieials,  cliielly  justi.i's  of  the  ))e;!CL\ 
>>■  I'h'jn,  Ar<h.,  MS.,  '202;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Mont.',  NiS.,  vi.  4S;  Sta-  C/v:, 
AH,.,  MS.,  SiMIO;  ]\lieheltorrna\'<  Admin.,  S-10. 

"'Ai;/.  /!•(•.,  MS.,  iv.  2-H.  1'ho  ni<'nd)ers  in  attendance  were  Jimeno, 
tioiizale/,  Jusii  Castro,  and  lianion  Estrada. 


>i 


ih 


m 


<  'I 

n  'I  r 


!  I' 


206 


ALVARADO,  VALLEJO,  AND  MICHELTOREXA. 


TJi'l] 


a  measure  which  it  is  much  to  bo  feared  did  not  in- 
crease the  public  funds,  as  it  does  not  cloaily  aji{K;ar 
that  the  salaries  had  ever  been  paid  at  ail.''^ 

The  tribunal,  or  superior  court,  the  mijiistros  or 
judges  of  which  had  been  appointed  in  1840,  soenis 
to  have  been  in  session  at  Monterey  from  ^lay,  i't'tiT 
nuich  trouble  in  securino;  the  attendance  of  the  souili- 
ern  judges,  Carrillo  and  Estudillo.  These  gentlemen, 
besides  other  excuses  of  illness  and  raiscellancinis 
obstacles,  declared  that  Los  Angeles  was  in  reality 
the  ca[)ital,  and  as  such  the  place  where  the  comt 
should  meet.*'  Juan  jMalarin  presided;  but  -iiiaii 
Bandini  resigned  his  position  as  fiscal,  or  attoiiu  y; 
and  the  junta  chose  iManuel  Castanares  to  WW  his 
])lace,  at  the  same  time  electing  live  substitute  judges, 
in  order  to  secure  a  quorum  at  subsequent  sessioii.s.^^ 
Nothing  important  came  before  the  court  in  184"J-;1, 
though  it  sent  some  instructions  to  subordinate  judu'cs 
on  Diethods  of  procedure;  investigated  the  coudilmn 
of  prisons  at  the  cajutal;  and  decided  on  a[»i)eal  sev- 
eral minor  criminal  cases,  sentencing  one  man  to  be 
sliot  for  murder. 

Among  the  local  items  of  1842  one  that  iiiorits 
brief  mention  here  is  the  discoverv  of  o-old  in  the  Los 
Anijeles  reinon,  the  lir.st  authenticated  iindiuL!;  of  that 

^' Nov.  2jt!i,  A.  to  sub-coniisiirio.  Dcpf.  Sf.  Pup.,  Iliii.,  ^IS.,  iii. 'JT  '^. 
Ndtliiiig  was  to  be  paid  to  any  civil  employu  except  on  tlu;  govt rm it's  iliiva 

OllU'tS. 

'- March  12,  1841,  Alvanulo,  in  approviiif];  the  tleath-seiitci'io  of  throe 
luui'doicrs  at  Los  An^'elcs,  complains  that  the  tribunal  was  nut  in  w  ^-i<m 
beiause  two  lucnibers  liad  refused  to  ol)ey  the  summons.  S.  JJ'f.lo,  Arih., 
]\IS.,  2S0.  April-.May  ISl'J  (or  perhajja  1S4H;  Imt  it  makes  no  di.'VeniKV.  in 
thci'e  i.s  nothing,'  to  be  said  of  tlie  court  in  KS|;{),  corresp.  between  tlic  i:'V., 
Jlalariu,  Carrillo,  and  Estudillo.  (,'arrillo  snyj^'ests  that  'Malarin  wm;!'!  ii  t 
be  so  eager  to  peiforni  Ins  dutiis  wei'o  the  tribunal  at  Anjrele:-!  wlnr*'  i; 
should  ])e.'  J)ij>/.  ,S/.  Pup.,  J'nf.  ij  .Inzij.,  MS.,  iv.  :{7-4l.  OiKiungi.f  tlie 
tiiljunal  in  ^lay — it  is  not  ipiite  clear  whetlier  on  May  1st,  IDtii,  or 'JlKli. 
Jh]>t.  AVc,  MS.',  xiii.  ;?;!.  .V.  ,/(i.vr,  Anh.,  MS.,  ii.  IS;  Los  Anu'li^,  J/c'/., 
^IS.,  ii.  •2:(.")-(i,  -Jl)!);  Dqit.  St.  Pup.,  An;/.,  MS.,  xii.  (;4,-  /(/.,  Jim.  Com.  'Vid 
Tfidn.,  MS.,  iv.  71.  June  ."ith,  A.  refei's  to  the  tribunal  the  murdir  cases  of 
'I'agget  and  Kiciiards  (the  i'ormei'of  whom  was  .sentenced  to  death).  Pc/'f.  !!"'■, 
M S.,  xiii.  '-'l'  ;{.  Salaries:  .judges,  !?4,0(K);  liscal,  .*400  per  mo. ;  secrelury,  sJoO 
per  year;  clerk,  .S4()  per  nio.   Id.,  xiii.  .'t-4. 

^'-'/.c;/.  JiW.,  MS.,  iv.  •2-:\;  J)rpf.  /,Vc.,  MS.,  xii.  .")4.  'VUc  mhij^lr"-^  "'t- 
;/'<',//(•(  ehoseu  were  luigenio  Montenegro,  Joiupiiu  Gomez,  Tiburcio  'la[iiii, 
Jiiaii  Aii/,ar,  and  Jose  xNiuria  Castanares. 


iliii  I 


DISCOVERY  OF  GOLD. 


297 


pivci'Ui.s  metal  in  Ciliforiiia.  Tlic  gold  was  found  in 
.hfrcrrs  on  the  San  Francisco  i-ancho,  fornicrly  bclong'- 
in--  to  San  Fernando  ^lission,  but  at  the  time  tlieproj)- 
litv  oi"  the  Valle  family.  The  discovery  was  made 
ac.":<lcntally  in  March  1842.  By  :May  the  gold  re- 
ojiMi  had  been  found  to  extend  over  two  leagues,  and 
tliC  (hit,  with  a  scanty  sui)pl3'  of  water,  was  paying 
two  (lohars  per  day  to  each  man  engaged  in  mining.*' 
This  lunv  industry  came;  to  the  knowledge  of  the  au- 
tlnuities,  and  in  May  Ignacio  del  Valle  wasappointinl 
ciicaigado  de  justicia  to  jireservc  order  in  the  min- 
ing district.*"  Mofras  in  his  l.)ook  rep(jrted  that  his 
c.iantryman,  Baric,  was  obtaining  from  this  placer 
alHiut  an  ounce  of  i)ure  gold  per  day;  and  it  was 
\vorkod  more  or  less  continuouslv,  chieflv  bv  Sono- 
iiiiis.  down  to  18-iG.'"'  It  may  be  noted  also  that  Juan 
]);iiii!i!ii  'denounced'  a  refa  niiiiend  of  some  kind  near 
t!n'  Yucaipa  ranclio  in  1841-2.*^ 

"  M.iy  (>,  1842,  Maimcl  Requcna  to  Barron.  lirqiuiin,  Do''.,  !MS.,  45.  Tho 
.  clati'  is  nltt'ii  givuii  ill  later  ncwspajn  r  accounts  as  IS.SS  or  1S!1,  liiit  al,:o  co;-- 
ni'tly  ill  sonic.  Abel  Stearns  sent  .sonic  of  tlie  gold  to  Pliiladclpliia  l)y  .\1- 
t;i  il  I'ldliinsoii  before  the  end  of  1.S42;  and  the  correspondence  on  that  subject 
liii  hi'cii  often  publisiicd.  ^(;ii  Los  An'///'-'^  Illsl.,  'JO-l:  .S'.  /'.  Buildup  Mny 
- '.  iMiS,  etc.  The  original  letters  arc  in  archives  of  tho  Cal.  Pioneer 
Society. 

*' Viilli',  Doc,  MS.,  .57;  containing  the  original  appointment  by  tlic  pre- 
fi'ct  of  I/is  Angeles.  Furtlier  corresp.  on  the  snliject  between  gov.  ami  prefect 
ill  ^hiy  July  it>4'_'.  Lou  Atujclrs,  Anh.,  MS.,  ii.  '•-'!  1,  •2,")(i-)S;  Ihiit.  Ucc,  MS., 
xiii.  Wl,  ,'{.');  ])eiit.  St.  I'lip.,  An;/.,  MS.,  xii.  (!3-.").  Tlie  phicer  seems  to  havo 
liii'u  iMJleil  Sail  Fcliciano  in  1S4(I.    Imk  AikjcIci,  Arch.,  MS.,  v.  Xil. 

'^  .l/(;/'ms  £xjjloi:,i.  4S0;  Larkin  to  X.  Y.  Siiii,  June  30,  1S4G.  Lur- 
1:1, i'.-<  ])<)<•.,  MS.,  iv.  ISIS.     I  omit  many  references. 

*' Los  Aiujekn,  Arch.,  MS.,  v.  117-l!^  478. 


ji     'If -J] 


I 

HB 

wK^ 

wM 

■ 

'  'IIj 

m 

'i'l'Tfi! 

ill 

J 

m 

Jj 

fit 

1 

I 

1      ! 


CHAPTER  XII. 

COMMODORE  JONES  AT  MONTEREY. 

1S42. 

En(!LI3II,  Frkncii,  and  Amkricav  Schemes— Jones'   iNSTKrcxioNs— The 
FuENCii  Fleet — Enclish  Fleet — Ki'moks  of  W.\u — (,'e.ssi<)N'  oi-Caii- 

FOItNIAS — MONUOE  DoCTUINE — TlIE  'UNITED  STATES  '  AND  'Cvam;  '  AT 
MoNTEKEY — CaI'TUHE    OF    TlIE     'GuiPrZCOANA' — JoNES'    POSITION    ANii 

^Motives — OtcrrATiuN  and  Kesioratkin  of  tjie  Cai-ital — Altiiciki- 
TIES  in  Mani:.sckipt  and  Phint — .JoNES  AT  San  Francisco  and  Sunomv 
— Reports — Arrival  of  the  '  Dale  '  and  '  YtxiKTowx  ' — In  the  Sm  tii 
— Micheltorena's  Valor— Mexican  Bombast— Reports  to  Mexico- 
Claims  FO.v  Damages—The  'Tasso'  and  'Alert' — Jones  at  Lus 
Angeles — Bocaneui-.a  and  Thompson  in  Mexico— Webster  and  Al- 
monte IN  Washington — In  Congress — The  Press — Jones  Recalleu. 

I  HAVE  represented  the  throe  great  powers  of  tlio 
v>'orld  as  entertaining  ho[)es  of  acquiring  Cahfui'uia 
when  it  should  be  released  from  Mexican  clominioa,  as 
all  admitted  it  must  be  eventually/  Subjects  of  Franco 
based  their  hopes  on  nothing  more  tangible  than  the 
idea  that  by  affinities  of  religion,  manners,  and  fricii'l- 
ship,  promoted  by  inherent  dislike  to  Anglo-Saxon 
vays,  the  Californians  in  their  hour  of  trouble  uu'^ht 
seek  a  protectorate  in  a  monarchy  that  was  Latin  and 
catholic.  Englishmen  had  a  large  claim  asfainst  Mexico 
for  loans  of  money  in  past  years;  and  negotiations  Jiad 
been  long  in  progress  for  a  cession  of  territoiy  in 
California  and  elsewhere  in  payment  of  the  dcld,  or 
as  securitv  for  such  pavnient.  Tliere  is  no  evidence 
1  hat  the  British  government  took  any  part  in  those 
ii(.>gotiations,  but  rumors  to  that  effect  were  cuirent 

'  Spc  chap.  X.  of  this  vol. 


i ''.  i^ 

!.:  !     i             ,    1 

AMERICAN  SCHEMES. 


299 


in  llic  United  States  and  France,  and  it  was  known 
that  a  struny;  influence  was  being  brought  to  bear  on 
that  government. 

Americans  talked  also  of  purchase,  and  their  gov- 
crimu'iit  had  openly  made  propositions  to  ^Mexico;  but 
t'.ieii'  chief  reliance  was  in  the  'manifest  destiny'  of 
t!ioir  nation  to  absorb  all  territory  westward  to  the 
Pacilic.  There  was  a  wide-spread  popular  feeling  tliat 
Culif'rnia  belonged  by  some  sort  of  natural  right  to 
the  )-i'['ul)lic.  Men  were  not  wanting  to  advocate  its 
acijuisition,  right  or  wrong,  by  conquest  if  necessary; 
aiivl  even  those  Americans  who  combated  such  a  })ol- 
icv  had  little  doubt  respecting  the  ultimate  result. 
At  houit"  and  abroad  it  was  admitted  that  time  was  a 
poworrul  ally  of  the  United  States;  that  California 
would  surely  be  her  prize  unless  one  of  her  rivals  by 
])!'(iui[)t  action  or  lucky  accident  should  secure  it.  The 
national  policy  was  therefore  to  wait,  but  at  the  same 
tiinu  to  watch.  War  in  support  of  the  Monroe  doc- 
trine was  to  be  thought  of,  if  at  all,  only  as  a  last  re- 
isoit,  the  necessity  for  which  must  be  avoided  by  every 
jiiecaution  to  prevent  England  or  France  from  gain- 
\u[f  a  foothold  in  the  country.  Such  was  the  situa- 
tion ill  1840-1;  and  it  was  in  no  material  respect 
moditied  in  1842.^ 

-  Some  ciirreut  items  on  this  general  topic  are  as  follows:  A  resolution  intro- 
(Inoeil  ill  t!ie  IV'Xiui  congress  to  extend  tlie  limits  of  that  country  so  as  to  in- 
cliulo  (':il,  Xot  acted  on,  tliough  reports  of  its  adoption  had  created  some 
tvciuiiiunt.  Wiishtiiijton  National  Iiili'lHrjeiico;  in  A^Yc.s'  Itc/j.,  Ixii.  8.'?.  llu- 
niMi-  gLiKially  crediteil  in  Vera  Cruz  of  a  British  loan  of  $7,000,000  on 
C'.il.  Jt  ii  to  lie  iioped  it  is  not  true,  as  it  would  threaten  peace.  ^V.  (jr'eun^ 
!!<:.  ill  A/.,  Ixii.  144.  This  same  rumor  published  in  a  ^lexican  paper  will 
he  notiord  ag,;in.  (Jeneral  account  of  the  negotiations  for  the  ccssiouof  (Jal. 
ia  piiynient  of  English  claims,  witii  an  article  from  the  N.  Yoric  Courkr, 
liiliciiliug  the  reports  on  the  subject,  and  declaring  that  there  was  not  a  jiar- 
ticlo  of  cvidrnco  that  JCngland  had  any  desire  to  get  Cal.  Id.,  Ixiii.  '24:!,  ."'-.'iT. 
Ill  1S4(1,  ill  commenting  on  ;;n  article  in  tlie  Sorth  Amcriaia  which  denied 
t'.i:it  Hie  British  capitalists  liad  acquired  any  lien  or  mortgage  on  the  eouiilry 
iiiil  iiiiiiiitaiiied  that  Webster's  jiroposition  for  purchase  liad  been  favoiaMy 
cnti'ituiiicd  by  the  Mexican  minister  and  even  approved  by  Lord  Aslilinrton 
iind  the  V.m\  ui  Aberdeen,  tho  National  Jutelli'jnicer  says:  'How  far  the  par- 
ti'ulais  of  the  statement  may  be  accurate  we  cannot  pay;  but  that  it  was 
-Ml-  \Velister"s  purpose  in  184'i,  under  tho  sanction  of  tho  thcu  president,  to 
ohtiiiii  by  peaceable  cession  from  Mexico  the  port  of  S.  F  ,  and  that  tliis[iur- 
pnsc  u.-js  made  known  to  lords  Ashburton  and  Aberdeen,  and  met  no  opposi- 
tiuu  iu  those  i^uarters,  we  believe  to  be  entirely  true.     We  doubt,  liowever. 


*■    ,  'B 


'  } 


i  , 


300 


COMMODORE  JONES  AT  MONTEREY. 


It  sliould  1)0  borne  in  inind,  however,  that  at  this 
time  diplomatic  relations  between  Mexico  and  the 
United  States,  growino-  out  of  Texan  complieaiions 
■\vliieh  it  seems  unnecessary  to  describe  hei'c,'''  had 
reached  a  critical  point,  and  war  was  regarded  ;is  im- 
minent. The  respcx-tive  merits  of  the  two  repuhhcs 
that  were  parties  to  the  quarrel  have  no  special  hear- 
ing on  my  present  subject;  but  of  course  if  ]\[cxi() 
was  ever  to  consent  to  a  cession,  or  the  Calil'orniaii.s 
were  to  decide  in  I'avor  of  independence  and  a  j)rotec- 
torate,  the  declaration  of  war  would  furnisli  a  f  ivora- 
ble  o[)[)ortunity  for  the  coups  by  which  Englani!  or 
France  nuist  if  at  all  gain  their  points;  and  at  such 
a  time  it  behooved  the  government  at  Washiuutuii 
tf)  be  especially  vigilant. 

Under  these  circumstances  Commodore  Thomas 
Ap  Catesby  Jones  was  sent  out  to  take  conuuaiid  dt' 
the  Pacific  squadron  of  five  vessels  mounting  1 IG  gnus. 
The  English  fleet  in  the  Pacific  consisted  of  four  ves- 
sels, in  every  way  superior,  however,  to  the  Anic  ricau 
craft,  with  104  guns;  and  Franco  had  in  the  sanio 
waters  eisjcht  vessels  and  242  ijuns.*  From  his  o'eiicial 
instructions,  dated  December  10,  1841, 1  cite  in  a  note 
certain  portions,  the  only  ones  which  can  be  made  ttj 

wliftlier  any  fnnnnl  proposition  \\as  laid  before  tlio  committees  of  tlict.vo 
house.-!.  The  litate  of  tilings  in  lS42  was  not  favorable  to  a  united  action  of 
the  dilVcrent  bi'anehes  of  the  ^'ovcniment  on  such  a  subject.'  /(/.,  Ixx. '-'."i". 
!Mnrsli,  l.dlii-  to  Joih'<,  ,MS.,  14-15,  besides  mentioning  the  \{.  ]J.  Co.'s  estiib- 
lishment  and  ([noting  from  iuirlies,  says:  'Wlulc  the  Ar.ierieans  in  t'al.  m'o 
looking  f(.ir\vard  with  earnest  exjiectation  to  the  increase  of  our  eounti'Viueu 
in  tliis  land,  tlie  Englisli  lierc  are  eipuiUy  conlident  tljat  the  whole  country 
will  soon  become  an  ap|ien<lage  of  the  Jiritish  empire.'  !Mofras'  remarks,  ap- 
plying as  well  to  l.S4'J  as  to  1S41,  have  already  been  given;  and  likewise  those 
tif  Sir  Cjco.  Simpson.  Henry  A.  I'cirec,  in  his  Letter  to  Ctdiuniiis  of  Fcliniiiiy, 
predicts  that  Cal.  will  be  a  sccontl  Texus,  but  he  greatly'  exaggerates  t!  o  im- 
migration of  the  preceding  yeai\  Tlio  same  gentleman  visiting  AVashiigton 
was  (jucstioned  by  ^Vl'bstcr  abf>ut  Cnl.,  and  told  him,  'In  the  iitncss  oi  tiling;:) 
the  U.  S.  nnist  have  that  country.'  'Well,  sir,'  was  the  reply,  'if  we  luutit, 
v,e  probably  will!'    /(/.,  llomih  Sh-ftrh,  .MS.,  lUl-2. 

^  See  ll'ixt.  Mer.,  vol.  v..  t'.iis  series. 

*  On  tlie  names  of  the  vessels  with  their  qualities  and  condition,  sec  .Tones' 
reports  of  did'erent  dates  in  U.  S.  Govt  Doc,  '27th  cong.  :id  scss.,  H.  Kx. 
IVic.,  lOi'i,  p.  10'-12.  The  American  ilect  consisted  of  the  frigatt'  I'ni'il 
iS",\''rv,  :;'.  ):;pg  Ci/une,  Dale,  and  Yoi-ktov:,},  and  schooner  Sh'.irk,  bcsitic?  the 
itCifc/' store-ship. 


INSTRUCTIONS. 


301 


In  ar  t'veii  rc:notv.]y  on  my  present  subject."  Xatu- 
v;il!v  thei'e  was  no  allusion  in  wi'itini^  to  the  policy  of 
t!ic  ^Dvernient  ivspectliii^  ('alifornia;  Itut  it  cannot 
];!ai!.H)lv  be  doubted  that  Jones  started  ibr  the  Pacific 
\,i;'i  a  deiinite  understandiuL?  of  that  policy,  and 
with  orders  more  oi"  less  exj)licit  as  to  what  he  was 
t  )  ilo  in  case  of  a  war  with  Mexico  or  suspicious  acts 
vi\  llio  part  of  the  En^dish  fleet." 

In  May,  Jones  from  Callao  reported  that  in  ^Earch, 
l),|i!it'  his  arrival,  a  French  fleet  with  a  lari;'e  Ibrce 
liad  sailed  from  Val})araiso  for  a  "destination  alto<;-ether 
(•;)njeotural,"  which  he  feared  might  be  the  Calilbrnias. 
"Had  I  been  on  the  station,"  he  writes,  "I  might  have 
O'lnsidered  it  my  duty  to  follow  this  expedition  and  to 
jiropound  certain  interrogatories  to  the  French  com- 
nuuider  touching  the  object  of  so  formidable  an  ex))e- 
tlitioii  fitted  out  with  so  much  secrecy  as  to  have 
eluded  the  observrvtion  even  of  Great  Britain,  her 
ev(,  r  watchful  rival. '     He  calls  for  instructions,  and 

■'  'The  primary  ol)jccts  in  iiiaintaiiiing  a  naval  force  in  the  Pacific  have  iil- 
Wavs  lii'cn  aiul  still  jire  the  protection  of  eumuierce  and  the  iniprovcnieut  of 
(h icipline. . ,  .In  tlie  event,  however,  of  any  outrage  on  uiir  ihig,  or  interrup- 
tiiiii  of  our  eomnierce,  or  opprcssior,  of  our  eilizcus  on  siiorc,  or  detention  of 
r.iiy  of  our  seamen  in  tlie  public  vessels  of  any  of  tlie  states  Ijordcriug  on  your 
eiiiiiiuanil,  you  will  all'ord  them  every  aid,  protection,  and  security  consistent 
\vi;li  tlie  law  of  nations,'  etc.  'The  unsettled  state  of  the  nations  hordering 
oa  t!ie  coast  included  within  your  conuuand  renders  it,  in  the  lirst  instance, 
H'ccssary  to  protect  the  interests  of  the  U.  S.  in  that  (piarter' — therefore  lio 
vi_'il;uit  and  keep  moving.  'Xothing  but  the  necessity  of  proinptand  ell'ectual 
I'liaCi-tion  to  the  honor  and  interests  of  the  IJ.  S.  will  iustit'y  you  in  eithei" 
]injvi>kiiig  hostility  or  connnitting  any  act  cjf  hostility,  and  more  es[iecia!ly 
ia  a  state  wiih  which  our  counti'y  is  at  peace.  .  .The  increasing  connnerce  I'f 
thi,'  U.  S,  within  the  gulf  and  along  the  coast  of  Cal.,  as  far  as  the  bay  of  St 
li'ancisco,  together  with  the  weakness  of  the  local  authorities,  and  tlieir  irre- 
pp  i;isiliiiity  to  the  distant  ;;ovt  of  .Mexico,  renders  it  proper  that  occasional 
t'/,'.;!ti.:iance  and  prcjtection  should  be  allbrtled  to  American  enter[irise  in  tlic.t 
I)';. :!•;■.  r.  You  are  therefore  ilii'ected  to  employ  either  a  sloop  of  war  or  ;i 
s:;i..!Iii-  vessel,  as  may  lie  most  convenient,  or  Itoth  if  necessary,  in  visitiu;; 
ii^ca-iiinally  or  cruising  constantly  upon  that  line  of  coast.'  A.  1'.  Upshur, 
f-ic.  of  t!ic  navy,  to  Com.  Jone.^,  I'ec.  11.  ISII,  in  Joni.-i  (if  Mon/i iwy, 
1  .',.'.  p.  I(J--.jO.  Such  is  the  title  by  wliich  I  shall  lefer  to  the  MisHWi'/rjui 
the  P,;'<ilciif  I'/thf  U.  S.,  in  rfpli/  to  the  nndntiaii.  nj  the  II.  ]'</>.  o/J'<l>.  ,.'</, 
f'''!iiii,IJ'or  iiijhriiiafioii  iii,  relation  to  l/ii'  titLnx/  ])osKfy<s!on  of'  Munt( n  i/  hi/  Coin, 
n.un'in  Aj)C.  .Jon'!^,  FJ>.  .:..',  IS.'/.J,  -JTth  con'g.  IM  ses.s.,  11.  i:x.  Doc.,  'iCO. 

'Tutl.li],  //i4.  Cal.,  ItS-i),  thus  expresses  it:  'Jones  knew  the  programme 
CI  the  politicians,  that  Texas  was  to  bo  annexed,  that  .Me\ic(3  was  to  go  "oil 
the  nuiipage,"  that  the  ^Vmericans  were  to  discover  uiipar;i!leled  outrr.ges  on 
tlic  part  of  Mexico,  that  linally  war  was  to  be  p.-oclaiined,  iind  then  California 
Would  lie  fair  game  for  the  American  snuudroii  on  the  raeilic' 


VA 


9 

is 


M:    } 


\k 


S02 


COMMODORE  JOXES  AT  MONTEREY. 


announces  tlmt  "it  is  not  impossible  but  tliat,  as  oiio 
step  follows  another,  it  may  be  necessary  l'<»r  iiic  h> 
interpose  by  the  assertion  of  our  national  c(Mnnioici;il 
risjfhts  in  case  they  are  infringed  by  any  i)0\ver  witliia 
the  limits  of  my  command."^ 

At  the  be^ifinning  of  September,  when  Jones  li.ul 
returned  to  Callao  from  a  cruise,  and  before  he  lia>l 
received  any  conununications  from  Washington,  otlu  r 
suspicious  occurrences  seemed  to  him  to  require  |)r()iii]it 
action.  On  September  3d,  Rear-admiral  Tiioiiia-. 
sailed  suddenly  with  three  English  men-of-war,  uiid.  r 
sealed  orders  just  received  from  England.  At  the 
same  time  a  letter  was  received  from  John  Paiiott, 
U.  S.  consul  at  Mazatlan,  dated  June  2"2d,  in  wliidi 
he  announced  the  imndnence  of  war  with  ]Me\ioo,  and 
with  which  he  sent  a  copy  of  J'Jl  Cosmopolita  of  .luiie 
4th,  containing  late  corres[)ondence  between  rcpic- 
sentatives  of  the  two  governments  on  the  Tcxaii 
question.  This  correspondence  included  several  very 
violent  and  belligerent  declarations  of  Bocanegra,  Mex- 
ican minister  of  relations,  addressed  to  Webster  and 
to  mend,)crs  of  the  diplomatic  corps.^  xVlst)  at  tlie 
same  time,  and  perhaps  from  the  same  source,  tlioro 
came  a  Boston  paper  containing  an  item  from  tlic  X. 
O.  Afh'crtiser  of  April  19th,  asserting  that  ]\K\i(o 
had  coded  the  Californias  to  England  for  ii?7, 000,000. 
After  a  consultation  with  the  U.  S.  charge  d'aiFairrs 
at  Lima,  Jones  put  to  sea  on  September  7th  with  ll. ' 
United  Spates,  (Jyanc,  and  Dale.  Xext  day  lu'  siih- 
mitted  the  situation  to  his  three  commanders,  and 
asked  their  advice,  expressing  his  opinion  that  ^lexitc 

'May  21,  1842,  Jones  to  sec.  navy,  in  Joncn  at  Monterey,  p.  fiii-T.  The 
French  lleet  was  really  bound  to  the  Marquesas  to  take  possession. 

8 May  12,  1842,  Bocanc^ra  to  Webster;  May  31st,  Id.  to  Ll.;  Miiy  .".l-^t, 
Id.  to  dipl.  corps.  These  doc.  with  other  corrosp.  of  the  period  iiiav  \n'  tn.nul 
in  U.  S.  Govt  Doe.,  27th  Cong.  2d  Sess.,  H.  Doc,  no.  200,  42  p.;  'Pi-<.<Uhf-^ 
M('^xa(]e.  on  llelatioim  with  Mexico.  Webster  says  of  Hocanegra's  It'ttc)-;  ''i'lio 
letter  itself  is  highly  exceptionable  and  offensive.  .  .The  president  cmriilLrs 
the  language  and  tone  of  the  latter  derogatory  to  the  character  df  tli'  I  .  ^. 
and  higidy  offensive,  as  it  imputes  to  their  govt  a  direct  breach  of  fai:'.!.'  iunl 
goes  on  to  say  that  the  U.  S.  will  not  modify  its  couduct,  and  if  Me:;icu  \',  autd 
war,  let  her  take  the  responsibility. 


SUSnCIOUS  M0VEMnXT?5. 


son 


mid  the  UnitcMl  States  wero  ]m)l)al)ly  at  war,  and  that 
Ailniiral  Tlunnas  luul  left  Callao  tor  the  })urp()se  of 
occiipving  California.  Ca[)taiiis  Arnistronyf,  Strih- 
liiin-,  ;ni(l  Dornin  approved  the  commodore's  opinion, 
v.iiich  had  also  been  that  of  Parrott  at  ^[azatlan  and 
I'ickitt  at  Lima;  and  they  advised  that  while  the 
])iih'  should  be  sent  to  Panama  with  despatches  and 
t(i  net  tlie  latest  news,  the  other  two  ships  should  ])ro- 
trcil  witli  all  haste  to  the  coast  of  California.  Tiiey 
went  fiu'ther,  and  decided  that  in  case  the  two  coun- 
tries were  really  at  war  it  was  their  'bounden  duty' 
to  seize  and  hold  every  point  and  port;  while  in  any 
cast',  in  accordance  with  the  ]\ronroe  doctrine,  the 
iiiilitaiy  occupation  of  California  by  any  Euroj)eau 
jiMWi  r,  "but  more  particularly  by  our  great  connner- 
cial  rival  England,"  would  bean  act  so  decidedly  hostile 
"as  not  only  to  wairant  but  to  make  it  our  duty  to 
forestall  the  design  of  Admiral  Thomas  if  j>ossil)le  by 
Mipplanting  the  Mexican  Hag  with  that  of  the  United 
Stales  at  ]Montercy,  San  Francisco,  and  any  other 
tenable  points  within  the  territory  said  to  have  been 
recently  cedjd  by  secret  treaty  to  Great  Britain"! 
Accoixiingly,  the  vessels  parted  company  on  the  l.'^th, 
the  United  States  and  Ci/ane  making  all  sail  for  Cali- 
fornia, while  the  Dale  went  to  Panama  with  a  report 
lor  Washington,  and  with  orders  to  come  to  Mon- 
terey later." 


*   '  -""'lil'll'    >'.1 


•!   i 


'!  :! 


'Tli(^  fdUnwing  arc  tlic  documents  from  which  this  narrative  has  been 
niiidc.  J  mil' 22,  1842,  Parrott  to  Jones,  with  news  from  .Mazatlan.  Joiir.i  at 
Moiifi'i-i  li,  i.N',J ',  p.  SO-7.  Sept.  Sth,  J.  to  liis  com.,  suhniittinr;  the  fact.'i  an<l 
iildiii;  iiclvicc.  Also  decision  of  the  com.  Id.,  Slli.  Sept.  8th,  ,T.  to  com. 
iKiniiii  of  the  J)ak:  Orders  to  sail  to  Panama  and  to  land  there  Lieut  Wia 
(iroLii  with  despatches  for  \\'el)ster  from  the  charge  at  Lima,  etc.  On  ap- 
pioacliinj,'  Panamii  he  was  to  fcdce  every  precaution  against  capture  if  war  had 
lifcii  <lcrlared  with  Mexico  or  I'higland,  and  he  was  especially  charged  to  tret 
ir.formatinn  ahout  the  whereabouts  and  intentions  of  Thomas.  /(/.,  7'5  4. 
Sijit.  loth,  letter  from  some  one  on  the  (J.  <S'.,  published  in  the  Washhif/tci 
X'll.  Litdl'Hjeihi'r,  and  purport  given  in  Nikn'  Ilei'.,  l.xiii.  .337.  Sept.  lotli,  .1. 
to  sec.  navy,  giving  a  concise  statement  of  the  situation.  He  concludes:  'The 
Crt'Dlo  alfair,  the  question  of  the  right  of  search,  the  mission  of  Lord  Ashbur- 
t"!i,  the  sailing  of  a  strong  squadron  from  France  under  sealed  orders, . .  .new 
ililiiiulticM  between  the  U.  S.  and  Mexico,  the  well  founded  rumor  of  a  cession 
of  tlu>  ( 'ulifornias,  and  lastly  the  secret  movements  of  the  English  naval  forco 
iu  this  (piarter, . . .  have  all  occurred  since  the  date  of  your  last  orders.     Con- 


.  tiii  jHjlH 


i^   ,1 


^r! 


I  ^'i;i 


1  ?^h> 


f! 


I* 


804 


coMMODor.E  joxr.s  AT  MONTi:i;i:v. 


Tile  action  ofJoiu's  wms  tlms  fai"  aiuply  justl'ird  ly 
tlio  i.'xistiiiL,''  critical  ciiHainistaiiccs.  Thci'u  was  in 
c'liilcliiii;^"  at  straws  of  weak  prctfiuH"  i'or  u  iuovciiii'::t 
nL;ain:-t  Califoniia;  lu;  had  sulliciciit  ivasoiis  lor  his 
foans  tliat  tliu  interests  o{'  his  couutrv  were  ciHiaii- 
^•ci'cd;  and  he  nii^'lit  justly  have  heeii  hlauied  had  Lis 
action  hei-n  less  |)roin|»t.  In  ex[)ressin<4  apiMiAal, 
however,  of  Jones'  |)olicy  and  acts,  it  is  i>y  no  nic;i;is 
necessary  to  a|)j)rove  or  even  discuss  tht;  j)o.'-iti.!:i 
taken  by  the  council  ol' ofiicers  in  defence  of  the  Mmi- 
roe  doctrine,  and  the  ri^dit  to  foi\'stall  the  JjU^lish  I,y 
sei;nng  Califorida,  even  if  there  was  no  war  wiUi 
j\[e\ico.  For  what  had  l)een  done  other  uiotivi\s 
\ver'e  more  than  sullicicnt;  In  what  followed,  as  wo 
shall  se(%  this  motive  had  hut  little  inlluence.  In  ••aso 
of  wai',  and  j)en(nnii'  a  linal  settlement,  thei'e  can  1h'  im 
question  that  the  Ameiic;in  eonnnodore  had  a  prrfcet 
rii^ht  to  I'oi'estall  the  iMiylish  admiral  in  seizin;^'  aad 
holding  any  Mexican  territoiy. 

On  the  LSth  of  Oet(;l)or  the  two  men-of-war  were 
close  to  the  cMuist  of  California,  without  having  toucli'' I 
at  any  ])ort  since  leaving  Callao,  or  seen  any  sail  sinv 
ci'ossing  the  equator.  An  order  was  issued  to  the 
men,  forbidding  under  severe  penalties  all  plunder, 
insult,  or  excesses  on  shore  in  the  stirring  scenes  that 
might  soon  be  expected.      "During    the    battle  a;id 

S0(juciit!y  Iain  witliout  in.striictioiis,  or  tlie  sliuhtost  intimation  of  your  vic\v;i 
anil  wislics  niir.n  what  I  considor  a  vital  iiiicsLiou  to  tl'.o  IJ.  S. — tin;  oc^'Uj'a- 
tion  of  Cal.  Iiy  iJreat  iiritaiii  iindor  a  sfcrot  treaty  w'.tli  >'exi(0.  Jii  this 
tliliiiinia,  alltliat  I  can  promise  i.s  a  fiiitliful  an<l  ;:e,il(;iu-,  n  ])lication  of  my 
liest  aliilitie.i  to  jiromotu  anil  .sustain  tlio  lionor  and  wel'art'  of  my  coiintiy  ' 
Sc'jit.  •J,"il,  It'tter  from  some  one  on  the  Dale  at  I'antu  ;.!  m  the  A'.  )'.  A''"- 
ii.'l  I'o.it,  ill  y./is'  /'<:/.,  Ixiii.  '.M,'!,  ami  Lrt)ic(i/\-i  Crni  -c  ../  dir  ]Mili\  .'il,  .u'lviii,;^ 
a  r  sumo  of  movements  and  sujiposed  plans.  'J'here  are  some  later  reports  ut 
Joiie.i  to  be  notieed  in  thi'ir  plaee,  whieh  go  brietly  over  the  .same  ^'round,  liat 
add  ncjthini,'  to  what  has  hem  j,'i\en.  Dr  li.  T.  Maxwell.  Muiitrnii  hi  l^.'i-', 
M.S.,  ')-(!,  who  was  assistant  surgeon  on  the  U.  S.,  and  S.  S.  Culverwill,  in 
JJari.s'  Gliiiijw.f,  MS.,  !»;{-4,  who  was  powder-boy  on  the  same  vessel.  Iiuth 
now  residing  in  .S.  Franeisco,  give  some  deiailsand  rumors  connected  with  the 
setting-out  from  Callao,  as  wxU  as  a  narrative  of  later  oecurreiices.  Jay, 
JIi.iiidH  War,  S',i-o,  is  disposed  to  ridicule  and  condemn  .Jones"  action,  ami 
gives  the  matter  a  political  jispeet,  by  iKjting  that  .Tones,  the  three  ollicorsol 
tlie  council,  and  the  secretary  uf  the  na\y,  were  all  from  the  slave  slat>.s. 


WAi:  WITH  Mi'xiro. 


3j:> 


stilfi'  every  man  niiisi  do  ]iis  utincst  to  t;ikc  and 
(li-li"y,  liut  v.lu'h  tlio  Hag  is  struck  all  hostility  must 
(v;ei  ,  and  yf)U  must  eV(Mi  he'Como  the  |irote<'toi's  ofall 
and  not  ihv  ojtpressors  of  any."'"  Hounding  I*oint 
I'ini'-'  at  dawn  next  morning,  .Jones  soon  saw  that  at 
1(  ,1-1  Tlioinas  liad  not  reached  Monterey  het'ore  liim. 
lie  I'dsed  English  colors,  and  at  noon  hoarded  a 
Mexican  vessel  coming  out  of  the  harhitr,  the  niasler 
ofv.liich  [H'ofessed  not  to  have  heard  ol'any  hostilities 
l.clwecn  Alexico  and  the  United  States.''  A[)[)roach- 
iii^  (lie  Inwn  witli  ilie  captured  vessel,  the  two  nicn- 
el'-wnr  under  the  stars  and  stripes  anchored  at  2:4.1 
1'.  M.  as  close  to  the  castillo  as  the  dejjth  of  the  water 
WduM  permit.  After  what  seemed  a  lonu'  didav,  two 
Calirnrnian  oflicers  approached  in  a  hoat,  hut  secnu'tl 
s(i  iiei Alius  and  reserved  as  to  excite  suspicion,  though 
tli(  V  declared  that  no  news  had  hecn  received  of  war. 
An  n'Hcer  of  the  Anu>rican  ship  lunixi,  lying  at  anchor 
ill  tlie  liarlxjr,  heing  sunnnoned,  stated  that  n'ports  of 
WAV  were  cui'rent  at  Honolulu,  and  that  here  he  had 
li'ind  tli('  report  that  England  was  to  take  possession 
(f  the  country.  ]\Ioreover,  a  general  stir  was  notlcc- 
filtlc  on  sliore,  with  signs  of  preparation  for  defence; 
and  it  was  deemed  a  suspicious  circumstance  that  no 
Auuricans  came  on  hoard  from  the  town. 

'•Tlie  lime  t\>r  action  had  now  arrived,"  says  the 
('(•iniiiodore,  and  I  cannot  do  better  than  to  use  his 
own  words;  "whilst  nothing  had  occurred  to  shake  my 
bi'licl'  in  the  certainty  of  hostilities  with  ]\[uxico,  the 
reiterated  rumored  cession  of  California  to  Enijfland 

"M)c(.  l.stli,  Jdiics  to  his  men.     General  order,  in  Jone-t  at  Monterey,  IS.'iJ, 

1'.  41--J,  7s-;). 

"  C:!iit.  Snook  was  the  master,  and  tlio  vessel  was  tlie  J6ri  n  Oitipuzroni/n. 
I  liiivooii^-iiia!  statinnents  from  tliree  iicrsons  v.lio  vero  i<nihc  (<iii/'iizroa)i'i  ut 
tlic  ti:iic.  .lo,-(!'  Avaaz,  /,'iriicn/o,-.\  MS.,  ')2-'i,  was  supei'cargo.  Jose  .Mari;v 
l-.>tiiilillo,  /.Vr/f.s,  ilS.,  4'2-5,  a  hoy  at  tlie  time,  was  a  passeni;er  witli  liis 
"Ill-ill,  Dona  Maria  de  Jesus  Kstndillo,  whose  stoiy  is  told  in  J)ftri'<'  O'lhii/'Si ..; 
MS..  US,  etc.,  the  young  lady  lia.-iii}^  manied  D.ivis  later.  Mis  Sni".k 
MasiiLsixin  lioard.  "The  narratives  mentioned,  especially  that  of  Miss  Kslii- 
iiilli).  eontaiii  many  interesting,'  details  of  their  brief  captivity,  which,  how- 
ever,  liavc  no  special  iiistorical  importance.  The  ladies  were  set  ashore  next 
jiHiniin.r,  |);ivis  says  that  Snook  sucecevied  during  the  night  in  secretly 
laiiiliii-  tlie  most  valualile  part  of  his  cargo  before  aninvcntory  was  taken. 
Ui3X.  Cal,,  Vol.  IV.    20 


If. J 


'! 


■'  ' 


mm 

1  !:i. 


•ill  '  !■; 


.:1     1 


306 


coM:MODonr:  joxes  at  :\ionterey. 


was  sti'din'tlviuHl  l)v  wluit  I  liave  alrea;lv  r<'l;t;':l. 
lifMire  iiotimuwasto  l)ul()st,asan()iiior;lay?niglit  luinn' 
Admiial  Thomas  Avith  a  superior  t'orco  to  take  posses- 
sion ill  tlio  iiaiiio  of"  his  sovereign;  CIcneral  ^lichdtd- 
reiia,  or  the  new  governor-general  of  California,  iiii^Iit 
a[)p(Mir  to  dcfeiul  his  capital,  within  less  than  tliivc 
(lays'  inarch  of  whicli  he  was  then  said  to  l)e.  If  I 
took  possession  of  the  country  and  held  it  by  li-^lit  nf 
conquest  in  war,  and  there  was  war  with  jMexicii.  i\\\ 
would  he  rin'lit:  then  if  the  Encflish  sliould  conic  ;uui 
claim  under  a  treaty  of  cession,  as  such  treaties  do  iint 
give  title  till  [)osscssion  is  had,  I  should  have  cst.ili- 
lished  a  legal  claim  for  my  country  to  the  coihiiwi-'iI 
territory, and  at  least  have  placed  her  on  strong  groiiinN 
i'or  forcible  n'tcnfion  or  amicable  negotiations,  as  ;i!'tri' 
(Mrcumstances  niiglit  dictate.  If  Admiral  Tliomas 
should  afterwards  arrive  and  attempt  to  supplant  our 
ilag  on  shore,  the  marines  of  the  squadron  to  man  tli.' 
guns  of  the  fort  witliout  weakening  our  sliijis  wnuld 
insure  us  the  victory,  and  the  responsibility  wouM  rost 
on  the  English  commander.  On  tlie  other  hand,  it'it 
should  turn  out  that  amicable  relations  had  becii  it- 
storcd  between  the  United  States  and  ]\Iexico,  tliat 
]\[exico  had  not  part(Ml  with  the  Californias,  and  lliat 
at  the  time  L  demanded  and  took  j)ossessi(jii  of  .Mon- 
terey there  was  no  war,  the  responsibility  of  the  ait 
at  first  inio-ht  seem  to  rest  on  me,  certainly  not  on  oiir 
government,  who  gave  no  orders  ui[)on  the  sahi'd, 
Jhit  if  I  am  right  (of  which  there  can  be  littlo  d'Hii't) 
in  aj^signing  to  ^[exico  the  attitude  of  a  nation  haviii^' 
declared  coiidiLioiial  war,  then,  under  all  the  ciivmn- 
stances  of  the  case,  Mexico  is  the  aggressor,  ami  as 
such  is  responsible  for  all  evils  and  ctJiisequeini  •,  re- 
sulting from  the  hostile  and  ineiiacing  position  in 
which  she  placed  herself  on  the  fourth  of  duiio  last. 
])ut  I  ma}'  be  wrong,  toto  calo,  in  all  my  dedm  li.'iis 
and  conclusions.  If  so,  I  may  forfeit  my  coninii->i''ii 
and  all  that  I  have  acquired  in  seven  and  thirty  y<  ars 
devotion  to  my  country's  service.     Terrible  as  siiili  a 


DEMAXD  FOR  SURRENDER. 


coTiscqncncc  would  bo  to  me  and  my  family,  it  was  not 
sulliiit-'at  to  detor  me  from  doiiiL!;'  what  I  believed  to 
lie  iiiv  duty,  wlieu  a  concatenation  of  unforeseen  and 
uiirorcsfeable  events  required  prompt  and  ener^'etic 
acli'ii  for  the  honor  and  interests  of  my  country," '- 

At  4  r.  M.  on  the  lOtli  of  October,  Captain  James 
Armstrong  was  sent  ashore  under  a  flag  of  truce  to  de- 
mand a  surrender  of  the  post  to  the  United  States,  "  to 
avdid  tlie  sacrifice  of  Inunan  life  and  tlio  horrors  of 
war"  that  would  be  the  immediate  result  of  non-{^>m- 
pHaiH'i'.  Tlie  demand,  addressed  to  the  governor  r.nd 
military  and  civil  commandant  of  Alonterey,  was  jire- 
sriited  to  Alvarado,  who  was  given  until  9  o'clock  the 
iu'\t  ilay  to  consider  the  proposition,  though  he  saivl 
tliat  he  did  not  hold  the  j)ositions  named  in  the  ad- 
drrss.'''  At  G  P.M.  Alvarado  went  through  the  I'or- 
iiijility  of  demanding  from  the  comandante,  Captain 
]\hii'iano  Silva,  what  were  the  existing  means  of  de- 
fiice;  and  was  informed  an  hour  later  that  the  foitili- 
cati(ii)s"were  of  noconsef|uenee,asevervl)ody  !;no\\s.'''* 
Tlirna  consultation  of  otlicialsand  leadiii'''  citizens  was 
livM  at  tlie  governor's  house,  where  it  was  of  course 
(Iceiilcd  (!iat  resistance  was  impossible;  aiid  just  l)e- 
f'ni'c  midnight  a  connnission,  consisting  of  Captain 
IN'dro  Xarvaez  representim*'  the  militarv  autlioritv, 
and  dose  Abresjfo  the  civil,  was  sent  on  hoard  to  ar- 
rau'^T  the  teians  of  surrender.''''  Thonia.s  ( ).  Larldn 
.served  as  interpreter.      After  two  hours  o|'(lis<ais>i  )n, 

'■'.I'liH's  to  sec,  navy,  Oct.  'JKli,  in  Jo)ir!i  of.  Moir  r"i/,  (i'.)-T.'>,  ciint.iir.in  .;  a 
full  iiarritivi-  of  events  from  Sept.  '..'Uli  to  iliiti'. 

"(lit,  r.Hli,  .Font's  to  Alvanulo,  (IcniiiiulliiL,'  sai'i\'n'l;'r.  iin.l  cnclosin'.'  :irli- 
clcs  of  capimlatlon.  ]ii  ,/oiii:-<  (it  Moiitcrcii,  Is.'/.',  Ji.  'Jl'-;!,  71  ."),  .V(/. ./  /.'■;/., 
Ixiii.  .".'IT.    .Jouf&si'nis  iiinisc'lf  '  ('oniiiiMnitiT  in-(-'lii''t  of  tlic  V  .s.  na\(il  foifis 

I'll  tli'j  I'jK'ilio  station,  and  of  tlio  naval  ami  niilit.aiy  cxiwilitiou  for  tli cii- 

]iiition  "f  (.)1(1  a, id  New  California,' etc.  .Funi's  stairs  (see  note  \'2)  that  .\Ka- 
I'.iilo  '  llnl'.i'sitatiii'.'ly  consenteil  to  surrender.  .  .\vitliout  asUini,'  a  sinule  'ines- 
tloii,  or  even  in(|uiring  why  Ave  ajipeared  in  lu)Slile  ariay,"  etc.;  Imttiii.s  .>ea!d 
tome  anliki'ly. 

"(tet.  I'.itli,  A.  to  S.,  nno  .  ,  ,y.  JniH:-<  at  Moiil.  r>  i/.  / s'.; .',  p. -J  1 .  Thef.irci' 
ivii.irtr,l  \vi,s  'J'.i  soldiers,  '2')  militia,  willi  II  cannon  nearly  all  usi'less  and 
lacliiu',' aninmnition,  ami  1,")(>  mirskets. 

'O.  t.  11)1  li,  .Vlvarado  to  .lones,  .aniiouneiii^  that,  as  he  iuej  liefore  slated, 
li"  liail  no  military  uuthority,  lienoo  the  commission,  i/o/fc  at  MoiiUrt  y,  l^'i-', 
p-  'J:!,  71). 


(      *t-S 


COS  cdmmodor:^  joxi:s  at  .moxthufa'. 

tlic  terms  were  settled,  to  l^c  sij^ned  at  9  a.  J[.  ;  and  li  •- 
t'oi-e  the  comiiiissiouers  retariied,  Alvaradodespatclu  J 
u  letter  to  Micjieltorena,  stating  the  situation,  endi)  - 
ing  past  ('or.'espondenee,  and  declaring  that  "witlidut 
<l()ubt  Monterey  will  be  to-morrow  occupied  by  tlic 
enemy." ^"^  At  or  before  the  hour  ap[)ointed,  the  aiti- 
(•]es  (if  ca|)itulation  were  signed  by  Armstrong,  AKii- 
go,  and  Narvaez,  subse(|uently  receiving  the  appr.nal 
of  Jones,  Alvarado,  and  Silva.  The  territory  sur- 
I'endered  was  the  district  of  Monterey  extenchug  Iimih 
San  Luis  Obispo  to  San  Juan  Bautista;  and  it  was 
specified  that  Alvarado  signed  tlie  articles  "from  nm- 
tives  of  humanity;  the  small  force  at  his  dispioal  at- 
tui'ding  no  hope  of  successful  resistance  against  thu 
powerful  force  brought  against  him."^^ 

At  11  A.  M.  on  tlie  20th,  Jones  sent  ashore  130 
Viieii,  marines  and  sailors,  unde)'  Connnauder  Stiili- 
ling.^**  'J'lie  garrison  marched  out  of  the  fort  "with 
nuisie,  and  colors  Hying,"  and  gave  up  their  anus  al 
the  government  house.  Tlie  American  force  U>:>]i 
})ossession  of  the  abandoned  castillo,  over  whidi  tli  • 
st;trs  and  stripes  were  raised  in  [)lace  of  the  ^Mexican 
flag  tliat  Iiacl  just  been  lowered,  and  a  few  iiii.iiitc- 
after  noon  a  salute  was  tired  on  tlie  frigate  ami  sld.ij., 

'"Oot.  19t)i  (iOth), -2  A.  M.,  A.  toM.  Jonr.f  at  Moittrrn/,  IS.',.\  p.  ■20-1, 
Ik'  notes  tlic  capture  of  tlio  (i'iii/iir.foann,  mid  says  that  pi-Dlialjly  llic  <'l"i-'ii'i, 
Triiii'liiil,  anil  ( 'a/i/nniifi,  ^^  ill  shan'  her  fatr.  Framnsco  Suti)  wan  tlic  nioss.:n- 
fS,cv  Ri'nt  .south  l»y  Alvaraili),  and  in  1S41  1  ad  not  vet  received  (lie  J;vill  due  liim 
foi'tlicscrvirc,  'jhpf.  St.  Pa/t.,  Mniit.  ''(/../.-//./.MS.,  v  (  iS-J|.  (';i|it.  Miju 
(if  till!  liatalliin  in  also  saitl  liy  many  to  liavu  anivod  just  t  tliia  tinn',  iiii'l  to 
liavf  tnini'd  li.ick  at  onco  with  the  ni'W.s. 

'' Ai'ticlfS  (if  L'a]iitiilaticin,  otc  in  Jniio  at  Moiiti ri'ij,  IS.'i.'.  ]i.  ll!)  1,  "-\ 
Rubstniitiallv  tlio  siinio  an  thisi;  lii'st  pniposed  liy.Toni'fi.  II..  '-'J  It.  Tli>  ylii.r 
tho  date  of  O.'t  litth,  thouudi  it  slionld  lie  Oft.  •JDtii.  Tliu  uanis'ii  inn!  .-lU 
rou'nlar  Mcsioan  troops  wtm!  to  hwoind  pii^nncrs  of  war,  anil  with  .'ill  civu 
otiii'crs  wore  to  bo  sent  to  .1  Mexican  port,  at  the  expense  of  the  I'.  '■^..  iiiuli;' 
liiii'o!(Miot  to  taiv<"  up  amis  nntil  exelianii(>il:  Imt  militia  were  simpl;.  ti':i»o 
np  their  arms,  and  were  to  forfeit  no  peisoiiiil  ]ii'ivile;:e  or  riylit  of  |i;'piM'ty 
Ko  loiiL.'.-!  i  they  should  take  no  ]iart  ajrainst  the  l'.  .s.  All  piililie  pro]  rty  «'a.< 
to  lit!  given  up  under  inventory.  .Sceuiily  of  persons,  of  private  jiri'in  I'ty  oa 
t^hore,  and  reii<_'ioiis  riyhts  was  jiuarante  'd  to  the  ( 'aliforniaus;  and  dihts  nt 
the  j.!;ovt  of  Mexieo  to  the  itihaliitants  w<>n^  assuniecl  liy  the  U.  S.,  i>i' '  '-'1"  ' 
hostilities  were  eoiiiniitted.  ete. 

'^('ajit,  .Aruisti'oii'j;;  lieutenants,  ]{()lil)ins,  Larduer,  lluliiny,  Av^ry.  n"'l 
Shattre!:;  I'ldf.  L  u'kwood  aetiuT  as  adjutant;  I'nvser  ( iihaon,  iiud  i'r  Max- 
well '..eiv  a.:-,)  of  the  party.  .li);:i.-<  id  Minihren,  I:<.',.\  p.  7-. 


STAliS  AND  STIUPivS. 


?.:.d 


\hc  'j;\u\>^  f>r  the  fort  replying.  Alvarado  had  i\:tlivil 
to  !ii-  I'anclio  ut'Alisal  and  was  not  present  at  llio 
lowciini^'  of  his  country's  Ha^^  X(j  one  was  even  tein- 
ijoiarilv  deprived  of  his  hhertv,  and  a  j)roelaniation 
was  i-sued  in  Spanish  and  J']n_L>'Hs]i  witii  a  view  to 
tc:ic!i  the  })eopie  how  L^reata  hlessini^-  had  been  \'t.)Ueh- 
.^alril  to  them  in  the  chanijo  of  Han'.-'''' 

'■"Allliough  I  conic  inarms  as  the  rcprcsuutativc  of  a  powerful  iiiitioii. 
uiMiii  wlinm  the  (-'ciitnil  govci'innL'ut  of  Mexico  lias  wa^'Cil  war.  1  conx.'  nob 
ti)  spvcail  (K'solation  anionj,'  California's  jwaueful  iniialiitant.s.  ]t  is  as^ainsl  tlio 
nrnivl  oninics  of  my  country,  li.imlrd  aiul  arrayed  under  lliu  llai,'  ot  McNico, 
that  v,ar  ;;iiil  its  di'cad  constMpiences  will  Ijo  enforced.  Jnlialiitants  of  Califor- 
liiiil  Vol!  have  only  to  remain  at  your  homes  in  jmiv-uit  of  )ieaceful  vocations 
to  iii>iiri' M'cni'ity  of  life,  jwrson,  and  property  fi'nm  tlie  eonseijuenees  of  an 
r.ujn  t  V.  .r,  'it(j  which  Mexico  has  plunged  y(ju.  Those  stars  and  strijies,  iii- 
f.il. '!>!'■  <•. I  '■'(•:  H  oi"  civil  liberty,  etc.,  now  lliiat  triumphantly  ln'foi'c  you,  aiel 
iiC'i  ef  irtii  .1  ■  forever  will  L;ive  jirotectioii  and  security  to  you,  to  your 
i.'iurii"  :,  air!  J ;j  unborn  eounth'ss  thousands.  All  the  rights  and  privilogeu 
v,;.ii-'i  yiu  'iii.v  enjoy,  togi'ther  with  the  privilege  of  choosing  your  own 
iiKi'.i.itratcs  and  other  oliicers  for  tlie  administration  of  justiee  among  yoia - 
icivis,  will  h';  secured  to  all  who  ri'inaii!  peaceably  at  tlnir  homes  and  (jU'er 
1111  rc.'ii.staneo  to  the  forces  of  the  V.  S.  Such  of  the  inhabitants  of  ('al., 
V.  lictlier  natives  or  foreigners,  as  may  not  lie  disposed  to  accept  the  high  ]iri\i- 
L'go  or  citi/cnship.  and  to  live  jieaccably  under  the  free  govt  of  the  U.  S., 
will  he  iilloucil  time  to  dispose  of  tlieir  ])roperty  ami  to  remove  out  of  tlie 
cmiiti'y,  without  any  other  restriction,  while  they  remain  in  it.  than  the  ob- 
S'vvnnce  of  strict  neutrality— totalabsthience  from  taking  ])art  directly  or  in- 
(liivctly  ill  the  war  against  the  U.  S.  .  .All  provisions  and  supplies  .v.ill  be 
li:,id  fur  at  fail-  rates.  Xo  private  |U'opeitv  will  lie  taken  for  ]iublic  ase  ■with- 
out jilst  coinpensation.'  Joiutat  Mmit  nij,  lyt.'f..',  p.  7!)-Sl,  'M-'2.  This  doc. 
iilsip  i-!  dateil  Oc't.  I'.Hh  instead  of  120111.  '.lay,  Muiraii  War,  St-O,  says  the 
jivnclinnatiim  was  in  print,  and  must  have  been  printed  in  Washington  ov 
l'al!;in:  liiit  I  think  he  i>  in  error.     I  do  not  hnd  it  at  al!  in  the  arcliives, 

I  li.ivc  several  narratives  f;em  memory  of  the  taking  of  Monterey;  but  it  • 
Iiuist  le  I'olifess'.il  they  Mid  uolhing  to  the  information  eontaiiieil  in  tlu; 
mi^i^iaiil  .'orres|)oiideiice,  ulnle  nearly  all  contain  noticeable  errors.  Max- 
well, .!/(»///  a //('/(  ^.'v/.'  M."-i.  7  '  1,  ;,sserts  that  the  surrender  was  deemi'il  a 
niso,  tliat  o;)!)  lU'u  laiiiied.  tli.t  the  storming  ]iarty  mareheil  U)1  a  ravine  to 
tlio  fort,  where  they  ■  lUi.d  o  ^r.Tisconinuaiding  the  ravine,  concealed  liy  green 
I'iHiL^li'^,  loaded  and  piiiued,  *'  liii  the  niatche-^  luirninu'  within  a  few  inches  of 
t'it>  pnwderl  Davis,  ('/''H/w  of  ir  /'(nl,  y,>..  ',17-10(1,  'J.'il ,  givi  s  an  iiitci- 
Ktili',' ii.'irrative,  but  says  ih..  .'■  varado  left  Mont^'rey  on  the  approach  of 
"i!io  \i'sscl:M\  ithout  waiting  for  the  sununons  tu  surrender,  ("ulverwell,  in 
/'..  !M  li,  also  .says  .Vharado  was  out  of  town;  and  he  I'epreseiits  the  men  on 
li Mill  the  vessels  as  ha\ing  felt  eonsiilerabh'  fear  of  the  guns  on  shore.  Mrs 
ili'il,  Oiuirn i/i-iti-j,  yi.i.,  I'Jti-;!!),  says  that  .\lvarado  wasat  lirst  disposed  not  to 
^iU'reiidcr,  but  to  make  a  show  of  resistance  and  then  run  away;  lait  was  not 
I'l'Viiiitti'd  by  his  friends  to  do  as  ho  wished.  She  say;<  .loni's"  ^e(■retary  cam.! 
'  I  lur  house  to  demand  the  key  of  the  custom-house,  I'ablo  de  la  ( iiierra  \\h  > 
I'.i'l  hail  it  having  gone  to  Sta  liaibara.  Slu^  told  him  she  had  not  the  key, 
iiiil  lie  tlueateiii'd  to  '  ,eak  '.a  the  door.  Itobinsoii,  A;/!'  in  ('<tl.,  'JJO-Il,  .say^ 
tlliit  .'dvarado  obscr  •  at  the  time  that  ln!  jireferreil  to  surrender  to  tlio 
.ViiKiicans  rather  ti"'!.  -idjinit  to  .Michcltorena;  and  this  idea  has  b(  en  often 
iviniiti'il.  \;illejo,  Jii-t.  "(-7.,  MS.,  iv.  'i!)7-.'(ll.  (piotes  a  letter  from  Speiice, 
i;i  wliieli  he  Mys  the  I'.  ~-  tia.;  v.  is  raised  on  a,  temporary  stall' erected  Uy  the 


'.i'^n 


'■}:]''      a 


iy' 


:■ '  I 


:io 


COMMODORE  JONES  AT  MONTEREY. 


At  7  r.  M.  David  SiJCiifc  wrote  Vallojo,  "All  i< 
ti'aii(|uil;  and  the  town  is  almofst  deserted,  for  maiiv 
of  tlie  officials  have  iled  to  the  country."  (^)ui(t 
rei^jned  over  the  captured  caj^ital  through  the  nJL^ht, 
and  next  day  the  'war  with  tiie  United  States'  cuiiu 
to  an  end,  Larkin,  on  liis  visit  to  the  fleet,  had  us 
interpreter  expressed  some  doubts  about  the  reported 
liostilities,  as  they  were  not  mentioned  in  late  news 
from  Mexico;  but  he  was  unable  to  procure  fjr  .foiius 
any  late  papers  or  despatches,  which  circumstanci-liad 
served  to  increase  the  latter's  suspicions.  Landiii;^'  in 
person  in  the  mornhii:'  of  Octc^ber  21st  to  inspect  the 
fortifications,  the  co..!  ire  was  again  told  that  the 

news  from  jMexico  wa  ^e  and  pacific.  Secndarv 
lieintrio  and  Chajdain  liartow,  beiag  sent  to  soaivli 
for  details,  found  in  the  comisaric  s  office  ^[I'xican 
jiapers  of  August  dtli,  and  private  commercial  letters 
from  ^Mazatlan  of  still  later  date.  The  inforiiiation 
thus  (d)tained  not  oidv  clearlv  indicated  that  relations 
between  the  two  nations  were  still  friendly  do\\n  to 
August,  but  also  that  the  rumor  of  cession  to  l-lip^-- 
land  was  unfounded.  The  ^Mexican  papers,  in  coiitia- 
tlicting  the  rumor,  even  cited  the  Mom^oe  doctrine  as 
one  of  the  obstacles  in  the  way  of  such  a  cession,  even 
if  it  had  been  desirable,  which  was  denied.  "  This 
change  in  the  aspect  of  international  affairs,"  writes 
.lones,  "called  for  promjit  action  on  my  part.  The 
motives  and  only  justifiable  grounds  for  demanding  a 
.surrend(!r  of  the  territory  were  thus  suddeidy  re- 
moved, or  at  least  rendered  so  de)ubtful  as  to  make  it 
my  duty  to  restore  thing's  as  I  had  found  them,  with 

.«iniloi's.  Aiiil  fJonznlcz,  in  a  moniorandani  in  Vallrjo,  Dw.,  MS.,  x.xsiv.  IIJ, 
snyM  tlio  Mexican  fliiLr-stafl' was  cut  down.  Alvarado,  ///V.  Cal.,  MS.,  v,  IS 
(.'ivcsno  details.  Sec  also  Ov/o,  //mV.  Cal.,  MS.,  4'_''J-(i;  So-nnio,  Juniiii-^, 
MS.,  7()-4;  EMiiiVilln,  Ihito^,  MS.,  41-4;  Toyri\  Itcm'ni,,  .MS..  KCi-.");  Cui'tro, 
I'lhirion,  MS.,  70-2;  J'iiifn,  Ajuiiit.,  MS.,  87-!);  K:qii<r,  Monffhi,  MS.,  ID; 
Vullijn  (./.  ,/.),  n,,iihi.,  MS.,  l,')7-S;  <!alhi<lo,  ApinitcK,  ^[S.,  4(1;  ]i.>h!iimii'.i 
Si'tliuioit,  MS..  10.  I'rinteil  accounts  besides  tiiosc  idreadv  mentioiu'il, 
J/o/ra.<.  Kv/^lur.,  i.  311-11;  Tiifliiir.'^  Ilht.  Cal.,  14S-!);  Mi(rn-\^  Mr.r.n<i^  It 
ll'ns,  ;').'i!l-(h");  ihrciihoir'ii  JIUt.  ih-cjon,  .S('(7-S;  C rani. •<!•'. -i  Xnf.  W'ul'i  ('('., 
51;  (J'i]vim\'<  Couqiicsf,  of  Ctd.,  ,^S;  Aimrirnn  (^hmrtcrlij  Iiiyitskr,  ii.  IJli; 
I'l-i'jiKl,  La  Caljoriik,  GJ-3;  UobbisoiCs  Cal.  (Juki  Jii'ijion,  7-. 


!!| 


Im 


MONTEREY  liESTOilED  TO  ilEXICO. 


]11 


till'  least  possible  delay."  Al'ter  a  short  conference 
with  .Vniistrong  iind  8trjl)liii<^,  lie  sent  a  coumiimiea- 
tiuii  to  Alvarado  and  Silva,  prc^ixjsing  to  restore  all 
t(»  t!u'  exact  condition  oC  the  lUth,  which  was  done 
with  ;iil  due  ceremony  late  in  the  ai'ternoon,  the 
Aiiiciican  garrison  retiring  to  their  vessels,  which 
iiiiuicdiately  fii'ed  a  salute  in  honor  of  the  Mexican 
tl.i'j,'.  Onicial  visits  of  courtesy  were  exchanged;  rc- 
];i(ii>!is  altogether  friendly  were  established;  and  Mi- 
clitltiireiia  was  duly  notilied  of  all  that  had  occurred,-'* 
the  (.')/<'itt'  being  sent  down  to  Sta  Barbara  with  the 
despatch,  and  Michelt(jrena  b"lng  assured  that  the 
cuiiiiuotlore  would  await  his  a}'ri».l  at  ]\lonterey."^ 

Jniifs  remained  in  the  north  until  the  end  of  the 
year,  deeming  it  prudent  to  await  positive  information 
t'l'Diii  his  government  rusi^ecting  ]\Iexican  relations. 
Duiiiig  this  time  his  relations  with  the  authorities 
wri'iahon'cther  friendly,  thou<''h  he  found  itnecessarv 
to  i»iic  a  warning  that  ^lexico  would  be  held  respon- 
sil)k'  for  any  acts  of  hostility  to  foreigners,  since  it 
vais  Irarcd  that  the  news  of  tlie  retrocession  of  the 
(•;il)ilal  might  nou  be  so  prom])tly  circulated  as  had 
been  tliat  of  the  capture. ^■^  On  the  'I'lA  Jones  made 
arepiii't  to  Waddy  Thompson,  U.  S.  minister  in  i\Iex- 
ico,  ill  which  he  wrote:  "It  is  a  source  of  great  satis- 
Imtinii,  that  notwithstanding  what  has  happened,  no 
aiigiy  words  or  unkind  expressions  have  been  used  by 


0:  >^ 


IM 


'^Mi.iips  toscc.  navy.  Joncsaf  Monter('ii,lS.'f'i.  p.  Tl-.f.  Oct.  20tli,  Spciice  to 
Vallcj...  //;s^  Cnl,  AlS.,  iv.  -JiJT.  Oct.  "-Jl.st,  .Jones  to  Alvarado  and  Silva. 
t/ii;,(  < '(/  Moiili  ;•('/,  .'i;!,  Ml.  Jones  to  MichcUorc  na.  /(/.,  .■):!--(,  41).  Silva  to  M. 
/i/.,  .'ij-.'i.  Alvarado  to  M.  Jd.,'.V2.  '  .My  heart  liounds  with  joy  in  my  hoi- 
•  111),' writes  Alvarado;  'tliu  joy  of  the  people  i.s  complete.'  Oct.  "Jist,  '22d, 
Mlvn  iM  ^'allejo.  Vdllcjo,  Doc,  MS.,  xi.  '-'SO,  "JSl;  Prado  Mesa  to  V.  7-/.,  .\i. 
i'n-s.  ()>  t.  'Jlid,  Alvarado  to  V.  JiL,  xi.  'i.S'J-:{.  Oct.  -Jlid,  Richardson  to  \'., 
■viilli  iieeoiint  of  tlio  whole  idliiir  as  learned  l>y  Howard  of  the  (.'ali/onilK,  from 
riciiaiid  I'into  at  St;i  Clara.  Iil.,  xi.  'JS4.  The  story  was  that  Wiir  had  been 
dechireil  at  Washington  on  June  .-)th. 

^'  Aecoi'dinj,'  to  a  letter  from  Jas  P.  Arthur  to  ("apt  Uiehar<lson,  Vallrjo, 
Doc,  .M.S.,  xxxiii.  'J(r),  the  .sloop  was  expected  to  lirini;  the  f^'cnera!  north. 

■■•'Ort.  •i:>\.\\,  .lones  to  Alvarado.  J<tiii-<  <il  Monti  i-iij]  IS.'/.',  p.  I'.i,  S.'l  Oct. 
20tli,  A.  s  rejily  from  Alisal.  ISo  hostilities  intended  or  t<j  he  permitted.  /'/., 
•it,  M,  Oil.  '.Uth,  J.  to  A.,  on  his  orders  of  Oct.  Isth  t  i  preserve  order  and 
prevent  outrage.  Oct.  'i.'jth,  Estrada  to  .1.,  as,-iuring  him  that  the  gov.  had 
lint  pkiee^l  any  rcliauee  on  the  rumora  of  danger.    IiL,  11-4,  SI— 4. 


irvp: 


?,v. 


COMMODORE  JONES  AT  MONTKREY. 


i . ' 


%<M 


mk 


« 


either  party;  and  that,  altliough  we  had  150  S(';iii;eii 
and  marines  on  sliore  .'30  hours,  not  one  [)rivate  h<uisc 
was  entci'ed,  or  the  shghtest  disrespect  shcjwn  tu  any 
iiidivi(hial;  nor  was  an}'  speeies  of  property,  }»uMic  or 
pi'ivate,  spoiled,  iC  I  except  the  powder  burnt  in  the 
sahites,  which  I  have  returneil  twofold."  On  the 
24th  a  report  wus  made  to  the  secretary  of  the  iiaw, 
which  T  have  had  occasion  to  cite  bel'ore.'"^  ^leanwliile 
the  captui'ed  vessels,  the  (rnipitzctKina,  Clarifa,  Tnu- 
idad,  and  CW/Z/or///*/,  had  been  released;  and  the  stai's 
and  stripes  raised  by  enthusiastic;  Americans  at  Santa 
Cruz  rephiced  by  the  Mexican  ilaj^."^  The  niasicr  ui' 
a  vessel  Ivint^  at  San  Francisco  alterwards  com  imrd 
himself  that  the  interests  of  his  owners  had  in  soinc 
way  been  injured  by  the  occurrence  at  AEontci'-  v;'-' 
there  was  a  little  correspondence  of  a  mildly  v.iiiliki' 
tone  among  Californians,  with  ])reparations  for  (KI'i'IK'l' 
sutlicino-  at  least  to  creat'.'  a  claim  against  thi,;  tica- 
ury;-°  and  I  even  fitul  the  blotter  of  a  proclamniiiu, 
])robably  not  circulated,  in  which  Colonel  Vallejo  al- 
ludes to  Jones'  act  as  a  "violation  of  the  rights  ui' 
hospitality,  the  law  of  nations,  and  tlie  trust  wi'Ji 
which  he  had  been  received  by  the  authorities  at  ^J -u- 
terey,"  and  trails  upon  the  people  to  reject  such  nlhiru- 
mentsas  were  held  out  in  the  'scandalous  proclamaliiHi' 
of  the   li)th,  and  to  take  up  arms  for  their  count  ;y,'' 

''Oct.  Sttli,  Jones  to  .sec.  n;ivy,  iii  Jones  at  Montircy,  IS.'i-l,  ji.  Li!l-7.'!. 
Oct.  'l'li\,  J.  ti>  Tlionipsou.    Id.,  ST -'10;  Jaiics,  Aiji-e.-i/on  <ii  Cal'/uniiw^,  yl--. 

'^I'xl'hii'itllil.  Stall  iiHiit,  ^^IS.,  .T).  Wtoks,  I'cuilii.,  ^LS.,  114,  iiiriitious 
tlio  fact  lluit  Ik'ldeu  liiinself  climlieil  tlio  iLtg-stair,  aiul  othei'wi.'so  took  ;i  j'Imiii- 
iiieiit  part  in  the  change. 

■-' /'info,  />oi\.  MS.,  i.  ."SS-OO.  The  vessel  was  the  Prliiinrirri,  :u:d  t!if 
<lania;4e  icsulteil  tViini  detention  for  l>  days,  desertion  of  siiilor.s,  etc.  'i  in-vo 
i.i  no  record  tliat  any  siiti.-t'action  was  ever  received. 

'^"Oct.  liOth,  Alvarado  to  \':diejo.  .(ones  tries  to  give  satisfaction,  lii;t  h'n 
cr)nduct  can  hat  inspire  di:strnst.  VnUijo,  Jhic.,  .MS,,  xi.  'JSG.  Xo\.  ITitli, 
Silva  to  V.  ];■)  ready  at  tlie  sligiitest  alai  in  to  call  tlie  peojile  together  :nid  ili'- 
fend  the  cuuntry.  /<!.,  \i. 'AWi.  Dec.  -Jd,  Micheltorena  to  V.  Joiie.-i' I'.r.ltinio 
not  l)eing  very  cle;!'.-.  lie  is  to  watch  closely  and  he  ready  to  defend  tlieiii..  :!ii.'ni 
fruntier.  /'/.,'  xi.  ,".1 1.  Orders  of  Marcii  !.S4:!  foi'  the  JKiynieni  of  ;i  sni.-.ll  hill, 
>.y20-2,  for  supplies  fiii-nished  l>y  ( 'astan  ires  to  '  100  men  who  took  up  aiiiisliu'- 
i-i-j  *\w  days  of  t!u!  American  invasiin.'  /-V///.  Sf.  Pap.,  ^IS.,  xii.  -':  /'/., 
Bvil.  C,!.-:!. ■'//.,  V.   H)-li;  J), J,/.  /.',-•.,  MS.,  xiii.  -l'). 

-'  I'allcjo,  Due,  MS,,  xiv.  33.  The  blotter  bears  uo  date,  but  was  u  iilteu 
in  October. 


KESULT.S  IX  THE  NORTH. 


3i: 


Yet  tilt'  serenity  of  the  north  was  not  seriously  dis- 
tuilii'tl  I'Y  the  American  invasion;  and  the  conuno- 
il(ir('>  pei'sonal  and  social  relations  with  the  inhabitants 
of  tlif  invaded  country  were  of  a  most  friendly  na- 
ture. ■' 

On  October  2Gth,  the  YorJdoirii,  Nicholas  com- 
iii;iii(l(M',  arrived  at  San  Francisco  from  Callao,-''  and 
iirdcit'dinL^  to  Montere}^  was  despatched  on  or  about 
Xiivciiiber  '21st  to  ^NFa/iatlan  and  San  Bias,  to  ci'uise 
l;;tii-  in  the  gnlf  She  carried  Lieutenant  if.  T. 
li;irt:-;cne  as  a  bearer  of  despatches  to  Wasliiii^'tori, 
Al  till'  same  time  the  Uuiti'd  SUitc-i,  under  Ai-mstronu!', 
was  sent  to  tile  Sandwich  Islands  for  su]i[>lies/'  the 
lii'iiad  jieimant  beinj^'  transl'erred  to  the  Clique.  (Jn 
Xnveiiil)er  1st  the  commodore  had,  in  a  letter  to 
.MiclieUorena,  ac('(.-})ted  that  officer's  jiroposition  to 
ImM  a  ])ersonal  conference  in  the  south,  and  had  ex- 
IHessed  Jiis  intention  of  comiu'L?  down  the  coast  a!)out 
tlie  middle  of  November;^^  l.)ut  he  was  detained  nnich 
]  'ii'^vr,  both  by  the  non-;irrival  of  other  vessels  beloUL!^- 
iii'''lo  his  ileet,  and  by  his  investiu:ations  and  efforts 
to  iilttain  some  k'^^al  autlientication  in  the  case  of  the 
A!iiei'i<"Uis  who  claimed  damages  Ibr  exile  in  1840. 
He  was  not  brilliantly  successful  in  tiiis  undertaking, 
a>  the  reader  is  already  aware;''-  and  doulitless  soon 
eeininced  himseH"  that  the  claims  had  but  slight 
t''iiii(hition   injustice.     Decend)er   11th,  he  sailed  on 

-n'alKj.),  llht.  Car.,  MS.,  iv.  31 1-2,  .'^.-lys  that  Castro  (IL^IHumI  .rciics,  ,m),1 
Mas  the  (iiily  Olio  who  sought  to  umlcriiiiiK!  bis  ])opularity.  Jli-i  hi>s(ili(:y 
^'iiw '.lilt  uf  .Jones'  investigation  of  tho  (Jrahaiii  allaii-.  Several  C:!lil'iiriiian.s 
.-  y  that  a,  LMaml  hall  was  >.'iven  to  Jones  alter  l!ie  restoration  of  MniiiiTcy; 
1  It  Mrs  Old,  'icHn-inrin-:,  MS.,  3-'!),  tells  ns  liiat  tiie  liall  was  given  to  Arm- 
sti'iiii','  after  .lones'  departure. 

-nvt.  'Jilth,  Itiehar.lson,  in  Vnlh'jo,  Do^:,  ?*IS.,  xi.  •2!)-\ 

^"Xov.  iCiih,  "Jlst,  .Tones  to  see.  navy,  on  his  ])!aiis.  Dec.  7tli,  Parrott  to 
M.,  auiiiiuiieiiii; arrival  of  the  )'o)7.'/o(''/(  at  Mazallaii  Jice.  (itli.  ,/<■:;■.-:  at  M(jii- 
t'riii,  JS.'/.',  p.  <tn-:?.  Maxwell,  Mnufnr;/ in  IS',.'.  MS.,  10-11.  says  the  ves- 
fi'ls  sailed  (111  Xov.  '2'Jd.  1  lartstene  crossed  ^lexii'o,  and  arrived  .Ian.  KJtli  at 
N.  Oileaiis  on  the  U'ni  Iln/aii.  XV'w'  J'"/.,  Ixiii.  ."ioT. 

"Xiiv.  I,  lS4-.>,  J.  to  M.,  in  ./-)y((s  uf  ^[oi:ln-'ii,  IS;?,  ]».  MT-O.  He  write) 
ill  II  iHiuiiiatory  tone,  defeiidini,'  his  past  action;  ;;nd  he  oU'ens  to  cany  in  tlio 
vo.«-iil  ^oou  to  lie  despateheil  any  eoniiuunieation.s  or  nie.ssenyer  tlie  general 
may  lUNJre  to  send  to  Mexico. 

"■S'-e  ihap.  i.  of  tliisNol.;  also  fV(<'/'n,  />.),•.,  MS.,  i.  (i(i-II4,  for  the  ori^- 
iii;il  Ci'i;\,;p.  on  tliia  snlijeet,  lasting  from  Nov.  loth  to  Dec.  ^Otli. 


i     I 


.   (• 


« ^  *i 


314 


CO.NniODORK  JONES  AT  MONTEREY. 


the  Cijiinc,  and  arrived  in  three  days  at  San  Fran- 
cisco, where  he  was  joined  on  the  151h  by  the  Jhik', 
Dornin  commander,  from  Panannl,  brin<^ing  news  of 
amical)le  relations  between  the  two  republics  down  to 
the  month  (^f  June.^''  From  San  Francisco,  Jones 
went  to  Sonoma,  whei'e  he  was  entertainetl  for  a  dav 
or  two  by  Colonel  Vallejo,  who  has  a  most  agrecalilc 
meniiJi'V  of  his  visitor's  ^Gentlemanly  qualiticss.^^  Tliu 
United  .S7(/^'.s' returned  from  Honolulu  in  Deceuihciv'' 
and  all  three  vessels  sailed  from  Monterey  Januaiv  1), 
1843 — the  Dale  i\n*l  United  SUdeti  for  Mazatlaa,  whilu 
the  Cijanc  with  Jones  on  board  touched  at  Santa 
Barbaia  and  San  Pedro.  The  store-shi[)  of  the-  ileit, 
the  -Iteluf,  Lieutenant  Sterrett,  had  also  arrived  Ik- 
fore  the  departure  i)f  the  other  vessels,  and  soon 
followed  them  southward,^''  while  the  Cjtuie  came 
back  later  in  the  vear. 

V 

Ilavinu'  thus  recorded  the  'American  invasion'  s> 
far  as  it  atfected  northern  California,  I  have  now  to 
notice  some   southern  aspects  of  the  matter,  aspects 

"^ Dec.  14tli,  intli,  Capt.  Ricliarilson  to  Vallejo,  announcing  iii rival  ^f 
Cijaiic  ixuiX  J)iile.  VctVejo,  J>0':,  MS.,  .\i.  lil-j-lU.  l)ec.  loth,  com.  ui  .Moiia- 
rev  to  \'.     All  the  vessels  have  deiiartcd.   /tl.,  xi.  817. 

"'  j'lll'j'),  Jlisi.  C(d.,  MS.,  iv.  ;}i.'.")-4.">,  where  the  visit  is  desciilieil  nt  onii- 
sidenihlo  IciigLh.  lie  say.s  Jones  and  his  men  lost  their  way  in  cdiiiiii^'  ti 
Sonoma;  acL-idcntally  as  lie  .'^aid,  hut  intentionally  as  some  of  Iii.s  iirmi  tuM 
Lfcse,  with  a  view  to  seu  more  of  the  country.  Vallejo  honored  liis  t-'iu.n 
■with  a  sahite  from  hi.s  cannon,  and  entertained  him  with  a  roiho,  !iiiK:i!i 
dance,  foot-races,  etc. — llnally  escorting  him  to  the  landing.  He  s|ic,iksiif 
the  comniodorc  in  the  most  llattering  terms.  Dec.  'J-tth,  V.  to  Michiltoiciia, 
mentioning  Jones'  visit.  He  thinks  the  ohject  may  have  been  to  \.  ui  iiioie 
tinvt  in  liis  good  faith  after  the  allair  of  Monterey.  I'olitical  matters  wtio 
not  talked  of.  Vallejo,  JJoc,  iSlS.,  xi.  .S'Ji'.  Davis,  GUmjMCn,  MS.,  Iti;!-!*,  <K- 
Kcrihes  net  only  his  own  visits  with  Capt.  I'aty  to  the  tlag-ship  at  .Monte- 
rey, and  an  entertaiinnent  given  to  Jones  l)y  the  foreign  residents  of  tlio 
capital,  at  which  tiie  writer  was  present;  but  also  tiio  friendly  iutirci)rir.<e 
between  the  conimoilore  and  the  Itichardsona  and  Estudillos  at  S:iti.'.alita, 
where  he  also  made  freipient  hunting  trips. 

^5 Davis,  GHin/i.<(i^,  MS.,  lOS,  says  the  vessel  made  the  round  trip  in  '20 
days,  the  (juickest  on  record.  Maxwell  says  she  .sailed  from  ;\lontfH  y  witli 
th.e  ('!/■' nc;  and  these  statements  are  all  the  evidence  I  have  that  .'>he  re- 
turneil  to  Cal.     Siic  was  however  at  Mazatlan  in  February. 

^"Slie  arrived  at  Monterey  from  Bodega  on  Jan.  '20th,  and  sailed  en  Fih. 
2r)th.  Jhjif  St.  r<i/>.,  lien.  CuM.-II.,  MS.,  iii.  (041-0,  Oo-J-ll);  liut  I  Mipp"'*") 
she  had  lieen  at  Monterey  earlier,  llidwell,  VnH/oriiia  i.s'4/-X,  M"''.,  '<•'>-;'> 
."■luaks  of  Jones  having  sent  the  lid'uf  to  iJudega,  with  some  despatchc:3  lur 
liim  to  deliver  (?). 


JkllCHELTORENA  HEARS  THE  NEWS. 


315 


iiioiv  aimisiiig  than  liloody,  showing  in  a  not  very  fa- 
voi;i1)lo  hght  some  peciiHaritics  of  the  new  governor. 
It  \\;is  ill  the  night  of  October  24th  that  Michelto- 
riiia.  iit  A'alle's  rancho  of  San  Francisco  near  ^Mission 
San  l"\'riiando,  was  aroused  from  his  sleep  by  the  ar- 
rival nf  messengers  from  Alvarado  with  the  news  that 
Monterey  must  be  surrendered  on  the  20th.  The 
o-oncra],  if  we  may  crecht  his  statement  made  a  httle 
later,  wished  himself  "a  thunderbolt  to  fly  and  anni- 
liilatc  the  invaders;"  but  not  being  a  thunderbolt,  he 
spent  the  next  day  in  writing  despatches  to  subordi- 
nates in  all  parts  of  the  country,  and  in  retreating  with 
his  batallon  fijo  some  twenty  miles  to  San  Fernando. 
His  plan  of  campaign,  as  declared  in  liis  despatches, 
was  to  establish  his  headquarters  at  Angeles,  to  con- 
centrate there  all  available  force  and  supplies,  and  to 
cause  all  live-stock  to  be  driven  from  the  coast  to  the 
interior.  His  confidence  in  success,  like  his  patriotic 
enthusiasm,  was  unlimited;  his  own  force  was  amply 
sutiieient,  he  said,  to  defeat  the  intruder,  but  he  was 
unwilling  to  deprive  the  Californians  of  the  privilege 
of  aiding  in  so  li'lorious  a  cause;  hence  his  call  ft)r  aid. 
His  coiiimuiiications  to  diflerent  officials  were  all  of 
the  same  ])urport,  and  I  append  some  choice  specimens 
in  a  note.^^ 

'■  Oi't.  2'}.  1S42,  Michfltorcna  to  Vallejo,  to  Alvarado,  to  Profcot  Argucllo 
at  Aiiu'i'los,  toConiunclanto ('nrrillo  at  >Sta  IVivbara,  in  Joncfi  at  Monhrci/,  IS4,?, 
[1. '.'-t  7;  !•<(//,>.  i^oc,  MS.,  xxxiii.  •2!)4;  Urpt.  St.  Pap.,  :MS.,  xii.  ill-4;  .b'. 
7>V;/o  .l/v7(.,  MS.,  '2S0.  To  Vallcjo  at  (i  A.  11.  lie  writes:  '  Moiitoroy  is  no 
iltmlit  (locupicd  liy  these  forces,  as  it  is  impossible  to  defend  the  place.  I 
cniiiiDt  just  now  lly  to  its  aid.  for  I  am  over  100  leaj^ncs  away,  nor  should  I 
Irtivi'  Ln.i  Anu'i'los  lUiprotcctcd,  where  I  have  arms  and  aiiinuinitinn,  wiiich  in 
tlio  liiiiids  of  the  valiant  Californians,  united  with  the  forcii  under  my  coiii- 
iiiaiul,  will  serve  to  rout  the  enemy.  You  must  thorefore  collect  as  many  men 
as  jiiK  ible,  sending  nie  fre<|iient  reports  on  their  number  and  movenieiits  in 
order  to  enndiiiie  our  operations.  Ti'iuniph  is  certiiiii;  with  my  presi^nt  force 
I  iliDuld  !int  hesitate  to  attack;  but  it  is  just  that  all  share  in  the  pleasure  of 
viotiry,  sune  we  are  all  Mexicans,  and  it  is  the  duty  of  all  to  defend  in  this 
war  the  holy  religion  of  our  fathers,  natioiKil  independence,  ]ii'ivate  property, 
aiic'  even  dipniestie  order.  Are  there  any  stronger  rights  which  move  tlie  hu- 
man hfait?  .\re  there  Mexican  bosoms  wliieli  do  not  feel  themselves  boil 
with  v.'diir  ;it  seeing  t!iis  eti' >rt  to  rob  ns  of  our  territory  ?  Invite,  tlien.  excite, 
ruovo  the  ]);itriotism  of  ;dl  aide  to  bear  arms,  and  keep  well  in  v.dwX  the  wholo 
and  \y,\yU  ot'  this  eomniunication,  which  I  recommend  jiarticuliirly  to  yocr  ro- 
pp(ili--iliilitv.'  To  Alvaiado:  'Everyone  who  is  able  to  bear  I'.nn.i  ..nd  doo3 
Hot  iixseiii;  hill. Self,  as  soon  as  the  iufulliblc  triumph  of  our  arms  is  v,on,  iin- 


I       f 


\\m 


I'- 1 


;»  i 


I. 


J'.  't>  'ii 


81G 


coMMor)oi:r,  joxks  at  moxt::p.::y. 


Xi'xt  day,  October  l!(')tli,  wliili' still  at  San  Fernan- 
do, Miclieltoi'cna  i-cccivod  Jones'  connmniieatioii  in- 
forniing  him  that  Monterey  had  heen  restored  —in w.s 
^vhich,  reaching  other  ])oints  ahoiit  the  same  tinir, 
]»re\ented  any  pi'ogress  bein*^  njadc  in  the  coiic  'iitia- 
tion  of  Ibrees  and  supplies  at  ^Vngeles.  The  s^nMRial 
iiiiniediately  adch'essed  two  letters  to  the  AiiiciiiMii 
commodore.  In  the  tirst  he  \vr(jte:  "God  and  Li!)ri- 
ty!  As  the  laws  of  the  nation  expressly  forbid  cntci'- 
mg;  into  any  sort  of  relations  with  the  enemies  of  th.' 
independence,  liberty,  and  integrity  of  the  terril(»iy, 
I  was  marching  in  consequence  of  the  assault  cDin- 
mitted  by  you  on  Monterey,  to  iiLcht  vou,  and  at  all 
hazards  to  drive  vou  from  the  Mexican  territorv  with- 
out  using  any  other  idiom  than  those  of  lead  and  can- 
non; but  as  you,  having  adopted  more  prudent  i-oim- 
sels,  though  I  and  my  valiant  men  were  only  l.lij 
leagues  Irom  you,  have  thought  pro[)er  to  e\aciiat'j 
the  place,  to  reestablish  the  authorities,  to  r»'-hoist 
and  properly  salute  the  flag  of  my  nation,  and  ti>  iv- 
enibark  all  your  troops,  declaring  the  ^Mexican  vessels 

iler  tlio  protection  of  providence,  will  be  (leclared  unw(jrtliy  of  the  Mexican 
iiiimo,  iin  cneiuy  of  the  country,  to  be  expelled  ignouiiniously  from  li' r  .■~oil.' 
To  Ari^'iiillo:  '  1  congratulate  myself  witli  you  and  every  Mexican  lliat  tiie-'u 
wi-*!  ralj/rs  iiiYovd  us  an  opportunity  to  demonstrate  the  luilion  d  valor,  I'.uJ 
that  we  are  worthy  to  hear  the  name  of  Indepeiidientes.'  Jio  annoiniccs  his 
retreat  to  S.  Fernando — the  other  letters  are  written  from  the  ram  Iio —ami 
lii.s  intention  to  continue  the  movement  to  AnL;ele.-i.  The  authorities  n|,S. 
l)ie;_;o  are  ordered  to  send  their  cannon  to  Angeles.  To  the  CDniaudaiiti' at 
Sta  iJiiihara:  '  Under  these  circumstances  you  will  procceil  forthwiih  in  ji'auo 
in  safety,  by  sending  them  to  Angeles  with  all  the  forces  tiiat  can  be  colirt:c(l, 
all  till'  arms,  artillery,  and  other  property  of  the  nation,  as  tiiey  may  diiict 
their  attack  against  that  port.  You  will  invite  all  the  inliabitauts,  tlic  lanst 
illustrious  bi.sho]),  and  other  authorities  to  meet  at  Angeles,  where  i  .iiiialKiut 
to  establish  my  headquarters,  in  order  to  arrange  tlie  operations  of  a  war  so 
holy,  so  just,  and  so  national.'  The  lieiadiUcitno  was  to  he  sent  to  S.  I'c'.ro, 
and  the  immitions  fin  board  taken  to  Angeles  in  carts.  '  Viva  la  nacinn  \k- 
jicana!'  in  l!S44  Micheltorena  claimed  that  the  rebels  against  hiai  li.id  re- 
moved all  sup})!ies  from  around  Monterey,  in  imitation  of  his  ow  n  [H'li' y  ia 
bS4'J!  ('(/."ffUhnrs,  Col.  JJor. ,  ')<).     Keplies  to  Micheltnrena's  (!oinmuiiii:it:niis 

nt  various  dates,  from  Oct.  •Joth— all  more  or  less  jiatriotie  in  tone.  ■/ ■' "' 

J/o//^•n//,  i.s'.;,.',  p.  -27-!);  Z'w  ylii'j<l''%  Airh.,  MS.,  ii. -JOO-I.  A  untn-in 
th<;  Lv-t  Aii<i<li^E.vpre^ti,  Oct.  15,  1874,  claims  that  tlie  inti'enchmeiits.  t::ici'.s 
of  which  are  still  visible  at  Angeles,  were  thrown  uj)  by  Mieheltiacii 
at  this  time,  liandini,  IIM.  VaL,  MS.,  10:5-4;  IJotello,  Aivib'.'i  ilil.S- 
102;  Oslo,  //is/.  Caf.,  .MS.,  42«;  Ooronel,  Cosos  de  Cnl.,  MS.,  4:S;  Or. 
rvia-iu>>y  ^bS.,  128,  simply  state  that  Miciieltorena  on  hearing  the  nc«- 
capti;rc  retired  to  Au^eles  and  began  defensive  operations. 


lIR'll 

MS., 

n.i'r- 
•I  ilie 


i 


Tin:  OKXr.IiALS  r.OMHAST. 


317 


frc  ■  af  ihr  inomont  when  you  addressed  to  mc  tho 
k'tt(  ■  just  received,  I  iKtw  answer  you  by  this  sepa- 
rate (Icspatcli,  in  order  to  assure  you  that  we  Mexi- 
crtiis  know  how  to  answer  with  arms  and  lire  when  wo 
iire  addressed  in  terms  of  war,  and,  if  ])eacerully,  witli 
ihr  liariiioiiy  and  civiUty  compatihle  with  tho  ago  in 
wliii  li  we  hve,  and  with  the  enhj^litoned  nations  to 
wliii  li  we  hoth  belou!^."  The  <^)ther  eoinmunieation, 
ill  Wdids  ahnost  as  pompous  and  nnicli  more  numer- 
ous, deelared  that  "tho  multitude  of  persons  now  sur- 
loiiiidiiii;'  me  will  not  be  content  with  such  satisfaction 
as  you  can  give  me  in  a  single  official  des])atch;"  tho 
satisfaction,  like  the  outrage,  must  be  public;  and  ho 
insisted  on  a  ])orsonal  conference  at  Angeles,  eight 
leagues  from  Jones'  force  at  San  Pedro,  and  twelve 
leagues  from  ]\ric]ieltorena's  army  at  San  Fernando; 
or  it' Jones  feared  to  venture,  "mistrusting  the  word 
and  faith  of  an  old  soldier,"  then  the  genei-al  would 
boldly  go  in  person  with  a  few  officers  to  San  Pedro. "^ 
It  is  claimed  by  Vallejo  and  Alvaradothat  ^lichel- 
tnreiia  heard  of  the  capture  and  restoration  of  tho 
capital  at  the  same  time,  and  that  his  orders  of  Octo- 
l)(?r  25th  were  issued  with  a  full  knowledge  that  all 
danger  had  passed;  but  the  accusation  is  prol)ably 
unfinmded,  and  the  orders  were  of  the  patriotico-bom- 
liastic  type  usually  issued  in  such  cases  by  Spanish 
American  officials.  No  other  style  would  have  satis- 
lied  the  people  or  the  supreme  government  that  tho 
writer  was  doin<>'  his  duty;  and  it  was  o'(_«nerallv  tho 
ctlcct  in  ^Mexico,  and  not  on  the  foe,  that  was  consid- 
ered wlien  such  proclamations  wore  issued.  ^loreover, 
the  order  to  remove  all  supplies  to  the  interior  as  a 
means  of  resisting  invasion,  was  in  accord  with  Span- 
ish and  ^[exican  policy  for  many  years  past,  and  <loes 
not  merit  all  the  ridicule  that  has  been  heaped  upon 
it.  This  is  about  as  far  as  I  can  go  in  defence  of 
Mieheltorena's  course.     His  replies  to  Jones  wore  as 

^"Ort.  20,  1S42,  M.  to  J.    Two  despatches.     Jones  at  Muiili  rnj,  io.^.',  p. 


i'f'l  1 


■.•.,|) . 


m 


I  Hi  r 


mmm 


it 


513 


COM-MOnORK  JONES  AT  MOXTEIIEY. 


&<{'- 


iiljsurdly  weak,  afleciod,  nidc,  and  l)oastrnl  as  {]\oy 
('  tiild  have  l)L'tMi  iiiad(!;  and  indrcd,  ^[iiiister  W.id.lv 
Tliompson  HubsL'(|Uoutly  dt'clared  that,  as  ho  liad  llio 
.strongest  loaHons  to  huliuvo,  tho  first  of  the  two  coiu- 
inuiiicatioiis  of  October  2Gth  was  nuvur  sunt  to  Joiiod 
at  :dl. 

jiiit  Micheltoruiia's  G^asoonado  was  not  yet  ;it  nn 
end.  Jones  not  arrivinn"  as  carlv  as  had  been  expected. 
the  jn^enenil  [trepared,  on  November  IDth,  a  report  of 
all  thiit  had  preceded  tor  his  government,  attachiiiM-  to 
it  the  terms  of  the  treaty  which  the  American  liador 
was  expected  to  sij^n.  With  the  report,  whicli  wiiit 
to  San  JJlas  on  the  Tr'niidad  sailin!^  on  or  about  tliK 
20th,  were  enclosed  twenty  seven  documents,  all  re- 
ferred to  elsewhere.  I  ai)[>end  some  portions  of  tic 
report  and  the  purport  of  the  treaty,  which  show  lluit 
]\Iicheltorena  told  a  deliberate  falsehood,  to  the  c'lcct 
tiiat  he  was  marchiiii^  to  attack  Monterey  when  ho 
hoard  of  its  restoration;  that  he  had  the  im[)n(leii('u  to 
demand  payment  for  uniforms  and  instruments  spoiled 
(huinLj  his  march  in  the  rain;  and  that  he  was  vain 
eiiouo'h  to  re[)rcsent  that  Jones'  re;il  motive  In  rcslor- 
i:io'  the  caj)ital  had  been  fear  (»f  this  valiant  o'cneral 
and  his  l)atallon  tijo!  Even  the  Californians,  who  had 
large  capacity  for  bombast,  were  disgusted  with  this 
exhibition  from  their  new  ruler.^^ 

''■'X'lv.  (10),  1S42,  M.  to  Tornel,  niin.  of  war,  with  27  accomjwnyiiii,'  doc, 
liein;,'  tor  tho  most  piirt  the  corresp.  already  cueil,  but  ODiitiiiiiiii:.'  srvcral 
ci<:iii'.iuiiiuatii)ii;i  not  iiichidoil  in  tliosu  fniniblied  l>y  Jones  iliroct  to  tlu^  L'.  S. 
^Covt.  Joiirn  (it  Moiifeirii,  IS.')..',  p.  18-44. 

Tho  demand  for  surrender  'will  justly  excite  the  indii;ii.ation  of  ti:i'  sup. 
inni;i.jtrate  as  well  as  of  yourself  anil  every  Mexiean,  on  seeing,'  tliiil  willioiit 
even  a  plausilile  pretext,  and  in  delianee  of  the  laws  of  nations  and  t!i"tiv:ities 
between  tlie  two  countries,  an  armed  force  comes  to  occupy  tlie  naticni.il  ten- 
tory.'  •  Your  ICxcellcncy  may  imagine  my  indi^'nation.  1  wished  iiiy-i-lt  a 
t!r,;nd(?rbolt  t  >  ily  and  aiuiiliihite  the  invaders;  but  1 10  leagues  intervnnd  he- 
tween  nie  and  them,  and  my  forces  are  all  infaiitry.  I  nevertlules-;  sj»iit  tho 
night  in  ]>re)iaring  measures.  ..to  organize  an  aetixe  ami  incessant  \\:ir  ^n  tho 
enemy  until  he  should  have  been  obliged  to  rei'nibark,  if  any  of  his  f.n  c'c  <  limiM 
remain  alive.  On  the  following  (biy,  t!ie  'JlJth,  1  began  my  march'  lin  ctly 
away  from  Monterey  if  at  fJl — '  witli  my  troops,  of  whose  enthusiasm  I  >  aiiiut 
say  to(j  much,  when  I  felicitated  them,  in  tlie  name  of  our  country,  on  tin.'  (w- 
casioii  tiius  presented  for  proving  that  we  arc  wijrtiiy  of  the  coulidiii'  i'  -'f  tiio 
nation,  and  worthy  to  defentl  the  Mexican  territory,  our  dear  iiidi  p. n  Iriico, 
and  all  the  rights  of  society  and  man.     North  and  south  of  my  headoiKU turs 


AFFAIIl  OF  THE  'TASi^O.' 


810 


s    lh>.V 

lad  Uio 
t»  colli- 
I  Junud 

b  nt  iui 
pcctoil, 
'|)(irt  (it 

U  went 

»()Ut  tlio 

,  all  rc- 
s  of  the 
o\v  lliat 
iie  (' licet 
vlieii  lie 
dciicc  tn 
spoi!i'(l 
va>  vain 

I   I'otnr- 

m'lici'al 

Lvlio  lia;l 

il!i  lliis 


nyiu-'  >l"<-'" 

|ii"i_r  ~i  vcral 

th.'  I'.  ^^ 

if  till'  sup, 

it  without 

k!i-ti'c;itio^ 

inlKil  ti'ri- 

ll   !I1.V-'U'   •' 

SjM'llt  t!io 
|v;l|-  nil  the 

li'c-i  shmil'l 
-.liirctly 
|„  i  (  aiiuot 
l.u  tliooc- 

V,l,lM,t'tllO 

;,r:  'jtoH 


1  Amorioan  sliip  Tosso  was  lyiujjj  at  Sati  Pedro 
v.li  11  tlio  news  arrived  that  ^loiittTcy  had  hciMi 
tak<  II.  dose  AntfMiio  Cai'iillo  and  Captain  Pt-adoii 
(.'(iiH'rived  the  idea  of  seizill^•  this  vessel,  ii[>plyiiiL;'  to 
the  iu'efoot  for  authority.  Argiiello  in  turn  referred 
the  iiiattor  to  Micholtorena,  wlio  disap[)roved  the 
sei/iiM  and  ordered  the  rcdease  of  tiie  captain,  who 
liad  lieen  detained,  hjaniino-  (.Viri'illo  and  I'rudon  for 
iiiterlerinuj  in  national  aifaiis,  which  he  himself  was 
entirely  coin[)etent  to  manage.*'  This  act  enabled  the 
oiiKial  in  the  report  already  cited  to  l)oast  that  not  n, 
jiii^ie  act  of  violence  liad  been  committed  against  the 
jiirsonsor  property  of  subjects  of  the  United  States. 
Hut  those  subjects  could  show  not  (|uite  so  clean  a  rec- 

cvirytliiiii,'  w.is  in  motion;  and  tlio  frvcr  of  patriotism  wliicli  I  ox(:it"il  witli 
iiitriictii'  foi'ix'  l)e;it  ([uiokly . .  .In  tlii:j  state  ot  tliin!.,'s  1  was  met  Ky  (Aqit. 
Mojia,'  who  came  from  Monterey  where  lie  had  '  wi  iliod  not  to  si','n  any  eaiiitu- 
l;i'.i<m  iniless  ordered  to  dn  so  liy  liis  f^ineral,  a  ^'iicral  wliowouM  liavo  or- 
iliivii  him  to  eomiuer  or  die,'  and  who  l)i'(jn,L;!it  details  of  the;  kui  render.  '  Wo 
t!ris  iiiarLlied  for  two  iionr.s,  during  whieli  my  .soul  w.;s  rapt  in  eestasies  at 
till'  II  'I'rinj,'  prospect  of  a  speedy  and  certain  victory, ..  .wlien  another  ex- 
tiai'         y  courier  l)rouglit  nie'  news  of  tlie  evacuation  of  Monterey.     '.So  las 

K;:  Mr ,  did  not  clioose  to  wait  for  our  arriv;il  na  a  lifi.stile  force, 

.1111  .lings  of  my  heart.  ..were  at  once  of  grief  and  joy,  of  regret  and 

IVmsiii-c.  of  euntcntnient  and  distippointnu  lit;  Lut  proviilenco  liaa  >;:>  w  iiled 
i:;  therefore  it  i.s  for  the  licst,  and  we  have  only  to  respect  and  how  ti>  its  de- 
c.c'cs.'  IJiit  for  tlie  activity,  etc.,  of  I'resident  .Santa  Anna  and  the  iiiin.  of 
v.ar  in  siiidiiig  nu' atid  my  force  liere,  (.'alifornia  would  now  liavc  to  i)c  re- 
I'lVrrnl  !;t  doulile  the  expense  that  Texas  has  cost.  'I'hereforc  'I  pray  your 
li.M'ilKiny  to  iisk  tlie  president  whether  the  coiidtict  of  one  of  liisgc'iierais  in 
tlii.s  iicgoiiation  has  l)ecn  such  as  to  merit  liis  high  approliation.' 

Till' articles  of  convention,  sent  unsigned  hy  rs'.-ison  of  .foiies' non-ai'rivtil, 
were  sulislanlially  ;is  follow.i:  i.,  ii.  The  indemnilicalion  for  outrage  on  tl'O 
tl.i'i,  ;iiid  settlement  of  chiims  for  (hima'^'cs  to  individuals  to  he  left  t  >  Iho 
sap.  g:ivt.  iii.  .Jone.4  declares  that  lie  t:)o!c  ^lontcrey  in  the  erroneous  lielief 
t'.i::t  war  existed;  and  each  promises  never  to  attack  the  ]iosscs:-ion3  of  tho 
ii.Iior's  (•(iimtry  except  in  etise  of  an  express  declaration  of  wtir.  iv.  Tlic 
(apittilation  signed  l)y  .Tones  and  Alvtinido  is  forcter  void  and  of  no  cireit. 
V.  Tile  V.  .S.  iiieii-of-Wiir  and  merchant  vessels  at  S.  Pedro  will  f^aliite  tho 
.M  xican  ilag  to  lie  displayed  before  them  Ky  M icheltorena  ut  noon  of  tlio 
II' xt  (lay  .ifter  signing  this  treaty,  vi.  ',Mr 'i'hos  A.])  f".  .Tones  will  deliver 
1, . "DO  I'oiiiplcte  infantry  uniforms  to  ro]ilaco  tluise  of  nearly  one  half  of  tho 
Mcxiraii  fiirces  wliich  liavc  been  ruini^d  in  the  violent  mtircli  and  tln'  coiilin- 
v.'il  rains,  while  they  were  on  their  way  to  recover  the  \)wt  thus  iiivtnied.' 
vii.  .hnics  to  jiay  ,'>!l."),000  into  the  national  treasury  for  expenses  incurred 
fn>;ii  t!i(^  gcncr.al  alarm;  also  a  complete  set  of  musical  instruments  in  place 
if  those  ruined  on  this  occasion,  viii.  Respecting  copies  and  signaturi'S  of 
this  ildi'iiment.  These  articles  are  several  times  I'eprinted  in  connection 
with  1  iter  corresiKindence. 

"U.  t.  LV.th,  Prefect  Argiiello  toM.  Joiici  nl  Monterey,  IS/,.?,  p.  39.  Oct. 
'-ijth,  iviily.    /,/.,  p.  40;  Dcp:.  St.  Pap.,  A,ifjckx,  MS.,  xii.  91-G. 


n 


'!  '*i| 


V  '   « 
V '    jl 

:|fj!il 


mn  I 


^' 


t 


320 


COMMODORE  JONES  AT  MONTEllEY. 


ord.  Tlie  .ilo't  was  lyiuL?  ot  San  Dion'o,  llavlll^•  n\\ 
board  and  on  slioro  a  valual)lc  ear^o  ot"  hicK.'S.  C  ajitaiii 
Phelps  lieard  of  the  ca[)turc  ot*  IVlontorey,  and  ;;!  tlio 
same  time  a  report  that  a  t'orce  had  been  despatch*  J 
by  ]\Iielieltorena  to  seize  all  ]iroperty  at  San  Dicnit. 
])etennined  to  save  his  cargo,  he  made  ready  (or  s;iil- 
in_u\  worked  night  and  day  to  load  his  hides,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  remove  every  obstacle  to  his  escape  by  send- 
ing a  })arty  of  sailors  to  spiko  the  guns  at  the  luit. 
It  is  not  likelv  tliat  Micheltorena  had  ordtTed  tlic 
seizure  of  the  hides  or  vessel,  but  he  had  probahly 
sent  men  to  secure  the  cannon,  and  it  was  tin:  ap- 
])roach  of  these  men  that  chietly  frightened  i'liel}).-. 
The  atl'air  was  considerably  written  ai)out  In  ^lexico, 
an;l  to  the  charge  of  spiking  the  guns  was  added  tliat 
of  throwing  ballast  into  the  harbor;  but  the  l;;i'u:;!1 
was  taken  that  the  otlenco  was  purely  an  in(n\  idiuil 
and  in  no  sense  a  national  one;  and  as  the  owners  wuiv 
willing  to  pay  the  damage,  the  matter  was  allowed  to 
xlrop.*'^ 

Leaving  i\Tontcrcy  January  9th^  Jones,  on  tlio 
C;'/<iii(',  arrived  at  Santa  Barbara  the  14th,  and  in- 
formed Michelt  )rena  of  his  readiness  for  the  projtcNnl 
conference  at  San  Pedro,"  to  wdiich  port  he  proceeded 
on  V'o  I7th,  and  late  in  the  afternoon  ivceixid  an 
invitation  to  visit  the  general  at  hi:i  head<piarii  rs  at 

*'  /7(r///.s,  Fore  awl  Aft,  2G1-3.  He  says  lie  ^'ot  the  news  fnMii  Alfr  1 
Ilobiiisoii,  lii.s  siipurcargo,  at  Sta  IJarbara;  also  that  his  lueii  tni>k  a  liairlit 
eopiHi'  hIkI  at  tlie  I'u.t  and  tlinw  tlie  I'l'.st  into  the  sea;  Imtiii)  cliai-.yf  nt  t!i:a 
hiiul  was  (Vi  r  iiiaile.  Half  the  ear<,'i>  >\iis  on  Koaiilvlien  tln'  news  lUiao'if 
Jones'  iiiistaki';  and  at  that  time  Mii  lieltorena"s  '  vau'aliunds'  wen'  wi'.liin 
two  lioius"  iiiaieh  of  the  ship.  l>ee.  lOtli,  riiel[is  to  Jones.  Tr:ii:'laii"ii. 
Dinrio  (Id  dull..  Fell.  I!»,  184;!;  lUixtHiiiniilv,  J)!»r::,  Ixvi.  (I!),  with  .-i  I  tUT't 
Jones  (in  the  .snlijeet.  ]S'ov.  4tli,  jne;;  of  S.  Diego  to  pn  feet,  annouiKiiiL;  i..e 
.^piking  of  8  gnus.  Jji/it.  .b/.  rof..  An;/..  MS.,  \ii.  I'S.  t'l  irisji.  liif.uc;! 
ministers  lUiennegniani'.  Thompsun,  ].>ee.'J8tli-30th.  J/(  .rtro,  .)/•  //(,  Ji'  I'lrioiUf, 
1644,  annexes  .\cii-\. 

*'  Jan.  14th  l.'ith,  Jones  at  Sta  Diiihara  to  M.  Dhtrio  d<l  Gdiln-n';  Fc'i. 
10,  1S4:!;  JlHKtawaiitr,  JJiario,  MS.,  Ixvi.  (il).  At  liist  he  .says  tlie  enuhivii 'C 
will  have  to  be  in  writing,  or  liy  eoinmissioners  on  neeonnt  of  his  ill  liialtli; 
])iit  in  a  I*.  S.  he  eonehule.s  to  visit  S.  I'lnlro.  He  hroiight  down  disjiaulu^ 
iiiid  money  for  M.  from  Monterey;  and  otlored  to  carry  a  nit'SiL'Uj;cr  t>) 
JIa;:allau. 


JONES  AT  J.JS  ANGELES. 


S21 


Aiiuvlcs,  ail  invitation  'Ahirli  ho  ac(?ojite(l.''^  Next 
iiioiiiiiiu'  Jones  laiuleJ  with  Captain  Striblino-  and 
halt'  a  dozen  otiicrs;  and  at  2  v.  m.,  after  a  dinnci' 
iireiiared  by  Miclieltorena's  cooks  at  Steams'  store- 
liousr,  the  party  started  for  the  i)nebh:),  Jones,  Sti'ib- 
liii^-,  Clynier,  and  Iveintre  sitting  with  ^lajor  Medina 
ill  a  liaroiichc  drawn  by  three  horses,  the  rest  on 
liorsi'back,  and  all  escorted  by  twenty-five  mounted 
uu'ii  of  the  Santa  Barbara  guard.  The  visitors  were 
take!)  to  the  residence  of  Abel  Stearns,  where  they 
wvw  soon  waited  upon  by  ]Micheltorena  and  liis  statf 
ill  full  niiiforin,  who  made  a  most  favorable  iin])res- 
>i(iii  by  their  gentlemanly  bearing  and  polite  atten- 


tmii- 


41 


At  noon  on  the  19th  the  conference  was  held  at 
the  general's  headquarters,  where,  after  the  drinking 
(if  toasts  and  making  of  comj)lin:entary  s})eeches, 
MicliLltorena  proceeded  to  read  his  '  articles  of  con- 
wiitioii,'  with  which  the  reader  is  already  familiar, 
air.l  ciipies  of  which  were  furnished  for  Jones'  consid- 
iratiiin.  This  ended  the  conference;  but  in  the 
(.'Vi'iiing  the  Americans,  in  a  drenching  rain,  attenduJ 
a  H'nuid  ball  given  by  the  general  in  their  honor.  In 
the  forenoon  of  the  20th  Jones  returned  the  *  articles,' 
(if  ciiurse  without  his  signature,  and  with  a  note 
(-•xiilaiiiiiig  that  he  had  no  authority  to  enter  into 
^ucli  an  agreement,  and  that  the  whole  matter  of 
ivjiaration  must    be  left    to    the    respective    govern- 

".l.iii.  ITtli,  M.  to  J.  and  reply,  sent  by  liicut  Sonioza,  in  Unpuhli^Jo'l 
}\ni-ri(i'.fi-'  !•/  VomiiuiiJore  Thun  Ap  <',  Jitm.-i,  (.'.  S.  X.  Tliii  iiiUTativc  liy 
nil  uiilviiMwn  wiitiT,  will)  evidently  .ipcomimnii'tl  Joiios  to  An^clts,  wjis  jmli- 
\\A\i-A'm  \]\K.'  Lii.^  Aifjih>i  Southrrn  liini/nril,  May  "J-,  IS.'iS,  and  j^ivi's  an  i:i- 
tui.stiii:.'  aiidiuit  (if  the  visit  and  noyotiati<ins.  Mncli  uf  it  is  (H'cuiiicd  «  i'.h 
iksL'iiiitivo  niattip,  for  which  I  have  no  sjiace  Irto.  The  sanu;  (•otnnninira- 
ti'iiis,  tiinlir  datt:  of  Jan.  KSth,  are  given  in  Jjiarii)  ihl  i!:'>ii-nio,  Feb.  1'.), 

*'  .Itiiiis  riijiiih.  ynrr.  The  author  gives  a  M'ell  written  sketeli  of  Miehel- 
t'Win's  artions  and  eharavk'r.  Of  him  ho  says:  '  Hail  he  e'lntenvd  hiinsi  If 
with  the  issuing  of  countless  orders  and  high-toned  i)ro(lariiations,  few  v,  uv.M 
li:i7o  liiiind  fault  with  him,  for  in  tiutli  it  Mas  all  that  his  situation  left  him; 
I'lit  tr.  n-Mdt  to  the  disin;;enu()us  artitiee  of  writing  letters  never  sent  and  of 
H'liiiiii;.'  ih-;ifts  of  demands  not  yet  made,  and  when  made  abandoned  without 
1111  etl'iirt  to  sustain  them,  was  an  a(t  whieli  neither  Mexican  diiilonmcy  uor 
tajtiliaii  gusmnaile  lan  scarcely  palliate,  and  certuiidy  eanu(jt  justify.' 
UiBT,  Cal.,  Vol.  IV.    ii 


Ml 


: 


COMMODORE  JONES  AT  MONTEREY. 


(11.! 


Vi 


;|ln' 


'  )(!  i 


mcnts.^"  Micheltorcna  made  no  effort  to  clmnn^o  the 
coimnodoro's  views,  nor  did  he  sliow  oftenco,  but  sim- 
ply desired  him  to  delay  his  departure  until  he  cduld 
]»repare  his  despatches  for  JMexico,  which  consisted  of 
the  correspondence  that  has  been  cite<;l,  and  a  letter  ti) 
(Jeneral  Tornel,  in  which  he  described  the  negotiations 
M  ith  Jones,  and  the  latter's  objections  to  the  articles 
of  convention  proposed/'^  Friendly  relations  con- 
linuod,  the  subject  <jf  politics  was  not  mentioned,  and 
at  their  last  interview  complimentary  speeches  were 
exchanged.  At  1  p.  m.,  January  21st,  Jones  left  tin' 
city,  amidst  the  beating  of  drums,  firing  of  cannon,  ami 
ringing  of  bells,  saluted  by  the  general  and  liis  wile 
iVoni  the  door  of  his  quarters,  escorted  as  on  his  vom- 
ing,  and  accompanied  for  some  miles  by  many  citizens. 
The  arrival  at  San  Pedro  was  at  5  p.  m.,  and  three 
hours  later  the  Cj/ane  sailed  for  Mazatlan,  where  she 
arrived  the  1st  of  February  to  join  the  United  States 
and  Yorktown.*^ 


*' J.-in.  2Ctli.  Jones  to  ^Micheltorcna,  in  Diario  (hi  Oohienio,  Ful).  V.K  1S4S, 
nml  partly  in  Jone.i'  Uiipiib.  A'arr.  The  author  of  this  narrative  says  .1.  was 
vi'py  much  vexed  at  the  absurd  demands  made;  yet  he  maintained  iiiauUy 
ri^lalioiis,  and  in  hia  letter  ho  takes  pains  to  explain  anew  the  nasons  f  ir  lii? 
past  aetion.  Tiio  articles,  8  in  ninnher,  arc  also  given  in  the  Dhirio  (l<l  Huh., 
HiJihfive,  and  in  D'l^t.  St.  Pap.,  Aik/.,  ^IS.,  vii.  .SS-41.  Bandiiii,  //('••'.  '''('., 
MS.,  104-7,  says  M.'s  soldiers  drew  the  carriage  that  to(»lv  .1.  ti>  thi'  Iwll. 
Osio,  JUxt.  C'.il.,  Ills.,  4'JS-;!0,  narrates  an  alarm  at  Angeles  while  .1.  was 
asKep.  caused  liy  n,  report  that  3  ships  had  heen  seen  olV  the  coast,  ;in;l  'iV  tlie 
linrning  of  a  house,  which  the  general  feared  to  lie  but  a  ruse  to  call  altiiitioii 
while  Ills  own  capture  was  etlected  !  Jolm  Forstcr,  I'iuiict r  Ihila,  MS,.  -Jt-."!, 
speaks  of  the  dinner  at  San  I'edi-o,  whicli  he  s;iy,<  v.'as  at  jiis  jionsc.  r.nli  l!o, 
Aiinlcx,  MH.,  l():{-4,  also  speaks  of  tiie  festivities  at  Angeles,  as  docs  ('•iroiicl, 
('(WW  lie  (Jul.,  MS.,  4:i-4.  Alvarado,  ///V/.  ruL,  MS.,  v.  IS- -JO,  riilinil.  -;  .M.'s 
despatches.  In  Ln-i  Ain/rlcn  lli^t.,  1."),  it  is  stated  that  Jones  visited  .Vnu'ilfs 
ill  Nov.  1S4'2.  Mention  also  of  tlie  %isit  in  Ainaihr,  ^fcm.,  MS.,  1  t'J:  •  :v\  l>y 
]»avis,  (;lini/ises,  MS.,  1()!)-I0,  who  got  his  information  frfini  llciuy  .M.  Ihis. 
Ho  says  J.  and  Ids  oiiicers  got  several  barrels  of  I'hoico  C.'difonii.'i  w  ine  trom 
Luis  X'ignes,  whose  place  tliey  visited.  iJavis  and  Paty  had  already  si  nt  tlicm 
s.viiic  wine  at  Monterey. 

^o.lan.  -iOth,  M.  to  Tornel.  Diario  ,1,1  O'nh.,  Feb.  10,  lS4:h  with  H  'Incu- 
nicnts  annexed.  Same  date,  M.  .seiuls  a  funiilar  rejuirt  of  his  intcrvic\  to  tlio 
jirefects.  N.  J)ii',/n,  Jrrh.,  MS.,  '2'X\;  Vnll.  )<>,  J)g<:,  MS.,  xxxiii.  Ub").  \',iilcjo, 
//i.<t.  Ci/.,  MS.,  iv.  ;U4-_>t,  rpiotcs  the  letter  to  Prefect  Estra.i.i.  anl  iih-t:^ 
sjine  information  on  the  authority  of  J.  A.  C'arrilh),  whicli,  though  iiiuiisiiig, 
i.(  very  inaccmate. 

*' Joins'  Ui)i>iih.  Xarrnliri',  wiudi  gives  a  parting  note  sent  by  .1'iie.i  to 
the  generals  with  sonic  congressional  documents  that  had  been  rcfcrrcl  to  lu 
tiieir  interviews. 


DEVELOPMENTS  IX  MEXICO. 


323 


?.Ii('heltorona'.s  despatches  of  November  U)th  by 
tlu;  Trinidad  were  sent  in  haste  from  Tepic  on  De- 
c'liihcr  7th,  and  were  pubhshed  at  Mexico  in  the 
])Hiri<i  del  Gohicrno  of  the  14th,  of  course  accompa- 
iii  ■<!  I»y  some  rather  bitter  comments.'^  Five  days 
latii'  Josu  ^laria  de  Bocanegra,  minister  of  relations, 
addressed  to  the  U.  S.  minister  in  Mexico,  Waddy 
Tlioinjison,  a  long  letter  on  the  subject,  expressing  in 
stntug  but  digniiied  terms  the  surjirise  and  grief  of 
Ills  govornmcnt  at  having  suffered  i'rom  an  oiHcer  of 
tiic  rnitfd  States — a  nation  whose  protestations  of 
iVifiidly  and  peaceful  feelings  had  been  accei)ted  in 
^ood  faith — "the  greatest  outrage  that  can  l)e  done  to 
ail  independent  and  sovereign  nation."  He  closed  In' 
(Kiiiaiiding,  in  the  president's  name,  "for  the  conduct 
(.f  Coijunodore  Jones,  due  reparation  and  satisfaction, 
corres])()nding  to  the  magnitude  of  the  offence,  togetlier 
v>itli  an  indemnity  e{[uivalent  to  the  damages  suffered 
1y  the  government  or  people  of  Cahfornia,  in  conse- 
(jUrnci^  (if  the  aggression  aforesaid."'*'* 

Tlu)in])son';3  reply  was  returned  eight  days  later,  he 
ha\ing  in  the  mean  time  received  Jones'  explanation 
111'  Ills  acts  and  motives.  He  declared  that  the  "acts 
if  till'  American  ct)mmodore  were  wholly  unnntlior- 
iz  (1  Itvanv  rders  from  his  o-overnment,  and  that  the 
fullest  disclaimer  to  that  (-fiect  will  l)e  ()romptly  made, 
V. itli  v.hatever  other  reparation  may  be  due  to  the 
li'i.in'  dl"  ^lexico,  and  which  is  not  incompatible  ^^•ith 
tliat  dl'  the  United  States."  l\o  blamecl  Uocanegra 
I'lr  Ids  insinuations  tha!.  the  act  had  IxH'n  authorized; 
1' laiiided  him  that  the  hostile  attitude  of  Mexico  in 
May-— an  attitude  which,  as  he  clearly  im[)lies,  was 
:i^--niiicd  in  ex])ectation  of  war  between  the  United 
States  and  En!>land — gave  Jones  nuich  reason  to  be- 

"l>rc.  7tli,  Castillo  Xogrctc  from  Tuple  to  Minister  ToriU'l,  forwanliii;! 
Mioliilton'iia's  (li'spatchus.  Join's  at  Moiilrni/,  IS.}.',  p.  17.  'I'lio  ilespati'liis 
i:i  /./..  lS-4  i,  already  disposed  of,  were  those  published  in  D'mrio  di  I  (iohii  rno, 
I'oi'.  It,  1S4'_'.  It  was  on  the  same  day,  Dec.  7tli,  that  I'arrott  scut  .loiied' 
iltspat.'lies  to  Mi'xieo. 

"I'lo.  I'.lth,  15.  to  T.  Joiies,  A^rexioa  ch  Caht'oniias,  p.  87-9;  Jones  at 
Moiilcn^/,  ji.  9-12, 


:t  ,; 


i 


•i 


324 


COMMODORK  JOXES  AT  MONTEREY. 


lit 


liovG  that  war  liad  boon  doclarod;  and  finally  alludxl 
most  sarcastically  to  Michcltoiona's  conduct,  oxpicss- 
inof  his  roi^rot  that  the  o-cnoral's  "coarse  and  ai)usi\(; 
e[)ithets"  apjiliod  to  Americans,  and  the  "rudeness 
and  t^asconade  of  his  note  of  October  2Gth — a  iioto 
which,  as  there  wore  the  strongest  reasons  to  bdiiVL, 
had  never  been  sent,  no  doubt  from  inadvertence"— 
had  not  been  rebuked  by  the  Mexican  governnuiit.'"' 
In  forwarding  this  correspondence  to  Washingtdii, 
Thompson  says:  "It  would  have  done  no  good,  you 
may  l)e  assured,  to  have  assumed  any  lower  tone,  I'lr 
tlie  Mexican  government  are  disposed  to  make  the 
most  of  this  unfortunate  affair;  and  I  should  not  In,- 
sur])rised  if  they  were  to  attempt  to  have  it  consid- 
ered as  a  payment  of  all  our  claims.""^ 

With  the  exception  of  an  interchange  of  lettcis  on  the 
subiect  of  the  A/ei'f's  actions  at  San  Dioijo,  as  alreadv 
noted,  there  was  no  further  oflficial  corres[)on(li'iice  in 
Mexico.  The  papers  early  in  Januar}'  pul)lis!ie(l  a 
short  article,  in  which  was  exj)rossed  satisfaction  ;it 
the  reply  of  the  U.  S.  minister,  promising  in  tlie 
name  of  his  government  all  the  reparation  diir  ii> 
Mexican  honor  for  the  unauthorized  act  of  Jones.  In 
February  ^lichcltorena's  despatches  of  January  were 
published  in  the  Diario.^'^  Soon  came  the  ainioiuic"- 
ment  that  Jones  had  boon  relieved  of  his  c(tnnii;niil 
and  called  home  for  trial;  and  Bocanogra,  in  his 
viemoria  of  1844,  declared  that  all  had  bt^eii  satist';;(- 
torily  settled,  and  ^lexican  honor  vindicated,  by  the 
action  of  the  United  States,  in  accordance  witli  the 
just  and  firm  demands  of  the  nation  as  expressed 
through  himself.'^''  Several  M(,'xican  or  Spanish  w litei'.s 

''"Dec.  '27tli,  Tiiompsc^n  to  IJocancgra,  Jonox  nt  Moiiffirii,  IS'/.'.  ]•.  1.-14. 
JoiK  ",  ArirtsioiK'ii  <  '(i/ifonilfi.1,  ]>.  KD-Dl.  To  tho  k'ttors  .'iro  Jittjicluil  tli'  'l">»' 
nii'iits  fioin  .FoiK'S  and  Miclioltcircna. 

'"^  Dec.  -JS,  l.S4-_',  T.  to  \Vt  lister.  Join'.t  at.  Muiiln-cy.  JS.i-,  P-  ^■ 

f'^  /thtno  <lrf  (lohivnio,  .Jan.  7.  IS4;j,  Feb.  10,  IS4:i;  'Shjlo,  .\i\..  Jan.  Ii',  l-'W: 
BiiHtiiiiiniilc,  J)i(trto,  MS,,  Ixvi.  ;?."),  119. 

•'■'J/..f/'c'),  J/,/)(.  /,'. /oc;<)»f.-i,  184-J,  )).  1)-1'2.  Tho  annexes  Iwwii.  \'vii., 
contiiiiiint,'  tlie  iliploniatic  eoi'ivsiiondeme  on  the  s\il)jeet,  li<.'ar  the  |..|l.i«in^' 
title,  unilef  wliicli  1  have  refeneil  to  tliein:  Aijrr.'tion  i-ii  ('nHjvru'Ki'  /••"■  " 
Comoduro  de  Ivs  Ktlados-L'iiklu^^  dc  Aim  rirx,  TIiuhm-:  Aiiv  Juin:$,     It  i~  '')  I'J 


AT  WASIIIXGTOX. 

<i""^  ii'..in  \ya»i,i,„!.  t  ti 'r '";'".  ""•'«'■  "'^'v"  •- 

?""'"-  U-  S.  go'von,,,.'    "    ; -^«  M""'r-^-'  '""' 
'"  '■""'-■•f/iioncu  of  til,.  «,■„,*      1       '«P"rati"M  "iilv 

X";;-,-..h.,it..  Co,.  , .  ™,o  't,  Ti  ,'"-■"  '^^-  Jr-vi.o. 

''"'"  em,...ii.si,  ,i;,t,,,,, . "  i^. :.;    '  'f  """^ '"  ''«sav«i 

^""  *"  l-'-^o  no  fi„:'    i ,      ^^'-r'^'-  iliiwted  Tiioini, 
'■'■""""'    that    J     .X'    ..•^""■";-  ,"'■-'  ^^^-■■^'•-"   ^v- 

''"'■ainitwi.,   S.IV..T       •"'""•  ''■'"■'•'•".   1844    n   ao    • 

^Nsti.lo  c,;    n^a.rr     ""^•'••^"'■^••''  '"•  '"I'i.rn   nf'.,'/'  !''-''^'"'''i"^' this  ;.„„. 

'fyf!''  ''J'p'^itio,     ri  ..Ml  IT  J'V''-"'^"'-"tiy  if  i  .   ■  ,    1*'"'  *"''t"^'  •'^'""te. 

':':'-  ii.  -'.V.'-4  c  .        '■   ^''■-      '  ^"•■"■''^'•"  <lo  Pa  dt."^  ""''>■  '"^"t  tho  .s-ii.l 

■J'  * 


t,  '  '  '  'I 
'4 


IV' 11 


■"■;  f 


326 


COMMODORE  JONES  AT  MONTEREY. 


can  minister  at  Wasliin^'ton,  to  the  same  ofTcct.'"' 
Ahnoiitc  in  his  reply  demanded  the  exeni[)lary  ])Uiiisli- 
niont  of  Jones,  whoso  delinquency  was  "so  serious,  so 
obvious,  and  so  notorious,  that  it  would  be  superiluoiis 
to  particularize  its  cnorniities."  On  the  same  day  tliut 
this  note  was  written,  the  secretary  of  the  navy  widtr 
an  order  recalling  Jones  and  naming  Commodon;  Dal- 
las as  his  successor;'*'  and  Webster  on  January  ;iOili 
informed  Almonte  that  proper  action  had  been  taken, 
not  specifying  what  action,  and  assured  him  thai  am- 
ple reparation  would  be  made  for  all  real  injuries  done; 
though,  while  expressing  deep  regret  for  what  had 
occurred,  he  maintained  that  Jones  "intended  no  in- 
dignity to  Mexico,  nor  anything  unlawful  toward  Llt 
citizens,"  and  that  "in  the  clearly  manifest  abseiieo  of 
all  illegal  and  improper  intent,  some  allowance  may 
properly  be  made  for  acts  of  indiscretion  in  a  quaitLi' 
so  very  remote."  Almonte,  however,  was  not  disnoscl 
to  make  any  such  allowance;  and  he  would  not  aduii!: 
that  Jones  had  any  other  motive  for  restoring  Mon- 
terey than  fear  of  an  attack  by  jMicheltorcna,  and 
disappointment  at  finding  the  Californiaiis  neitlar 
discontented  nor  defenceless.  Moreover,  ho  insistc  1 
in  very  plain  terms  on  knowing  whether  Wehstt'i's 
statement  that  "the  president  had  given  diroctinns 
for  the  adoption  of  such  a  course  as  in  his  opinion  was 
due  to  the  circumstances  of  the  case,"  etc.,  miglit  lie 
interpreted  to  mean  that  Jones  had  been  recalled  for 

•'".Tan.  17,  1843,  W.  to  T.;  Jan.  21st,  Id.  to  Almonte;  Jan.  24tli,  A.  to 
W. ;  .Ian.  SOtli,  W^.'s  roply,  in  t/o/K.s  at  Mcmirmj,  IS/f.?,  p.  3-0. 

^'  Jan.  24tli,  Upshur  to  Jones,  in  .lorn  k  at  Mvniert  i/,  lS//..\  p.  CO;  /o^c's  -l,'/''""" 
fioii  i  II  C((l.,  1)0-7.  Otlicial  news  had  not  yet  urrived,  l)ut  must  have  luiiio 
through  Hartsteno  in  a  few  days.  Upslnir  writes:  'In  adopting  this  lOuise. 
it  is  not  designed  to  prejudge  the  vnat',  nor  even  to  indicate  any  opinicm  ih  t ) 
the  propriety  or  impropriety  (jf  your  eonduct  in  the  matter  alluded  i'>.  This 
will  of  course  bo  made  the  subject  of  proper  inquiry  after  your  ictiini  to  tlw 
U.  S.  The  present  order  has  reference  only  to  the  just  ehiiius  nf  MiMC'ion 
this  govt,  for  such  a  disavowal  of  the  attack  on  ^Monterey  as  will  t'ully  non;'- 
iiizo  the  rights  of  Mexico,  and  at  the  same  time  place  the  conduct  ut  the  ^.'ovt 
in  a  proper  light  before  the  nations  of  the  W(jrld.  Com.  Dallas  will  V'  lifve 
you  as  soon  as  ho  can  conveniently  reach  the  station;  and  you  will  ri.tiirn  to 
the  U.  S.  in  such  mode  as  may  be  most  convenient  and  agreeable  to  yourself.' 


THE  AFFAIR  IN  CONGRESS.  327 

tiia!  and  punishinent,  as  the  Mexican  government  had 
a  ii;rht  to  demand/'"' 

WiUster  did  not  furnisli  the  interpretation  desired 
l)y  (he  Mexican  minister  directly;  but  on  February 
]st  the  matter  had  come  up  in  congress.  John 
(^)uiii(V  Adams  introduced  resolutions  calling  uj)oii 
thr  president  to  state  by  what  authority  Commodor;) 
JuiiLS  had  invaded  Mexican  territory;  to  furnish  all 
instructions  given  to  Jones,  and  all  communications 
rfaJNcd  from  him  relative  to  the  ]\ronterey  affair;  and 
iiually  to  state  whether  an  order  had  been  sent  for  his 
recall.''  The  resolutions  v/ere  adopted,  and  the  re- 
(|uiii'J  information,  that  Jones  had  acted  without 
aiithoiity  and  had  been  recalled,  was  furnished  Feb- 
ruary i?'Jd,  the  })resident's  message  and  accom[)anying 
(liuuiiu'uts  constituting  a  scarce  of  information  which 
1  have  often  quoted.*^'  The  message  was  forwarded 
tu  Almonte  the  3d  of  March,  as  an  answer  to  his  de- 
iiiauils,  and  seems  to  have  been  satisfactory.*'^  The 
munal  tone  of  such  newspaper  articles  of  the  time  as 
i  liavc  seen  seems  to  have  been  determined  by  politi- 
cal [iic'judices  rather  than  by  the  merits  of  the  case;*^^ 
ami  neither  in  American  newspapers  nor  books  has 
there  been  shown  a  disposition  to  do  justice  to  the 
honorable  motives  which  animated  Commodore  Jones 
ill  Ills  action  under  circumstances  of  difficulty.  The 
icason  is  to  be  found  in  the  connection  of  the  subject 
V,  ith  the  complications  of  Texan  affairs  and  sectional 
[lolitics  in  the  United  States. 

As  may  readily  be  imagined,  no  very  terrible  pun- 
ishuient  was  ever  inllicted  on  the  commodore  for  his 


tmm 


'"Fi'b.  7,  1S42,  Almonte  to  Webster.  Joiifi  at  ^[niitcrnj,  G-8.  There  was 
no  vi'iily  to  this  argnincnt. 

^V''.  .b'.  Uoi't  Ihc,  •J7th  cong.  .3(1  scss.,  House  Jour.,  p.  294-8,  4;!;];  Con- 
g)r>'.<h)iial  GMw  (sumo  congress),  p.  2,32-r),  .3;!0. 

'''  r.  S.  Govt  Due,  27th  cong.  .Sd  sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doc,  no.  IGG,  or  as  ah-oady 
CNplniiieil,  Joiw.s  at  Afo)iln-r)/,  IS.'/.?. 

"  March  ,'kl,  Wehstcr  to  Ahnoute.  Joiir.i,  Ai/ivsion  en  C<(Hjhriiir(>i,  p.  !).")-0. 

'-I:i  A'/V.s' A'(v/.,  Ixiii.  .322,  .337,  .300-70  (.raii.-I'Vl).)  184,3;  uml  J  fin  rio 'hi 
Onhiinin,  ^larch  31,  1S43,  arc  extracts  and  articles  from  tlio  NafiounI  fiitil/i- 
;;■  ./iv;-;  X,  (),  Bc^-  jV.  }'.  Courkrj  N,  Y.  Exjires^;  Madkoidan;  Pennxylvunki 
E^iqiiu-i  r,  etc. 


Pj2S 


COMMODORE  JONES  AT  MOXTERFA'. 


1 1  HI  MM 


Hi 


'inamlito  atciiitado.'  In  AuL,'ust  1S43  Dallas  w.is  at 
Callao,  but  had  not  yet  mot  Jones,  who  had  sailcil  tor 
tlio  Islands.''''  It  is  not  clear  that  he  over  met  him, 
since  Dallas  died  at  Callao  in  June  1844.  Jones  liad 
been  ordered  to  return  home  "in  such  mode  as  may 
he  most  convenient  and  agnjcahle"  to  himsell',  and  lie 
I'ound  it  most  agr'oeaWc  to  keep  out  <•('  his  sui-cessor's 
way.  After  a  cruise  in  the  Pacific  he  returned  to 
Vali)araiso,  and  seems  to  have  gone  home  in  t!u' 
United  States  before  the  end  of  1844.*'*  Thei-e  was 
never  any  trial;  and  on  March  1,  1845,  the  secictaiy 
of  the  navy  in  an  official  communication  cxoiiciatcd 
Jones  from  all  blame,  and  promised  him  a  new  (  iiii- 
mand."'  In  later  years  he  again  commanded  the 
Pacitic  .s(juadron. 


"'Report  sec.  navy,  Dec.  184.3.  IT.  S.  Govt  Doc,  2Sth  cong.  1st  scss., 
H.  Ex.  Doc.  no.  -J,  p.  484. 

*'  1  liiivo  not  fonnt!  aiiV  ofRcial  narnitive  of  his  nio\-enionts  after  lie  sailnl 
for  tlio  Inlands.  Lancey,  Cruise  of  f/ir  'Jhilr,'  'Xi,  .says  Dallas  "toolc  iImmpM 
storu-sliip  J'Jrii ,  and  istarteil  in  .-iuaruh  of  Join's.  Now  that  wiry  litlleruinmc)- 
(lore  was  not  to  lie  e.iuglit  with  any  snch  eliall".  lie  got  wind  of  tlic  imive- 
ment,  and  so  saile<l  fi'oni  ono  ]iort  to  another,  alway.s  keojiing  a  little  aluad  nf 
the  A'/'/'c,  leaving  [lort  o.-slensilily  tor  one  place  and  steering  lor  anotluT.  Ho 
visited  the  Islands,  and  then  returned  to  Valpaii;iso,  when  ho  told  thronsul 
he  liad  bronglit  the  shi[>  to  the  I'aeitie,  anil  ho  would  he  daunuil  if  lie 
wouldn't  take  hei'  home.  And  so,  snapping  his  fingers  at  Dallas,  he  sai'.i'l 
away  ronnd  the  Horn  for  Old  Virginia.'  Similar  versions  are  given  hy  <'iil. 
verwell,  in  Dams'  Gtimpiies,  MS.,  KG;  and  by  Ma.xwell,  Monlercij  inlS.'i:,  MS., 

ij-i;?. 

^  March  1,  1S4.">,  Mason  to  Jones,  in  Ifoiiohdii.  Pobjnes'ian,  Jan.  'A.  Is4i!. 
I  have  not  before  nie  the  volume  of  govt  reports  contiiining  the  origimd;  Imt 
I  suppose  it  is  in  U.  S.  Hurt  Jhic,  ;{!)th  eong.  1st  se.ss.,  H.  Ex.  Uoc.  no.  s, 
p.  i;{()4,  with  perhaps  a  reply  in  Id.,  .'JOtli  eong.  '2d  sess.,  no.  1,  p.  07.  'Hh' 
jiresident  lias  authorized  nie  to  saj'  to  you,  that  in.  those  eireumstauiis  of 
your  eonduet,  MJiile  in  eonnnaud  of  the  I'ac-itie  sipiadron,  w  hieh  iii'lu.xil 
yviur  recall,  on  explanation  he  jierceives  evidenees  of  an  ardent  zeal  iu  li'.o 
service  of  your  country,  and  a  devotion  to  what  you  deemed  to  be  yoiu  duty, 
regardless  of  personal  conse(piences,  which  iMititle  you  to  anything  i'Ut  un- 
sure from  your  govi'rnmeiit.  Ample  atonement  having  l)een  made  to  .\l''\ii.'i) 
for  your  acts  complained  of,  there  has  been  no  disposition  to  visit  you  widi 
punishment  of  any  descriiition  for  eondiiet  actuated  by  such  elevated  piiiici- 
pies  of  duty.  Of  this  you  were  apprised  immediately  after  your  n.tuni. 
The  department  has  been  and  still  is  anxious  to  give  you  employunat;  iu 
this  wish  the  president  concui's,  and  it  will  give  him  the  greatest  plca<uro  to 
see  you  speedily  placed  in  a  situation  corresponding  with  your  rank  aiul 
merits.'  It  is  to  be  noted  that  in  1S4;{  Mr  Adams  had  attempted  in  CdiiL'risa 
unsuccessfully  to  pass  a  resolution  making  provision  for  the  '  signal  j uni^ii- 
ment'  of  any  ollieer  invading  the  territory  of  a  nation  at  peace  witli  tlio  L. 
S.  House  Journal,  27th  eong.  3d  scss. ,  p.  570. 


rl  v 


COXCLUSIOXS. 


S-.T) 


Til''  occupation  of  ^rontcrcy  l)y  the  United  States 
fpi'  ;i  (lay  was  an  accident  that  resulted  in  nothing' 
..(Mill  (If  had.  It  involved  no  taint  ot'  dishonor  or  of 
.s|i:ii|i  jiiactico  for  either  the  American  coiunioijori!  or 
his  nation.  It  was  i>ut  technically  an  outrai^e  on 
Mt'xii'o,  for  which  ani[tle  I'eparation  was  niadi;.  Its 
li-soii-;  were  not  important.  It  sliowcd  clearly  what 
liad  Hot  heen  wra})pod  in  mysteiy  hefore,  that  tho 
I'liiti.il  States  was  not  disposed  to  he;  foi'('stallc(l  hy 
;iiiy  Jluropean  ])o\ver  in  California,  at  least  if  it  conld 
lie  picNcnted  hy  Ic'n'itimate  means.  It  eontiinied 
what  it  had  never  occui'red  to  anybody  to  douht,  that 
CaliroiMiia  was  an  easv  i>rey  for  any  nati()n  that  had 
diily  Mexicans  to  contend  with.  It  i;'ave  Michel- 
tni'ciia  a  splendid  chance  to  write  himself  an  ass;  and 
as  to  the  ( 'alif  )rnians,  while  it  was  too  brief  to  alibj-d 
any  ichable  index  to  their  sentiments,  so  i'ar  as  it 
\\i  III  it  indicated  a  feelino'  of  inditlennice  at  least. 
The  hadinj^-  Californians  were  more  sin^prised  at  tho 
rcstdiation  than  at  the  captiu'e,  thoiiL>'h  perhaps  it 
can  liardlv  be  said  that  they  re<>rettetl  it  more. 
y\n>{  t'oreigners  would  havt;  luien  pleased  to  see  tho 
(iciiijiation permanent,  ^[ofias,  wiiting  from  a  Fi'i'nch 
staii(l[)oint,  decrlares  that  .Jitnes  should  have  ki'jit 
^huiteri'V  and  seized  San  Francisco.  There  was, 
liiiwevc]-,  among  all  classes  in  Califoi'nia,  in  ^Texico, 
and  ill  the  United  States  a  vague  feeling  that  tho 
whnh'  transaction  had  a  hidden  nu'sterious  meaning 
in  jiulitics  entirely  distinct  from  that  Nvhicli  tho  com- 
iiKidore  gave  it.  I'eoplc  were  slow  to  accept  a  ver- 
sion which  was  at  tho  same  time  [)lausible,  natural, 
and  1ni(\ 

One  of  Jones'  oflicors  made  a  sketcli  of  ^Monterey 
I)ay  with  tho  men-of-war  at  anchor,  which  was  litho- 
j^raiilicd  and  sent  back  for  Larkin,  and  now  hangs  in 
luy  Jjihrary. 


ill 


k--\ 


:U. 


CHAPTER  XIII 

MISSIONS,  COM.MKRCK,  AND  FOREIGNERS. 

1842. 

Mission  Man'aoement — Decree  of  Restoration— Dura??  and  Ai.vmuho 
—Local  Items — Brsimi*  (jAitoiA  Dieco  at  Santa  Uaiusaua  — liuAMi 
Ei'iscoi'AL  Plans — The  Pious  Fcnd  in  Mexico— Santa  Anna  Tvki  -  It 
I'Ko.M  THE  Bisuoi- — Incorporated  in  the  National  Tuk\s(i;n  -Ink 
Result  — Indian  Akeaiks — No  Hostilities  and  Few  R(M(pi:>    ('im. 

MEKCIAL  ANI>  MaRITI.ME  AfFAIUS- LlST  OK  VeSSELS — FINANCIAL  IlK,M>— 

FoKEicNEUs— List  of  Pioneers  and  Visirons  foi:  the  Yeau--I'm;tii|' 
'HIE  JjAUilkson  CoMi'ANY  Retl'un  (>vei:land —Minor  Itiims  -\i:w 
Mexican  I.mmioration  — P)1HLiooraphy  of  1S4'2— Rorinsdn's  I. hi:  is- 
California — Visrr  of  the 'Kino's  Orphan' — Bidwell's  ,lori;\EY- 
Marsh's  Letter  to  Jones — Peirce's  Letters. 

On  G^(!neral  inaiianjomont  of  the  ox-missiuiis  iu 
1842  tlieiv  i«  iiotliiiin'  to  bo  added  to  inv  rt'iiiaik-;  \'<>v 
1841.'  True,  the  l>islio[)  hrou^lit  a  decree  of  Xo\( m- 
ber  17,  1840,  issued  in  coMforuiity  with  that  of  N^- 
veuiber  7,  IS;};"),  which  required  the  missions  <o  lie 
restoi'ed  to  their  former  condition,  i'or  the  restoi'.itinii 
to  the  iViars  "without  delay  or  im[)ediment,  of  tJn' 
])ossessions  and  ])roperty  used  l)y  tiicm  under  their 
aihninist ration  for  the  conversion  of  gentiles;"  hut 
this  decree,  not  intended  to  restore  the  mana^viii'-iit 
of  teni[)oralities,  but  only  the  'church  property,'  \v;i> 
not  at  once  enfoi-ced  in  Califoi'iiia,  nor  was  there  in 
1842  any  attempt  to  enl'orce  it,  as  it  was  deemed  hcst 
to  wait  until  a  new  governor  had  assumed  control.'' 

'  Sou  clini    vii.  (if  this  vol. 

-1  have  iioi  I'duihI  tlio  mi^'in.'il  of  this  decree  of  Nov.  17,  1S40.  A  tniii^-^ 
liitiun  is  given  in  Jlniiniaii'n  linif  in  JZ/nsjow  ('a»<x,  i!!l-,'$l.     Sci'  ;il-"  lin'ji't 

(3;iu) 


LOCAL  ITEMS. 


331 


TIk'Ii'  is  to  bo  noted  an  increasing  dissatisfaction  on 
t!u'  put  <tf  the  southern  friar-curates  because  of  the 
ifov  I  iHtr's  j^rants  of  mission  ranclios  to  jtrivate  indi- 
vidii.iN.  In  tlie  case  of  La  Puente  near  San  (jlabriel, 
(Plant  1(1  to  lloNvland  and  Workman,  l^vfoct  Duran 
went  so  I'ar  as  to  send  a  complaint  and  protest  to  the 
su]>i(  ine  <i[overnment.^  This  case  was  selected  for  the 
|iUi|His(',  1  suppose,  l)ecausi'  the  grantees  were  tlie  ol)- 
jicts  (if  sus[)icion  in  Mexico;  but  nothing  was  elfecti'd, 
tli(iiiL;h  ]3uran  had  a  controversy  with  Alvarado, 
whose  anger  lie  had  excited.  The  governor  used  vio- 
lent language,  but  apologized  on  receipt  of  certain 
(•\|ilaiKitions  from  the  friar,  so  that  the  old  fri(,'ndshi[) 
was  icstored.*  Amono-  local  items  I  mav  immtion  the 
order  issuetl  in  Septend)er  for  the  distribution  oi'  lands 
ami  oilier  property  at  San  Luis  Obispo  among  such 
(if  tlio  neo}>hytes  as  were  most  deserving ;"'  and  an 
alltgeil  attein[)t  of  the  comandante  at  Santa  T>iirl)ara 
til  |ii(Voiit  the  delivery  of  thi'ee  hundred  head  of  eat- 
tir  111  nil  Santa  Ines,  which  had  been  ordered  bv  Al- 
\aiailo.*''     A  Mexican  item  (jf  a  kind  not  unusual  in 

/,"/'//  ///■-/.  iS'.  Dhfjo,  1)0.  57,  !.'">;  Id.,  Misxion  Itanh,  i.  17;  MoJ'nui,  Exjilor., 
i.  :{i)4;  //(//'/  ('iimmi.f-<i<iii,  no.  (10!);  Aluiii'ini/  cv  U.  S.,  p.  17. 

^I'cli.  '.Mst,  I),  to  iniii.  of  int.  Jfor.  Jlisi.  Cnl.,  MS.,  iv.  ll.ll-'J;  Arch.  Sta 
n..  MS.,  vi.Sl-;i;  .X.  'j:f_'-4;  Sta  /Idrhitrit,  .l(v/i.,MS.,  ;i!). 

'  I'rli.  ."i.  ISl'J,  Alvarado  to  |)iiran;  April 'JCith,  I). 's  I'l'iily,  appar(>ntly  only 
twiM.i  sivcial  K'tttr.s,  in  Alrdnulo,  Ifist.  CuL,  .MS.,  iv.  lsl-!ll;  I'ti'lrjo,  lli^t. 
(''(/.,  .MS.,  iv.  14.'i-!)4;  A/.,  />./<•.,  MS.,  xxxiii.  2.")!),  -I'X  'J'lie  padri'  in  awii^cl 
I't  nut  liiily  liiiviMfT  attac'ki'd  tlio  >,'uvt  and  incited  di.seontent  from  his  jmlpit, 
iiiit  iif  ^i^lldiIlg  a  letter  to  V.  Kstenega  wliich  contjunud  in.sult.s  to  Alvarado, 
and  whi.  Ii  wa^i  intentionally  given  a  wide  eirculation.  He  i.s  also  aecused  of 
li.iviii.'  .s;iid  that  the  gov.  hail  orders  from  .Mexico to  restciro  the  nii.ssioiiH  (the 
(livnc  if  \ov.  17tli  had  heeii  pulilished,  it  seem.'*,  Iiut  not  sen*- ollieially  to 
Cal,!,  which  were  not  oi)eyed.  D.  in  reply  denied  that  he  liad  done  any  of  tht; 
tiling-  ( liargid,  oranytliini^  more  ofl'ensive  than  to  protest  against  the  grant- 
iii:.'iif  mis.sjun  ranclios,  which  ho  continues  to  do.  Says  In;  thought  iit  hrst  of 
n.iiluii;  the  t\M>  letters  from  his  pulpit,  and  then  leaving  the  country;  hut  in 
cave  n|  his  dk|iarturo  there  WHS  danger  of  !i  po])ular  tumult  at  Sta  IWrhara, 
sui  li  .IS  h.id  liccn  threatened  once  liefore.  ]5oth  letters  arc  long,  and  hoth 
.Mv.ualo  and  \  ullejo  accord  them  more  space  and  comment  than  the  suliject 
si'din  to  merit. 

•">>\A.  loth,  .Mvarado  to  admin,  of  S.  Luis  Ohispo.  Bon'iHn,  Dor.,  MS., 
10-11;  /';.o,  I'lipr/iH.  MS.,  ,->0;  .S'.  Liil.-i  Oh.,  Arrh.,  .MS.,  4.  IJonilla  was  the 
!iiliiiiiii>tiator,  and  the  form  of  grant  is  givin  in  the  ease  of  the  neophyte 
iM'iii,  who  got  7"'  varas  of  l.ind,  the  In aisc occupied  l>y  him,  a  copper  pot,  and 
t".i  tmughs.  The  fruit  of  certain  trees  on  his  land,  however,  was  still  to 
li(lnii_'  to  the  conuuunitv. 

'^^N'v. '-'4,  1S4'J,  A.  to  Valentin  Cot.t.  Cola,  Doi:,  M.S.,  lo-IG;  Giicrra, 
^*  ,  MS.,  v.  300-0. 


. 


'I 


iP- 


1    ■m 


I 


3n2 


MISSIONS,  (OMMEUCE,  AND  Foi;;"!.  IXEIIS     ISL'. 


the  annals  of  oai'litT  times,  hut  of  pare  occiii'ivncc  Jn 
these  years,  was  thi;  ])i'()iM()ti()ii  of  a  fi'iar  foniuilv  nt 
Cahfornia,  Pach'e  .Jose  Ijenuirdiuo  de  .h.'sus  l*ert/,,  in 
he  <mardian  of  his  coUoLtu  in  Zacatocas/ 

Two  (•urrent  topics  of  sonic  importance,  t'loseKcdn- 
nected  with  mission  aifairs  and  with  each  other,  wcic 
tlie  coniine;  of  th(!  hishop  and  tlie  fite  of  the  |iiiiiis 
liind.  J  have  ah'eady  recoreled  t\w  appolntiinnf  n{ 
])isliop  (Jarci'a  L)iee(>  and  Idsari'ival  at  San  Oiei^u  at 
t]i(,' end  of  IH4  I.  J  fe  liad  intended  to  estalth>li  liis 
permanent  residence  at  San  J)ien'o,  hnt,  owiii;^'  iiinlnh- 
to  tlie  poverty  of  the  mission  estahhslimeiit  tlieir, 
which  lie  was  authorized  to  appropriate  to  his  I'liis- 
copal  uses,  he  sooji  chaiie'ed  his  plans.  On  .liimiaiv 
11th  he  arrived  at  Santa  JJtirhai'a,  v.hei-e  the  ini>>in|| 
was  in  a  better  state  of  preservation  than  elstw  Ikiv, 
^vhere  the  people  were  somewhat  famous  for  their  n- 
lie'ious  tendencies,  and  where  he  naturally  (K'tei'iiiim-l 
to  locate  liis  ej)iscopal  see.  l[e  canuj  up  from  Sni 
])ie!L,n)  on  the  (ntipttzcodiKi,  in  com[)any  witli  the 
bridal  jtarty  of  the  pro[>rietor,  Jose  .Vntonio  /Vi^iiiri'c. 
Alfred  Robinson,  who  was  an  e3'e-witness,  writes: 
"All  was  bustle;  men,  women,  and  ehihh'en  hastitiiiii;' 
to  the  beach,  banners  flyin*^,  drums  beating',  and  sol- 
diers marching.  The  whole  })opulation  of  the  |ilai'e 
turned  out  to  pay  liomage  to  this  first  bishoj)  nl'  ( 'ali- 
fornia.  At  eleven  o'clock  the  vessel  anchored.  Ihj 
came  on  shore  and  was  welcomed  by  the  kiieejiiij; 
multitude.  All  received  his  benedicti(Mi;  all  kissed 
the  pontifical  ring.  The  troops  and  civic  autheiitits 
then  esc(jrted  him  to  the  house  of  Don  Jose  Aiitmii:>, 
where  he  dined.  A  carriage  had  been  pre[)arc(l  fei' 
his  Excellency,  with  several  others  (jccupied  by  the 
])rosident  and  his  friends.  The  females  had  foiined 
with  ornamented  canes  beautiful  arches,  through  which 

T Perez  elected  Oct.  2l8t.  Arrh.  OhUpwlo,  MS.,  (54.  Bnstaiiwntc, //-W. 
Sta  A)nui,  40-1,  speaks  of  the  reduced  state  <>i  the  otlier  colleiic-^;  Imtsays 
there  were  still  plcuty  of  American  friars  iu  that  of  Guadalupe  do  Zucatocas. 


If  I'l- 
Sail 

lllL' 

lirrc. 
it.s: 
ii'ni'j;' 

hlai'i' 

llM'4' 
ISSCll 

litii'S 

tiiio, 

for 

llio 

lucil 

iiich 

say3 

i.'cas. 


comint;  of  Tiir:  mr-iMop. 


333 


jlii.  ii"H'ossi(tn  !ii<»vi'(l;  uud  as  it  iimrclicd  mIoiilc,  tlui 
li,a\\  .irtilli'iy  <»f'  tli"  ju'csidio  coiitiiiiU'd  to  tliiuidri" 
iiiitli  its  noisy  welcome.  At  four  o'elofk  t)it  Mshop 
was  ("-('orted  to  tlu^  mission,  the  entlmsiastie  iidiahi- 
taiit  •!  taking'  tlu-  horses  Jroin  his  carrian'e  and  dran'L;in,i^ 
il  tliiiiiselves.  .1  lakin^' at  a  small  hower  on  the  r^ad, 
lie  ali'4'lited,  wont  into  it,  and  put  on  his  j)ontili('al 
ii.Ims;  then  I'esumiii;^-  his  j»lace  in  tlu^  f'an-iajj;'e,  he 
coiilimied  on,  amidst  the  sound  of  nuisie  and  the  tiring 
iifu'iiiis,  till  lu!  ari'ived  at  tlie  church,  when;  Ik;  ad- 
(Ircsx'd  the  nniltitude  that  followed  him.""*  This  is 
the  niilv  I'ecord  (ixtant  of  his  reception,  and  ttn;  for- 
iiialiliis  attendinu,"  his  assumption  of  the  olKce;  hut 
Sir  ( Icorin'e  Simpson  visite<l  liin.  a  few  days  later,  and 
(li'scriht's  his  LJforL,'i'ous  costunu;  and  nia^'nificent  sur- 
ii>niHlin'j,s,  in  marked  contrast  with  the  siniplicity  of 
the  nld  |)a(lres." 

IVishop  Francisco  came  provided  with  Lj'rand  j)lans 
t'lir  his  (liocosc,  and  with  ahiuidant  means,  on  j)aper, 
l'(ir  carryinn'  th-'Ui  <»ut.  \lr  had  from  the  national 
trcasiiiy  a  salary  of  .sG,()()0;  and  ho  had  the  adminis- 
tratiun  of  t!ic  i  )ndo  piadoso,  the  lar<j^(!  rovonuos  of 
wirkh  ho  could  Use  olastically  in  aec(jrdanco  with  the 

'  n-hhixnii'A  L!/>'  ill  f'al,  19.'i-8. 

'•••AitiiU's  of  turiiituro  tliitt  would  not  lias'c  (lisgr.icecl  a  nobleman's  ni.in- 
>^ioa  (nTupird  tlu;  lloor.  Tliu  carpet  was  the  W(jik  of  the  Indians  nf  Mexico; 
tlio  tiiMc  WHS  covered  with  crimson  velvet,  on  wliicli  lay  a  pillow  <jf  tlio 
s.iiin;  miitciial  adorned  with  i^nlA;  and  tlu'  sofa,  and  chairs  had  si'ats  of  tho 
;:;uie  mstly  and  showy  description,  lint  tho  },'ein  of  the  whole  was  a  throne 
with  thre(!  steps  ill  front  (^f  it.  It  was  linni,'  with  crimson  velvet,  which  w;is 
lin'fiisily  trimmed  with  tissue  of  >,'old;  and  its  liacjc  dis|)layed  an  expeiisively 
f:iiiiril  miniature  of  the  rei^nin;,'  pojje,  painted  Ky  a  piincess,  and  sent  liy 
Ciou'iiry  to  the  liishop,  aloni,'  with  his  diamond  riiii;,  as  a  j.'ift.'  S.'in/iioii'.-i 
.Vn )•;•.,  i.  ;iS,S  DO.  April  lUUi,  .lohn  0'.  Jones  writes  to  l^arkin;  'We  jiave 
ii  itliiiii;  iiiw  liei'e  wliatever;  religion  a[)pears  to  lie  tlie  order  of  the  day;  too 
iiiiiili  of  it  has  made  tlu'  people  mad.  Tile  liishop  rides  triumphant,  and  the 
wnti'hnl  pi-iest-riddeii  dupi'S  would  lick  the  veiy  dirt  from  oiT  his  tdioes 
Miiv  he  Imt  to  will  it.  l-'or  myself  lam  disgusted  with  ins  proceed  iiers;  if 
'vliiit  is  taught  iiere  is  religion,  the  less  wo  liave  of  it  the  hetter;  indeed,  it  is 
lilaoj)'Miii\'.  liy  the  way,  it  is  ([uito  certain  that  his  lioliness  will  make  this 
liis  placi'  of  resilience,  and  liere  erect  his  college — tho  tiMltlis  will  Ik;  paid  liy 
tliisgerji!  (leople  with  Imt  few  exceptions  in  preference — tlioy  unhesitatingly 
My— to  nil  other  demands.  I  am  not  certain  that  that  will  satisfy  the  rai).i- 
c'iiuis  appetites  of  these  hlood-siicking  emissaries  of  the  Jiope;  they  are  all 
ct  tilt!  hiirsedeech  family,  whose  cry  is  continually,  "Ciivel  give!"'  LurLui's 
iJoi:,  MS.,  i.  i'o2. 


■I'l 


"I 


%m 


Til 


•Lik^iki 


liiiii 


\  \\  ■ 

W    H 

t   ■' 

: 

f|     1 
1 

It;: 


?^!t 


'\-y- 


3n4 


MISSIONS,  COMMERCE,  AND  FOREIOXERS— 1S4-2. 


wIsIr'S  of  the  f()UU(](<rs,  to  sa}'  notliing  of  tithes  and 
otluT  (.'ontrihutioiisfroiii  his  sulyocts.  Befoix;  Iciviii'^- 
^Mexico  ho  had  received  from  a  generous  goveiiiiiicut 
all  the  concessions  he  desired.^"  He  was  an  enthusi- 
astic, pompous,  kind-hearted,  rather  weak-headed  old 
man,  somewhat  overweiglited  with  the  dignities  of 
liis  new  office;  and  lie  was  delighted  with  his  recep- 
tion at  Santa  Bdrhara,  which  pious  town,  in  c<iiiii)li- 
ance  with  a  formal  ])etition  from  the  citizens,  lie  iv- 
S(dved  to  honor  by  making  it  the  site  of  his  episrojial 
palace,  cathedral,  and  seminary.  Wc  have  not  niaiiy 
(.letails  of  his  progi'ess  in  1842.  Naturally  it  rei|ui red 
a  little  time  before  funds  should  begin  to  come  in  lei;- 
ukirly  from  ^lexieo,  and  the  machinery  of  tithe-gath- 
ering could  be  set  properly  in  motion;  moreowi-.  it 
was  deemed  well  to  wait  until  the  actual  adniini-^tm- 
tion  should  be  succeeded  l>y  one  more  in  sympathy 
with  the  bisho[>'s  plans  than  that  of  Alvarado  was 
supposed,  with  much  reason,  to  be;"  but  th(^  Uarlia- 
reuos  were  liberal;  the  bishoj)  readily  obtained  a  con- 
ccssi(>n  of  the  mission  buildings  for  present  e[)isc()pal 


i  I 


i'^ 


'"Xov.  7,  ISIO,  liishop'.s  ]ictition.  and  decree  of  Nov.  17tli,  gmntiii';  .'ill  tliat 
Mils  jisUid.  lldrtiititii'K  Ilri<l' ill  .U/.-v/'j/i  r^rvc.i,  npperi.,  •J4-l!0;  lli'i/n'  f.'iinl 
J/'i-if.  f_i' S.  />iiy<>,  MS.,  111).  't7.  lie  iiskid  — I.  The  delivery  t)[  iiii>sinii  hiiusw 
iiiid  (l^(•lla^d^^  to  llie  padres,  and  iieiiiiissi;iii  to  use  tliiit  of  S.  l)ie^o  or  S.  L\m 
Ji'ey  for  .•111  e[)iseopal  house,  ete.,  until  suitable  edilierv  could  lie  Imilt.  'J. 
ludiaa  hilmrert  jit  au  eipiitalile  .salary;  and  land  on  wliieh  to  l>  lild  ealli  'Inil, 
lio'.ise,  ami  seminary.  .'<.  A  notilietition  to  ))revent  the  uiissionariis  tr"i;i 
leaviuj;  their  ))osts  until  eler^'ynicn  eould  lie  obtained  to  lill  their  pljui  >.  1. 
l'ernii>.'- ion  to  t;:ke  with  him  to  Cal.  such  i>riests  as  might  be  willin,^'  t  '  y- 
it.  Authority  to  establish  a  board  of  missionai'ie.s  with  a  view  to  the  i  ;;:i:i- 
tioii  <jf  new  missinns;  also  the  Island  of  Los  Angeles  or  some  other  sait.ihL' 
ti'nct  for  till'  missionary  enllego.  (!.  Authority  to  found  a  eoUego  for  fi  ;).;!'», 
and  a  corresponding  tract  of  land.  7.  Tithes  to  be  paid  to  the  cliui'  h,  :i:ul 
not  as  before  to  the  govt  of  Sonora.  8.  Tiie  prompt  setLlenient  ot  ce.iii 
claims  whicii  fonneil  an  intolerable  burden  on  the  ]iioun  fund.      II  '  ' 

permissiDii  to  locate  ids  cdilices,  'or  rather  to  foriVi  a  scttlenuMit  on  n  imikiJ 
situate  ill  front  of  S.  Diego; '  and  he  rccoinmeiided  the  stationing  tlinc  't  .i 
military  f  )rce,  and  tiie  opening  of  communication  by  land  with  Sonor.i! 

"  in  1,111  rni,  J>or.,  MS.,  ii.  I!);?,  I  li.ive  a  petition,  not  dated,  sigiir  I  ''V  1.'3 
residents,  incluaing  IS  foreigners.  In  it  the  bishop  is  urged  to  llx  l:i  ii-"- 
<lenie  at  Sta  I'.arbai'a.  Simpson,  X(in:,  i.  ."{SS,  sa'-s:  '  In  fact,  ail  but  t  iclnt- 
tcr  e!a  vsrs  were  unfi  icndl^-  to  the  1  '  'hop;  tiie  provincial  authorities  it  :  irdi'l 
him  with  an  eye  of  jealousy  as  a  cicature  and  partisan  of  the  ecntial  _  ivrni- 
Mcnt;  and  tlie  mas.s  of  the  people  dreaded  any  syniptom  of  tlie  revi  .''  "^  '■>■ 
eystein  wliicii  had,  in  their  opinion,  saeriliced  the  temporal  iulorcsti  -t  tliu 
colonists  to  the  spirituul  welfare  uf  the  uborigiucs.' 


THE  PIOUS  FUND. 


335 


uses,  to'.;\'tlicr  with  a  site  for  his  proposed  oathedi-al;^^ 
and  [lossibly  a  beginning  was  made  bef(<ro  the  end  of 
tlif  Mar.  Robinson  states  that  "large  j)iles  of  stones 
were  hejiped  up  in  several  [>laccs  for  la3'ing  the  foun- 
dations ot' the  above-named  edifiees, .  .  .and  there  they 
V  ill  undoubtedly  remain  for  some  years,  as  monuments 
(if  the  tVailtj^  of  human  speculations."  It  is  .said  that 
]{i>li(ip  Francisco  cari'ied  soino  of  these  stones  with 
liis  own  hands,  and  tliat  many  of  the  fair  and  jiious 
]);ul 'arenas  aided  hi'u  in  his  task.  Itnuist  be  oviilent 
til  till'  loader  that  the  bishop's  su«^';'ess  was  d(<stin<'(l  to 
drjK  lid  tiitirely  upon  the  receipt  of  funds  from  ]\Ie\- 
ico;  iiiid  that,  de[)en(ling  on  Californian  i-esources 
alone,  utter  failure  was  a  foregone  conclusion. 


nil  tliiit 
•   I.'j'd 

Luis 
liilt.   i. 
h,,lral, 

4. 

t,,  t;o. 

faitalilJ 

(■-.ll.l'.OS, 

111,  iin.l 
[,T\t..iu 

Iraiiclio 
\v  "f  ft 

ll 

liyV.23 

li^'rosi- 
l«'t- 

.,  Til- 

1,1  a 
:  tho 


This  matter  of  episcopal  finances  brings  mo  to  the 
cognate  one  of  tlu  pit)us  fund  and  its  administration; 
thoiigli  this  is  a  f  abject  respecting  which  I  ])rescnt  in 
these  eliapters  only  a  general  statement.  The  law  of 
iSoC  provi(hng  f )r  a  bishopic  of  the  Calif  >iiiias  had 
also  given  to  the  bishoj)  the  administration  of  the 
I'uiid,  the  revenues  of  which  were  to  l)e  devoted  to 
"its  olijects  or  other  analogous  ones,  always  respecting 
the  wishes  of  the  founders."    Accordinu'lv,  whenCIarci'a 


Die, 
(iVer 


had   1 


)een 


consecrated,  the    fund   was  turniHl 


to  him  b\-  the  junta  that  for  years  had  managed 
it;  liiil  the  bishop,  unable  of  course  to  attend  person- 
ally in  the  administration  from  liis  distant  home  ol' 
tile  future,  a[)pointed  Piidro  Ranilrez,  a   ini'udur  of 


cniiiiiTss  from 


Zacat 


eens.  as   iiis  (ijxx 


<J('i'(i'l( 


or  a' ''el if 


ill  Mexico,  muning  ]\Iigut  1  Helanii/aran  to  look  ai'ter 
till'  .■oimtry  instates.  Ixamire?:  assumed  tin.  adminis- 
tration in  Xovendiei"  1840,  and  li'dd  it  until  I'^cbni- 
ary  bst2.  He  f  >und  the  I'und  burdened  witli  a  debt 
'if  ^'•JSjOOO,  paying  two  p(  r  cent  per  month,  which 


RirV 


•M.ii' ll 'Jl,  l.S4'2,  tlio  liisliop  (li'diiros  tito  alUir  of  tin-  liospicio  at  Sta 
i'liiii  I'livilcg,  .1  iiir  la  y.'iiiN.    . I  ■-■/(.   .l/,>;<))/.  s,   MS.,  i.  77.     A;>iil  -"'tli, 


up  to  .Mvnrailii,  askiiij^  for  biiiMiiiirs.     Juno  '21st,  f.'i'iiiitcl.   /^y'.  A'l 


Xll.  .1.1,  ,\\ 


See  uls(j  l;1 


S.     July,  liunl  griiiiti'«l  f.ir  a  ciitliLMlral.  St.i  ll  A.   It.,  .MS.,  ;{<J. 


I'l'sou's  Jllnl.  Calk,  i'hiirili,  ii.  10!)-7H;  Mo/nix,  L.ijjior.,  i.  '21o, 


1  rA 


■it  ;l 


;i- 


;1 


I  v.t 


!nr 


:dl:li'n. 


nno        ■MISSIONS,  commi:rce,  and  forek:xers-i842. 

111!  succeeded  in  cancelliiiL^;  lie  paid  over  $30,000  due 
on  old  dral'ts,  of  which  !S'J2,000  had  been  diawii  !iv 
tlu!  friars  of  .Vita  Califoiiiia;  and  lie  also  funii>I,(l 
the  bishop  a  small  amount  with  which  to  jiay  liis 
traV'clling  ex[>enses,  since  the  !?3,000  assi^-ned  IViMii 
tiiC  ti'casuiy  could  not  be  collected.  There  wa><  a 
claim  foi-  some  $400,000  ])ending  against  th<!  estates 
from  an  ancient  lawsuit  not  brought  to  a  final  conclu- 
sion in  his  time;  but  at  the  l)Cginning  of  1S42  liaiiii- 
rez  considered  the  fuixl  in  a  condition  to  produce  a 
yearly  revenue  of  o\  cr  $.34,000. 

In  Febrnarv  IS4iJ  tlu;  niinistro  do  hacienda,  aslcrd 
I^amirez  for  .$40,000  to  relievo  the  national  neces- 
sities, with  whit'h  diMnand  the  apoderado  refuMil  ti» 
comply,  alleging  that  there  was  no  such  anmunt 
available,  and  that  he  liad  no  right  thus  to  (lis|iii>.' 
of  the  fimd.  On  February  8th  a  decree  was  i^-iirl 
re])ealing  artick'  G  of  the  decree  of  183(),  and  icstnr- 
ing  the  administration  of  tlu>  pious  I'und  to  the 
supreme  govt'rnment,  on  the  plea  that  all  tlie  nli- 
jects  of  that  I'nnd  were  "of  general  inbn'est  ami 
truly  national,"  thouu'li  the  revenue  of  couis.'  must 
as  befoi'c  be  devoted  to  its  original  object — (lie  cuij- 
vei-sion  and  civilization  of  barbarians.  On  I'Muiiaiy 
2l>t  (Jeneral  Gabriid  \'alencia,  was  made  admiiii-^tra- 
tor,  with  the  same  powers  that  had  been  conlrirnl 
upon  the  junta  in  1832;  and  to  hiin,  under  pintot, 
llamirez  delivered  the  estates.  Of  Valencia's  luii  (' 
administration  we  have  few  details;  but  lie  donl'llc>> 
ser\ed  the  pur[)ose  Ibr  which  he  was  appointed;  and 
Santa  Anna  is  supr^oscd,  as  a  salve;  to  his  coiiscieiicc, 
to  have  spent  a  litilc!  of  iIk.;  money  thus  acepiiivd  in 
fitting  out  ^licheltorena's  valiant  band  of  coinicts, 
ai'guing  that  "in  order  that  (,'alifornia  may  be  cit!!- 
olie  she  must  ih'st  exist" — ii  j)fini/<)<jisiit(>  miscrd^'f''  I")' 
an  (if('iif<t(hi  ('sci(n(hff()sistiu<>^  as  it  was  pronounce  1  ly 
a  ])roniinent  Mexican  author. 

Soon,  howe\i"-,  anothei-  step  was  taken  in  tliesaiii!' 
direction   of   ■  [filiation;   for   on   October  24tli   ^^i;.ta 


ATE  OF  THE  FUND. 


337 


Aiiiii,  anxious  tliat  the  "beneficent  and  national  ol)- 
j.its  i)ro))(jse(.l  by  the  founder"  should  be  accoui- 
]ill>ii('<',  ('<in  toda  cxactitud,  witli  a  view  "to  save  the 
>\]itiisi's  of  administration  and  others  V  \\\  might 
aiisr,"'  decreed  that  all  the  property  of  iiie  I'und 
>li(i;il(l  he  incorporated  into  the  national  treasury; 
that  all  the  estates  should  be  sold  for  a  ca})ital  sum 
irjin.s.'Mted  bv  their  products  at  six  per  cent;  that 
till'  said  late  .-.l.ould  be  paid  regularly  for  the  original 
iili)i(ts  of  the  fund;  and  that  the  tobacco  revenue 
>li('uld  he  })ledged  for  this  payment.  Tliis  decree  also 
.allrd  out  protests  from  the  bishop's  agent,  to  Avhich 
ii(t  attention  was  ]iaid;  and  befoi'e  the  end  of  the 
year  the  estates  were  sold — cliiefly  to  the  company 
that  (Imwii  to  1841  had  farmed  the  tobacco  mono})oly. 
Thr  exact  i)rice  is  not  given;  but  according  to  the 
rlaiiiis  of  tlie  bishop's  agents — Ramirez  being  sue- 
irtdrd  l)y  Juan  Rodriguez  de  San  ^[iguel— for  the 
]iiniiiisL'(l  revenues  during  tlie  next  few  years,  it  must 
have  hi'cii  about  $000,000.  Resides  this  sum,  it  was 
ilaiiiicd  tliat  in  1842  the  treasury  was  ind(l)ted  to 
the  I'liiid  to  the  amount  of  $1,070,182.2-.  Had  tliis 
ia-t  iiitasure  been  adoj)te(l  in  good  faith  by  a  respon- 
>\\)\v  goViTument,  it  would  have  Wim  one  of  tlie  wisest 
^t(■ps  ever  taken  in  connection  Vvith  the  subject;  but 
(Inwu  to  184."),  and  j)erha))s  to  the  American  conquest, 
ihc  total  amount  of  the  iiledged  revenues  acttiallv 
]iai;l  was  ,s|,l8;i!  The  bishop's  claim  to  tlie  admin- 
i-liaiiou  of  the  fund  was  not  vciy  tinuly  i-ooted  in 
law  or  justice;  but  if  he  could  have  handled  tlu;  ivv- 
iiiuis  ]ic  would  at  least  have  sjKMit  a  part  of  tluMii  in 
('.iiirnrnia,  and  the  Indians  would  have  received  the- 
"ivtically  a  small  share  of  the  iH'ni'fits.  ]n  much 
h;tci'  fiines  an  inti'rnational  commission  has  in  its 
\.is(1miii  (locidi'd  not  only  that  Me\ic(»  must  disgorge 
the  pluiidiT,  but  that  i\\v  |>r(H'eeds  shall  revert  io  the 
'•aihulic  church  of  Caliibrnia.  ]\'rhaps  a  very  large 
liurt  uf  ill,,  iunount,  when  secured,  will  be  devoted  to 

llisr.  C'4L.,  Vol.  IV.    2J 


I  ! 


I 


m 


•    ^-^ 


f,  li 


mm 


338 


MISSIONS,  COMMERCE,  AND  FO?J:iOXE?.S— 1842. 


the  welfare  of  the   IiuHans  in  accorJance  with  tlio 
'will  of  the  founders.'" 


il-t' 


The  Indians,  if  we  may  credit  Vallejo's  rejxnt  In 
the  Mexican  government,  were  in  1842  h»)stili'  mil 
ready  to  overrun  the  department  unless  the  militaiv 
force  should  be  increased;  or  if  wc  choose  Alvarndd'. 
statement  on  the  situation,  they  were  all  at  pctu-r  an  1 
easily  controlled  by  the  existing  force!  I  find  in  t!i  ■ 
records  no  definite  evidence  of  serious  hostilities.  At 
San  Diego  in  June  the  people  wore  in)i)cll(,vl  l>y  a 
rumored  revolt  of  the  Jacunicnos  to  take  tlic  ii-a;,l 
steps  for  ilefence,  that  is,  to  write  about  tlu-  advisa- 
bility of  borrowing  arms  from  Ca])tain  Fitch. '^  At 
Aniifeles  about  the  same  time  there  were  I'cars  of 
an  attack  from  the  distant  Payuches  and  Aniajaxas; 
and  Antonio  Maria  Ijugo  was  authorizetl  at  liis  iwa 
rc(|ue.st  to  make  a  raid,  with  results  that  do  imt  ap- 
pear.''^ Farther  north  there  was  as  usual  an  oiia- 
sional  sortie  of  citizen  soldiers  of  the  San  Jose  ii^idii 
after  horse-thieves;  and  in  June  a  jdot  was  tlnM!,;lit; 
to  be  discovered  on  the  [)art  of  the  San  Jose  m!>-ina 
Indians  and  otliers  to  capture  some  of  the  leaib.!!.;' 
citizens.  The  ringleader,  Zeiinn,  was  sentenei'd  ti) 
four  months  in  the;  chain-uaiiir. 


10 


"  All  the  documents  referred  to  nnd  many  more,  with  fidl  coiiiiih  iits  on 
the  topic  of  the  jiioiia  fund  in  lS4'_'-ri,  will  lio  found  in  San  Mijml,  l>i,  :'iiii  ■ 
tiM  rdiifirvx  (d  Foiido  J'inili),so.  Mexico,  IS-lo,  iSvo,  (it)  p.;  /d.,  Snj.nnl i  ''in- 
driio  da  Iiifiri'sdiitis,  J)<ir.  Mexico,  184."),  Svo,  ,S-_'  p.;  /(/.,  Ilirtiii--rihiii  i''* 
(I'mrc.i  JCiji(iri)f:(irioii<:-<.  Mexico,  1S4">,  Svo,  Kip.;  Ksramlon  and  l!ii-i'-..i.ii'i- 
sorriifiiiiii-i  rji(('  lnn  ArliuttcH  T'Trcrox  I'ljfifildrva.  .  Junri).  Mexicn.  lSl,'i,  Svj, 
I'J  p.;  Hii.ftii:iuuii(\  lliM.  Sill  AiiiKi,  44  (i,  "JtiT-TO;  Si'jlo,  xix.  1S4.'.  ii'. 
]'M,  I.'IS,  IK),  l(i,"),  .Sil.'i,  etc.;  Jji.;il,'.t  Jhii/  Hist.,  piissini;  besides  v(i\  Mi,.i.y 
other  refei-ences  that  need  not  \m.'  particnlari/ed  liere.  Aceonliii','  to  .!/ ■k- 
nulo,  Hit.  Co'.,  MS.,  iv.  (il-,">,  and  I'ld'ijo,  II, si.  CaL,  MS.,  iv.  !iil  (1,  niK' 
Jose  N'erdia,  wlio  liad  died  iit  Mo:iterey  many  years  liefore,  had  left  l.i>  i  r.ip- 
crty  to  the  pioii?  fund;  hat  the  eli'ects  li.ad  been  l)iirne(l  hy  iho  iiuth"'  i  ii>  to 
prevent  contagion,  liishop  (iarcia  lliego  hrought  the  claim  wiili  hin  .ml 
tried  to  collect  it,  hiit  met  witli  no  very  uiarkc.l  siiccesB. 

•^S\  J)i<iio,  Arch.,  .MS.,  •J87-.S;  lirpt.  St.  J'ap.,  Avi/eles,  MS.,  ^^  IJ'i, 
ll2!). 

^'■•LosAit'ii-l's,  Arrh.,  MS.,  ii.  ].S8-9,  '224,  2;51-4;  J)cj>l.  Si.  Pno..  .[".flu, 
MS.,  vi.  Vli. 

'SS.  ,/.,«',  Anh.,  MS,,iii. '24-.-;  Monferni,  .l/v/j.,  MS.,  v.  IS-IH;  .V" V.v., 
Arch.,  MS.,  78;   V(dleJo,  Doc,  MS.,  \i.  22'j,     Xuv.   1:1,  184'.»,  Ah.iiuuo  siys 


LIST  OF  VESSHLS. 


sni 


I  j)rcscnt  a  list  of  thirty-eight  vessels  coiistitutiug 
tlif  ("alifornian  licet  in  1842.^'     Five  of  the  number 

the  ]iiili:iii.s  liiid  taken  advantage  of  the  Jones  affair  of  tlie  lOtii  to  retire  to 
tlif  w.i.mIs  iiiul  ooiiiniit  robljerii's.    Casfro,  JJoc,  M.S.,  i.  (id. 

'■  S.  (■  full  list  for  ISU-,')  iit  end  of  eliap.  xxiii.,  tiiis  vol.  Vessels  of  1S42: 
Al'i-i,  A /'.I',  llnnhiif  ('!),  Ihinixliililc,  lUrlha  and  Jiinn/,  IMiiuir,  Vdlijurii'ia, 
Cd'f'iriiia  (.s>;hr),  Catiilina,  (.'Imtn,  Vlunta,  ('i)iiAt(iiilo,  Cnirlil-:,  Vyaiu',  Dale, 
Jhiii  ijiii.coti\  Einirdhln,  Fnma,  Fmiiinda,  IldiiijncC:),  Iiiili.r.Jox.  /'((ihDili/i'!), 
Jiii-'ii  Jiiiiiln,  /liirii  (iiiipir.ro(tint,  Juan  Josi',  Jii'ia  Ann,  IJiuiin,  Mfiri/laiiil, 
.V. ' '  >'/"'"'.'/i  I'lilnliiMt,  I'riiixircnt,  Hil'n'f,  ItcinMicano,  rtoxaliud,  Ta-fso,  Triit- 
iilivl,  \'iii'i'i/f:(ld  I?),   Yorktoirn,    Uiiilid  S/(tti's. 

Tiu'  tiitai  of  duties  jiaid,  aeeording  to  tlio  preccdint,'  list,  was  !?07,38'2;  but 
niToriliii-;  to  Ihirtnell,  in  I'iro,  l)o<\,  MS.,  i.  S."),  and  a.  report  in  Larkin  tijf.  <  'or- 
)•'</!.,  MS.,  ii.  1)7,  1  H>,  itwaa  S7H,7-!).  'Doreehodepatentesclu  navei,'acion '  for 
ii;iti'i:i,il  Tiiereluuit  vessels,  Sl.'i.  ^fi'xh'o  Mem.  Ilarictida,  1>S44,  no.  lit.  Otiier 
mil. Ill'  iiiiiis  of  Minall  sums  on  various  accounts.  /(/.,  no.  .")4,  04,  (iO,  71,  74. 
liiibiic-''  ill  eustoin-lnjuse  safe  JJec.  1st,  ^O.oO.  JJ<'jil.  St.  P<iji.,  f-'uM.-H.,  MS., 
V.  (•.•7(i-S.-.l. 

I'Mi.  Lst,  Jose  Castro  to  be  paid  his  fnll  salary,  and  not  subjected  to  the 
jiiii  nit;i  of  his  company — this  fin- his  great  .services.  Jhpf.  L'k:,  MS.,  xiii.  '2; 
/''/.'.  N'.  /'((/'.,  JJ'ii.  Com.  inid  Trnx.,  MS.,  iv.  (m-U.  (ieiicial  rcinarlis  on 
f.iiilitinii  iif  the  treasury,  necessity  for  reforms,  ami  the  new  exjienscs  caused 
hv  Mirhcltcirena's  coming,  li'iiidiiil  Hist.  Cat.,  MS.,  •_>;»!»- .'JO I ;  /'/.,  Do.-., 
.Vl  ..,  \VM  Vdl/ijo,  nut.  Cid.,  MS.,  iv.  :{i;t-l4;  CoroKil,  (':,sa.i  d,i  CiL,  MS., 
-Il-."i;  Cirnit'i'a  Itdhililimj-  MS.,  IS7;  L<irkiii''<  Of.  Corn ■•!/>.,  MS.,  ii.  ,S7. 
Pr.'.  l.-i,  pay  of  civil  employe.-.  .  vsnended  to  provide  for  Micheltorenas  men. 
Ji<it.  S'.  ritp.,  lini.  Coil),  (did  'J'riti-<,,  M.S.,  iv.  70. 

Mis,  (llancons  cfinnnercial  items  of  tiie  year:  Oiders  that  no  vessel  be  -ii- 
lowiil  to  trade  or  to  remain  over  \H  hours  at  any  j>ort  without  papers  from 
Moiitciev.  /'(/./o,  J)o<:,  MS.,  i.  ;{74;  I'al/ijo,  J)n,:,  MS.,  xi.  •_'.")4 ;  A(«  ,  1 /(;/.- 
'■ -,  Ar'li.,  MS.,  ii.  •241-'J.  Nov.  •J.")th,  order  from  Mexico  that  no  foreign 
>-iiu';ii'  iiiust  he  aihnitted.  Sup.  (lovt  St.  Pap.,  M.S.,  xvii.  •!.  Jlnrii.-itrdilc. 
tiinl  l.ii'  aiimitting  a  private  person  before  the  visit  of  the  oliicers.  Jh  pt.  SI. 
P'lj'..  H'fi..  MS.,iii.  l;{.  ]>elden  to  Larkin  on  smuggling,  .lu'y  .'Mtii.  l,iirkiii'.-< 
l>  ■■..  .M>.,  i  'Jli;{.  A  deduction  in  duties  made  for  imme.li.ite  payment. 
]''■!/.  jti.  Dor..  .dS.,  xi.  11.  Duties  on  ottei'-skins  at .")()  I't.s  each  jiaid  liy  Isaac 
S|.ailis.  Jhpl.  St.  I'ap.,  A  iKji  !'■•<,  MS.,  vi.  II.');  vii.  l(i;  S.  J)ir,io,  Arrli'.,  MS., 
•.'■'■>.  Whales  taken  in  .S.  ])icgo  I'.ay.  Ilinji ■•<'  Emhj.  Xoti<,  VM.  Kximrts  i.f 
liiilrs  i:nt  iivir  (!i),(l()(),  yet  there  are  l(i  vessels  now  on  the  coast  (.Ian.)  siiam- 
liUai;  till' liiilcs  and  tallow.  Simpson''^  Xarr.,  i.  •_'.S,S-!)(t.  Lumber  trade  at  .Sta 
(  111.',  djsiiilicd  in  Jiildiu'-i  /Hit.  S/ntfiiiciit,  MS.,  31.  .\  bad  year  for  business. 
/„((7.m/,v  Arrninit.t,  MS.,  V.  llydeaf. 

Tali'ii  de  la  (luerra,  acting  administrator  of  customs  in  .\pril.  7V/</.  St. 
/'';•,.  Ms.,. \\.  •27-S; /./.,. S'  Jn.-ii,  V.  (i'J.  (,'aslunaresgive<bi>ud  ill  .Mexico,  Api-il. 
l)i,.t.  .SV.  /'op.,  MS.,  i.  10;  ('astafiarcs  ai'iives  at  S.  l)ic:.'ii  in  Sept,,  ,uid  re- 
coiviM  t!ie.  ollice  from  Osio  Sci)t.  'JUd.  I)<'jii.  St.  /'«//.,/,'«».(  V.v/. -//.,, MS.,  i. 
il;  Vol;;,,  />,„:,  :iS.,  xxxlli.  -is.-).  (Mo,  l/!st.  Co/.,  MS.,  4-J_',  spc.dis  of  the 
triiiisf.roi  utlici!  to  ( !.  Vallejo,  /fixl.  Cut.,  MS,,  iv.  •_»!!;!  ."),  says  ( '.  came  with 
tlic  t\iiei'tatiiin  of  making  a  fortune,  but  fmind  the  liiith  imt  a  piolitable 
fiiic.  I'Vh.  .'M,  in  .Mexico.  I'he  treasurer  must  gi\e  a  b.md  of  .'?J,OOI).  /iii,t, 
.">''./'",!.,  Jl',1.,  M.S.,  i.  (3-7.  January,  appointment  of  e(  ladnres.  /d.,  .!»;/., 
vi.  !i;t.  N'civ.  1 1th,  suspension  of  two  niiiKir  odicials  by  .\l\aiailo.  /</.,  /.'-;;., 
ii.  1)7,  C.iip-iof  revenue  oliicers  in  December:  .Manuel  ('astauans,  adiniuis- 
tinter  finia  March  Sth,  .salary.  .S2..">00;  Fablo  de  la  ( Juena,  olicial  I'  from 
■'an.  1  >;!!•,  S|,7,")();  Uaf.iel  (Joii/.,'ilez,  coinandantc  de  cidadurcs,  t' ■  m  March 
I'":!",  ."^I.SOO;  ccladores,  Hcuito  Diiiz,  Kal'ael  llstrada,  Joai|uin  do  la  Torre, 
.Vatiiiio  Osio,  salary,  .S7()0;  l'"rancis(.'()  ]{ico,  clerk.  S,")(M);  Atill.in,  coxswain, 
il^.'lil'';  ,1  '.M  coxswain,  .>;Jl0;  4  sailors,  each,  .'ii'l.SO;  I'edi.i  Narvaez,  captain  of 
l"^rt,  .•?1,G00.  lJe2fl,  St.  Pap.,  n,n.  Vit.'<l.-JI.,  MS.,  vi.  l-'_'. 


K' 


US 


340 


:MISSI0N.^,  commerce,  and  FOREKiXERS— 1S42. 


bolono-o(l  to  tlic  Pacific  squadron  of  the  U.  S.  navy, 
and  tlu'ir  presence  on  tlio  coast  was  connected  with 
the    American    '  invasion,'  to  wliicli   a   clia[)ter   Iins 
been  already  devoted.     Of  the  Mexican  vessels,  Wnw, 
the  Gu(j)t(zcorina,  Clarita,  Trinidad,  and  OiJijnrin'ii, 
were  detained  for  a  brief  period  by  the  hostile  iinii- 
of-war;    while,  on  the  other  hand,  the  captain  of  the 
American  jTcrs-.vo  was  temporarily  detained  by  jjatriotic 
Californians  at  San  Pedro ;  and  the  cai)tain  of  tht;  Alert 
took  part  in  the  war  by  spikini^  the  guns  at  Saii 
Diego,  in  self-protection.     Three  Mexican  vessels,  in- 
cluding the  Chato  and  RepuhUcano,  came  to   \)v'\\\'f 
tlie  new  governor  with  his  convict  army  and  muiii- 
tions  to  make  them  effective  soldiers,  the  sclioomr 
California  also  aidinuf  in  this  service.    Of  the  reiiiaiiiiii"- 
cratt,  only  seven  are  shown  by  the  records  ti>  have 
brought  cargoes  this  year;   and  only  nine  paid  (hitics 
or  fines  into  the  treasury.     1  find  no  evidence  df  the 
slightest  effort  to  i)revcnt  the  coasting  trade  hv  for- 
eign  vessels,  nor  of  any  other  chantjes  in  the  nicthoils 
of  trade:    thouii'li   neither  trade  nor  visits  to  (»ther 
ports  were  })ermitted  until   the  proper   ])apeis  had 
l)(;en  obtained  at  Monterey.     I  have  joined  to  my  h-^t 
a  few  minor  items  on  the  trade  of  the  year.    A  |iioini- 
nent  merchant  recorded  it  on  his  books  as  a  yen- of 
very  dull  business;    and  what  the  merchants  hal  to 
do  to  gain  a  livin<_r  niay  be  inferred  from  this  cxtiact 
of  a  letter  from  Josinh  Belden  to  Thomas  O.  Lai  kin: 
"The  two  barrels  of  liquor  you  sent  I  bi'lioM'  the 
alcalde  knows  nothing  about  as  yet,  and  I  sliall  not  kt 
him  know  that  I  have  it  if  I  can  help  it.     If  hr  do(>!, 
1  think  I  can  mix  it  up  so  as  to  make  it  pass  for  i ouii- 
try  liquor"! 

Keceipts  at  the  custom-house  this  year  aiiiniinteil 
to  $74,000,  of  which  amount  two  ships  from  J)o>toii, 
the  California  and  BarnsUdtlc,  paid  over  6'">'^."00. 
This  w^as  a  falling-off  of  oiie  third  from  tlu^  recei[its  of 
1841;  while  of  course  the  coming  of  the  batallni  tijo 
caused   an    increase    of   expenditure.      Miclnltoiciui 


FINANX'IAI.  MATTERS. 


311 


caiiK'  ni'ovidrd  with  orders  on  the  ^laziitlan  cuMtoin- 
lidiiM'  I'nr  Ji<S,000  per  month,  in  adchtion  to  (^dii'oniian 
iv\ I  lilies;  hut  it  does  iK)t  clearly  appear  that  one  (»t 
hi-  (Iratts  was  ever  paid.  His  soldiers,  howevi'r,  in- 
treilmed  some  peculiar  methods  of  supj)lyin<4'  them- 
sil\rs  with  food  and  other  necnled  ai'tieles,  whicli  |)er- 
liaps  went  far  to  make  up  the  deficits.  The  inhahi- 
taiit>  did  not  ap})rove  the  new  methods,  even  preferring' 
tliosc  ]ir;ietised  in  past  years  by  the  'J\Ionter(y'  clique.' 
One  (it' Alvarado's  last  othcial  acts  was  to  suspi-nd  the 
ji.iv  Hi"  all  civil  eniployes.  Of  course,  and  as  usual,  we 
lia\r  111)  definite  accounts  to  show  how  the  public 
iiieiH  V  was  expended;  but  as  bel'ore,  there  was  no 
(oiiijilaiiit  or  controversy.  Jose  Abi'ei^o  remained  in 
(•liaiL;t'  of  the  comisaria;  hut  Antonio  Maria  Osio  in 
Sejitiiiiliei'  surrendered  the  administration  of  customs 
to  Mainul  Castahares. 

Tlie  year  brought  about  ninety  foreign  visitors,  in- 
oliKliii:;'  only  prominent  ofHcers  of  the  U.  S.  naval 
i'di.e:  but  only  thirty-three  of  the  nund)er  have  a 
I'lacr  ill  the  appended  list  of  pioneers,*"*  and  aniono" 
the- '  named,  there  are  eight  or  ten  respecting  the 
I  \.irt  (hite  of  whose  arrival  there  is  rot)m  ft)r  doubt. 
Lataillade  and  Teschemacher  may  be  I'egarded  as  the 
iiH  11  lust  known  in  later  times;  and  of  all  the  list,  only 
three  or  four  survived  in  1884.  Nearly  all  came,  like 
the>e  of  Ibrmer  years,  ac(ndentally;  for  the  overland 
iiuisii'^ratiou  that  had  begun  the  year  before  was  in 
ISJJ  temporarily  suspended.  Theri;  had  not  passed 
sulHiieiit  time  for  peo[)lc  in  the  east  to  get  I'cports 
Innii  their  friends  of  the  BartK'son  and  Workman 
liarlies,  ami  to  make  their  i)reparations.     Some  [)ar- 

'^ I'iomorsof  1S4'-':  Alex.  Bell,  Win  Benitz,  Geo.  Bingliiiin,  Ficd.  G.  Bluiiic, 
Adult  Diuliiiin,  I'ctcT  Collins,  Thwuloro  Conliia.  Stopiu  ii  ('ulvir«ill.  'J  lioa 
L'iiiiiiniM>,  .li'lin  Kvaiis,  Kcl  A.  Kurwcll,  Josonli  Fluiiiliii.  llciiry  J^.  lord  (?), 
.Mux,  W.  Fii'ie,  OiiuK'sGuy,  James  B.  Hatcii,  Tlios  llit'kinan  V').  .Jaijii'.-:  11. 
<hM>,  Ldiiis  ilordau,  Ralph  Kilburu  (':),  Cesario  l^ataillade,  Fruiivuis  Lip.ine, 
Hich.  T.  Maxwell,  Wm  Oliver,  Geo.  W.  Ross  (?),  Rowan  (?),  Salines,  I't'ter 
Sclniljtit  {■;),  K,I  L.  Stetson,  Fred.  H.  Teschemacher,  Jos.  1'.  Thoaipsou,  Ed 
visckr,  and  JoUu  Yatea  I?). 


!in 


km 

!4i3  ' 


nr^T^ 


1 1 


i»  ■'' 


hm 


If;- 

If  If'' I' 


Ml 

ill 

iSj 

}\i  , 

Mi 

iJL. 

342 


MISSIONS,  COMMERCE,  AND  FOREIGNERS-1842. 


ties,  liowcver,  crossed  to  Oregon  to  come  sontli  in 
184;},  as  we  sliall  see;  but  so  far  as  California  was 
concerned,  the  overland  travel  was  the  other  way,  lor 
a  })art  of  the  Bartleson  company  returned  to  tlio 
United  States,  some  of  them  to  reihain  there.  Nine 
or  ten  men,  under  the  command  and  guidance  of 
Chiles  and  Ho[)per,  started  from  Sutter's  early  in  tlic 
spring,  went  up  the  San  Joaquin  Valley,  thmni^rli 
Walker  Pass,  and  thence  to  New  Mexico,  perhaps  liv 
the  Wolfskin  trail  approximately,  reaching  Missouri 
in  Septend)er.*'' 

In  a  rept)rt  of  June  3d  to  the  supreme  government, 
Alvarado  stated  that  at  the  end  of  January  a  party  of 
two  hundred  persons,  including  forty  foreigners,  liail 
arrived  at  Los  Angeles  from  New  Mexico.  Their 
object  had  been  not  only  to  trade  woollen  goods  tor 
live-stock,  as  in  the  past,  but  to  examine  the  country 
as  a  field  for  colonization,  their  former  home  being  too 
nmcli  exposed  to  Apache  njds.  Most  of  them  had 
gone  back,  many  with  the  intention  of  bringing  their 

'*Iu  Sprinjier's  list,  Taylor's  Disror.  and  Foimdcrs,  i.  no.  7.  p.  X),  the  10 
men  who  ruturned  .ive  named  as  follows:  Bjirtleson,  lirolaski  (proiiiilily  uu 
error),  Cliiles,  lloppc'r,  McDowell,  Pfitton,  Rickman,  Springer,  and  the  two 
Waltons.  He  gives  the  route,  however,  as  by  Tejon  Pass,  Mary  Hivii-,  i'ort 
Hall,  (Jreen  River,  and  Sta  Fe.  Hopper,  A^arralhr,  MS.,  1'2-lt),  says  tliiTu 
were  !( in  the  party;  and  Chiles,  Vivf.  to  Cat.,  MS.,  11-1'2,  that  then-  wciv  I.'!. 
Marsh,  Lit'ir  foL'nm.  Jones,  MS.,  p.  14,  gives  the  nundjer  as  14;  an<l  I'xImch, 
Hift.  Stutcmi-iit,  MS.,  41,  affirms  that  about  half  of  Bartlcson's  company 
retnnieil.  Some  of  them,  however,  left  Cal.  by  sea,  and  otliers  wont  tu 
Oregon  the  next  year. 

Sliscellanoous  items  of  1842:  Jan.,  Prudon  says  4  foreigners  aiiiviil  at 
stokes'  iiousc  from  N.  Mexico.  AUairs  going  from  bad  to  worse.  Ir/Wi/o, 
Dor.,  MS.,  xi.  12.  Six  Frencinnen  on  the  .soutlicrn  frontier  without  pas.-^pirts. 
]><pt.  /.'('■.,  MS.,  xiii.  27;  J>''i,t.  St.  I'ap.,  Urn.  I'rrf.  y  Jnyj.,  MS.,  iii.  101. 
Tliose  who  came  last  year — Workman  party — show  no  disposition  to  stttif, 
except  two.  A'-  qm  mi,  J)or.,  MS.,  .'1-4.  Fifty  hunters  under  Smitii  lepi'i-.tili'.t 
the  (iila  junction.  JJrpf.  Ikr.,  ^IS.,  xiii.  17.  August,  Salvio  Paciuio  cum- 
plains  that  tlie  trappers,  and  also  Sutter's  men,  steal  lii'i  cattle,  as  lir  cm\ 
l)rove,  iS'.  ,/().«',  Arrh.,  MS.,  iv.  9.  Nov.,  a  party  of  7  Americans,  including,' 
one  familv.  has  lately  gone  to  settle  in  the  northern  part  of  tlie  Sa' r.iuiriitu 
Valley.  Slnr^h\<  LrWr,  MS.,  18.  As  early  as  1842,  Joseph  Smith  tiilkul  "f 
colonizing  Cal.  with  Mormons.  Yonnifx  Wifr  Xo.  10,  p.  38.  June,  oondiiji- 
nation  of  Tag;,'ett  to  death,  and  of  Riirhards  to  10  years  on  Cliapala.  !>'  j'l.  ■*>''• 
Pnp.,  Anij.,  .\IS.,  xii.  04-"),  102.  The  crew  of  the  scln-  CnH/ornid  cont.iiiinl 
.">  kanakas,  2  New  Zealanders,  and  2  Chilenos.  CoojM'r,  Lihrodr  Ck'  i'tn<,  .M>., 
1!)S.  Daniel  Sexton  claims  to  have  raised  the  U.  S.  llaj'  at  his  canipu'itli  »( 
(lorgonio  pass,  ami  to  have  celebrated  July  4th  for  the  benefit  of  the  Imiiaus. 
rrcizee'o  >S.  Bmuirdiiio  Co.,  24. 


ROniXSON'S  BOOK. 


343 


fiiiiiiliis.''''  A  few  of  the  foreigners  may  have  re- 
uiaiiiL'd  ill  Cahfornia,  but  nothing  is  known  of  them. 
Tilt'  Xew  ^lexieans  were  under  tlie  eonnnand  of 
Fiaiu'ist'o  E.  Vigil;  tliey  went  back  in  several  j)arties 
Kct'uii'  the  end  of  April,  taking  away  about  5,000  head 
ot'liDrsL's  and  mules;  and  with  one  of  the  parties  went 
Jnliii  Howland  to  bring  his  family  and  effects  for  tlie 
iicw  lancho  which  he  and  Workman  had  secui-cd.-^ 
T'lwanl  the  end  of  the  year  some  twenty  New  ^lexi- 
aiii  families  did  return  to  settle  i)ermanently." 

Tlie  most  prominent  features  of  fi)reign  relations 
li:nii!g  been  disj)osed  of  in  the  cha[)ter  devoted  to 
.Junes'  exj>loit  at  Monterey,  it  only  remains  for  me  to 
notice  several  narratives  from  foreign  pens  which  l)e- 
Iiiiil;'  to  tiiis  yea,r  rather  than  to  any  other.  The  lirst 
cf  these — Simpson's  XarrafUr  ami  ^lofras'  J'J.rp/orn- 
f'oii,  both  pertaining  to  1842  fis  well  as  to  1H41,  hav- 
iii^'  I'cceived  attention  in  the  annals  of  the  latter  year 
—is  ]\()binson's  Li/'e  hi  California.  Though  not  pub- 
lished until  1840,  it  beloags  more  properly  to  1842, 
liecause  it  is  mainly  a  record  of  personal  exj)eriences 
ami  (iliservations  wluch  terminated  in  that  year  with 
the  author's  dei)arture.  Alfred  Robinson  came  iVom 
]]est()n  as  a  clerk  on  the  Jirook/ine  in  1820.  He  be- 
i:i!iie  the  resident  a<;ent  of  Bryant  &  Sturi^is,  spent  a 
Iti-e  [tart  of  his  time  in  travelling  from  port  to  |»ort, 
i:i^a>_;eil  in  exchanofinuf  the  carwes  of  the  Boston  shiits: 
t'lr  hides,  muiiied  into  one  of  the  best  ('alilornian 
uiiiiilies,  that  of  Captain  Jose  ile  la  (^uerray  Noriega, 
and,  with  the  exception  of  one  tri[)  to  the  east,  resided 
'■MUtiimously  on  the  coast  for  twelve  years,  until  he 

'■'Mime  3,  1842,  A.  to  min  of  rel.  Dipf.  Rr<:,  MS.,  xiii.  l(i-lS. 

'•/.'«  Aiiij,t,'x,  Arch.,  iMS.,  ii.  142-a,  l."-S;  M/,^  AVc.,  MS.,  xiii  '2.1; 
/'/;'.  SI.  I'n/,.,  All;/.,  MS.,  vi.  105-7,  11.");  vii.  .■)4;  xii.  ")!». 

•-Nov.  Otii,  arrival  of  1!)  fiimilies  uiiiiouuccd.  J)<i)(.  Si.  Pap.,  Ainj.,  MS., 
vii.  21).  Dec.  lOtli,  Santiago  Martinez,  the  etjnuuulantc,  sends  a  list  of  tlio.so 
wl!ii  li;iv(>  come  to  settle:  list  not  given.  JjOM  A ihjiIi'",  Arrh.,  MS.,  ii.  X>i). 
l;>lt'(.-.  ill  hWizii's  S.  lienmriiiiM  Co.,  ji.  1",  speaks  of  tlio  coming  of  these  fuin- 
i:Hs.  who  settled  on  li  part  of  the  Juriipa  raneho.  This  Wiia  periiapa  tho 
>l'ivir  .Mt  colony  mentioned  in  the  annals  of  1841,  there  being  very  likely  an 
^nur  ill  the  earlier  date.     Sec  Jlni/en'  Emi'j.  ^otci,  042-3. 


-v  3i'' 


344 


MISSIONS,  COMMr.Ul'K,  A\I»  l-OIM'.lCXr.r.S     \s\'2. 


yailcd  on  tlic  A/rrf  at  tlic  end  ol"  l,S4l!.  An  iiit'l- 
li^ciit  and  jictivc  inaii  oi'  Itiisiticss,  ii''(|Uiiiiitcd  with 
fvcrvliodv  Jiiid  fiijoviii'''  tlu'  rt'spfct  ofall,  lli(»u<'Ii  not 
pfi'soiially  so  |)o[)ulai'  as  soiiic  ntlici's  ul'  tlu'  Initiuii 
traders,  liis opportunities  lor  a-'ciiratc  ol)servati<»ii  wciv 
exeellt'iit.  Jt  does  not  appear,  liov.'cvor,  that  In- en- 
tertained the  idea  of  writing'  a  l»ook;  Imt  (hirin;.;'  Iii> 
ivsidenec,'  he  ohtained  from  his  I'ather-in-law  an  intri'- 
estin,n' account  of  the  Indians  found  ainon^"  J.'adrc  iJo- 
cana's  i)a[)ers,  of  whicli  lie  determined  to  ])uhnsli  a 
translation;  and  he  was  iiuhici'.!,  in  vii  .v  of  Califoiiii,i\ 
incrt'asini;-  ini[)ortanee  to  eastern  eyes,  to  extend  hi- 
introduction  to  the  translation  as  well  as  he  (Mid  I 
i'roni  ineiuorj  and  such  memoranda  as  were  avail. liilc 
including' letters  of  as  late  date  as  1844.  'J'he  risiilr 
was  a  mosi;  interestinn'  nai'rative,  the  title  of  whicii, 
L/J'c  ill  Cdliforhiii,  is  indicative  of  its  contents.  It 
is  an  aijfreeahle  presentment  of  pers<jnal  ex|>erit'n(t>, 
minified  with  g'limpses  oi"  political  history  in  ISi2'.»-4l'. 
comliined  with  sketches  of  the  country  and  it>  r - 
sources  and  its  people,  and  includinL*"  descriptions  di' 
most  ])laees,  some  of  which  are  illustrated  by  the  pen- 
cil of  the  author.  ]iohins(jn  wrote  anonymously,  f 'p- 
resenti'd  names  without  any  good  reasons  hy  initial> 
throughout  the  work,  and  of  course  fell  into  some  er- 
rors in  presenting  details;  but  as  a  whole,  the  honk  i- 
worthy  of  much  praise,  and  can  ho  unfavorably  eiiii- 
cisod  onlv  bv  comparing  it  with  what  the  author  with 
his  advantages  might  have  written  had  he  undei  taken 
the  task  in  time.  I  have  had  frequent  occasion  te 
cite  this  wori;,  and  from  it  as  an  autlioritv  Tr.tiiil! 
and  other  writei's  have  drawn  a  very  large  portion  e! 
their  information  for  the  })eri()d  it  covei's.  Jv\iejit 
till!  works  of  J)ana  and  Forbes,  Kobinsoii's  was  preli- 
al»ly  the  best  known  source  of  infonnatiou  about  I'al- 
ifornia  down  to  the  discovery  of  gold.-^ 

^^{Robhiion)  Lift'  in  CnH/uriiia;  diirinij  a  n'^idi'iice  of  several  ycnv  in  '/"■' 
teiTitory,  comjtri.viuj  a  (Icscr'tptioii  of  thf  roitiitn/  nvil  the  mi'<xioiiriri/  <  -^'A/.c/*- 
viciifK,  irilh  incidiiili,  ohscrvaliovi^,  etc.,  etc.  JIliiKtniteil  wit/i  iiinin  ronx'  i^iinn'- 
iiKju.     lii/  un  America  n.     To  ivlikh  is  annexed  a  hintorical  account  of  I  he  un- 


DU  SAM»I:LS.  TilK  'KINC'S  OKI'II.W.' 


.ltd 


Xcxt  ;i  iiMrrnitivo  of  tlie  'Kin_o-'s  Orpliaii'  (loiiiaiids 
;ilt.  :ii  III.  DidwcII,  Sutt<'r,  I  lastiiii^s,  and  oilici-s 
li;i\c  iiHiill HH'd  the  visit  ill  IS4'J-."{  of  an  edncatt'd 
S\\ii"ii:-li  t;('ntlt'inan  knttwn  as  I  ))■  Sandcls,  of  scicii- 
tilir  aiitfcc'dents  and  j)i'ocli\  itii's,  who  liad  livt-d  in 
j!ia/,il.  lost  a  fortuno  \>y  niininj^' operations  in  Mtxiro, 
Mini  w  lio  (K'flai'cd  that  thci'f  wcri!  indi</ations  of  ,^o]v| 
ill  tlir  region  of  Xew  llulvotia.-*  I'lic  ivi-ollcction  of 
liis  |(it'sriR'o  was  vague,  and  hut  foi"  tlic  nirntion  of 
ndj.l  Would  perhaps  have  disa|)peai'ed;  hut  a  nianu- 
sciipt  si«4ii('d  'Kini^'s  ( )rj>Iiair  lias  eonie  to  li.i^ht,  which 
w;i>  (loiihtless  the  work  of  Sandels.  It  is  a  nari'ative 
lit'  tlic  author's  voyaL;'e  from  Acapulfo  to  Monterey 
iind  of  his  ohservations  while  ti'avi'ilini^  in  ('alifoi'uia. 
'iJicii'  is  a  stroULjf  element  of  fiction  in  tlu^  pi-oduction, 
(ir  ;it  least  in  some  parts  of  it,  intended  apparently 
tn  niliwn  the  story  ratlier  than  to  deceive  the  readier, 
1111(1  not  peihaps  alfeetini:;-  the  value  of  the'  writer's 
(iliser\ations  on  men  and  thini^'s  in  California,  ol)ser- 
vatioiis  which  without  oontaininj^  anythinq;  espei-ially 


'I 


It, 


le  cl'- 

lok  i- 

ci-'ni- 

V.  nil 

aki'ii 

)ii  t" 

itlilll 

111  I'i 

,Cl'|lt 

\]  t  ID- 

Cal- 

,1    th':t 

IllJI'dl'- 

lie  vri- 

ijhi,  rii4<i)>i.f,  (tint  trtid'Hoiit  of  the  Iiididi)'*  of  AUa  <^'al!/oriiiii.  Traii.ihi'id 
iV'iiii  tlif  uriijliiiil  S/i(iiii.<li  i}ifiiii(-"r!pf.  Xi'w  York,  ISKi.  I'Jiiio,  'J'Ji!  j).  {>>( 
Lil'u  ill  Cal),  iiiid  )).  xii.  'J'J7-oH  of  traii.sliitiun.  Tlio  illustriinis  m;-,  Sta 
lliiliiiiii 'J'dwii,  1(1.  I'rcsidio,  III.  Mis.si<)ii,  S.  Luis  Key,  S.  (ialnid,  S.  liiicu.:- 
vi-ntma,  Virlia  IJiU'iia,  ii"''t>'iiit  of  1'.  IJosuana,  an  Indian  drcssiil  in  tlio 
■t'llict.'  I\li.  I,  I'vlti,  I{i)liinson  writi's  to  Vtipt.  Fitch,  announcing  the  a[i- 
]i(aiaiirc  cf  his  liook,  of  which  several  copies  arc  sunt  to  California.  Ilojica 
1'.  will  take  no  oll'cnce  at  the  mention  of  his  niarriagi!  adxcuture  Filr/i, 
I'll'..  MS.,  .'iss.  .Mvarado  and  Vallejo,  takiiii;  otlence  at  some  criticism  of 
tlaii-  iiiis^icn  jxiiicy,  ar  dispo.sed  to  criticise  Koi)inson  unfairly.  Attached 
til  tlif  h.iok,  with  distinjt  title  but  continuous  paging,  is: 

liii.iriiiiii,  ('h'lniijih'inirh;  a  hi^torictd  account  of  (he  orKjin,  ci"'/i»n-i,  anil  frn- 
'lilhiii-'  cj'  flic  Indian''  (if  the  iitiss'ionarif  ftaMislini'  nt  if  St.  .Iiiiin  Cii/ii-^lrano, 
A/'a  I '(/  'foriiiii;  '■  died  the  Aeaiiehcmcm  Xotion;  eoUuird  ic'ilk  tlv  ijvinli  -t  citee, 
Jriiiii  ll:i'  niiixt  i::!iUiiicnt  and  best  instructed  hi  the  inatti  r.  ll;/ the  l,'i  ei nnd 
I'll' hi r  Friar  ill  ron'nno  Iloicana,  of  the  order  of  St  Friinci-ici},  iijitisfniie  tn!"- 
siiiiiiiei/  lit  .•^aid  nii-ision.  'J'run.iltttiil  from  the  orhjUiid  Spanifih  inniiiiirrijif,  /<// 
ri/i''  uito  irii.t  many  i/earn  a  rcxidenl  of  Alia  ('alifiiruin.  New  \'iirk,  lS4(i. 
I'-'aio,  |).  '22(!-;Ul.  The  introduction  ia  signed  hy  the  translator's  initials  'A. 
If.'  'I  lie  orii,'inal  MS.,  from  which  the  translation  was  made,  reiiiaiiied  in 
the  ]lll■■^essilm  of  a  branch  of  the  Guc!Ta  family  until  a  few  years  ago  (about 
IsTS),  wIku  it  was  imrehased  for  the  collection  of  M.  I'inart,  of  I'aiis, 
vhitlar  aiiotlun-  copy  in  P.  Boscaria's  handwriting  had  drifted  before,  as  it 
scfiiis.     I  have  also  a  few  scraps  of  the  work  in  the  iia<lre's  hand. 

■-' y;;./;n //'.s-  Cal.  i.V.jIZ-cV,  MS.,  130;  Yoh  Co.  UiM.,  'J-J;  Sutter  Co.  Hid.,  21; 
f^.  F.  Al'ii,  .Ian.  28,  1878;  Uiihniii's  Notes,  470;  llasthn.is  Emvj.  Gnide,  82. 
i^aiulcls  is  also  said  to  have  made  a  map  of  Shulduu's  i-aiicho  on  the  Oosuui- 

DCS, 


i 


■■  -^"/'i!? 


'  I'll 


♦rtt- 


i;tii 


340 


MISSIONS,  COMMKRCH,  AND  F''0RKI(;\K:;S     |,S4'J. 


new  or  iin]t()rtant  schmii  to  ln'ar  the  marks  oi'  iut, Hi- 
!j;'L'ii('i'  ami  accuracy.'^"  Df  Saiidcls,  scvi-ral  nf  wlmsc! 
original  Irtlt'i-s  an;  in  iiiv  Lil»rai-v,  caiiif  \'n)\\\  Aca- 
)»ulc(»  to  Mtditcivy  with  Captain  ('(m»|m'|'  on  the  ('.ill. 
joi'in'o,  ai-riviniL,^  at  the  end  of  St'ptrnihci-  I.S4'J.-"  Ho 
visiti'd  San  Francisco,  San  Jose,  Sonoma,  Koss,  Xi'w 
HcKitia,  and  Santa  liiii-hara;  niadi;  an  ascent  of 
]\Ionnt  Diahlo;  and  ln'ini^^  an  artist,  joined  to  Ins 
nianuscrijtt  several  |)encil  sketches  of  places  seen.  Of 
the  chi"onolo«4'y  of  his  movements  not  nuich  iskiKiwn, 
except  that  Ids  visit  to  Sonoma  was  in  I'Vln-uary  or 
^larch  1.S4;],  and  that  he  was  at  Sania  l>;ii'l»ara  in 
April.-'  In  liis  letter  todeiieral  N'allejo  In;  deserilinl 
luniself  as  'physician,  mining'  expt-rt,  and  naturalist.' 
I  liave  occasion  to  site  elsewhere  some  of  tlie  "(if- 
})lian's'  I'emarks  on  local  and  personal  matteis.  hi 
September  he  sailed  on  the  Dianioucl  for   1  loiiolala.-' 

John  J^idwell's  pamphlet  lias  already  heen  nnticnl 
so  far  as  it  was  a  j(»urnal  of  his  (.verland  trip.  It  was 
a  letter,  dated  at  J^odejjja  ^lai'ch  'Mt,  l<S4i!,  coiiiainiii^' 
an  altridgment  (4'  hisjonrnal.  Twidxe  pai^es  are  do- 
vote<l  to  the  author's  hasty  'observations  about  llu; 

''■' Kill•|\^  Or/ilimi,  Visit  to  fuli/ornin,  IS.iJ-.S,  MS.,  in  ])()ss('H.iiiiii  nf  tlic 
'Assiic.  I'ioncfis  of  Tit.  Days  of  (Jul. 'in  X.  V.,  said  to  iiavi-  liccu  fniiinlut 
\.  Orlt':ui.s  lioforc  IS4S.  1  luiviMiot  .sri'ii  tlu"  ori;,'inal,  lull  a  porlinn,  iii'Iml- 
iiig  tlic  vciyagi'  to  Monterey,  was  puMislied  in  the  S.  ./.  J'ii'in'f,  .hnii'  •lily, 
\i>'S;  another  i)orti(pn,  inehidinL,'  travels  in  the  Saciaiiieiito  Valley,  i:i  A/.. 
Jan.-l'el).  IS7!>;  and  a  eomiiilation  from  the  part  deserlMn^' the  eoiintiy  ami 
visits  to  northern  districts,  in  (')ihiiiii'.'<  Xnlc.i,  .■);i7-<i-,  with  nits  of  San  \  '.au- 
eisco  ami  I'ort  Koss.     'I'he  three  parts  form  a  seraphook   in  my  eolleranu. 

Of  till  live  autographs  of  this  visitor  in  my  i>ossessioii,  three  are  :i|i]par- 
ontly  ( iniafSandels;  one  (J  M  af  Sandels;  an<l  one  ( Jiii  Wasciirt/af  Saii(lei9. 
His  name  was  therefore  (J.  M.  (or  (ins.)  Waseiirt/  (oi-  Warciirt/)  af  Saii'lils  - 
"af  lieiiig  the  .Swedi.sli  form  of  'von.'  From  the  original  ^IS.  in  X.  \  .  the 
name  was  thought  to  lie  Mafs  or  Mass. 

'"'  In  Litrl.iii'",  /)(ii\,  i.  ;t,'{(),  is  found  his  signature  to  an  iiiv>  ptory  of  Liiut 
Sarmit'iito.  All  the  names  and  most  of  the  ineiileiits  given  hy  tin-  Kiiiu's 
Ori.liaii '  in  eoiineetion  with  his  voyage  on  the  iSla  Maria,  t'aiit.  Ilauli,  Muia 
I'ananiii  to  Monterey,  toueliing  only  at  Acapuleo,  are  lietitious. 

■"Sandels'  letters  to  VuUejo  Feb.   'j;},  Mar.  IS,  Apr.   S,    1843,  in    I'l'/i/), 

/)or.,  .MS.,  Ni.  .-a-).  :ui,  .r.T. 

'•"•Aug.  'JcS,  1,S4.'{,  Sandels'  application  for  license  to  .'<hip  his  liiL'-'ai,'o— 
1  looks,  mathematical  anil  surgical  instruments,  natural  history  coUn '.  loiia, 
Indian  relics,  etc.  Pinto,  JJoc,  ii.  20.  Arrival  at  Honolulu  iii  Oct.  fnend, 
Oct.  1S43. 


r.IDWKLL'S  .lorUN'AL. 


34; 


oniiiiirv,'  wliicli  had  bcon  coiifliicd  to  ^flssiitn  Sail 
.lis,.  Marsh's  raiicho,  X<'\v  lltKctia,  iioih'n'a,  and 
]{,,»,.  "  N'oU  will  UMd«»ul)l(!(lly  expect  me  to  collie  out 
ill  plain  lanij^uaj^e  either  lor  (H-  aj^ainst  the  countrv," 
lie  writes,  "hut  this  I  caiinot  d<>,  not  haviiii^  heen  ul)lo 
ti(  M  c  as  iiuieh  of  it  as  I  intended  hel'ore'  I  wrote  to 
til  vou.  I  havi>,  however,  heen  (lili;4('nt  in  inakiii'..;' 
iiKjuiries  of  men  who  arc;  residents  in  the  c(»untiT." 
liidui  II  tluMl  jiroceeds  to  descjihe  in  succession  tiitJ 
tiiiilic  r  oi"  (  alilornia,  its  aLjricuItura.l  productions,  cli- 
iiiatt  with  a  tahle  showiii!^  tlu'  weathor  each  day 
tV<nii  Novemher  4tli  to  A|)ril  1st — its  livi'-stock,  prices, 
I'itcilitics  tor  ohtainini;'  taiMiis,  and  a  threat  vai'iety  of 
siicli  iiiroiMiiation  as  would  h(>  welcome  to  persons  con- 
tiiii|ilatin!4' inimi,Ljration.  He  says:  "  I  havi;  I'lideax- 
urcil  to  state  facts  with  impartiality.  At  least  half  of 
till'  coiiipany  return  this  spriiii^  to  the  l^.  States, 
many  of  them  well  [)leased  with  the  oouiitry;  and 
otln  IS  so  sick  they  "iumot  look  at  it.  l*eopIe  n'ener- 
ally  look  on  it  as  the  garden  of  the  world  oi'  the  most 
(Icsiijate  place  of  creation.  Althouijfh  the  country  is 
lint  what  I  ex[)ected,  yet  if  it  were  not  uixler  the 
.Mexican  LTovermnent  I  should  he  as  AvilliuLj  here  to 
s|Hii(|  ihe  uncertain  days  of  my  lifi;  as  elsewhere.  It 
may  he  I.  shall  a.s  it  is."*' 

■T.i'h'-.l',  A  JoiiriK'!/  to  (''iH/onn(i,  n.p.,  n.d.  (Wostoii,  Mo.  1S4,1?),  8vo, 
.'f-  \y  I'ltfiicc:  'The  |mblislu'r  of  this  jouniul,  lioiiii,'  aware  that  a  j^rcut  many 
jii  isoiH  ill  Missouri  ami  otlicr  wcstiMii  Ntati'.s  me  at  tliis  time  anxious  to  f,'et 
ci'iTcrt  iiiloniiatinii  relative  to  OregoiuiiKl  Califoniia,  ho]ie»  in  jiart  to  gratify 
tlu'iii  liy  uiMiiL,' puhlii'ity  to  tiieNU  sheets  tiirouj;!i  tiie  press;  liavint;  been  so- 
li' itc4  tt  do  M)  liy  men  of  infoiuialioii  \\  iio  have  ju'i'useil  tluiii  in  nianuseript. 
Tilt'  autlidi-,  Mr  .Folni  liiihvell,  a  younj,'  man  of  ^i»»\  aef|nii'emi  iits  ami  um'\- 
'tptiMiiulile  moral  eliaraeter,  eame  to  .\lissonii  fi'oni  the  Huiki  ye  state  aliont 
I  ytiii  iii,'<i,  and  resided  in  J'latte  t'o.  two  years,  during  wliiidi  time  he  made 
many  stimcli  frieiuls,  and  was  ))ros|>erous  in  business.  Itut  the  many  in- 
iliu(i:ii  Ills  held  forth  to  (enterprising  young  men  to  go  to  California  eauseil 
liim  t  >ailii[it  tiie  motto  "\Vt  stward  ho,"  shoulder  his  rille,  and  join  one  of  the 
(aliiiPiuia  idmpanies  whieh  leave  the  rendezvous  near  Iadepeu<lenfe  annually, 
l'ii"r  t'l  his  going  he  pronnsed  his  friends  to  keep  a  journal,  mitiiing  tiie 
iiiL'iiliiits  (if  the  trip,  and  also  give  his  observations  of  tlie  eountry  after  his 
aviiv.-il  there.  This  ])romiso  iiu  has  rodccnicJ  by  forwarding  the  pid>lisher 
th;.s((i|iy  (if  his  journal.' 

Siiiiie  liiicf  ijuotations  from  Indwell's  remarks:  'I  know  of  but  two  .\meri- 
i-'an  Liinilius  here,  those  of  Kel.sey  and  .Joel  Walker.'  'It  is  a  pmverb  here, 
ami  I  luiil  it  a  pretty  true  one,  that  a  Spaniar  1  will  not  d  <  anything  whi,'!i 
lie  eaiiiiut  d(,  un  horseback.'     'To  obtain  a  v;:Miit  you  must  become  11  citi;:e  i 


I  I 


f  ' 


III 


'■^f  I'ii 


348  MISSIONS,  COMMERCE,  AND  FOREIONERS-1S42. 

Jolm  ^Tarsh,  for  six  years  a  rosiclcnt  of  the  couiitrv, 
**ooiii[)lyiii:L,'  witli  thorequosttol)eiiiaflcac'quaiiito(l  w  ith 
soino  of  tluj  most  into  resting  facts  relative  to  Calitor- 
iiia,"  wrote  a  letter  to  CoiiinKxlore  Jones  on  Novciu- 
ber  2r)th  of  this  year.  The  writer  was  an  ethicatril 
man,  and  his  letter  contains  somewhat  vivid  pictures 
of  Alvarado's  rule,  the  Graham  affair,  and  such  otliLr 
prominent  t<»[)i('s  as  are  hrieily  considered.  Marsli  cn  i- 
dently  (.K'cmed  California  a  desirable  acquisition  inr 
the  United  States,  and  devoted  some  space  to  tlic  t;isk 
of  showing  that  coinnumication  by  land  with  Oici^on 
was  much  easier  than  had  been  represented.  J  haw 
had  occasion  to  cite  this  letter,  M'hich  I  belicvr  has 
never  l)ccn  j)rinted,  on  several  points."'"  Another  sim- 
ilar letter  was  that  written  by  Captaiiv  Henry  A.  ]*  'irco 
to  Thomas  Cunnnins  of  Honolulu.  It  is  <latc(l  F(  h 
ruary  1st,  on  boai'd  the  brig  Mdri/land,  and  contains 
a  good  d('scri[>tion  of  the  country's  condition  and  pf  as- 
pects IVom  the  writer's  observations  during  his  late 
visit.  The  same  man  while  in  the  east  wrote  a  letter, 
which  was  [)ultlished  in  the  newspapers,  upon  the  ts- 
tablisliment  and  possible  future  encroachments  dt'tltc 
Hudson's  IJay  Company  in  California.  There  were 
few  letters  written  by  Americans  in  this  part  of  'ho 
World  at  this  perit)d  which  did  not  allude  more  or  less 


anil  a  incmlx'r  of  the  catlinlic  clmrcli.  Wliethcr  persons  of  any  other  ile- 
noniiniition  woiilil  when  |iioii»ly  tlispoicl  ho.  iiitt'rruj)teil  l>y  tlio  Iiuv,  1  laii't 
sjiy,  liiit  think  not.'     ".Ml  who  wonhl  conn;  to  this  country  must  \n\u'^  |i:iss- 

fiorts  from  ihv  uovcrnors  of  their  resident  Htat'!«.'  'Missions  are  nciily  all 
irokenup.'  'J'he  pcojilu  all  otiject  to  the ';is!iop  remaining'  in  the  couiitrv, 
fearinf^  they  will  have  to  i)ay  tithes,  '"'lie  country  is  ackno\vleilj,'eil  livall 
to  he  extri  inely  healthy.'  'It  is  selilom  a  Spaniard  makes  a  charj^e  aL'ainsta 
traveller  for  his  hos[)itality:  they  are  kiml  in  this  respect,  hut   I   caul  siy 

how  muili  they  \) r.'     'Capt.  Sutter  would  give  any  information  tu  fini- 

^'I'ants,  and  !  Iielieve  render  any  assistance  in  his  jiowcr.  S.  Jose  WdiiM  he 
another  pmd  jilact^  to  arrive  at.  Mr  (lulnac  is  noted  for  his  kiudins.s  to 
strangers.'  Finally,  directions  about  the  route  are  given,  though  'theriwuiM 
l»e  many  advantages  in  coming  hy  wat  ;r,'  the  author  advising  the  use  ul  paiiv- 
animals  instead  I'f  wagons. 

^"  L'fi'  r  of  J)r  John  Mnvh  to  Commodore  Tliomnx  Ap  Catesh;/  Jiini.<,  ••"«■ 
tn'miiiij  iii/iirin(t/ioii  0)i  <.'ali/(inii(t,  MS.,  I!)  p.  Dated  N(jv.  'J.'),  IS4'_',  at  Firm 
of  Tulpones.  This  copy  was  made  April  3,  1843,  by  Dr  R.  T.  Ma.\well,  who 
k.'nJly  presented  it  to  me. 


VISCHER'S  VISIT. 


34a 


(lii'iH'tly  to  tlic  desirability  of  American,  and  the  dan- 
(>•(  r  nf  Eii<,flisli,  occupation. '" 

11(10  may  bo  mentioned  the  fact  tliat  Edwanl 
Vi>cluT,  who  visited  California  in  1842  on  the  Ca/i/or- 
),'ni  schooner,  jiublisluHl  in  later  3'earsa  series  *){'  ])h()to- 
^riaplis  from  pencil  sketches  made  by  himself,  witli  a 
|i;ini|tlilet  of  descri[)tive  text,  entitled  Missimis  uf  Oil- 
ifni-ii'm;  but  it  does  not  appear  that  any  <»f  the  draw- 
ings were  made  at  the  time  of  his  first  visit,  thttu;;h 
(l(iul)tlcss  his  recollections  of  1842  added  to  lh<;  \,'!uu 
(if  Ixttli  ]>ictures  and  text. 

"  I'd).  1,  1842,  P<trre^»  Letter  to  Oiimmhin,  ^^S.,  copy  fiiriiislt'^d  for  ir.y  (iso 
liv  till'  \\ liter.  May  lat,  Peirt^u's  klturuii  II.  ii.  Co.,  in  ydm'  l!"j.,  Ixiii.  '_'1'J, 
viillc:!  ill  J3oston. 


'V 


:   'U-- 


^i^mn 


;;-  -SiS 


•■*i 


^ 


¥J4 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

MICIIKLTORENA'S  RULE-POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 

1S43. 

The  OovKitNOR  at  T-os  A.NfiPU.Ks—  FiN.wctAi.  Tisoriii.F.s — Wakfaisk  ahmvst 

l)KSl'ITriinN--A  .Ir.NTA  Ob'  ASCKLINIIS  —All)  I'lKiM  (JiTIZKNS.  TKiiM  V\- 
I,I.KJ<1,  AM)  FKDM  I.IMANTOt'R — SyMI'TOMS  OF  ('(iNTKKVKltSY  Mirmi.Tn- 
KF.NA  Wrril  MIS  JiATAI.I.oN  CoMKS  TO  MoNTEIlKV—  KkcKI'TIon  lIiMiiliS 
OF  IIKVuI.T  (iitAIIAM'.S  OFFKI!-- JlNTA  OF  ()FFI<'F;U.S  AT  MciM;I:KY- 
I'liKFI'.i'TIUKS    Si  IMMIKSSKD— AnSKNcK    oF     ItF.COItliS-   SwKAKIM;    nl    Till; 

I'lASKs— A'oTK  Foil  Santa  Anna  — Jtsta  I>Ki'AiiTAMr.NTAi.— I^i.i  (  ri'\> 
Castanaueh  For  Conokkss — Ixoian  Affaius— Fxi'kwtion  to  Mimhi. 
ciNo  OK  Ci.i:au  Lake — The  Cuolos  at  Anc;eleh  and  ^Ionteukv  -J-,\ai,- 
(;EliATED  AccrsATiu.Ns. 

DniiNcj  tlio  first  lialf  of  184^  Micheltoiviia  n- 
maiiK'd  at  Ijos  Ainj^clcs  with  liis  balallou  i\\>>.  Mi' 
had  assumed  th(^  civil  govormiuMit  on  i]\v  last  d;i\  nf 
184l2,  though  holding  the  military  command  tV'>;ii  .iii 
carliiT  [K'liod,  and  as  genci-al  had  ix-ndcrcd  liim-t  If 
famous,  oi'  notorious,  hv  his  methods  of  conihictiiiL;" 
the  <'ituntry's  defence  wluMi  it  was  'invaded'  Ity  tin' 
Americans.  His  chief  task  during  these  months  \\;is 
to  provide  for'  the  support  of  his  men;  and  he  wiiiid 
continual  waifare  with  as  much  enei'gy  as  it  was  [ms- 
sihle  for  a  man  of  his  character  to  show,  against  utriv 
destitution.  He  could  not  gi't  from  Mexico  or  ^^;lza- 
tlan  acentof  tlu!  money  that  had  heen  promised;  and 
the  custom-house  recei[)ts,  one  third  less  for  the 
whole  year  than  in  1842,  were  hardly  anything  it  all 
in  the  earlier  months  of  the  year.  Writing  on  Aiuil 
2r)th,  Micheltorena  rendered  the  following  accoiinl  nt 
the  treasury  fi'om  Septemher  to  date:  "  l']ntiatlas. 
i^iOOO;  .salidas,  ."jOOO;  e.\isteucius,  cuatro  reales;     tins 


WAll  WITH  DESTITUTION. 


3ol 


latt  r  sum  of  (Iftv  cents  l)ciii<(  the  amount  hv  liad  found 
in  till'  treasury  at  liis  arrival.  In  Mareli  lie  repre- 
sent.il  liis  men  as  living  on  six  and  a  quarter  eents 
jirr  (l;iv,  the  officers  receiving  only  one  fifth  of  their 
ii;i\  :  yet  he  lookeil  forward  U)  tlu?  time  when  he 
shdulil  get  aid  from  Me.\ic(»,  j)ay  U}>  all  arrears,  and 
coiiviit  his  soldiers  into  farmers.  These  statenii'iits 
v.nv  made  in  connection  with  some  of  the  governor's 
iiu'.iu  rolls  ajti)eals  to  Colonel  Vallejo  for  aid.^ 

Tlie  I'ecordri  fail  to  show  exactly  how  the  troops 
wvvr  !■'(!  and  clothed.  The  po|)ular  solution  of  the 
|iiol)lv  111  has  always  l)ecn  that  it  was  hy  stealing  iVom 
the  citizens;  but  I  shall  have  more  to  say  o.:  that 
topic  later.  ^licheltorena,  by  his  gentlemanly  maii- 
luis.  iiad  made  many  )»ersonal  friends  in  the  south; 
iiii.l  I  lie  more  wealthy  of  the  rancheros  and  tiaders 
(loiil)tlrss  contributed  to  his  sujiport.  Vallejo  cites  a 
It  iter  (''■  .'  'SO  Ant(»nio  Carrillo,  written  in  March,  in 
which  ii  i  ii  la  of  citizens  is  .said  to  have  i>een  in  ses- 
siiiii  t'lir  three  days  to  deliberate  on  wavs  and  means 
al'tcf  hstening  to  a  s[)eech  from  the  governor  on  the 
>ituatioii.  A  forced  loan  from  merchants  was  pro- 
]ii>>c(l.but  the  proposition  was  not  favorably  receixetl. 
Tlicciiily  result  reached  was  that  the  gentlemen  pres- 
ent decided  to  become  responsible  for  the  payment  of 
Miclieltorena's  salary,  for  which  pur[)ose  othei's  out- 
side (if  Angeles  were  subsequently  invited  to  t-ontrib- 
utc'  l''i'(im  A'alleio  the  n'overnor  I'eceived  a  schooner- 
lu;i(l  oT  j)rovisions  sent  down  fr(»in  I?etaluma  on  the 
Odifiirniii  ill  June,  with  a  certain  amount  of  iiioiuy. 

'Mairh  I.-),  April  '2."),  IS4.%  Miohcltoroiia  tu  V.  Vidhjn,  Ih,,-.,  Ms.,  xi. 
H4I,  IKl.i.  .1(111.  "JTtli,  M.  to  luliiiia.  (if  uiistimis.  'j'lio  stiicU'st  (.'Cir.i'iniy  is 
n.'i|iiinil.  ( 'I'L'ditor.s  iiiii.st  ^slll)mit  to  siicviiicus  as  well  as  soldiers  and  oIlicLi's. 
h'fi.St.  />„/,.,  /;,„.,  MS.,  iii.  ;{•_'-;{.  Maivli  l.')th,  .\l)i-'go  oid.'ifd  to  siis- 
poiiil  idt  IpucIv  jiay  until  fiiitluT  instriictioiH.  yV/^^  ]!'>•.,  .MS.,  xiii.  4:1. 
Miiirli  .'iiltli,  (lUf  tliird  of  the  custoiii.s  revciiue  to  liu  jiaid  over  lo  the  I'omi-aiio, 
Willi  uhiili  to  ]iay  livil  and  military  c'ini)loy(''S.  One  third  of  salariui  to  I  to 
paiil;  oil]i'c;'.s  (if  the  liatidloii  will  },'('t-oiie  fourth,  and  tlii'ir  f^cncral  nothing; 
ji'.il:,'i's  of  til...  triliun.il  iimst  lio  eontciit  with  their  pr.)  rata;  Aharado  to  get 
?l.!IU(h.n  salary  ai;eoiint,  ilc  jinj'i  irwid.  J)>jit.  Sf.  J'aji.,  Ben.,  M.S.,  iii.  ;\\-o. 
123-.-.:  Ihi,t.  /.'.<■..  MS.,  xiii.  48. 

■■"((''./•I,  l>oi-.,  MS.,  iv.  ;!4!I-.VJ.  Tlie  writer  says  that  this  meeting  was 
Secret,  and  not  known  to  tlio  public  for  several  years. 


I  1 


•   t   <1 


'■'% 


i 


3d2 


MICIIELTORENA'S  RULE— POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


i  i\yv 


So  far  as  public  funds  were  concernctl,  the  times  were 
liard  also  on  the  northern  frontier,  thoui^h  the  cinps 
had  been  inucli  better  than  in  the  south.  A^ulKjo, 
though  repeatedl}''  declaring  that  he  could  no  loiini.r 
support  at  his  <3wn  ex[)ense  the  Sonoma  garrison,  was 
unable  to  resist  Micheltorena's  ap})eals,  accoiupaiiiwl 
as  they  were  by  hints  from  southern  men  that  he.  was 
under  especial  obligations  to  aid  in  the  suj)p(jit  of  an 
officer  whose  coming  had  been  so  largely  due  to  his 
influence;  but  a  motive  still  more  potent  in  deterniiii- 
ing  the  colonel's  action  was  the  acquisition  et"  tliu 
Soscol  rancho  u^ranted  to  him  this  vear,  and  for  w  liicli 
the  sup[)lies  furnished  for  ])ublic  needs  to  the  aninimt 
of  some  $11,000  were  to  be  regarded  as  the  lu'icr.^ 
Another  man  who  furnished  aid  to  Micheltoiviia 
early  in  1843,  and  received  lands  in  payment,  was 
Jose  Y.  Limantour,  who  had  come  to  the  coast  as 
owner  and  supercargo  of  a  Mexican  vessel.  What 
supi)lies  were  furnished  and  what  lands  granted,  it  is 
not  easy — nor  necessary  here — to  determine,  so  iii- 
volvetl  in  later  iVauds  and  fori>-eries  did  the'  whnlc 
matter  become;  but  that  there  was  an  actual  trans- 
action by  which  ^[icheltorena  obtained  aid  IVdNi  Li- 
mantour, there  is  no  reason  to  doubt.'* 


'  March  15,  l!543,  M.  to  V.,  l)eg?ill^r  him  to  send  back  tlic  CaJi/nnihi  with 
a  load  (if  i)ro\  isiiiiis.  Xo  cimI's  in  liio  south  except  on  il'iiijated  l.iiuls,  junl 
theio  devoured  liy  hiuiirry  geeso  and  er(>\V[i!  \'fi'lrj,i,  l)i,i\,  MS,,  •  i,  Itlt. 
Voyat,'e  fiMui  I'etalunia  to  S,  Tedro  in  .Imie.  ('oo/Mr'.iLoiio/lm'l'i/.,M>. 
Mueli  int'oiinalicin  aliout  the  sni>piie.(  furnished  liy  V.  was  lirou^^Iit  nu'  ia  tlio 
liti,i,'atii)ii  (if  later  year,-!  respeetiny  the  Soseol  rancho.  April  1  't,  \'.  t  i  M. 
Has  iecei\C(l  no  lejily  to  his  representations  aluuit  the  scarcity  <  I'  >ii|i|ih'js 
for  tlie  troops  on  tlic  frdutier  and  at  S.  V.  If  relief  cannot  lie  ii'l'U'leil,  lie 
v.ill  not  lie  resjionsilile  for  lesults,  and  asiis  to  Ik!  relieved  from  hirf  i""!- 
niand.  Viil'<Jo,  J>ui\,  .MS,,  xi.  Xui.  May  l!(th,  the  coinisario  I'nrui  in  ;  li  itli- 
iug,  .ind  v.  cannot  lon;;er  suppoi't  the  troops.  LL,  xi.  .">7".  .lunc  j'ldi.  a 
juddie  nieetin,!,'  iield  at  Soiifinia  to  raise  funds  for  su|iport  of  the  ,!.mi  lii'a  "■'"I 
the  erection  of  pnhlii!  liui!din;,;s.  '['\\i>.  amount  rai.u'(l,  tlie  Valle.ji'  i  I'.inu'  the 
lari^'est  suh.scrihers,  was  .St, (Mil!,  hesides  l.">,")  fan.  ,urain.  'JO  iiead  (/f  caf.le.  i.l'JO 
fjct  hoards,  I'J.TO')  ailolies,  and  J2  lahorcrs.  ('apt.  ('astaueda  v.as  tliif  di.v 
sent  us  A  messenger  t(j  the  gov.  to  explain  the  alisjlutc  indigence  of  the  .gar- 
rison.  /(/.,  xi.  41 1    Vl. 

*  As  another  means  of  raising  funds,  on  Jan.  '2d  ^ficheltorcna  (udei's  tlic 
nogotiatio.l  of  a  loan  of  .910-l'_',()i),)  on  future  customs  receipts.  ]i);ili::l'.,v  v.i'.li- 
out  success;  thouj.^h  o:i  .Ian.  lOdi  t'astauares  w.as  th.Uiked  ii)r:-ouie  •  _.i  Mtrous 
olier,'  which  wa.i  accepted.  Ihi)!.  SI.  I'aj'.,  llcii.,  MS.,  iii.  "Jo-ii. 


THE  GOVERXOR  AXD  VALLEJO. 


3:3 


111  ninncctiou  M'ith  Miclieltorcna's  appeals  to  Ya- 
llcjd  liir  aid,  there  were  some  synij)toiiis  of  a  coiitro- 
vcr>v  between  the  two  officers.  Tlirougli  PaMo  do 
]a(!i;>'na  in  February,  Yallujo  lieard  a  rmnor  tliat 
tlio  '4Mvcrnor  had  expressed  doubts  about  the  fact  nt" 
Ills  ii;iviiij4'  sup})orted  the  troops  at  his  own  e\]»ciis!', 
;,iiil  all  intention  to  remove  liim  from  his  command  of 
tlu'  iiorlliern  line.  The  rumor  was  doubtless  an- 
I'nuiiiKd,  and  the  colonel  himself  did  not  perha}>s  at- 
t;i(li  niiU'h  importance  to  it;  but  he  felt  sonicwliat 
sorr  al/out  his  own  instrumentality  in  haviuL;'  brought 
tlic  "'(  lural  and  his  vaijabonds  to  California,  and  ihercj 
wow  manv  reasons  why  a  t:crievance  aL-'ainst  him  and 
ii  .-ii>ji(  n>ion  of  friendly  relations  were  rather  dc^-iralilo 
than  otherwise.  According'ly  A'^allejo,  on  tli(^as.suni[>- 
tioii  that  his  word  had  been  doubted  and  his  honor 
iiliiiulcd,  wrote  some  rather  sharp  letters  to  ^Michel- 
Idii  isa.  ciiclosing  proofs  of  his  past  exijendituivs  in 
1)'  liali"  of  the  troops,  and  a  request  to  be  relieved  of 
Ills  r-ninniand.  The  o-eneral's  reply  was  an  assurance 
dt'Iiis  hluh  personal  and  official  esteem  for  ValKjo;  a 
tli'iiial  that  he  had  ever  doubted  his  woi'd,  or  faih.'d  to 
;i[>;!ix,'(iate  his  past  sacritices,  which  he  ho[>ed  soon  to 
iijiay:  and  an  earnest  request  that  he  would  not  dc- 
}iiivr  tlio  country  of  his  valuable  services.  It  was 
wclinigh  impossible  to  quarrel  with  such  a  man  under 
hiicli  circumstances.* 

In'siihs  the  labor  of  conducting  his  financial  cam- 
Itiii^ii,  Miclu'ltorena  had  other  (hiti<'s  quite  sufficient 
to  (i(i'i;|>y  the  spare  tinu;  of  an  indolent  ruler,  who 
lai'i  lyiiiade  his  appearance  befoi'e  noon,  aiul  had  no 
tniiiliuss  I'or  office  work  at  late  hours.  There  was 
daily  necessity  to  hear  the  complaints  i)i'  citizens  con- 
oiTiiing  the  depredations  of  the  cliolo  soldiers,  and  con- 
stant >  tl'ort  was  required  to  maintain  a  scmbhince  of 
iiiilitaiy  discipline  in  the  batallon.  ]\roreovcr,  there 
was  a  variety  of  routine  coi-rcspondence  on  minor 
iiiattcis  ivqniring  no  special  notice  here,  in  \\hich  the 

5  W'll.Ja.  Da,'.,  MS.,  Ni.  .^-.f),  :{«.-,  371;  /(/.,  Hist.  CaL,  MS.,  iv.  3d-'-U. 

IlihT.  C.\L  ,  VuL.  IV.     23 


i  r 


n-)4 


MICIIKLTORF.\A>  HUUv -POLITICAL  AFrAIR?:. 


<.,n')icr;il's  si'cfctaric^  required  <a  certain  anioinit  uf  sti- 
pL-rii'tcndeiU'C.  besides  attending  to  the  roiilinr  ,\\\. 
tii>s  of  his  ofHee,  ^I ieheltni'cna  turned  his  atteiitini!  in 
the  mission  prolili'm,  and  alter  consultation  with  tln' 
iViars.  (U-torniined,  i-alher  wisely,  as  I  shall  explain 
nsoi'c  definitely  in  the  next  chapter,  on  a  restoration  i,\' 
tweh.c  missions  to  wliat  was  nominally  the  old  system, 
a  measure  \\hich  was  actually  carrit^l  out.  So  iniich 
<-umot  he  said  of  another  scheuK!  dm'iseil  by  hini.that 
ot'  estal>lishini4*  a  newspapei'  at  jNIontorey,  in  wliiih 
citizens  inio-Jit  nvid  and  criticise  the  acts  of  the  guv- 
eriunent  in  their  behalf/' 


It 


In  midsunmier  ^[ieheltorena  left  Los  An<Tj(>les  with 
his  batallon,  and  camc"  to  live  at  the  capital.  Tlieir 
are  no  original  records  of  his  iournov  or  of  ;in\'  cii- 
cumstances  connected  with  it.  Then*  is  indi  id  a 
notable  absence  fi'om  all  archives,  publico  and  pii\ati', 
of  anv  l<ind  of  documents  relatiu!''  to  the  c>veiits  nf 
this  period.  Many  Californians  remend)er  the  trans- 
fer, and  all  a^Tce  that  the  Ani^-elinos  were  ]>ert''(tly 
willino'  to  part  with  their  guests  of  a  year.  Lo-,  Aii- 
H'eles  was  willing  now  as  never  before  to  r(>lin(jui>li  its 
elaims  to  the  hone.r  of  being  the  governor's  resilience, 
wisliing  its  old  rival  joy  in  the  ac(|uisition;  wliilc  tlio 
eholos  themselves,  havin;''  stolen  every  eatable  ilnivf 
that  the  south  alfordcd,  were  not  sorrj'  to  transfer 
their  industrial  openitions  to  new  fields.  All  that  is 
known  about  the  date  of  ^licheltorena's  coming  ii'irth 

^  M'irhilinrnxt,  Dif]e<t  of  Corrcapondeiice  at  Loa  Anfielcs,  Feb.  2.'il  I"  May 
.11,  IS iJ,  is  a  jn'iiituj  p!imi)Iikt  of  7  pagos,  8vo,  without  iiiipriiit,  doiil'tlcss 

_    .  •     .       I    ■  i  :     -....:.  I      _     1 1     Ti.     A-  : i-I.  - ..'   j  I..1 


*'l,    iK^ftJ,     13     til      l.tlllLLU      t'.illllllJlV.  V      iri       ,        |lt(^i~^,    1.1  t  W,      1tlbllV.flib     1111  111  1111..    .  t'lii  I'Liv- J 

jiiiiiti'cl  ill  LdUiU'cticu  Willi  somo  hind  ciisc.  It  cnntaiiis  tlie  luirpml  of  tlio 
ii!)  (iilil  c'ipiiiiminiL;itiiiiis  (if  the  pov..  cliitlly  on  minor  routine,  from  /'■/ '.  /''C, 
MS.,  xiii.  ,'>7-">'J.  ilaivh  l.'tth,  jMojeut  of  a  'pliej^o  de  iiniire'ta.'  /'/  ;  ami 
J>t  jil.  St.  /'((/<.,  /'  ,.,  MS.,  iii.  :!;i.  May  1st,  such  a  press  of  tm.-<im'ss  in  llie 
sccrctary'.s  oliico  that  a  seeoixl  (lirk  was  a]>|ioint((l  at  !?.'>0  inr  nioiith,  Arr, 
hoc,  MS.,  KJ.  May  (jlh,  Mielieltorena  depiivLS  lieutenants  >Iuciel  an.'  l.iiii"n 
of  tiieir  rank,  scndinj;  tlani  as  'paisanfjs'  to  S.  Diej,'o.  Saat'ie,  j'-h'\,  M^-,  iii. 
."1.");  Ucjit.  y.Vc,  MS.,  .xiii.  o,i;  S.  l)i<iio,  Airh.,  MS.,  295.  'May 'JOc.'i,  lettfr 
idiouta  personal  row  between  Sec.  Arce  and  LieutSoinoza.  Castruy  IM   .,  M.S., 


i.  107. 


I- 


ill' 


I 


XnE  GENERAL  AT  MONTEREY.  S-j 

facts  that  lio  was  at  ^Montoroy  ou  AiiL,ni.st  1  'M]\J 
alio  that  oil  Sc|»toin1)t'r  4tli  Vallcjo  wroto  tVoiu  S<>- 
iii.iiia  ti>  ('nii<4i'atulato  liim  ou  liis  safe  arrival.^  It  is 
>aiil  that  tlie  usual  atteiitious  were  shown  to  the  n'ov- 
(iini-  at  diii'ereut  poiuts  on  liis  journey;  that  ]\lanuel 
('a>tariares  succeeded  in  raising  among  government 
rin'i  I'lyes  and  citizens  sutHcient  money  to  properly  /r.s- 
/./'■•/•  liis  Excellency,  who  made  some  glowing  s[)eeclies 
nil  his  projects  for  the  country's  welfare,  both  on  the 
(lav  of  arrival  and  in  the  later  national  festivities 
(if  Si  |itcinl)er  UJth;  and  finally,  that  the  sohliers  l>e- 
!;aii  their  di-predations  with  the  least  possible  delay.' 
Thus  the  iudications  arc  that  the  people  of  Monterey 
entertained  no  very  cordial  feelings  toward  their  new 
ir.lci'  and  his  men,  their  dislike  bemg  mainly  of  cour-<e 
t'lr  the  cholos,  of  whose  character  they  w'erc  not  ig- 
iiniaiit;  but  for  reasons  that  will  be  more  apparent 
l.;i'  I',  it  is  diriicult  to  obtain  inf(jrmation  from  impar- 
tial xiurces  respecting  the  popular  feeling.  ]\[ean- 
v.Iiilc  the  otHcers  of  the  batallon,  in  accordance  with 
a  .Mexican  custom  not  known  in  California  before  this 
time  1  tliiid;,  were  ([uartered  at  the  houses  of  citizens, 
a  cireunistance  that  did  n()t  tend  to  increase  the  poj)- 
iilaiity  of  the  new-comers.'" 

Thei'c  are  two  or  three  circumstances  that  point 
r.uher  vaii'uelv  to  the  e.Kistence  at  this  time  of  oov- 
tain  schemes  of  revolt.  Hastings,  who  is  far  from 
L;e(i(l  authority,  says:  "The  timorous;  movements  of 
tile  L;iivernor,  and  es|)eci!dly  tlie  fact  of  his  bciu'j,'  un- 
wiHiiig  to  venture  among  the  Calilbi'uian  ;  without  an 
;iniied  force  for  his  protection,  created  much  dissatis- 
taclioii  among  them,  whieli  l)ecame  so  general  at  one 


'A'li:.  \'A,  1S4;^,  M.  at  >Lintei'ev  writes  to  Liiikin,  not  hnwover  alluding 
111  aiiyv.iiy  t..  Ills  recent  arrival.   Lnrlin'M  J),i,\,  Ms.,  ii.  •_".). 

*  V'jlhjn,  .hoc,  Ms.,  xi.  44.")-(i.  Saivmlor  \alkjo  wan  also  sent  down  toL'i'ect 
liim,  fN},)ain  the  .state  of  allaiis  on  the  trontie;-,  and  invite  liiiii  to  visit. So- 
lo una. 

Wlnirado,  /list.  CaL,  ^IS.,  v.  '-'0-1;  Vulhjo,  Hist.  Cat.,  MS.,  iv.  304-S; 
•^wT'i/jo,  Aj,ii„ti^,  MS.,  7!)  '^O. 

''Wiig.  "JSth,  a  oustoni-iii  ■  se  nelador  el'  'ins  exemption  fn>m  the  liilletin;; 
"!  uliiLcia  at  liis  liousc.    CuMrv,  Doc,  M;>.,   i.   lOiJ;  /(/.,  Ihuicwn,  MS.,  hti. 


m 


r.-r,  Minini/rOREXA'S  nULE-rOLITICAL  AFFAinf?. 

time  tli.'it  tlioy  flotorniinod  to  iiitorposo  their  oiiuiiji'. 
ti'iicr  ti)  iiixvciit  his  Kxci'Ilcncv  I'roin  marchiii"'  hi; 
oimiiriii'iims  tn>t)[>s  tt)  tlie  scat  of  j^oveniiiiciit.  l)!;t 
1m Toii^  I  left,  his  s.n'iirralshi|t  was  jxTniitted  to  iii.iri!i 
jiMi-tliwai'd,  and  was  in  i'ull  possession  of  th<,'  di'if 
town,  then;  to  he  seen  niai'chini;  and  iiara(hn"  his 
(TopiH'd  and  Itranded  troops  ahont  the  streets  witli 
idl  iinauinal)le  pomposity.""  This  statement,  thnii.^^h 
idtsnrd  in  some  i-esjx'ets — flse  it  would  luirdly  liiid  a 
placi'  in  the  work  eited — may  si^'uily  tliat  the  auih-ir 
ha<l  iu.'ard  rumors  of  revolt  from  foreii^niers  v/hmi 
he  met;  for  on  Auu^ust  14th  Vallcjo  amiounci  d  hj; 
diseovery  that  eertain  pei-sons  wiTe  plottiii'j;"  nuain-r 
the  'jovermnent.      ]^v  his  order  some  document 


.!■,,- 


pos.il  to  have'  a  hearinu^  on  the  snhjeet  were  seized  at 
San  Josu  on  the  ]>ers(>n  of  Juan  ]?adilla;  hut  tli; 
liurjiiirt  of  the  dis('(»V('ry  is  not  stated.'"  ('a})tain  Siit- 
tir,  without  .n'iviiiij^  exa<'tdates,  elaims  to  have  w.iii!'  I 
^licholtorena  of  impending'  da!i'_,o'i'  loiiu^  heforf  t!i' 
revolution  iirohe  out.  .Vnd  liiudly,  in  AuL^ist  or  Sr|>- 
tend)er,  Jsaae  (Jraham  olK-red  to  the  ^'ovcrnor  tln'sr- 
vices  of  iiimself  ;ind  foi'tv  other  foreiu'uei's  li\  in  ;  ii 
till'  vieiiHty  of  Santa  Cruz,  doin^^  this  presumaMv  ii 
the  hope  of  t;'ettin;j^  a  l)low  at  his  old  foes,  Alvaiali 
and  ("astro,  in  the  ti'ouhlcs  suj)posed  to  be  hi'iv,  in  .■. 
]»ut  seven  of  the  fon'iL;ners  p>rotested  that  thcv  li:  I 
iniven  (Iraham  no  authority  to  act  for  them,  and  I'l  it 
thi'ir  only  desire  was  to  live  in  (juiet,  without  lu  in.;' 
drawn  into  ti'oid>l(^  by  that  "seditious  evil-doer  an  I 
pernieious  disturher  of  the  jx'ace."  ^Micheltoivna  •; 
reply  was  that  California  was  at  peace,  and  his  I'mvi' 
amply  sutlicient.  Il'  the  services  of  forei^'uers  sli  atld 
))e  needed,  they  would  he  notiiied  iii  writing  thiiniu'i 
the  p]-oper  authorities.^^ 

Financial  ditiiculties  were  not  greatly  modi.i  d  in 

"  N'l.^nmis'  I'n't'i.  diiifl,;  i-ji-e. 

'-  All!,'.  14tli,  I'.lth,  y.  to  com.  of  S.  .hy^r,  ami  reply.    VallJ^,  D-.-.,  "M<., 

xi.  ir.*,  \\\. 

'S,.pt.  'JSth,  Weeks,  Morris,  Majors,  Jiurton,  Sweet,  Heatli.  anl  ISiKub 
to  Micholtoieiia.     Oct.  7th,  M.'ti  reply.  StaCnr-i,  Arch.,^Si6.,  ^^l~'^>- 


1 

1^ 

i 

1^! 

P'- 

%hi 

k 

Ml 

U: 

[1  ':i  .fir. 

JLN'TA  IX'JXO.MiCA. 


.•;.-.7 


]  ill  1  111"  (li^jfreo  1)V  tlio  <ni\eni<)r's  c-haiiu'c^  of  residence, 
A  r>  iliictiou  of  expenses  or  an  incivase  ol'  re\(':;;ie 
v.;i-  .1  .  lalter  of  uri^ent,  nt.'C(!ssity.  and  the  Dtli  of  '.  >c- 
(,il)ri  a  junta  oi'  ollicials  was  held  at  the  i,^oveiii«ii-'> 
]niU>e  til  devise  means  (tf  I'eHel'.'*  MiclieH  oTena  [U-e- 
^.idil,  ;ind  exi)hiined  the  ohjeet  of  the  iiieelin;^'  in  .in 
uMciiiii;;'  speech;  al'ter  which  A'allejo  was  chosen  see- 
ntuiv,  and  tho  iirst  session  was  toriuinated  Ky  tlie 
ii;i|iiiintnii,"nt  of  a  oommittoe  of  seven  to  report  in  t">ur 
ilav^.'"'  At  thu  session  of  the  loth  a  rej)ort  was  |!!\'- 
•.(■iitcd,  (Hscussed,  and  ado[)ted,  in  substance  as  I'd- 
lows:  The  justices  and  secretary  (»f  the  su[)reiiie  court 
)..  r.fcive  each  a  salary  of  §1,200;  the  u^overnnient 
xiTctary  to  have  $1,200,  with  a  clerk  at  i;?r)00;  the 
iitliccs  of  prefects  and  sub-prefects  to  be  abolished; 
."LiluO  to  be  paid  to  the  principal  of  the  school  ;it 
Monterey,  books  and  paper  beinij;'  furnished  by  the 
scholar-',  but  in  other  towns  scIkjoIs  were  to  bo  sup- 
j'lirtcl  by  the  inunici[)alities  with  contributions  Ironi 
iltizeiis;  tilt!  coniisario  to  be  re[ilaced  by  a  treasurer 
iit  a  >a!ary  of  $1,000  (or  $1,500);  alcaldes  and  justices 
III'  ill!'  peace,  l)einL'"  entitled  to  fees  as  judi^'es  of  Iirst 
iii>taiice,  not  to  receive  tlie  allowance  of  s^io  per 
iimnth;  and  finally,  the  administrator  and  chief  elei'k 
nl'tlie  custom-house  to  receive  the  same  salary  as  be- 
t'lv',  th(»uj^h  the  latter's  acklitional  pay  as  inter[)reter 
was  to  be  reduced  by  one  half  After  thanking'  tli" 
iiKjiiiIters  \'i)V  the  reduction  of  $20,000  effected  in  the 
civil  liud^'t't,  and  j)romising  his  best  efforts  to  bring 
aliiiiit  a  ('orres])onding  reduction  in  military  expenses, 
lliclieltoi'ena  declared  the  junta  at  an  end."* 

"Tlic  (itlU'ci's  present  were  (Jen.  JostS  M,  Miclieltorciia;  eolnmls  M.  (!. 
ViilK jo  ami  J.  ]>.  Alvarailii;  lieut-cnlonels  Rafael  Tilliz  ami  Jdsi;  Ca.-.tr.i; 
t:i]ii;iiiis  .liiau  Alu'l'.a  and  Franeiseo  Noriega;  cliirf  (if  a''tillery.  Cant.  Maii  lUn 
Silva;  liiptain  of  tlio  (lort,  I'cdro  Narvaez;  cdniamlanto  of  tiio  jiresiilial  ^diu- 
l';iiiy.  l';i[it.  Nieaiior  Ivstraila;  governor's  see.,  Manuel  Jinieno;  presiilcat  i  f 
t'.R' trilmiml,  Juan  ^lalarin;  prefect  of  1st  district,  Ramon  Estrada;  ailaiiii- 
iaat'ir  (if  tustoni.s,  Manuel  Castafiiires;  vista,  Pablo  de  la  Giicrra;  comi^jariu, 
Josi;  .\liro;;ii;  and  Rafael  (ionailez,  coniandante  of  eeladorcs. 

'^.M.'mlii'rsof  tliocommittee;  Cistailares,  Tellez,  Vallejo,  Malariii.  AIuc'd, 
Alvanul.i,  and  Jinicuo. 

^•Janta  Coiwidtafira   y   L'conOiiiira   ot  JfoiiUiri/,   (kltibre  de  i^'v  /,  MS. 


Jl 

^     '1!^ 


« 


I 


,,    ij>:!-d5  it 
I    ."t!?| 


It  'fij^ip  :;| 

it     ^  :  ' ;■ !' I-'  o 


i.     'ii   !  if  '• 


sr.s 


MICTinLTOREXA'S  RULE  -POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


Besides  tlio  fra<Tfnjeiit;u'y  Mutters  preserved  liy  tln' 
scci'ctary  of  ihi;^  ineet.idn',  1  find  in>  other  eoiitcnjM- 
r.ll'V  I'eeoi'd  oil  tll(!  sllhjeet  until  .liiniliny  1,  liS4l,nii 
Nviiieli  date  Mielieltorellil  issued  a  |»l<»ela!natioll  (Mn\ 
iuL^  into  elleet  tlie  economieal  measures  recouuniiKl!  I 
1>V  tlie  junta.  J-Jy  tliis  prcK-laination  the  L;-i)Vrr!i(i|"> 
salary  was  Ht()[)|»ed;  three  of  the  live;  judj^i'shij)s  liftlic 
tribunal  were  su|)i)ressed;  some  other  minor  ciian'^rs 
wei'e  introduced  hevond  thosi;  sULT'jfested  in  ()<tiilMi': 
and  some  military  salaries  wei'C  saved.  The  saving' in 
till'  rivil  l)udi;'».'t  iimouuted  to  .$I34,.'}50;  and  in  the  mil- 
itary to  .$5,042,  by  sto[)j)int^  the  pay  of  auxiliary  u!;i- 
eei's,  of  the  tveneral's  secretary,  and  of  the  sur^vmi. 
l>y  a  i-e!^'ulation  that  ofHeers  for  the  jjrescnt  niu>t  Im' 
coiilriit  with  half-pay,  a  further  tem[»orary  savi:i;.;  rf 
ovrr  .-^lOjOOU  was  elfected.''  Ou  November  14lli  ;iii 
order  was  issued  for  an  election,  to  be  held  in  Derrin- 
bei\  of  ayuntamieiitos  and  alcaldes  to  serve  from  tie' 
b('o-iiininL(  of  1844.  In  this  order  the  suppression  nf 
the  prefectures  was  incidentally  alluded  to,  and  lii'' 
tirst  alcalde  iu  each  place  was  instructed  to  jiri'Mrni 
the  duties  both  of  prefect  and  judg'c  of  first  instamv.'' 

These  iire  blotters  and  fraqments  prcserveil  by  Vallejo,  the  secretJirv,  s.ime 
jiarts  biiiii;  in  duplicate,  and  the  wiiido  pin'liaps  not  i|uite  luniplctc.  Tlnr; 
were  ptTha|i3  otiicr  sossiDnn,  as  on  Oct.  lOtii  Miclicltiucna  writi's  to  Lirkiu 
that  there  will  be  a  nieetinL,'at  his  house  to-nunTow  at  4  r.  M.  to  eoii-iiltr  llie 
niatterot  smui/uling,  trade  by  whalers,  etc.  Lnrkiii's  Doc,  MS.,  ii.  4.'i.  'I'lu.' 
junta  is  l)i'ii  lly  nuntioned  in  Botrllo,  Aiifilm,  MS.,  U)S-',l;  and  Aiii'hI"i', 
JA//,ci,-;r,y,  MS.,  l.VJ-.S.  Vallejo,  //('.s/.  C'tiL,  MS.,  iv.  .S7!»-S->,  uivca  somo  iIl- 
1  iils--as  to  the  accuracy  of  whicii  I  express  no  opinion — about  tlie  junta.  n"t 
i.icluih  (I  iu  the  ori^'inal  record.  At  the  first  mcetini,'  after  the  f,'ov.  had  ni:i  Ic 
his  opcniuL;  spc(;ch  and  left  the  room,  I'rudon  .subuiitted  a,  jiri^posilJ'H  that 
the  batallon  be  sent  to  Sonoma,  where  tiiey  could  bo  fed  and  put  tovnik. 
Tlie  oltlccrs  of  tlie  batallon  protested  that  it  would  be  dcroL'atory  to  tli'ii'  'H-' 
I'.ity  even  to  consider  such  a  proposition  ;  and  the  C'alifornians  left  the  h  ill  in 
disu'ust.  At  a  second  meeting  Vallejo  himself  urged  the  sending  «./  tlh'  aiii.y 
to  the  noi'thern  frontier,  where  he  could  siip|)l,y  them  with  jilenty  of  nuvit  aii'l 
corn,  but  no  money  or  liipior.  Micheltorena  was  inclined  to  think  fav.r.ilily 
of  tlie  plan,  but  the  Mexican  ollicers  began  to  bluster  as  befoie.  Ab:iiiiili 
made  a  speech,  in  which  hi;  declared  that  it  was  useless  to  talk  of  ell  Htiiii' 
reforms  so  long  as  the  defence  of  L'alifornian  homes  and  faniiliis  vas  cnti'id 
to  convicts,  and  the  junta  broke  up  without  accomplishing  .luythiug  in  tlio 
only  direction  which  might  have  ail'orded  relief  and  prevented  revoluti  u. 

''"  Mirlull:»r,in,  Jldiiilo  Ki-.ni6iiiiro,  I  il^'  Km-ro,  JS.'/.'/,  MS. 

'"N' >v.  14,  1S4."),  .Micheltorena's  proclamation  on  local  elections.  I'-i'hr). 
J)n-.,MS.,i.  117-IS;  S.  J>;<-f<,,  Arr/i.,  MS.,  -JDT-S;  /V/,/.  ■'iV.  /'"/'•  •'"'• 
MS..  X.  :{i;  M'.rhilh.rdirC.-i  Ailmiu.,  Ki-IT;  Di'-hi' n<\<  Colon.  //(V.,  ad  !..  sl-.>. 
At  Aiijieles  and  Monterey  the  ayuut.  waa  to  consist  of  two  alcahic.-,  lour 


■  *  ■    i      ' 

1;  iii  i^^ 


A  NEW  OATH. 


3.V.) 


Thl>  iiii])(>rtaiit  clianLju  in  local  jjfovcM'ninoiit  lias  jil't 
liiit  littk-  Iraci;  ill  tliu  arcliivi-s  lui-  tin;  pt'i'ioJ  (llu•iIl^' 
wliiili  it  was  ill  operation,  from  Januarv  18  11  to  .July 
1S4.'),  licyoiul  an  occasional  and  inciJuiital  allusion  to 
alr.il'lis  instead  of  prelects, 

Jiidii'd,  from  the  middle  of  184^  the  chain  ofarchivi! 
(■villi  iicc  is  in  certain  respects  I'xtreniely  incomplct  • 
ill  (Miiijiarison  to  that  of  earlier  years.  ]t  would  al- 
most. >rr\n  that  thcTe  had  been  a  delil)erati.'  ell'ort  t* 
dotiiiv  (»r  conceal  docuuKJiits  relatiii;^^  to  the  l,^o\ci  imr  s 
acts  ill  these  yeart*,  for  their  absi'Uce  is  nearly  as 
iiiaiki'l  ill  private  and  local  archiw-s  as  in  those  of  the 
(l(|iarliiu'nt.  It  is  not  unlikely  that  the  researches  ul' 
iatt  !•  years  in  connection  with  land  litiij^atiitii  may 
]ia\('  had  something  to  do  with  the  tlisa[)[)earanee  ol 
lln>r  papers. 

Ill  nliudieiicc  to  instructions  from  ^Mexico  — wheiici' 
iin  !,  ,->s  than  sixty  coins  were  sent,  or  at  least  prom- 
ised, I'm)'  distribution  to  the  crrowds! — ]\licheltorena  i:i 
ScptiiiilHr  and  October  ordered  a  })ublic  and  ceremo- 
nial swearing  of  allegiance  to  tlu;  new  constitution, 
tlir  hii.^(S  (>r(/d)uc<is  of  the  ivpnblie.  The  p)r(d('et  or 
lulicr  cjiief  local  authority  was  to  march  throuuli  thi- 
stints  will)  ;i  military  escort,  amid  ringing  of  l)el!s 
iiiid  wjih  all  practicable  pom[),  before  taking  the  oath 
nf  pulili<-  em[)loyes  and  citizens.  The  oath  was  talccii 
atlids  Aiig(des  October  loth;  at  San  ])iegothe  'JOth: 
and  at  Sonoma  late  in  Decembi'r,  ''not  as  a  mere  i'ov- 
iiiality  nf  law,  but  because  the  bases  pi'omisc  a  I'uture 
"I  pi  .irr  and  prosperity,"  as  the  comandante  wrote. 
'Few  pciipde  in  California  knew  or  cared  to  know  any- 
tliiii'.;  about  the  bases  de  Tacubaya;  yet  all  the  same 
tile  oath  was  doubtless  taken  at  every  town.'" 

iT;.'iiluiis,  ;iii(l  ;i  siiidico.     At    .  Diego,  Sta  Bru'biir.i,  S.  Juan  (Rnutistn),  I'raii- 
lil'iiti',  S.  .l.isO,  S.  !•".,  and  SdiiDina  two  ali'aldfs  wci'c  ti))iu  clioscii.     'I'lic  pri- 
iiKuy  (1, 1  thill  to  bu  liuld  on  tlie  nccond  Sunday  in  ]  K'C,  and  llie  si'condary  im 
tlioiMli,,uiiij^riiday.     Nov.  i:itli,  the  junta  duijurlaniental  hud  lixud  tliu  uuin 
Wr  Mill,  aides,  etc.   /,'»/.  A'rc,  .MS.,iv.  l.S. 

"iuuc  17,  18i;j,  ]5oL'aiK'.;ia  to  gov.,  iironii.'^iing  coins.  Sup.  (lort  St.  Pap., 
Ms.,  wu,  -2.    Si'pt.  •-'bill,  Michclturaia  to  incfeut.  Dipt.  S(.  I'djK,  Aiij.,'M6., 


Hi 


Mi 


im 


ti 


1  :■  1 


V 


r  I 


4^2 


^: 


%, 


^% 


# 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


12.8 


1112 


1136 


1.4 


||M 
1.6 


r-^ 


v^ 


<5!r 


A 


y 


>^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  .'/EST  VAIN  STREET 

WEBSTEHW.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


#' 


iV 


-^s^ 


t 


\ 


\\ 


4> 


iV' 


<■.' 


0\ 


<^ 


'^ 


V 


h 


t:.5 


t-c'- 


330 


MICriELTOREXA'S  RULE— POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


Not  only  (lid  California  swear  to  the  bases,  Iml  on 
November  1st,  throui^ii  her  junta  departaiueiitu!,  as- 
sembled in  extra  session  at  the  capital  and  desirous 
of  expressing'  its  obligations  "to  the  illustrious  mil  !inr 
of  tlie  nation's  regeneration  as  a  reward  of  his  civii' 
A'irtues  and  heroic  deeds,"  she  cast  her  vote  witli  ali- 
solute  unanimity  for  General  Don  Antonio  Lopi  /,  d,. 
8;uita  Anna,  benemerito  do  la  patria,  for  president.'-' 
.Vt  tin-  beginning  of  the  year  an  order  had  been  cir- 
culated to  the  effect  that  until  the  national  organiza- 
tion could  be  perfected,  all  officials,  including  juilgrs 
and  members  of  the  junta,  should  continue  in  the  ex- 
ercise of  their  functions,"'  The  old  junta,  conipused 
of  Jimeno,  Castro,  ICstrada,  and  Gonzalez,  or  those 
nienibe-rs  v»dio  could  most  conveniently  be  assciiililiMl 
at  ^[onterev,  held  two  extra  sessions  this  year.  ( hie 
was  on  November  1st,  when  the  vote  of  the  depait- 
nient  was  cast  for  Santa  Anna,  and  the  other  on  t!i  ■ 
loth,  when  it  met  to  determine  the  number  of  nieiM- 
bers  to  be  chosen  for  the  new  junta,  as  well  as  f  )r  tlie 
diflerent  ayuntamientos.^''  ]\Ieanwhile  Micheltni-ena 
had  ordered  an  election  to  tnlco  place  in  accordanee 
with  tlie  ]\Iexican  law  of  Ji  ^)th,  though  at  a  later 

date  than  was  prescribed  b\  at  law."^  The  primary 
election  was  to  beheld  on  October  2'Jd;  the  seennih 
ary  on   tlie    2i)tli;    and  the   electors  were  to  he  at 

xii.  7--'.  Oct.  .•?(l,  M.  to  V.  Vull^Jo,  Boc,  MS.,  xi.  4,j9.  Jan.  1st,  ivply.  //., 
:;ii.  2.  Swearing  .at  Angeles.  Jj(pt.  Sf.  Pu]k,  Urn.  I'nf.  y  Jkvj.,  M"^..  iii. 
1  l-i.  At  S.  Diego,  //((//e-.'  iJoc,  MS.,  170.  The  friars  take  die  oath.  Jnli., 
Arr.oli.,  MS.,  v.  pt  ii.  ',io,  etc. 

-oSc-ssi.iuof  Nov.  1st.  Lrrj.  7?cc.,  MS.,  iv.  12.  Nov.  4th,  Miclicltnr.  n.i'^ 
priiclanialii 111  announcing  the  vote.  S.  JHcgo,  Arch.,  JLS.,  '21)',t;  Val/'jn,  I'lf., 
MS.,  .\i.  '1(')S;  J/ir/irlforcna's  Adiniiihtrnlion,  \o.  Vallejo,  Hist.  CaL,  MS., 
iv.  ."71-li,  wys  that  this  vote  did  iu)fc  represent  the  popular  opinion.  * 

■■"dan.  '24tli,  'J7th,  Jiineno  to  prefect.  Mi-heltorciia's  Admin.,  W-Vl.  Jan. 
27lh,  Ko\-.  says  his  alTairsnre  so  urgent  as  to  prevent  his  atteiidincc  ;it  scs- 
si  )nsof  the  junta  at  present.  ])cpt.  St.  Pap.,  Aiiij.,  MS.,  xii.  08.  Fi  b.  '2d,  pay 
of  see.  of  junta  to  eontinue.  Jd.,  Bin.,  iii.  ll'J-'20.  Feb.  4tli,  'Jdi'i.  all  last 
Year".s  judi^es  to  hold  over.   //.,  Aug.,  xii.  70-1;  S.  Josi,  Arch.,  ^IS  ,  il.  '1% 

■'^ Liij.^nrc,  MS.,  iv.  l'2-i;t. 

-''Sept.  28,  1840,  M.'s  clcetioii  proclamation.  Movtemi,  Arch..  ,M'^..  xi. 
11;  CiiMyo,J)«i\,  MS.,i.  112-lH;  Mkhi-ltnreim's Admin.,  1:1-14,  Mcrir,..  A';//.)- 
imulodi:  Elcr.ioin^,  10  de  Jiniio,  JS/fl  MS.  ]{y  the  terms  of  this  i'«',  tlie 
primary  election  v.as  to  lie  held  the  2d  Sunday  in  August,  and  the  electoral 
college  to  meet  at  the  capital  on  the  last  Sunday  iu  September. 


ELi:CTIONS  AND  IIOESE-TIIIEVES. 


361 


Mnnfcroy  as  early  as  Novoiiibcr  lotli.'-"  Having  at- 
tcii'lcd  to  tlic  usual  proliniinaric'S  in  the  sessions  of 
Xi>\riiiber  lGtli-l7tIi,  on  the  IDtli  the  electors  voted 
i'lir  ;i  deputy  to  congress,  to  fill  the  place  of  Andres 
Castillero,  of  whose  services  for  California  during  his 
t  ini  of  office  I  know  nothing.  The  choice  fell  upon 
3Ianucl  Castanares,  a  ]\[exicaii,  who  desired  the  posi- 
tion, and  was  favored  hy  the  governor.  Antonio  ]\[. 
()-io  was  elected  suplente.^'  Next  day,  the  20th, 
si'ven  vocales  were  chosen  to  compose  the  new  junta, 
as  I'dllows:  Pio  Pico,  Francisco  Figueroa,  Narciso 
liotollo,  Francisco  do  la  Guerra,  Davitl  S[)ence,  Ila- 
liinn  Estrada,  and  ICstevan  Munras,  with  the  same 
uuiiih(n'  of  substitutes.  It  is  to  noted  that  though 
the  name  of  junta  was  still  retained  in  California,  the 
tcnn  osamblea,  or  assembly,  was   used   in  the   bases 


oi'ij-amcas. 


20 


Indian  horse-tliicvcs  were  still  troublesome  in  Cen- 
t!;il  California.  In  June  various  citizcms  of  the 
Mdiitci'ey  district  .sent  a  petition  to  Micheltorena,  re- 
latin'j-  1.]i(;ir  troubles  of  i)ast  vears,  and  statiivjf  that 
thcv  would  soon  be  obli<>'ed  to  abandon  their  ranchos, 
as  nil  majordomos  could  be  found  to  take  charge  of 
ihcui,  so  groat  v/as  the  insecurity  of  life.  The  Ind- 
ians came  to  the  very  town  to  connnit  robberies. 
('iini[)laiut8  had  been  made  to  the  authorities,  and 
soii'c  expeditions  had  been  sent  out,  but  they  had 
never  aecom[)lished  anything,  and  had  generally  failed 


mw 


a- 


)1 


!i  w 


if 


■'TliP  t'li'itora  chosen  wore  Jominin  OrtofTa  for  S.  Diopro,  iLniacin  del  Vallo 
f'li'Sta  Jlii'liaia,  Jgiiai'in  I'aluniaros  for  AiiL^ck'S,  .losi;  l'\  lliicliia  for  8.  .losO, 
M.mui)  Ctstaiiarps  lor  Monterey,  and  li,'naeio  I'eralta  for  S.  F.  Lti/.  Ji'ic., 
Ms.,  iv.  <J-11,   Ui;    ]'„llijo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxx.  :H(i4;    J'rjit.  Sf.   Pap./^S.,  v. 

•'Cnstafiarcs  donlitlesa  sailed  with  Capt.  Cooper  on  the  Cttlijoriiia,  which 
lift  Monterey  Dee.  lOth.  lie  took  with  him  a  pcjverof  attorney  to  eolleet 
(?t.'>(l'i  (l;ie  ills  lirotlier,  Joso  .Maria,  for  salai'y  as  supreiiiu  court  judge.  Zi'o- 
liill'i,  I)„r.,  .MS.,  14-1.-). 

■^  Mv.cii-'i,  Jjdsv.s  ()r<jt'tmcns,  IS.'fS.  The  suplentes  were:  Carlos  Carrillo, 
.\ntoi)io  Sufiol.  .Tuaii  M.  An/ar.  Salvio  Paclieco,  .lose  Castro.  Ignacio  I'eraiia, 
"lid  L'liaeio  delValle.  '.rr/,  /,Vr.,  MS.,  iv.  II-IO.  Nov.  'J.'d',  Mielieltoreiui 
I'Viiuluniis  the  re.sult  of  liiith  eleetions.  S.  />«;/'),  Anh.,  MS.,  '6W;  Dip.  St, 
i'"l'.,  .!»;/.,  MS.,  X.  "'J;  Mirhdiunua's  Adiii'oL,  IS. 


IWTT 


h  ■:   ■•!:!     ! 


>    1 

: 

■    i 

H 

SG2 


MICHELTOIIEXA'S  RUL]:-rOLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


to  return  tlio  horses  and  saddles  furnished  l)}-  the 
ranelieros.  Sonietlinos  the  hitter  had  carried  thiLvcs 
to  jail,  but  they  liad  been  set  at  liberty  without  |iu:i- 
ishnient,  and  robbers  <.le  razon  were  almost  as  ti'oubli;- 
sonie  as  the  Indians.  This  petition  having  ln'tu 
forwarded  by  the  governor  to  the  coniandante  of  tliu 
n(.)i'tliern  line,  the  latter  sent  out  several  expeditions,  i.f 
Avhieh  we  have  no  details.'-'^  This  was  early  in  tliu 
year;  but  it  does  not  ap{)ear  tliat  the  soldi^'rs  ut' tlio 
batallon  after  they  came  north  ever  [jerformed  auv 
service  against  the  Indians.  In  the  south,  howuwi', 
no  hostilities  are  reported  this  year,  and  perhaps  this 
fact  should  be  attributed  to  the  presence  of  tliu 
cholos. 

One  expedition  of  this  year  from  Sonoma  coiisisttd 
of  seventy  Cahfornians  and  two  hundred  auxiliary 
Indians,  under  the  command  of  Captain  Sahadnr 
A'^allejo,  starting  jNIarch  5th  and  returning  the  iVlh. 
On  the  evening  of  the  12th  a  tight  took  ],)lace  (Hi  an 
island,  where  one  hundred  and  seventy  Indians  wtiv 
killed.  According  to  the  official  reports  the  object  of 
the  expedition  was  to  punish  several  tribes  wlm  had 
been  ])lotting  against  the  white  people;  the  island 
where  the  tight  occurred  was  represented  as  in  tho 
ocean  near  Capo  jNIendoidno.  It  seems  to  haw  httu 
in  connection  w  ith  this  campaign  that  a  negro  deserter 
from  the  Cijane  was  killed  while  resisting  ca[)ture.-' 

''' June  4tli,  petition  of  citizens  of  S.  Josi'.  Valhjn,  Doc,  MS.,  xxxiii.  "A'M 
III.,  Hist.  Cal.,  !MS.,  iv.  ;3.")7-UO.  Jan.  'JOtli,  gov.  orclci-s  presiJial  coiiiii.-iny 
t'l  Ijo  reiii'u'ani/.eil.  iivd  a  detiiclnnent  to  Itu  stationed  at  I'aeliei/o's  luiicho, 
tlic  raneliefos  beinj;  invited  to  share  in  the  expense.  Dipt.  St.  Pap.,  Ben., 
AIS.,  iii.  .'!1.  March  14th,  Manuel  Larios  writes  to  Ca.strothat  the  cainp.iign 
against  tiie  Chuciles  amounted  to  nothin;,'.  S.  ,/osi'<,  Arch.,  ^18.,  ii.  <i.  April 
lilth,  Josti  Castro  want.s  Jj.'iOO  for  having  maintained  an  armed  ferce  iii  the 
sierra  for  two  months  past.  Dcjit.  St.  Pep.,  JJ'ii.  Cust.-Jf.,  MS.,  v.  10.  Dec. 
8th,  citizens  of  8.  Jose  petition  the  gov.  for  a  permanent  detachment  of  truops, 
for  the  snpijort  of  wliich  tlicy  will  contribute.  J'iro,  Jhic,  ^IS.,  i.  Sil. 

'-' Marcli  13,  1S4.'{,  Salvador  N'allejo  fiom  Mendocino  to  M.  0.  N'allcjn, 
descrihing  the  light  of  last  evi'uing  from  8  to  11  1'.  m.  on  the  lar:;e  i->hiiiil  ut 
!Moth,  whicli  was  reached  by  12  soldiers  and  .'SO  auxiliaries  by  means  oi'  rafts. 
The  I;Klian<  refused  to  give  up  their  weapons,  and  sfenicd  trcaehernus;  there- 
fore they  were  attacked.  Lieut  A.  ^1.  I'ico  commanded  tho  f  ncc  eii  tho 
niainland.  VuUrjo,  Due,  MS.,  xi.  :!4'J.  April  l.st,  Col.  Vallcjo's  rep.rtto 
gov.     The  Ind.  against  whom  the  expedition  v.as  sent  were  the  Motayoiai, 


l.,y  the 
thitjvcs 
-it  }iu;i- 
roublc- 

(if  tlio 

.lollS,  I  if 

•  ill  the 
4  ofthu 
vd  any 

lips  thU 
of  thf 


cxxiii.  'Mil: 
I  t'niii|iaiiy 
)"s  ruiicli.i, 

'(I/).,    i!''■l■^ 

(i.  -April 
•  vrr.  ill  tlie 

in.  IV'C. 
;<it'  'arii)\^i, 

11.  \'n\H\ 

Y  i^huiil  III 
L  (>i  rafts. 
Ims;:  tliLTC- 
|cc  I'll  the 
iv;virt  to 
[ftayoiai, 


MASSACRE  AT  CLEAR  LAKE. 


3G3 


Di"  Saiulcls  was  at  Sonoma  wliou  this  party  returned ; 
and  lie  represents  the  outra^j^e  to  have  been  committed 
on  a  tiil)o  on  an  island  in  the  northern  part  of  San 
Fraueisco  ]3ay,  in  the  absence  of  all  the  fighting  men, 
the  [in "Vocation  being  a  threat  to  steal  the  settlers' 
cattle.  The  negro  deserter  was  found  hidden  here, 
jirochiiiiied  a  foe  to  Mexico,  and  shot  in  the  back.-' 
Jiiaii  Hojorges,  one  of  Vallejo's  party,  gives  many  de- 
tails (if  the  raid,  and  says  its  object  from  the  tirst  was 
til  (il)taiii  Indian  laborers  and  servants,  of  wliom  a 
lai'nu  number  were  obtained  from  another  rancheria. 
lie  says  the  battle  was  on  an  island  in  a  laguna 
o'ramU',  where  none  but  the  guide  liad  ever  been,""" 
and  I  have  no  doubt  that  Clear  Lake,  and  not  tlie 
oix-.m  nv  bay,  was  the  scene  of  this  massacre.^^  An 
investigation  was  ordered,  but  the  result  is  not  known. 
Salvador  Valkjo  in  such  distant  raids  committed 
manv  barbarous  acts;  but  an  outrage  so  ij^ross  as  this 
is  icpresented  to  have-  been  would  hardly  have  been 
cxcusr'd  by  his  brother. 

I  have  had  frequent  occasion  already  to  mention 
Mirlirltoi'ciia's  soldiers,  tlie  cholos,  as  they  were  com- 
hinnly  called  l)y  Californians,  and  in  no  complimentary 
iiianmr.  Their  character  and  acts,  however,  had  so 
iiiHinriaiit  an  influence  in  bringing  on  the  revolution 
•  if  the  next  year,  that  it  is  necessary  to  present  the 
siiljji-ct  somewhat  fully  here.  The  reader  is  aware 
that  the  batallon  fijo  was  composed  chiefl}-  of  crim- 
inals, a  large  part  of  them  having  been  taken  from 

Cliiliyoini,  lloliyomi,  Tuliyonii,  Supuyomi,  Pa'^ucnjolayomi,  Sicomyomi, 
Ilay.iiiii,  ;iail  (.'lustinoiuayonii.  Snow-storni;^  and  the  largo  miiiiliers  ami 
tliri'atiiiiiiL;  attitiule  of  tlio  Indians  made  it  iinprudeiit  to  CDiitinue  hostilities 
tlioiu'xt  (lay.  Sonru  prisonera  wore  l)rou.;ht  Ijack.  /(/.,  xi.  ii.')4.  On  tlie  kill- 
ing'of  the  nemo.  /(/.,  xi.  'M\.  April  "Jiitli,  ijuv.  to  V.  Says  tlie  pulilio  mind 
ii  tiuubled  aiiout  the  killing  of  so  many  Indians;  and  he  orders  a  strict  inves- 
tigiuinii.  /,/..  xi.  300. 

■"Kin'i'.i  (Ji-jihanii  VImI,  7-8. 

="'y;'|,„n/'w,  Ikaiado^,  MS..  -24-37. 

"'Davis,  (lllmpsis,  MS.,  '2[)0,  mentions  the  affair  as  havin;:;  occurred  iii  the 
('IcarLake  re.'ion,  and  as  having  been  regarded  at  S.  F.  us  a  brutal  outrage. 
But  lie  make.4't!ic  date  1S41. 


i  :i  I 


V<.L^'* 


^ 


\:\ 


304 


MICilELTOIlICNA'S  RULi:-rOLlTICAL  AlTAIllS. 


the  jails  of  ^Mexico  and  Jali.sco,  '.vlifre  the  rest,  of  tlioin 
iniglit  also  ]iave  been  c(-)niined  without  much  iiijus- 
tiee.  That  sucli  men  would  }>rove  useless  as  .soLlifi's, 
and  intolerably  vicious  as  citizens,  was  to  be  cxi)ectLil. 
The  sending  (jf  such  a  band  of  convicts  was  an  ouliaue 
amply  sufllcient  to  justify  rev(jlution.  Yet  it  must  !).,■ 
admitted  that  the  conduct  of  the  cholos  in  Ca]ii'nn,i;i, 
though  not  exemplary,  was  wonderfully  good  wlhn 
c  )m[)ared  witli  what  might  be  ex[)ected  I'rom  llirii' 
vicious  antecedents,  from  the  outrages  conuniltivl  ]<;■ 
men  of  similar  class  in  chfierent  parts  of  Mexico,  iVma 
their  destitute  condition,  and  from  the  bitterly  l>i'<'jii- 
diced  medium  through  which  nearly  all  the  testiiininy 
extant  aixainst  tiiem  has  come  down  to  us.  It  wnuM 
be  easy  to  fill  a  long  cha[)ter  with  this  testimony;  luit 
I  content  m3"self  with  comparatively  lew  cltations.''- 

"'-  Serrano,  Ajmnles,  MS.,  84-00,  says  that  Lieut  Marquez  was  clciuly  ini- 
plicatoil  as  an  acconiplieo  of  Juaua  Ilmiandoz  in  poisouing  her  husliaml;  Im'. 
vas  punished  only  liy  l>eing  sent  to  Sta  Barbara.  He  also  dcseriljrs  ;i,  h'ii<y 
di'nionstratioii  by  the  chohis  under  Capt.  Mejia  one  night  at  Monterey.  May 
1st;?,  I^ieut  Placid  and  I.inion  .suspended  anil  sent  to  S.  Diego.  Sanr/'',  !''•:, 
MS.,  iii.  ■'to,  Nov.  1S14,  a  servant  of  Larkin  assaulted,  wounded, and  rulilid 
by  a  Koldii'r;  butlho  calprit  was  kept  in  irons  for  3  months.  Lnii:!.-'.--  >if. 
Ciirrcsj).,  MS.,  i.  120.  Torre,  Jhiniii.,  MS.,  10(i-9,  relates  a  beastly  (nitni'^c 
by  a  party  of  soldiers  on  a  drunken  Indian  woman  in  the  streets  of  Mnnuivy. 
iSwan,  /list.  Sbichc.i,  MS.,  'J,  notes  the  stealing  of  all  tho  contents  ni  •I'j-ii 
Castro's  kitelien.  Arnaz,  llecuerdos,  MS.,  3l5-(),  50-01,  relates  several  in- 
Btanees  of  robbery,  his  own  .store  being  robbed  twice. 

Pierre  Aliil;in,  a  I'renelnnan  and  patron  of  tho  custom-house  boat  at  M  'ii- 
terey,  was  terribly  cut  and  crippled  for  life  on  March  1."),  1841,  by  a  ivirLV  of 
sohliers  to  \vh(j:ii  he  had  refused  aguardiente.  The  victim  received  a  peiijiuu 
fiom  the  .Mexican  govt  until  ISKi,  and  from  the  U.  S.  for  a  few  years  l-ui, 
when  it  was  slopped,  most  unjustly  as  the  Californians  think.  Unbound  Jj'x:, 
MS.,  '2S7-'J;  C iMauciirs,  Col.  Doc,  17-18;  31st  eon,'.,  Ist  sess.,  Ji.  L'.r.  ])'<:., 
17,  p.  320;  VaUpj\  IlUt.  Cal.,  .MS.,  iv.  308-72;  Alvanido,  Ill-t.  Cal.,  M  =  .  v. 
42-S.  TJic  crew  of  a  French  whaler  in  1S44  are  said  to  have  had  a  light  witli 
a  parly  of  the  cholos,  in  which  several  were  badly  wounded  on  belli  si  Ics, 
one  or  two  of  tiie  soldiers  perhaps  mortally,  though  there  is  no  a_'vt  eiiiiut 
about  details.  Oslo,  JI/s'.  VaL,  MS.,  439—12;  Gonu::,  Lo  que  Sa'n',  .MS..  317- 
i>2;  L'-.'/Hci;  Mimoria,  MS.,  17;  Swan's  Hid.  StetcJus,  MS.,  2.  Swan,  JA-"''- 
ri  1/  in  './J,  also  speaks  of  a  fight  iu  whicii  the  soldiers  wero  badly  lieatea  liy 
the  men  of  tho  En\dish  man-of-war  C^irysfort. 

Mrs  Ord,  Ocnrnnda',  MS.,  12J,  131-4,  records  two  robberies  iu  herewn 
liousc,  one  of  cooking  utensils  by  the  soldiers,  and  the  other  of  a  pMiM'li'i  m 
I'ablo  do  la  Cluerra's  ollice,  which  was  supposed  to  contain  gold  cuiii.  (  H] 
tains  Noriega  and  .'■iegura  are  accused  of  having  been  the  chief  culprii  >  in  tliis 
allair.  Coronel,  Cosas  dc  Cal.,  MS.,  40-54,  tells  of  some  minor  (lepied.'.tioiis 
which  came  under  his  own  obaervation  as  judge  at  Los  Angeles,  iu' Indiii;,';! 
description  of  the  cholos'  methods  of  catching  fowl  by  means  of  lines  luiitcl 
with  corn.  IJotello,  .l«(i/c.f,  MS.,  10t)-7,  alli'rms  that  the  sohliers  v,e:c  en- 
couraged in  their  thefts  by  many  of  the  olUcers.     lie  says  one  of  the  tliievci 


M 


•J  :  ! 


COXDUCT  OF  Tlin  CIIOLOF!. 


Ti, 


TO  is  great  unanimity  of  testimony  from  all 
Miui'is  that  members  of  the  l)atall<')n  were,  both  at 
jvis  Angeles  aixl  ]\Iontorey,  addietetl  to  petty  thefts 
it"  jioiiltry  and  other  edibles,  as  well  as  of  other  miscel- 
laiicms  articles  that  could  be  utilized  in  barracks;  so 
luncli  so  as  to  become  an  intolerable  nuisance  to  all 
citizens  whose  houses,  stores,  or  ranchos  were  within 
ivacli  of  the  marauders.  This  is  about  the  sum  ami 
^^ub.stallcc  of  all  that  can  be  said  against  the  cholos; 

was  shot  while  entering  Orefia's  store  at  Angeles.  Sec  also  the  following  nu- 
t'liiritii'iS  all  in  edndenuiation  of  llio  cliolos  as  intolerable  tliifvos  ami  biMulcrs: 
ihh,  Hist.  Cal..  MS.,  4.'i;!-10;  Ah-nrado,  1/14.  Cal.,  xMS.,  iv.  0;  v.  •2i)--J.  X\- 
4>;  Vallijo,  Hid.  Cal.,  MS.,  '.'GG-S,  .'JGO-l,  :!70-7;  Anr,  J/r)/i.,  MS.,  :!I-G; 
(aancz,  l.o  ijiir  Siihc,  MS.,  o41-G.'i;  Torres,  Pcriprdasy  MS.,  !_)(');  ('astro,  h'llt- 
r.V,»,  .MS.,  StMl.l;  O'ariiiilo,  Aivinfcs,  MS.,  -IS;  VaUrJc  (,/.  J.),  ncmin.,  MS, 
llio;  Kypirr,  M' m.,  !MS.,  lG-17;  Larion,  ConvnlsloDf.",  M.S.,  17;  Unstin'is' 
E,ni'i.  (iiudc,  Vl\'-1;  Bdde„'s  Hist.  Statement,  .MS.,  40-1 ;  Fvrster'.i  J/ht.  Data, 
M6.',  ■JIS-I;  Strccler\i  IteoJl.,  MS.,  51;   Wood\-i  Wumh'rni'j  Sk(tr.h,-x,  'JliS. 

liiimlini.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  101- '2,  .states  tliut  ho  and  others  often  talked 
with  MirhcltorciKi  on  the  outrageous  conduct  of  his  troops;  lint  M.  was 
;itrai<l,  ni't  only  of  hia  own  men,  but  <if  the  Culifornians,  if  hi'  should  disarm  or 
;;i.'t  rid  oi  ills  batallon.  Pinto,  Apniitacioiics,  MS.,  ^4-5,"),  aliirms  that  M. 
:  iinetinies  ordered  severe  punishments,  but  they  were  rarely  enforced,  nio-t 
I'l  the  ollicers  favoring  the  culprits.  Coronel,  C'osn.'^  tie  <  'nl.,  ^IS.,  .")o-4,  says 
tliuti'i  iiriviite  i miversations  with  him  M.  often  lamented  the  eonduet  of  his 
1.1011,  whirli  heeould  not  control,  but  which  he  felt  v.ould  surely  defeat  all  his 
ili'ort.s  for  the  welfare  of  Cal.  Spenec,  lli>f.  A'otcn,  MS.,  p.  "20,  lolames  M.  for 
iiMt  having  nent  away  his  eor.victs  as  he  was  often  urged  to  do. 

In  his  litter  of  Dec.  12,  1S44,  to  the  .suji.  govt,  while  admitting  that  his 
mi'ii  hail  originally  been  malefactors,  M.  claimed  so  well  to  have  controlled 
tii'iuthat  not  a  iiinrder,  nor  rape,  nor  serious  robbery  had  been  committed; 
t!io  lIlO  iiiinor  th(>fts  comiilained  of  did  not  amount  to  over  li?.")00;  and  soldiers 
i'.uil  I'upcitcilly  been  punished  with  from  200  to  GuO  blows.  Cd.-itaiiarc.t,  Ci.l. 
/■''/f.,  ."it.-!l.  Thos  O.  Larkin  in  1S4.")  stated  that  so  far  as  ho  knew,  robl)cry 
hail  lieen  neither  more  nor  less  prevalent  in  1S43-4  than  in  previnus  years.  ]lo 
luul  kiiiiwn  of  but  one  instance  of  a  person  being  wounded,  in  which  case  tlio 
natailcr  liiid  been  prom]itly  arrested;  and  he  had  once  been  called  upon  as 
U.  S.  consul  to  quell  a  disturbance  between  the  soldiers  and  fomc  .\niericail 
fir.il  French  sailnrs.  Larliii's  Doc,  MS.,  iii.  271.  Alvarado,  Hl-t.  Vtd.,  MS., 
V.  M7-41,  e!iar;;es  Larkin  with  having  deliberately  misrepresented  this  matter 
I'U  .ncufiimt  iif  his  business  relations  Mith  M.,  being  perfectly  aware  of  the  con- 
tiniud  iiiitr.'iges  ennimitted.  liidwell,  I'al  in  i.V.;/-,s',  MS",  ll!)-20,  who  was 
auiiiiig  M.s  s..ldiers  for  two  months,  dots  not  think  they  de.serv.:  to  be  called 
'-'"iivicts  or  thieves.  I)avis,  Glinijisrs  cf  t/w  /\isf,  MS.,  127-!',  who  was  miuli 
iuMeaterey  while  the  batalloir  was  there,  mIio  was  intimati>  with  ('apt.  Paly, 
"!i  whii-;(- vessel  the  soldiers  left  ( 'al.,  and  wli')  conversed  with  many  ]ironii- 
'aiit  iv-^iilciits  of  the  capital  and  of  J.os  Angeles,  speaks  in  very  coiiii>liine!it- 
MV  tcriiis  of  these  men.  It  is  true  that  a  few  of  them  stole  chickens,  but 
M'lit  ef  them  iiad  great  respect  for  their  general,  and  behaved  themselves 
v.niiiliTfully  well.  Abrego,  in  d  rrii!i'.-<  UamHiiiii',  MS.,  1S8,  defends  tho 
•h-ilns,  who  (lid  nothing  worse  tliau  .steal  to  satisfy  their  hunger  and  cover 
tlii'ir  iiahcilne.ss.  Jansseiis,  Vid't,  MS.,  177,  thinks  tho  soldiers  committeil 
'jii'.v  trilliii;.;  thefts,  for  \\  liieh  they  were  often  punished.  Machadi),  Titinitos 
'(wu/'.v,  Ms.,  'S'l-Q,  says  tiiey  behaved  well  enough  at  S.  Diego. 


} 


f'      ^ 


1! 
all 


1-^^^'; 


h 


rrn 


it' 


300 


JIICIIELTORENA'S  RULE -POLITICAL  AFFAIi:,=!. 


and  it  is  (l()uV)tfiil  if  any  soldiers  could  l)o  iX'sfraincl 
by  any  disci[)lino — certainly  not  by  any  MeKiciin  dis- 
cipline— from  such  excesses  when,  as  was  true  in  tliis 
case,  they  were  not  paid,  and  very  inadequately  !c  1 
and  clothed.  In  respect  of  gambling,  intoxicutioii, 
licentiousness,  and  pn^ncncss  to  disorderly  coiidurt 
or  murderous  assaults,  no  Mexican  or  Californian  sn!- 
diers  had  of  late  years  borne  or  deserved  a  vei'v  ]\\j;]{ 
reputation;  but  I  find  no  clear  evidence  that  ^Michrl- 
torena's  men  were  any  better  or  much  worse  lliau 
others.  And  this  it  must  be  remembered  is  a,  \\]</a 
compliment  to  the  cholos,  when  we  consider  tlirir 
antecedents  and  the  circumstances.  The  statenieiits 
of  Alvarado  and  other  Californians,  representing  the 
stay  of  the  cholos  at  Monterey  as  causing  a  reign  et 
terror  in  which  vice,  robbery,  outrage,  and  murdii' 
were  rampant — neither  property,  life,  nor  the  luiiiia- 
of  women  beins:  safe — must  be  rcijarded  as  the  oxau- 
gerations  of  men  in  search  of  a  justiiication  for  liter 
revolt.  On  the  other  hand,  there  was  much  oC  preju- 
dice in  favor  of  Micheltorena  and  his  men  en  the 
part  of  Sutter,  Bidwell,  Larkin,  and  others,  avIio 
defended  them  more  or  less  warmly  because  tliey 
hoped  to  receive  personal  benefits  from  the  governor, 
whose  friendly  policy  in  land  matters  covered  a  iiiul- 
titude  of  sins  in  the  eyes  of  foreigners. 

While  many  officers  of  the  batallon  are  represented 
as  havini;  been  as  bad  as  their  men,  whoso  raids  nn  the 
hen-roosts  they  did  not  discourage,  Micheltorena  must 
certainly  be  credited  with  having  displayed  much  tact  in 
the  management  of  his  undisciplined  followers.  FAeii 
those  who  grossly  exaggerate  the  excesses  of  the  lat- 
ter, generally  admit  that  the  general  did  his  hest  to 
restrain  them.  He  listened  patiently  to  conii)laiiits: 
paid  for  all  losses  so  long  as  he  had  any  money,  it  be- 
ing more  than  hinted  that  some  thrifty  housewives  Lfot 
pay  for  divers  pots  and  kettles  never  lost,  or  wliieh 
they  had  been  glad  to  lose;  and  not  only  chided  the 
offenders,  but  often  had  them  arrested  and  ti".:ged, 


rorULAR  COMPLAIXTS. 


307 


,'n\vav> 


>  n'taiiiing  li()\V(.'V('r  tlie  frii'iidsliip  an<l  ivspe'ct 
(if  all.  and  thus  a  certain  control  over  tlicni  wliicli  it 
M-oulil  liave  been  dany^'crous  to  lose.  Osio  says  that 
^Ijclirlloivnanot  only  nuidoa  jcstofhis  soldiers'  thiev- 
ing' acjiievenicnts,  and  refused  to  punish  them,  hut 
quarrelled  with  Coloncd  Tellez  aiul  other  oflieers  who 
iirotested  against  such  excesses  and  insisted  on  niain- 
taiuiiig  a  semblance  of  discipline — being  moved  to 
\vrath  and  tears  at  sight  of  the  cholos'  bloodv  backs, 
thr  )vsnlt  of  floggings  inflicted  by  order  of  Tellez! 
This  writer,  like  Alvarado,  Valle^o,  Spence,  and  others, 
lilaiues  the  general  for  his  "criminal  lack  of  energy" 
ill  failing  to  control  his  men.  lie  should  have  slujt 
some  of  the  worst  cholos  as  an  example,  they  said, 
or  should  have  shipped  them  all  away,  or  sent  them  t(.) 
liLj'lit  Indians  in  the  Tularcs,  or  to  work  and  be  led  on 
the  northei'n  frontier.  It  is  true  enough  that  IMichel- 
turena  was  an  easy-going,  indctlent  olHcer;  and  it  is 
l)Os,sil)le  that  a  more  enerixetie  man  mi«dit  have  man- 
at;'t'(l  the  matter  better,  though  difiicult  to  say  exactl}' 
lidw.  "It  was  hard,"  as  he  wrote  to  the  government, 
"to  shoot  a  hungry,  unpaid  soldier  for  pilfering  food;" 
and  there  was  moreover  no  little  dano'er,  if  severe 
measuivs  were  resorted  to,  of  transforming  the  convict 
liatalliMi  into  an  armed  band  of  roving  marauders,  with 
the  i)i'ope)-ty  and  lives  of  the  Calitornians  largely  at 
their  mercy.  The  general  had  no  right  as  a  ^Mexican 
orrieev  to  send  his  soldiers  out  of  the  countrv,  and  to 
liave  done  so  would  have  been  to  involve  himself  in 
serious  complications  with  his  superiors;  even  had  lie 
liecn  free  from  the  apprehension,  as  he  ecrtainU'  was 
not,  that  without  the  support  of  an  armed  force  his 
own  authority  was  likely  enough  to  be  disregarded  by 
the  Californians.  So  much  for  the  cholos  and  their 
conduct.  In  a  later  chapter  we  shall  see  wdiat  means 
were  eventually  employed  to  get  rid  of  them. 


llFf  "  ''  W 


CHAPTER  XV. 


MISSIOXS-COMMEECK-MARITIME  AFFAIRS. 
1843. 

Anticipatkin  of  a  Change — Policy  of  Oovf.rnor  and  Padhk.s— Micirn.- 

TOUKNA's  DKCItKi;  JlKSTOIlINi:  THE  MlH.SIONS  TO  TIIK  FllIAIiS — ^[OTlVi:s— 
'i'lIK  ClIANOK  KiT'KCTED — MISSION  LaNDS— MISSION AUV  rKKSONNKL  AND 

Officials — Tin:  Bishop  and  his  Financial  TuornLES — Tithes— (iAi:i  ia 

DiEOO    AND   VaLLIMO — PaTIIONESS   of  the   1)I()CESE — FlilAUS   NOTTiir.l, 

Politicians— Scandal  Prevented — Commercial PtEanLAiiONs—SMn;. 
GLiNG — Fear  of  Losing  thh  Boston  Trade — Whalers — Minor  Items 
— CrsTOM-iiorsE  Officials — Finance — Falling-off  of  PiEveni:i:s— 
List  of  Vessels. 


Some  cliango  in  mission  manaG^cmcnt  was  to  hr  cx- 
poftcd  under  a  new  ruler,  especially  in  view  of  Midi- 
cltorena's  extraordinary  powers,  and  the  roneessioii^ 
made  in  Mexico  to  Bishop  Garcia  Diego.  It  (If)cs  i,i(it 
appear  that  Micheltorena's  policy  respecting  tlic  mis- 
sion pro])erty  differed  in  any  essential  respect  rrcia 
tliat  of  Alvarado;  but  that  property,  so  tar  as  it  was 
available  for  the  needs  of  the  government,  was  prac- 
tically exhausted;  and  the  governor  was  williii^'  to 
conciliate  the  bishop  and  friars  by  introducing  any  kinl 
of  a  change  that  would  not  involve  expense.  Tlicie 
was  no  thought  of  really  restoring  the  old  missiuii  sys- 
tem. Tlie  padres  had  no  hope  of  such  a  restoratitni. 
and  probably  no  desire  for  it,  being  old  men,  unlit  f"i' 
a  resumption  of  the  active  missionar}^  work  of  ctlici' 
days;  while  the  bishop  of  course  would  have  ojiposcd 
any  real  restoration  of  a  system  which  would  liave 
left  no  place  for  his  episcopal  services.  The  fact  was 
recognized  by  all  that  the  mission  system  was  dead. 


MICIIKLTORENA'S  DECRKK. 


309 


Till'  iilnn  was  now  to  siijiport  the  fVIars,  acting'  prn.'- 
ticiillv  as  curates,  l)y  restoriiiLj  to  tliciii  llu;  clmrcli 
|ii(.|ii  rty,  witli  such  lands  ami  cattle  as  had  not  yvt 
Imcii  (lis|)osod  of,  ami  such  neo[)hytes  as  coukl  ho 
iiidiicrd  to  work  in  couiinunity,  in  tlic  hoj)o  that  the 
(stiiltlishnicnts  nii_u;ht  thus  ho  rendered  at  least  seli- 
>uii|>"rtiii'ji',  and  perhaps  ini^'ht  yield  a  sui'plus  tor  .l;'<>v- 
tiiiiin'iital  and  ei)iscopal  needs. 

Oil  Ihe  -JOth  of  March,  1843,  Michcltorena  issued 
a  (liciti-  restoring  to  the  ])adros  the  ti;ni[)oral  man 
an'riiii'iit  of  twelve  inissit)ns,   on  condition  that  one 
ci'^litli  nt'  the  total  annual  j)roduce  of  every  description 
sliiiuld  be  paid  into  the  public  treasury.^     In  a  })re- 


i 


■Mfi 


'  Mirl,:li),rr-iui,  Dfcrefo  por  d  cual  devuflvf  la  admin'intrnrion  (h'  ^f!■^'iollr■■^  d 
Io.<  i',-iiili.<,  .::)  ill-  .Ma  zo,  l,\:i,J,  MS.-,  .-ilso  in  Arch.,  S/a  />'.,  MS.,  vi.  141-7;  x. 
iV.l-.i;  Ohrrn,  JJor.,  MS.,  -J.'-o;  Vn'ltjo,  J)i>r.,  MS.,  xi.  ;t'J7;  //rn/c.'  Mis". 
/;V,i,/.'.  i.  M.")S;  Hull:'i  l:\-f  I'iport,  iippcii.,  no.  1'.);  J  me.-!'  Jlr/iui-f,  71;  J):riiii  I'c'n 
ii.ld.i,  //'.'.,  ;i(M.,  S;?— t.  Some  of  the  (loeiunent  •,  licur  il;ite  of  M.irch '_'(<i,li, 
V. la:;  till'  ilt'c:ce  U!i;j iiddrcs.scil  to  the  iniM.'iioii  iire.sident.s  Ijelorc  being  funually 
iv.ili'.i  ihcil.     'J'hc  articles  of  the  onler  arc  as  follows: 

1.  'j'i.i'  u'livt  will  deliver  to  the  iiadrcs  named  by  their  prelate  for  eac'.i — 

till'  iiiis:i(iiis  of  S.  Diego,  S.  Luis  Jtoj%  S.  Juan  Capistrano,  S.  (luhriel,  ,S. 

rciiiaiiilii,  S.  ISiier.avcntura,  Sta  Biirliara,   Turi-sima,  Sta  Ini's  (erroutously 

mile. I  Sta  (\\\7.  by  Halleek),  Sta  Clara,  S.  Antoido,  and  S.  .Io.h'",  to  be  r.d- 

iiiiiii-tincil  by  them  a-)  guardian.s  of  the  Indians,  a?  in  former  timen.    "J.  Since 

|ii)lii.'V  makes  irrevociible  wliat  has  already  been  done,  tho  missions  eaniiot 

icclaim  r.ny  lands  that  have  been  granted;  but  they  may  gather  in  all  thy 

li\\-,:ui;U  and  i;nplements  that  have  been  loaned  by  the  guardians  or  admin- 

i:'.r:'.tor:s  making  friendly  arrangements  with  the  debtors  or  holders  a:;  to  time 

r.iiil  i:K;ii:ic'r.     .'<.  They  will  also  collect  all- .'scattered  neophytes  except,  l.;t, 

tlia.sc  l:v.indy  freed  from  neopli^'tisni  by  the  g  )vt,  and  iil,  those  now  in  tho 

fc'.viv^o  of  i-rivate  peraong;  though  those  of  both  classes  may  return  volun- 

ta.ily  to  t!icir  missions  v.ith  the  consent  of  their  masters  and  of  the  mission- 

avie;.    4.  The  dept.  govt,  in  wlio.so  pos.session  tlie  nd.isions  h.ave  been  till 

lljw,  by  virtue  of  its  most  ample  powers  and  for  the  reasons  already  stated. 

f,:it!iori;:e.i  lac  ministers  to  provide  from  tlu  "uission  products  for  the  indis- 

ic.rx'.'.ilc  e:;pen;;L's  of   tiie    conversion,   food,     lothing,  and  other  temporal 

r.ci.e,;ji,ie;'  of  l!ie  Indians;  and  also  to  take  from  the  same  fund  the  moderate 

s  nn  iKvdi-d  lor  their  ov.  n  sustenance,  for  the  economical  salary  of  the  major- 

''.j'.iio,  ;.i!  1  for  the  .support  of  divine  worship— on  the  condition  tliat  they  bo 

held  hound  upon  their  honor  and  conscience  to  pay  into  the  treasury,  on  tho 

t  ■"■(.■■.•iiorV  order,  for  the  support  of  troops  an  1  needs  of  civil  employ('.s,  (/no 

liglidi  uf  1  !ii!  total  r.nnual  produce  and  revenue  of  every  kind,  taking  care  ;.lso 

tirinder  t'irough  their  prelates  an  exact  report  at  tho  end  of  each  year  <!n 

till' iiL'sipliytes  and  property  of  each  mission.     5.  Tho  govt,  priding  itself  in 

kinj;  r>.!i  ious  as  veil  as  wholly  Californian,  and  thus  interested  in  tiio  prog- 

i".ss  nf  t'.io  catholic  faith  and  prosperity  of  the  country,  oiTers  all  its  power  in 

aiil  iif  th  ■  missions,  as  it  will  also  protect  private  individuals  in  the  passes- 

sion  uf  Ian!  1  w'.uch  they  nov/  hold;  promising,  hov.cver,  to  make  no  new  grant 

v.itiiMiit  ,1  n  port  from  the  local  authorities  and  from  the  padrc3,  iinlcsa  iu  case 

wuutoriiii.    ;io:i-occupation,  non-cultivation,  or  necessity. 

Ill  SI.  Oal.,  Vol..  IV.    2i 


'fff  ""1 


pm 


m 

l^^^^^^^HtUil 

i    1^;  inH 

I^T^^nH 

-mm 

!            ■"  iBr 

1.    ^ 

iiil  ' 

iliil 

il  uiiiil:  Ik  lili 

870 


MISSIOXS-COMMKRCn-MAKITI.ME  AFFAIRS. 


liidc  lie  ('X|)l;iiiu:(l  tlwit  tliis  action  was  taken  in  ;ir.Mi(l 
with  tin-  itlcas  nt'  |ii'('si(k'iits  .linicno  and  (loniMLz; 
and  stated  as  his  motives  tht!  I'aets  that  tlie  mi— idu 
c'slahlishnieiits  liad  now  itecn  redneed  to  tlie  iiriv 
space  occn] lied  hy  the  hnildiii'^^s  and  orchards;  tli;it  the 
jKuh'es  liad  no  snpjxji't  hut  tliat  oi*  charity;  thiit  |i;ili- 
li(^  worshi[»  was  liardly  kept  up;  tliat  tin;  Luhaiis  piv- 
i'eri'ed  a  sava^^e  hie  in  the  desert  to  one  of  s|,i\i  rv 
will)  insulHcient  I'ood  and  cl;)tliin:jf ;  tliat  contiinKil 
chan^'es  of  the  Jn(hans  I'roni  niis^;ion  to  private  s.t- 
vict'  and  haclc  again  was  a  gi'eat  <h'av,hack  to  ag!ii;i!- 
tui'eas  well  as  to  religion  ;  that  there  had  heen  niieiilniis 
fraud  and  waste  in  j)ast  nianageinent ;  and  tinally,  t!iat 
there  was  "no  other  riMuedy  lor  reviving  the  skehioii 
of  a  giant  lilce  what  remains  of  the  missions  t!:a!i 
that  of  having  i-ecourse  to  cKperience  and  pi"o|i]i::i-' 
it  up  with  the  lever  of  civil  and  ecclesiastic, 1 1  ;;  i- 
thority." 

lender  the  regulation  just  cited,  the  padres  hccaim' 
inde])endent  of  the  administrators,  with  whom  a.^  a 
rule  their  relations  had  not  heen  friendly.  They  wrW' 
enabled  to  protect  from  injury  and  loss  <'ertaiii  pi^  p- 
crty  in  the  shape  of  huildings  and  gardens,  wITuli  i;i 
the  natural  order  of  things  would  revert  to  tlie  ( li!;!'ili. 
With  the  small  remnant  of  cattle  and  implements  let 
from  the  u'eneral  wreck,  with  iie  few  LKhaus  whniu 
past  changes  had  left  in  the  communities,  and  with  i!ic 
tem})orary  use  of  such  poor  lands  as  had  not  yet  liirii 
granted  to  private  ownership,  the  friars  might  imw 
toil  to  sup[)ort  thems(!lves.  To  do  so  was  douhiIc>-i 
deemed  a  privilege  by  them,  though  the  new  lil"'  was 
in  strong  contrast  to  tliat  of  former  years.  I'l  w  it 
any  dreamed  of  rectjverino:  their  old  i)owcr  and  wraltli : 
but  they  hoped  by  the  chaiigo  to  avoid  at  lea^t  ccitaiu 
personal  humiliations  and  annoying  comjjlicatioiis  with 
local  and  departmental  authorities.  On  the  etliir 
hand,  the  act  was  doubtless  a  wise  one  on  tlic  nait  ui 


Michcltorena,  who  did  for  the  friars  all  that  1 
right  to  do.     So  completely  had  the  missions 


u-  had  a 


het-'U 


im:->T()Uation  of  'J'HI';  missions. 


:;:i 


sti'iii  ;i'''l  ill  one  v.ny  oi-  niiotlicr  of  all  tli.'it  \\;is  \;iliia- 
lijf,  tiiat  I'cVi'lUU's  could  no  Idllii'rr  1»('  <lc|M'li(li'(|  (III  ; 
iiiiil  tlif  t'i^'litli  of  total  prodiU'tioii  n'uat'aiiti'i'd  under 
the  in  w  manani-nicnt  was  cxjxM'tcd  to  prove;  a  _iL;ain. 
Ill  1  i.'  iiiaiti'i'  of  <4rantin<^  lands,  no  real  cliann"''  was 
iiilindurrd;  nus.sioii  lauds  could  still  lie  ^-rantrd  -in- 
(Ircii,  ill''  governor  had  no  power  to  divest  hinisell'  of 
that  rin'lit — wlu^never  they  wei'c  not  lu.ede'd  tor  the 
ii(ii|ih\tes,  or  wheiiuver  jiuMic  necessity  reipiirt'd  it; 
;iii,|  without  tlu'so  conditions,  tliey  could  n<»t  liavo 
iiicii  ^I'aiitcd,  theoretically  at  least,  hel'ore. 

In  April  the  y'overnor  instructed  administrators  {■> 
deliver  the  missions  in  accordanci'  with  tlu'  new  reeu- 
latiiins;  and  IVefect  J)uran  issued  c(»i'respondine'  in- 
structions to  the  padres.  The  latter  were  exhoi  t  I 
tn  iveei\e  tlio  property  by  inventory;  to  pertorni  with 
the  utmost  eKactn<',-s  the  dutii'S  imposed  on  their  honor 
ami  conscience;  to  invc^st  any  sur]»lus  of  revt'uue  in 
live-stock  ii-  in  means  for  new  conversions,  i)ut  not  in 
any  e;ise  to  sell  anything  for  money;  and  to  make  the 
best  use  of  this  opportunity  to  save  the  nef)phytes  and 
their  property  from  utter  destruction.  Xone  of  the 
I'liais  wt'i'c  to  be  transferred  from  the  missions  where 
they  wei'e  livino'.-  I  su])pose  the  chane'e  was  pronii)t- 
ly  etl'eeted  as  ordered  without  opposition  from  either 
friais  or  administrators,  thouLfh  I  i\nd  no  detinite 
rccnid  (III  the  .subject  beyond  a  few  local  items  of 
laiiie]'  iiiiiiortance.^ 

The  i-iily  changes  to  be  recorded  in  the  mission- 
aiy  peisonnel  in  1842-4  wore  the  arrival  of  padres 
Guinez,  ]\[uro,  and  liosales  from  Zacatecas;  the  de- 
partuiv  in  1844-5  of  Mercado,  Keal,  and  Quijas  to  the 

'Aiiril:;.  1S43.  gov.  to  admin.  De/it.  lire,  MS.,  xiii.  50-1.  A\m\  IStli, 
Duni:i  tn  iiadits.  (i.nm,  Uoc,  MS.,  -Jl-ri;  A>rh.,  ,Sia  11.,  .MS.,  vi.  'Js4-!). 

■'.Ajiiil  nil,  ordor  fnim  prefect  for  8.  Jtjse  Imliiui.s  not  iiiijiiuiiiateil  to 
rc'lHiit  tJiiinsclv'.'s  to  tlie  jierson  in  cliarge.  S.  Jon:'',  Arch.,  M.*^.,  ii.  H3. 
Miiivli  Cr)  1st,  adinin.  of  S.  Gabriel  ordered  to  surrender  tlie  teiin>()ralitie.s  to 
!'.  Jv-tiiu',';i.  l),)iK  lice,  MS.,  xiii.  4-_'.  .S.  Lui.s  Key  dilixered  to  I'.  Zalvidea 
iiiAiuil.  /,/.,  xiii.  4(i,  5(i;  Dud.  St.  Pip.,  Ikn.,  MS.,  ii.  4()-';.  April  •j;{d, 
giiv.  :ii.|i(iints  ■hilci'vnitiire.'^  for  the  delivery  of  S.  Fernando.  ■  .ivonel,  Doc, 
.Ms..  •-'■-'7.  -June  10th,  P.  Zalvidea  lends  J.  M.  Osuna  of  S.  Piego  8<J  cattle 
and  Jiisc  Lopez  iiO,  each  to  have  half  the  increase.  Marron,  Piqitles,  MS.i  1. 


%   M 

i  1 1 1! 

il  ^' 
11   i 

:  fi^ 

,!                                     -.                  . 

.  '  . 

372 


MISPIOXS— COMMKRCE-MARITIME  AFFAIRS. 


same  college;  and  the  death  in  1842  of  Padre  Eninoii 
Abella,  the  senior  Fernandino  in  California,  aiul  the 
only  survivor  of  those  who  had  come  to  the  coiuitrv 
before  1800.  Meanwhile  Duran  continued  to  lioM 
the  office  of  prefect  and  Jinieno  that  of  j)rosi(Kiit  dI' 
the  southern  missions;  while,  on  the  resif^natimi  nf 
Gonzalez,  the  vice-prefect  and  president  of  the  Zuca- 
teeanos,  Lorenzo  Quijas  was  appointed  to  the  foniur 
office  and  Antonio  Anzar  to  the  latter.^  At  dUrnciit 
dates  in  the  late  autumn  the  friars  took  the  riMniired 
oath  in  support  of  the  bases  constitucional(.\s  of 
Mexico.^ 

Bishop  Garcia  Diego  was  prevented  from  carrying 
out  his  grand  schemes  for  the  development  of  C;ili- 
fornian  piety  by  the  same  difficulty  that  embarrassed 
the  ojovernor  in  his  efforts  for  the  country's  secular  well- 
being — namely,  a  lack  of  funds.  He  could  obtain  t'luia 
Mexico  no  jiart  either  of  his  salary  or  of  the  jjious-fiiiKl 
revenues  which  the  government  had  pledged  itsiU'  to 
pay  for  the  propagation  of  the  gospel  in  Califnniia,^ 
The  bishop's  only  other  resources  were  the  volmitaiv 
contributions  of  his  flock,  which  are  said  to  have 
amounted  to  several  thousand  dollars  in  the  Santa 
Barbara  region,  and  the  collection  of  tithes.  In  this 
collection  he  found  great  obstacles  and  small  prdlits. 
Few  had  ])aid  tithes  in  ])ast  years  and  many  refused 
to  do  so  now.  By  law  the  payment  was  optional  and 
a  matter  of  conscience;  accordingly  the  secuhu-  au- 
thorities i-efused  to  interfere  in  the  bishop's  behalf, 
though  Micheltorena  ingeniously  contrived  to  [lurliix 
refusal  in  the  shape  of  a  zealous  plea  in  favor  of  chureli 
])rerogatives.'     In  the  north  the  opposition  was  more 

*  March  Gth,  njipointnipnt  at  Zacatecas  of  Quijas  (vnd  Ansar,  11111111111100 1 
in  Cal.  Oct.  10th.  Arch.  Ohkpado,  MS.,  (Jo;  S.  Jo»i,  PataiU'S,  .\i>., 'J::!)- 
;U;  Sla  Clara,  /'arro'in',,  MS.,  '28. 

^  Arch.  Arznh.,  Ms.,  v.  pt  ii.  3'),  etc. 

*Tlie  govt  had,  however,  the  assurance  to  call  for  a  statement  of  ihiliiones 
rle  temporaUdades  dc  religiosos  in  California,  since  the  estates  of  fiim.  ™ivc 
those  devoted  to  charity,  had  been  placed  at  the  disposal  of  tlio  t.vi.suiyl 
UnJiouml  Doc,  MS.,  2-3. 

'March  1,  1S4;1,  M.  to  the  bishop.  'This  govt  which  lias  nhvu.  I'liod 
in  being  catliolic,  apostolic,  and  Roman,  and  which  takes  pride  iu  mi.  ■•  ting 


I '  '  5!! 


COLLECTION  OF  TITHES. 


373 


proiinuiiced  tlian  in  the  south,  though  nowhere  out- 
side mI'  Santa  Biiibara  (hd  the  revenue  much  exceed 
the  <  list  ot  collection.  Vahejo  at  Sonoma  tlatl}'  re- 
fused io  ])ay  the  cUcz mo,  and  liad  a  controversy,  verbal 
iiiid  ill  wi-iting,  with  Padre  Mercado,  the  collector. 
A'aii>i<»  declared  that  he  had  for  years  suj^]iorted  the 
cliuivl:  at  Sonoma  at  his  own  expense;  that  he  would 
still  iii.ike  libei'al  contributions  for  reli^'ious  purposes. 
iuid  woidd  contribute  still  more  liberally  for  th-j  estab- 
lishniciit  of  new  missions  on  the  i'rontier;  but  that  he 
wduld  bv  no  means  recognize  the  right  of  tlu^  bisliop 
ti)  ;t  tenth  of  his  property,  to  be  spent  on  impractica- 
lile  and  j)ro!itless  e[)iscopal  schemes.'  A'^allejo  was 
tiKi  piiwcrful  and  liberal  a  man  to  be  ]Mnushed  by  ex- 
coiumunii-ation, though  that  terrible  penalty  was  freely 
lield  over  the  heads  of  others.  .Jose  Sanchez  was 
rel'iised  the  consolations  of  religion  on  his  death-bed 
ill  eiiiise([uence  of  having  followed  Vallejo's  cxamj)le 
ill  rrl'iisiiig  the  payment  <jf  tithes;  and  for  the  sanu.' 
Vi':\><>]\  his  body,  for  a  time  at  least,  was  denied  Chris- 
tian liinial  by  Mercado  and  Quijas.'' 

in  till'  f.KO  i)f  tlie  uiiivcrso  tlmt  it  will  romaiti  wo,  has  lonrncil  witli  the  trrcat- 
ist  ilisjiK  asiiic  that  .sordid  avaficu  lU'L'ti'iid?.  ti)  chiak  its  ainl)itiiius  view.-:  with 
I'fiiii  iKi' to  till' payiiU'iit  of  titlK's  uiulur  tho  luvtcxt  ut'  hein^  liahh;  to  ]iay 
tliciii  ilniilili' — totho  lioly  iiiothor  oluiivli  and  to  the  civil  authority.  'J'hure- 
fuioiiiia  stuTi  il  duty  to  cxcrciso  the  llrst  oliliuatioii  of  tliu  dipartimntal 
i'Xui'Uti\u  hy  as.suriiiif  all  citizi'iis  and  your  most  illustrious  lordship  that  this 
govt,  riiiilidiiiL;  altoL,a'thi.T  ill  divine  ludvidciicc,  will  lU'id  no  iiioit!  than  its 
(iwu  icvt  iiui'.i  and  rcsomvc's  for  its  iiecussitii's;  and  that  while  he  lias  no  right 
ti)  kiiil  his  eivil  antlioiity,  and  will  in  no  way  nicildlo  in  the  collcition  or 
piyiiiciit  iif  titliis,  ii  matter  left  entirely  to  reliirion  and  to  individual  eon- 
SiiiiK'i'.  yet  he  will  feel  the  most  grati'ful  satisfaetion  if  eiti/eiis  of  the  de- 
li;utiiHi,t  will  fullil  in  this  respeet  the  first  of  theirdnties  toward  divine  wor- 
ship iuid  its  iniiiisters.'  Jh/,t.  Sf.  Pap.,  Aiitj  ,  ]\1S..  xil.  !lS-;i;  Ml  hrliui-'  iia's 
Aihiinii.-i'i\.iiihi,  ]'J-i;{,  Mareh  !lth,  April  'Jdih,  .hui(3  'J-'d,  ]irefeet';<  orders 
that  the  eivil  authorities  are  not  to  enforee  the  jtayinent  of  tithes.  .V.  ,/oxr, 
.1a/(.,  Ms.,  ii.  -JS,  U;!;  ,S'.  J)in/n,  An/i.,  I,r/er,  MS.,  I-J7.  .laii.  -.'(Jth,  l.ish- 
(i])":;  (ink^r  from  the  hospieio  episcopal  of  Sta  ISdrhara  t!iat  .'dl  the  faith- 
ful laii.'t  pay  tithes  to  tiie  ad.'iiinistrators  appointed —tlie  [ladres  being  ex- 
uiiiit.    Arrli.  ()h:.-)jinifn,'M;^.,'2\. 

'Ma'-ili  hStli,  IKtli,  eorresp,  lietweeu  V.  and  Mereado.  with  referenee  to 
l>iT.-nii,d  interviews.  Vullrjo,  />nc,,  MS.,  xi.  ."iT-on;  S.,h(  nnii.t,  /inc.,  .MS,, 
•yi-X  \alltjo,  Jlist.  Caf.]  MS.,  iv,  TO-SO,  tells  the  story;  and  al.so  copies 
tlic  !i|>iiniiiiineiit  and  iiisti'iietinns  of  Uartiudl  as  administrator  uf  tithes  in 
tlii'.-.iuili,  under  date  of  Jan.  Sth.  Alvarado,  //iyl.  Cn'.,  MS.,  iii.  XVCi;  iv. 
loU  :i,  irireseuts  (^)niias  as  havinj;  preached  very  jiointedlyat  \'allejo  ineou- 
ueclieii  with  this  matter,  to  the  yreat  indi;;natioii  of  Solano. 

"Juiie  :.'.),  lt>43,  sons  of  Josii  Suiichca  to  com.  gea.   <b'u/(c/v(«c'.;,  Doc,  MS., 


1 

II 

■  i 

n 

! 

il 

! 

\l 


874 


mis8ioxs-com:merce-maritime  affairs. 


\U':^ 


^ 


Tlio  bishop  was  despondent  in  consequence  of  ]ii,s 
failure  to  provide  properly  for  financial  necessitii's  and 
of  tlie  inditi'erence  to  church  obhtj;'atioiis  and  episcojial 
authoi'*^y  manifested  by  so  many  prominent  (\i!it'nr- 
nians.  Vet  there  were  certain  benefits  that  coiill  lio 
conl'erretl  on  an  undeserving  people  in  spite  ot*  tliiiu- 
selves.  On  January  4th,  he  announced  the  di  ^i'lia- 
tion  of  our  lady  the  virgen  del  KcFugio  as  chief  imti'o- 
ness  of  the  diocese,  namiii'''  San  Fi'ancisco  de  A>isainl 
San  Francisco  de  Sales  as  co-patrons  of  the  siciind 
order.  The  swearin?^  of  allegiance  to  these  (li\  iiic  pa- 
trons was  to  be  perfoi'iued  with  all  possible  (•ci-ciiinny 
at  every  church  on  the  first  Sunday  following  xlu; 
recei})t  of  the  j)!'oclamation.**'  ]^ishop  FranclscM  alsD 
f->und  time  this  year  ti:)  issue  a  pastoral  letter,  in  w  liidi 
he  enjoined  it  upon  his  clergy  never  to  speak  in  ]iiil)lii' 
exhortation  or  private  conversation  any  W(U\1  ili.it 
miu'ht  be  construed  as  censure  of  the  country's  I'lilcrs. 
They  must  inculcate  a  spirit  of  obedience  to  tln'  ;m- 
thorities.  l>ut  keep  aloof  from  j)olitics.  Anotlni'  evil 
to  be  avoided  was  that  of  speaking  against  their  bivrli- 
rcn,  whether  Mexicans  or  Californians.'^  Yet  ;iiiu!lnr 
a.''hie\-ement  nmst  l)e  placed  to  the  bishop's  nvilit. 
1  ie  succeeded  in  inducing  Micheltorena  to  give  ;i  |.ia(ti- 
cal  illustration  of  his  devotion  to  chiuvh  precc'[>t-  ;iii>l 
to  the  cause  of  good  morals,  by  marrying  the  wniuau 
he  bail  brought  from  ^lexico  as  his  mistress.'" 

Foreign  vessels  entering  any  otlier  pc^rt  tli;ii!  ll.at 
of  ^Monterey  were  in  184;],  as  before,  required  to  take 


'Jft'2-5.  ])o('..  I'railii  !Mo.sa  to  Vallojo.  Excomnmnicaticn  from  tlir  1 
hourly  oxjiixtiil  liy  many.    IV('/'/o,  J)nf.,  .MS.,  xi.  47.'!. 

"Man.  I,  IS4.'),  liislioi)'n  proclamation,  boLjiniiinj,'  'Kcjoioo,  for  >■ 
re;uly  lunU'i'  lur  iiowxTful  protcotioii,'  etc.,  iiresciliiny  tlio  cori'iiioi,i> 
oath,  trrantint,'  -ID  ilay.s'  iiiilulgoiico,  ln'stowini:;  hi;!  jia-stora!  liK'ssin;;.  : 
cliuling  'What  a  nii'moi'ahlo  and  happy  year  for  tlio  (.'alifornia.!' 
Pd/c.'cs,  MS.,  "Jl-'j-'i.").  The  i'ci|uirL'il  oorcmony  was  porfornifd  a' 
Mission  on  Ajiril  Kith,  L/.,  'J2.')-0;  and  at  8.  Antonio  on  Marili  "Jii 
great  rojoicinus,  ln-ils,  rorki'ts,  Halutus  of  cannon,  church  adornment,  . 
minations.    Ai-'h.  Oljisjiiulo,  M.S.,  04. 

"  I'astoral  letter.  An/i.  Olnx-juuh,  MS.,  2,"). 

'-'  1  have  not  seen  any  contemporary  record  of  tho  marriage,  Ijut : 
nicmbcr  tlie  lact. 


1-  l<i[i  13 


.  ,.iv  al- 
.■■[  tho 
Hid  I'lill- 
,s'.  ,Ai«', 
S.  .his(i 

ill,  wi:li 

,i;il  iilll- 


:aiv  re- 


TRADE  REGULATIONS. 


375 


a  L;'Uiii'(l  on  boaivl  and  to  depart  witli  tlie  sliortest  ]ios- 
silik'  delay  For  the  capital  and  only  ])ort  ot"  entry.  Yet 
iii;i!iv  \essels,  whoso  nuistors  knew  the  rei^'ulations 
|M  li'.i'tlv,  came  lir.st  to  the  other  ports  on  some  more 
or  less  ])lausible  [)retext,  and  i-i;mained  a  day  or  two 
w'ltli  (lie  guard  in  charge  as  the  law  required.  The 
viij' i'cargo  of  one  vessel  explains  how  a  cargo  of  i^'JO,- 
()i)>)  was  landed  secretly  hy  night  at  San  Francisco, 
li;i\iiig  g(»:)dson  boai'd  to  the  amount  of  ahout  si, 100 
l'(ir  i!ie  later  ins[)ection  of  the  revenue  olScers,  Of 
c.iinse  the  guard  was  hrihed  to  remain  iu  a  statt;-rooni 
wiili  a  liheral  supply  of  aguardiente  and  cigars,  in  pre- 
tcihleil  ignorance  of  what  was  heing  done  with  the 
(•aigii;  and  it  is  even  implied  that  he  had  been  selected 
i'di'  this  <luty  by  the  receptor,  with  a  view  to  the  re- 
sult." The  methods  adopted  by  this  vessel  wore  nat- 
urally employed  by  othi'rs,  thc>  masters  and  supercar- 
oii's  being  guided  in  their  choice  of  ports  by  the  iniiu- 
i!iir  they  coukl  l)ring  to  l)ear  on  local  authorities. 
This  method  had  now  supplanted  to  a  great  extent  the 
earlier  one  of  landini>'  e-oods  in  out-of-the-wav  i)laces 
te  lie  resh![)[)ed  after  settlement  at  the  customdiouso. 
1  thiiik  tliei'e  can  be  no  doubt  that  three  fourths  of 
li's'  imnortations  iiaid  no  duties,  the  amounts 


\'e 


n> 


I 


eiitei'ed  at  ])Jonterey  being,  as  a  rule,  absurdly  small. 
.M't'.i'  visitin!>'  ^lonterev,  vessels  were  free  to  trade 
at  r.'U'W  or  wholesale  u[)  and  down  the  coast  under  no 
iv^iirtious  as  to  landing-[)laces;  and  this  in  spitt."  of 
.d'  A I  can  laws  on  the  subject,  law^;  su[)[)lementevl  this 
V:\;r  I'V  a  decree  absolutelv  i)ruhibitin!i'  tlu.'  retail  ti'ado 
ly  i'ereignei's.^'  Indeed,  the  fear  was  that  the  Boston 
f-lii;'s  Would  aljandon  the  trade  altogetli(>r,  so  dittieult 
Iiail  i(,  become  to  obtain  cargoes  of  pivMluee,  to  collect 
tld'ls,  iiiid  to  com[)ete  successi'ully  in  trade  with  rivals, 


!!':  m 


m- 


'I'tn.s 


Cm 


of  til 


(••Umpsex,  MS.,  SO-00.     The  vc-scl  \v;vi  Ihc  l>oti  Qiiixoli',  Paty, 


i;itc  I'l'iuiids  (if  1).  i'nuieia 


tVuin  Oalui.     Davi.i  uiiil  Sjiwu'  wuiu 
■  1,  t!;o  ivoeptor. 

I't.  -j;},  lii-;;;.  />/,/.  tit.  Pap., ,';-».,  Ms,,  i.  is.  it  <1(H's  -ot  v]m\\\  iip- 

it  i\m  (icoreu,  IidwcvlT,  \v;;.j  1'  in'.u.Ily  i,;il).i,ilR'(l  ia  ('al.  Iicforu  Uio  cail 


'\m. 


,.i 


II 


876 


MISSIONS— COMMENCE— MARITIME  AFFAIRS. 


I H    i      I 


y\i 


I 


i 


whoso  number  was  increasing  and  whose  methods  were 
illegitimate.  But  it  was  from  the  Boston  shi])s  tliut 
the  country's  revenue  was  mainly  derived,  and  to  in- 
courage  tlieir  coming  Micheltorcna  at  one  timeresolvcj 
to  go  so  far  as  to  prohibit  the  introduction  of  forci^-n 
goods  by  Mexican  vessels,  though  it  does  not  ii])]ii;ir 
that  he  issued  such  an  order  this  year.'^  Aiioilicr 
obstacle  to  the  success  of  legitimate  trade  was  tlic 
])rivilege  that  had  been  allowed  to  whalers  of  selling- 
goods  to  pay  for  the  suf)i)lies  they  needed.  Not  onlv, 
having  no  tonnage  duties  to  pay,  no  long  stay  to  iiiaku 
on  the  coast,  and  no  extra  expenses  by  reason  of  t!i(ii' 
connnercial  ventures,  could  they  undersell  all  livnl.-: 
but  they  took  advantauje  of  their  license  to  sell  stci' -t- 
ly  an  amount  of  goods  greatly  exceeding  thc'w  |ni\i- 
lege,  both  on  their  own  account  and  in  aid  of  snni^f- 
glers.  This  year,  in  the  fear  of  losing  the  benefit-  ><[' 
tlie  Boston  trade,  whalers  were  deprived  of  tlu;  juivi- 
lege,  always  illegal,  of  selling  goods  at  all.^"    The  total 


Ill  i-i 
!•  ;ie 

I,, 


'^Aiig.  13,  ISW,  M.  toLarkin.   LarLiii'.f  Dor.,  :MS.,  ii.  St). 

'°.K'j'  ;!  ;tli,  whak'i's  exempt  from  tonnage  dues  temporarily.  P/iifn. 
JIS.,  i.  •r.iT-  viarc'.i  l.'ith,  IT^li,  April  4th,  stri^'t  order.;,  Ijotli  gcR.'ral : 
the  cases  of  parliealar  vesaels,  roipiiring  that  whalers  \vitli  goo<l  i  f  )r  •■■ 
s.'ioAii  no  iijiecial  favor,  and  l)o  reniired  to  show  paper.!  from  Montcvi 
ol'ier  vessck;.  /7.,  ii.  Ji— 1;  Vcdhjo,  Doc,  MS.,  xi.  3t,");  Sohcvaiu.-',  hue. 
234-'.).  -Vug.  IIm'Ii,  .MielieUorena  to  Larkin.  Rr.'fuse3  hin  roiiuost  for  a  v,  .r.lo' 
to  sell  goods  a'.'.liicient  to  p,;i'e!i;!so  supplies,  and  explain;!  hi:i  reasonsat  s  me 
length.  L.  had  apparently  complained  as  U.  S.  consul;  hut  JI.  claiai:;  l'i:it 
tlic  prohii)iJo:i  has  l)e!>a  in  force  more  than  the  (i  iu(juths  required  hy  !:rvr- 
national  comity.  LiirLlt'n  Dor.,  ^IS.,  ii.  'J'.).  Oct.,  a  whaler  seixcil  at  'Mx 
Crn/..  Drp'.  St.  Pup.,  M.S.,  xviii.  74.  Oct.,  Xov..  whalensat  S.  Diego  r('i|iiii'el 
t )  ])ay  tonnage  due.i,  and  not  allowed  to  take  whales  in  tlie  hay — thor,!.'li  ;!icy 
did  so  all  the  .;.amo.  ,-!.  Dicjo,  Arrli.,  MS.,  7;  LI.,  IiuLx.  1  IS;  Jkpt.  S.'.  /'';,/)., 
All;/.,  MS.,  vii.  07.  April 'Joth,  Dec.  'Mat,  stringent  regnlaliona  on  l!i  ■  ilo 
ot  hide;!,  niar!:s,  etc.,  i.ssacd  hy  the  juca  at  MonLcrey  iirst,  and  lati'r  l>  '!ie 
gov.  There  was  to  he  a  police  ngciit  at  every  port,  without  who:i;i!  exaiiiiaii- 
tioii  and  approval  no  lude  could  1)0  solil,  mider  jicnalty  of  coiitiscatioa  i.ad 
line,  rid/,  jo,  D>r.,  MS.,  .xxxiii.  ;3;),T;  !<!.,  Ill  /.  Caf..  MS.,  iv.  nOl-.T;  S.  /';.,/>, 
An/i.,  M^;.,  'JJl;  Mi-hfit  ■■)■,', Kt.-t  Admliii.flralion,  li)-20;  Jh>r.  I/i.if.  Pal..  M-^.. 
i.  4;>(J.  "\'al!ejo,  J/Uf.  (Jul.,  ^IS.,  iv.  .'l")G  7,  says  M.  ai)proved  his  )ilii  f  r 
moving  the  customdiouse  to  S.  F.,  lint  had  t.)  wait  for  resource)  from  M 
dan.  loth,  complaint  U'jainst  Richardson  for  allowing  vessels  to  an 
Sauzalito,  and  also  allowing  wheJi  rs  t.)  trade.  D/jf.  St.  I'np.,  Urn.,  M^ 
40.  .Tan.  .'!Oth,  beside. t  'Jo  percenton  value  of  some  flour,  sahnon,  and  I' 
ft  'con-iuniption  due'  of  'JO  ])  .r  cent  on  the  "J.")  per  cent  was  collected.  / 
Djc,  MS.,  i.  400.  Strict  orders  from  Monterey  on  precautions  with  \' 
nt  otiu'r  ports.  Id.,  i.  .'iOd-7;  ii.  'J-3,  7,  'J!t,  lUi.  March  "Jlst,  ordir  I" 
all  foreign  cotton  not  obeyed  in  Cal.  J)rpt.  St.  /'tip..  Urn.,  MS.,  iii.  4."'.  Ainil 
7th,  order  from  Mexico  to  add 'JO  per  cent  to  import  duties  during  i'     »^^r 


rlMl-    .it 

iii. 
;  r, 
rlr,, 

■,i:n 


]::*!  ;  'A'^ 


EEVENUi:— LI  JT  OF  VLSSIXS. 


377 


aiiii'iiiit  ofrefcipts  at  tlio  custoin-houso  was  only  ^.vJ,- 
OUo.  oi-  al)out  half  ()f  what  it  had  Ijeeii  in  1841.  ]\[au- 
ucl  (  astaiiarcs  retained  his  position  as  administrator, 
tliniiL;h  Pablo  do  la  Guerra  was  usually  acting  in  that 
iiil';i(ity;  and  the  revenue  employes  obtained  their 
salaiii's  to  the  extent  of  };pl  1,000.  A  balance  of  somo 
,s4(j,(jii(i  was  tur'ned  over  to  Micheltorena  for  his  army 
ami  t«i  Sal)-comisario  Abrego  for  the  civil  budg'et.  I 
iKv  1  hardly  rej)eat  hero  that  the  income  was  alt :)gether 
iiiaJ  (|iiate  to  the  payment  of  current  c.K})ensos. 

Ill  the  ap[)ended  list  I  name  i'orty-six  vessels  whoso 
|irrMiic('  on  the   coast  is  recorded  in   184:3,''  though 

in  Ti-'-:i»  and  Yucatan.  /</.,  ii.  .'5.'?.  Yvh,  '2,Slh,  dfirrho  da  ar.  rin  vxUnnhd  to 
t'lc  v.!). lie  ic|i:;liIiL'.  Dcjtf.  S'.  Pi'p.,  MS.,  viii.  ((.  Homo  iioniiits  to  take  utter 
ami  iv-ils.  Aii'jil''-!,  Arch.,  .MS.,  ii.  .S17-'27;  J\foiifcrci/,  A,r/i.,  ^IS.,  xi.  7; 
V(j>t.  /'((■.,  -M.S.,  xiii.  4S,  Jacob  1'.  Lcesc  iind  Joel  Walker — ur  pnsfiljly  eaeli 
oa  lii;  ()V.  u  aeeuunl — drove  ;i  larjje  iiuiuher  of  eattle,  liorse-:,  and  sheL'j)  to 
0'.'c;;ii:i  i!;i.s  year.  /A  ■7"7-i  (»,  ii.  117-50;  WdHcrs  Xarraiiir,  yiS.,  12.  .Vluut 
■J,(jii.l  I'M-i  of  wine  and  lirandj-  exported  iu  1S!;{.   Cdafniicnt!,  <\il.  ])o\,  '1'.]. 

Kevca'.ie  oliieer::;  in  April  tlio  corj)3  eonsi.-ited  of  Pablo  de  la  (luena  (aet- 
iii'.')  ;:iliiiiai<lrator;  Jlaitaell,  Id.  (jirovisional);  Itafacl  (Jonzalez,  coniainianto 
(ii  celadon'.'i,  who  wire — Benito  Dia;-:,  Jiianuin  Torre,  I'raneisnj  Ilieo,  lia.'.'aLl 
I'i.i.ii,  and  Jacinto  Rodrii^ucz;  Jose  F.  Alvarez,  escribieiite.  l)f  jit.  St.  Pnj)., 
M'l.il,,  .M.S.,  viii.  7-0.  la  Xov.  there  were  only  two  celad  >ies,  llieo  a.nl 
li;',f:i.l  K.strada.  /(/.,  B<  ii.  Viid.-H.,  v.  11.  Oct.  Gth,  Ca.sta.iare';  notiiies 
(lirc.'jjr  do  reuta.^,  Mexieo,  that  ho  lia.'i  assumed  his  olliee  of  adniini.strator 
(iiii>UL,'li  he  niu.-t  have  as.sunicd  it  Ion;' before).  /</.,  LV,/.,  iii.  4;!.  Jan.  I.t, 
r.a;l  M;',y,  Kieo  rcsi.iins  a.;  eseribientoof  eu.;tonr<  and  (jf  the  eoniisaria.  Iil.,  iii. 
110;  l>i  ji!.  I!t<\,  MS.,  xiii.  oo.  The  adaiini.strator  is  a  'mienil>ro  uato  de  !:i 
juita  do  f;)nivnt)'  of  hia  port — which  must  have  been  a  great  eii;;ifort  to 
him.  J)i [i'.  St.  Pdp.,  Mont.,  MS.,  viii.  8.  \o  euitonw  oiiicer  must  ta'.;e  aay 
{;  ifiiji  from  a  vessel  before  a  settlement  is  maile  about  lier  duties.  /</.,  viii.  7; 
I'l.yJl'ii.  ('lint.-//.,  v.  11.  Cdli/oniia,  AdiKUKi  Mdiitima,  JS.'fl-',  a. p.  a.d.,  i-i 
a  ji;iatcd  col.  of  0  documents  on  eustomdiouse  all'airg  under  Micheltorcna. 
rr.ilp.ilily  traaslated  and  printed  in  conaeetion  with  some  laad  suit. 

Fill .n  id  items;  full  account  for  the  year — receipts:  balance  from  1S4_', 
?l-(i;  iiap  ut  (biti.'S,  (■!,)7,()i>:i;  c  >ttoa  good.s,  .?.')40;  1  per  eeiit  importaliv;a, 
8oS(l;  c  ).;;.uni[)'i.ion  duty  on  ell'ccts,  ."?'>, >-(i7:  Id.,  on  liipior.-j,  $.''170;  tonna;;e, 
Si,<it"i;  e:,cise,  Cd,lo!l;  coin  exportutioa,  S\-;  total,  !?."i_',.")!U.  i'lxpeaditurcu: 
s.ilariis  and  pay  of  (guards,  ;;ailors,  interj.reter,  etc.,  .Sll.'/7!>;  li'a\  inu'  a  bal- 
aiicoif  ."•'!;i,,S.  '■  ttliich  ;:<Jl.!i!;4  was  paid  over  to  the  comandanta  general, 
im.l  ^1S,!«1  I.,  t.,.e  sab-couds:irio  (for  the  civil  li.st?l.  J)rj,t.  .sV.  J'lip.,  I'.i  1., 
Ms,,  iil.  ipj  i;!.  U,.venue  for  the  yeai',  .SVJ.OIK).  Ilartnell  to  \\  yllic,  i<i 
^'"•0,  V>.,'.,  M.'i.,  S.');  Lc,'l:hi's  O//:  Cunr-^p.,  MS.,  ii.  S7,  110.  Tot:d(.f  rj- 
c.'ipta  a  ■.  per  li«o  of  vcs.sels,  .>^-4J,'(j;!0,  Civd  list  r.aiouats  to  .about  ,viO,),(!bJ. 
(W((((/(/y.v,  Ciil.  I''oc.,'2[).  .r.an. -March,  various  order.s  by  Miclieltorena.  ui'g- 
iuij  Cfiiuiniv,  i;ui:,'(,  .-.tiu';  a  loan,  su.spending  back  |iay,etc.  />rpt.  S'.  J'n  ^, 
I!'ii.,  M.-;.,"iii.  LVS-;!.',  rj:i-";  J)rpt.  J,',r.,  MS.,  xiii.  4:!,  4S.  Sept.  iL'th, 
ci'in.  j,ca.  had  n)  ri;4ht  to  in:.erfe,e  ami  e'.umge  rules  of  the  eomis..ria,  itc. 
lk;i>.  ,^i,  I'li/K,  J!<  II.,  MS.,  i.  4.'i.  Some  fra'^nientary  account.s  of  no  value  in 
J/'J-Vn.  .1/  „,.  Ifurkllild,  1S44,  Dor.,   |,  7,   10. 

■^i"  lull  U.so  for  Itvll-,")  at  end  of  chap.  :;xiii.,  this  vol.     Vessels  of  18411: 
Aii;.caiulii\  ,l/ta.\  Bmrbuj,  Adinillaiiw,  itaniKlalitc,  lintliu,  llu'icar,  Biriiivn, 


!:S 


iil  1 


:'::n 


ill?' 

ill-  '''t\ 


HIm 

■■ 

W^^f 

111 

lip 

11  n  W 

1 

M 

it  El  »' 

) 

li  ' 

w 

ill  1 

'^' 

^ii'-J 

]  :  :,:     ;    - 

:r         :  ! 

1,        '      ^ 

J,:   ^; 

' 

^ 

i 

Mi 


1 1 


?u3  MISSIONS— COMMERCE— MAPJTIME  AFFAIRS. 

sonic  fourteen  of  the  number  liad  remained  ovci'  fioni 
tlie  [)recetling  year.  There  were  six  men-of-NWii-  .ind 
ton  wlialer.s;  while  twenty-five  made  new  tiadiii'^ 
trips,  sixteen  of  them  being  sliown  to  liave  })ai(l  duties 
at  the  eust(>m-h(nisc,  thouo-h  n'enerallv  in  very  sninll 
amounts.  There  are  no  cireumstanecs  connected  with 
the  ai'ri\;d  of  [larticular  vessels  this  year  which  call 
lor  i'urther  notice  than  is  given  with  the  list  or  in- 
cidentally  elsewhere. 

Cali/vriiin,  Cfi'ifarnhi  (;iuhr),  Crn-oHiio,  Carj/f/orf,  C'^ifalina,  Charh<  W.  Mr,r- 
ijaii,  t'Inr'ita,  ('ox'^fdnliii'',  Co^stillntion,  Corvo,  (U)irl!f",  (h/ruii',  JJnlf,  /);„. 
inoml,  Dull  (Jiii.rih'c,  Ksincrnhlrt,  I'hnin,  J'diiin/,  l\  riViiimiil  (':),  Clconir  llnin/, 
Iiulr.r,  Jiihii  ■Idij,  ■/orfii  Fcuitu,  (?),  Jiiciii  <lit'i}>iizi'ii(ui((,  Jnan  Jn«i',  juliii  An'n^ 
M<t\ino'iti,  Ml  rrimii'-,  Si.r'fi  Aim  rim,  ll(ij'iil\  llillj,  /'nlurf  l',",inii,  Suhilwl, 
tiunaiiindt,  Ta-iso,  2'finidud,  Tudcuiii/,  UniUd  Ulakf,  Valliyjiild,  VancoiiiM; 


m 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

FOREIGX  RELATIOXS  AND  DLMIOilATIOX. 

1813. 

Mi;xiiAN  I'^FFOUTS  toPrevkst  Ajikiucax  iMMirnsATioN — Almdxtf.'s  Lktteh 
Santa  Anna's  OuDKii — A  ])ii'i.n.MATic  (Jontruvkksy — 'I'hoaii'sun  and 

]i(iC.»Ni:iHU — ENliMSlI    SCIIKMKS    OF  COLONIZATION — WyLI.IK    To    JIaUT- 

NKi.i.— FouBE.s'  Plan— Lahkin  ani»  Fokbks,  Consols  of  U.  S.  an!>  ]';n(;- 

LASD— FoEKKJNEIlS   KiNiiLY  TuiCATF.D  IN  CALIFORNIA — SrTTEIi's    IvvfAIi- 

Lisii.MKNT — False  Pretensions — Immkjuants  of  the  Year— IIastim.s 
Cjmi'any — Tiiorr.LES  ^VITII  Indians — Cihles-Walkeu  Comfany— A 
XiAv  Route— Xaruatives— Names— Stephen  Smith  and  his  Steam- 

FNIilNi:— IIasTINCs'    IjOOK — UiNOUANCE,    PKiyUDICE,    AND   I)lX:i:i'T10N  — 

List  of  Pioneers  of  1S43. 


At  tlio  end  of  1842  Almonte,  the  ]\tcxIoan  minister 
in  W'ashin^'ton,  i)nbli.slie(l  in  the  American  newspapers 
a  K'ttcr  of  warninLj;' to  ])rev(nit  emigrants  i'rom  Iteiiig 
(Irav,  ii  to  C'alil'ornia  by  I'alse  representatit)ns  respecting 
tlir  lordial  welcome  and  liberal  land  grants  to  be  ex- 
]  I  ii;',l  from  the  ^Mexican  government.  He  declared 
t'Kit  Abjxieo  did  not  desire  foreign  colonists  for  that 
]iart  ol'  her  territory,  and  that  by  a  recent  law  such 
i'mvigners  would  not  be  admitted  without  special  per- 
uiifisicn.     I  give  the  letter  in  a  ncrhe.^ 

' '  i|;i\  iii^;  scon  ill  yiuir  p;t]ior  of  Friday  an  article  t.'ikcn  from  tlie  S/  l.nu:ii 
HijiilJInt,!.  ill  wliicli  iIk'  ])eo'(>lc  of  tliis  ciiuiilry  afo  iiivitcil  to  ciiiiai-atc  to  Cal- 
iiuriiia  iukIlt  llu'  ]ii'i'tunc'e  t!iat  tlio  Mcxii'.-..!  f;ovt  will  uivc  lil)oial  Lrraiits  of 
haul  to  in'iooiii  who  .shall  take  the  oath  of  alli';,naiicc  ami  coiifmiu  to  tiiu  doc- 
triiit:!  vi  tiio  Udukiu  Cathuiic  faith,  I  feel  it  to  lie  my  duty  to  eoiitrailicL  such 
a.;sL'rtien,  ;uul  to  state  for  the  information  of  those  jiersniis  who  may  fi'el  de- 
sirous cf  removing;  to  Cal.  in  tliat  belief,  that  the  Mexican  u'uvt  has  never 
lliiiiiL:ht  iif  colniii/ing  the  yaid  territory  with  foi-ei'j;ners;  and  that  it  iuis  ex- 
plv'ssly  provided  ipy  a  law  of  March  lltli  tliat  no  fniviuner  will  ever  he  |ier- 
laitt'il  tocoloni/.e  or  purcliaso  land  or  proiierty  in  the  said  country  without 
i:iuxiiii'.i.i  permission  of  the  govt  of  Mexico.  Knowing  as  I  do  tiiat  no  such 
lHiiiii-<ion  has  ever  been  allowed  to  any  person  or  corporation  whatever,  and 

( 37U  I 


» r ;. 


""»!■ 


''■Vl'i 


IP 


\ 


' 


3S0 


FOREIGX  DELATIONS  AND  IMMICiRATIOX— 184.1. 


Sucli  a  statoineiit  eoiiiiiiL*'  (Voin  .so  lii_L,^li  md  ui'tlinr- 
ity,  when  (•oiitra.stcd  with  the  lettei-.s  of  Bidwill  iiml 
]\[iii'.sli,  must  have  raiisod  some  contusion  in  the  tiiiiuU 
of  emiLjiants  who  did  not  understand  full}'  the  dlii'.i'- 
t'licc  hetwecn  ^Mexican  sentiment  in  ^lexieo  iuid  in 
California.  The  Mexican  i^^overnnient,  however,  seems 
to  have  ixono  much  further  in  its  determinai  ion  to 
arrest  iVnierican  immigration  and  to  save  (Jalil'iii'iiia 
from  the  fate  of  Texas.  On  July  14th  Santa  Anna 
is  said  to  have  issued  to  the  o-overnor  the  follow- 
ing oivler:  The  pn.'sident,  "being  convinced  that  it  is 
not  proper  for  natives  of  tlie  United  States  of  the 
north  to  reside  in  your  department,  has  been  pi  a  Mil 
to  resolve  that  they  shall  (piit  it  within  the  ria>Mii- 
able  time  which  y(>'i  may  tix  for  that  purpose;  .iiiil 
t!iat  hencefi)r\vard  no  individual  belonging  to  tlie>ii4 
United  States  is  to  be  allowed  to  enter  the  said  •K'- 
partmeut" — the  same  order  being  sent  to  Swii'ii'a, 
Sinaloa,  and  Chihuahua.  There  is  a  my.stery  ahuit 
this  ofdcr  and  th<;  motive  which  prompted  it  tliat  I 
am  unable  to  penetrate.  I  iind  no  evidence  thai  it 
ever  reached  California;  and  in  Mexico  it  was  l.ejit 
so  secret  that  the  U.  S.  minister  heard  nothing;-  <>(  it 
until  l)ecend)er.  Then  the  ministei-,  Waddy  Tlii'iiip- 
son,  wrote  to  Bocanegra,  ministro  de  relaciones,  eiuliis- 
ing  a  copy  of  the  order  and  demanding  to  be  iidornicil 
if  such  a.u  order  had  actually  been  issued.  Xo  aU 'ii- 
tion  Vs'as  }»aid  to  tins  note,  nor  to  a  .second  or  tliiitl 
on  the  same  subject,  though  in  tlie  latter  Thonijt^nii 
denounced  the  measure  as  "a  liagrant  violation  not 


bolieviii';  tlidt  the  jirojcct  r.ct  fortli  in  the  .'^f  Lniiifi  llfpuhHran  is  .1  \w\ 
of  some  ):i;iil  sp 'tniLitor.;  v,-!ii)  -wi^h  t')  tike  ii(lv;Mitii!;e  fif  the  ci'eihih' 
ignorant,  I  thin!;  it  ]iV(>[;er  to  iiifcjrin  the  ]iui)iii!  of  this  country  (f 
facts  of  tliia  new  \i\-m\  of  encroachment,  le.t  they  slionhl  1)C  deh 
brouglit  into  (liihi'iiltk's  that  would  (nd  in  the  dewtniction  of  their 
and  the  ('.istres:;  of  their  fiicn<ls.  r)elie\  ing  thiit  y(ni  take  a  di  ej)  i) 
the  Welfare  of  yo'ir  countrymen,  I  doul.t  imt  tliat  you  will  readily  i; 
coniniunieation  f  .r  the  ])ur|>oso  of  arrestini;  the  execution  of  a  luoji  r 
destitute  of  any  proljahility  of  success  audi  calculated  only  to  (ill  tin 
of  a  few  speculators,  who  care  nut  for  the  ji  aeo  of  nations  nor  the  1 
of  their  kiiul,  and  wlio  oidy  consult  their  avarice  and  cupidity.'  Dec 
Almonte  to  Bulthiiore  American,  in  Xilcfi'  lli'j-,  Ixiii.  -77  (Dec.  Sli^t 


.,. , 

'  lioiriC 

tv 

III'  tllf 

il 

1:  true 

!.].. 

d    illKl 

f. 

rtiuies 

\W 

■    ri  111 

' 

>:  Vliis 

,  ; 

.M.illV 

c  1 

■  l.r-.d 

iii:ics.s 

'J! 

,1S4.', 

)• 


ll'>li 


A  WAR  CLOUD  IN  -MKXICO. 


381 


onlv  of  the  treaty,  Imt  of  every  prin<'l[)lo  of  i-iglit  and 
justice — -an  act  only  to  l)o  palliated  by  an  aj)[)r('hen- 
sioii  of  iiinnediate  war,  and  not  even  then  t(^  he  justi- 
fied." He  demanded  a  revocation  of  the  order;  and 
(,'V(  II  threatened  in  the  event  of  refusal  to  sus[»end 
diplomatic  relations.  In  a  fourth  letter  of  December 
;{(it!i  lie  announced  the  termination  of  his  otHcial  re- 
latimi^',  and  demanded  his  passports.  I'his  bi-ounht  a 
ic'i'lv  from  Bocane^ra,  in  which  he  claimed  that  tlu) 
iictinii  of  July  I4th — neither  admittin:rf  nor  denyinj^ 
tli.it  the  order  had  been  issued  as  charij^iid — was  a 
ociicial  measure  directed  ajjjainst  all  foreii^riers,  of 
\vli;it(,'ver  nation,  \vlio  might  endang-er  the  pul)lic 
trfin({uillity;  said  that  'pi-oper  ex|)lanations'  had  l)een 
sent  to  the  authorities  of  California;  and  quoted  laws 
against  colonization  by  foreigners.  This  cvasi(jn  was 
(if  course  not  satisfactory,  but  it  led  to  furtlier  cor- 
respondence; and  while  Thompson  never  succeeded 
in  'jcttincf  a  direct  admission  or  denial  that  the  order 
of  July  14th  had  been  issued,  he  did  obtain  before 
the  end  of  January  a  copy  of  instructions  forwarded 
to  the  governors  of  California  and  the  other  depart- 
ments, to  the  effect  that  "tlu^  order  of  July  I4tli.  .  . 
in  no  manner  related  directly  to  citizens  of  the  United 
States  (!),  but  was  general,  and  comprehended  all,  of 
whatever  nation,  who  from  their  bad  conduct  should 
i»c  considered  as  prejudicial  to  public  ordei-,"  Thus 
the  war-cloud  passed  over,  and  I  think  that  no  one 
in  CaHiornia  even  heard  of  it  at  the  time;  foi'  of  the 
countermanding  instructions,  as  of  the  original  order, 
1  tind  no  trace  in  public  or  private  archives." 

'^  r.xpuUion  of  C'ltkenx  of  the  U.  S.from  Upper  California^  ^fe-^nnqe  of  thf 
Prcf^'li  i:f.  cdiiuiuiiiicatiiKj  roj>ie.i  of  eDrrrspoinh  tiee  vtih  (lorcrnmrttt  of  M<xieo 
hirilnhjii  ff)  fiif  ,'.cpiils'o)i,  etc.,  i.'l'/i,  28tli  conj;.  1st  .scs.s.,  Sen.  Doc."  no.  .'{OO, 
II.  II.',  vol.  vi.  yrralily  Thoiuiwon,  lifcoUretions  of  Me.c,  "JJl!  7,  aUo  tell.i 
tlir  silly,  coiifc'ssing  tluit  lio  waa  very  iiinch  iilVaid  his  passport.s  v.nuld  Ik; 
sent  lis  r.  luosted;  yet  he  linpcd  that  this  resort  to  tlic  iil'ima  r  ■do  <jf  diplo- 
iiiacy  V.I  mill  cut  short  a  long  discussion.  Mentioned  also  in  YoHiifi\  liixt. 
•1/'.  .,'.'; )1-.");  Niks'  Ref/.,  l:;v.  ;C)'2.  June  7tii  (ITtli),  Sta  Anna  isaucd  Ji  decree, 
•Bont  ti)  ('id.,  that  all  foreigners  taken  with  arms  in  their  hands,  le  they  few 
or  irii'DV .  ;uid  M-hatever  their  protexts  of  protection  to  the  country,  should  bo 
imiuuliunly  shot.  Giierru,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  33-8;  JJcpt.  St.  Pup.,  lien.  I'ref.  y 


m 


^'  J 


TjM 


il 


882 


FOr.KiriN  RHLATIOXS  AND  IMMI;;nATIO:,'--lS43. 


Ill  I"\'l)i'ii;i:y  ProsidLMit  Tylor,  in  ac-ordiiuro  witli  ,1 
request  of  coiiu^ress,  stated  to  that  Ixxly  that  tlirym. 
crniin'iit  liad  no  kno\vh'(lL,n>  ot'any  treaty  or  ovcidiivs 
for  the  cession  of  California  to   lOm^Iaiid   l>y  ]\I('\icn,'' 
Tliore  is,  however,  some  interesting'  infoi'ination  ex- 
tant respeetinj^  the  Eni^lisli  scheme   in  its  aspect  of 
184:3.     ilohort  C.  WyUie,  a  ])rominent  memhcr  of  tip' 
coiiiinitte(;   of   ^Mexican   bondhoMers.   vrot;;  ;it  some 
leiio^lh  on  the  snhject  to  Ifartnell   from  're[)i(,'  in  Au- 
gust.     J  !.e  explained  that  thehond.-;  had  Ijeeii  di\iile,l 
in  i8."]7  into  £5, 000, 000,  a"tive,    hearini^   intei-esl   ,it 
five  ]i('i'  cnt,  and  .Sr),O00,000,  deferred,  hearin';'  no  in- 
terest until  October  1,  1847,  when  they  would  hcfomo 
active.     Atany  time  before  1847  these  ilefern.'d  bonds 
were,  at  the  ()j)tion  of  the   holders,  exehano-e;iI»!i'  ;!t 
par,  with  interest  added,  Ibr  lands  at  five  shiUin^s  ;iii 
acre;  and  12.1,000,000  acres  of  vacant  lands  woiv  hy- 
jiothecated  bytho  o'overnment  in  dili'erent  depart ni'iit^, 
includino'  California.      Xo  lands  had  yet  been  takm, 
becariso  the  I)ondliolders  })referred  money ;  but  as  I  '-17 
was  drawino"  near,  and  as  it  was  almost  certain   ili.it 
Mexico  would  not  be  able  to  pay  the  doubled  an, oiuit 
of  interest  after  that  date,  it  v.ould  be  advanta^oons 
to  both  parties  to  cancel   that  part  of  the  debt.     It 
was  a  prevalent  opinion  of  the  bondholders  and  th'if 
connnittee  that  lauds  should  be  taken,  if  at  all,  on  the 
Atlantic  coast;  but  Wyllie  believed  that  a  location  in 
Caliibrnia  would  be  Ijctter  for  both  Enolaudand  V<\- 
ico:  to  the  former  because  of  the  climate  and  other 
natural  advautao'cs,  and  to  the  latter  as  a  protociion 
affiiinst  other  ai^'oTcssive  nations.     What  was  want'il 
of  Hartnell  was  information  about   the  coiuitiy,  t) 
serve  as  a  basis  for  Wyllie's  aro-uments  l)ef  iro  the 
committee.     Answers  were    desired    on  twenty-lour 

Juzff.,  MS.,  ii.  2.  Oct.  9th,  Boc.ine^i'a  to  gov.  lias  learned  tluit  l.*"^'l 
families  have  left  Ark.  and  Mo.  on  the  pretext  of  going  to  Oregon,  lr,it  nally 
to  settle  in  Cal.  Let  no  Americans  settle  in  the  country.  Sup.  d'oH  SI.  /'//'.. 
MS.,  xvii.  3.  This  is  the  only  allusion  to  the  order  against  Americiin  ^-LUikis. 
"  if.  S.  Govt  Doc,  27th  coug.  3d  seas.,  House  Journal,  p.  20U,  '3li;  A'lVt-s' 
Jle<j.,  Ixiu.  38-1,  397. 


wvj.Lii;  ox  i;.\.;Lisi[  sciikmes. 


3S3 


(llfT  ii  Mf  point.-;  nlatiiin'  to  ilic  counti'v,  its  Innds,  ils 
iirn(i;i"t^'.,  its  trailc,  ivud  its  |ioo])!o.  It  was  dcfiiicl 
t^jicciiiily  (k'siraWh'  to  know  whcllicr  tlu'  pcojilr  wn-o 
";,.(  (irdcrly  and  coiitciitcd  under  \\\v  ]Mi'xican  n'ovccn- 
iih  i.t  tliat  l']ui'o|t('an  lai'incrs  could  tstaMish  tln'ni- 
s(l\.^  tliiic  with  a  ivasonal>lc  stTurlty  (»!'  Itciny-  aide 
t(i  li\.'  <|!rn'lly,  and  of  the  '.;'ovi'iMnncnt  Ix-jul;;  al»lc  to 
jiiiiii({  tlicni;"'  lor,  says  W'yllii',  "the  J>i'lti>li  j^'oNcrii- 
jin  !i1  will  ,L;i\<.'  no  |ii'otiH'tion  whatever  to  JJrilisJi  sul»- 
jccts  scttliiiL;'  inCalilornia  as  citi/eiis  ot"  .Mexico,  nor 
(|(.  Hny  wish  to  se(!  it  in  any  other  hands  hut  tho^j"  of 
}»I  :.i.M.  1  know  this  to  he  the  fact,  and  that  Coui- 
iiKiildiv  .lones'  apiu'ehension  was  a  perfect  iniijflx'ni'." 
li:iitiiill  was  als(»  I'equested  to  recoujUieiid  a  suitahle 
sih'  ii'i'  a  settlenieiit.*  On  liis  ari'ival  in  J"^i'(land, 
Y\'y!iit'  |nih!ishe(l,iortlu>  henefit  o{'"traders,enii'_:i'ants, 
and  hiiadholders,"  an  exhaustive  report  on  Mt'xicaa 
liiiaiircs,  in  which  hook  two  documents  are  L(i\en  [)er- 
t;iininL>'t(3  my  present  topic.  One  is  a  letter  addressed 
hy  the  author  on  October  17th  to  liocaneij^ra  "on 
till'  L;icat  advantages  to  he  derived  by  the  ]\[exican 
ivptihlic  tVom  the  colonization  of  her  public  lands." 
Till'  system  reconnuended  was  similar  to  that  of  the 
I'nitcd  States;  and  the  benefits  were  to  come  not 
niily  from  the  payment  of  public  debts,  and  the  de- 
vil' inacnt  of  the  country's  industries,  but,  in  the  case 
fif  thi'  northern  frontier  de[)artuients,  I'rom  the  secu- 
litv  ac(|uii'ed  au'ainst  the  foreiu'n  au''''ression  to  which 
tluy  Were  especially  exposed.  True,  tlu-re  was  a 
pi'.;j;!ilice  against  colonization,  v.'ell  founded  on  the 
'"ihuiatitudoand  treason  of  the  Texan  colonists;"  but 
the  latter  were  much  influenced  by  the  fact  that  they 
caDii.'  from  an  adjoining  nation,  by  the  arts  of  huid 
^^l•eeulators,  and  by  the  'notorious  project'  of  a  part 

^  *  An.'.  10,  1S43,  Wyllie  toHai-tncll  from  Topic.  Valhjn,  Do-..  MS.,  xxxiii. 
oVX  IiMiii  .Mexico,  on  Nov.  oth,  Wyllie  «i'oto  ai^.aiii,  repeating.;  the  siiliSt.iiKvj 
ot  till!  tonui.'i-  lottor,  .ind  gi\ing  sonui  detailti  about  the  situation  ot'  allairs  in 
jIo.\ii.ii|ii,intiinf  to  trouble  between  ^lexicoand  Englanil,  but  wliieh  will  not, 
the  writ. r  tliinks,  ro3ult  in  war.  /</.,  xxxiii.  3GU.  Of  llartuell's  reply  1  shall 
uuve  uoi;iisiuu  to  speak  iu  the  auiials  of  1S44. 


4 

^^^^^Bi 

,   :i 

nfr 

t               ■   H 

1 

III 

t      1       '     '■ 

1^  f| 

ll 

1. 1 

I;  n 


11 
I 

i 


■ 


P 


.^^4 


rciM'.icN'  niXATioxs  a::i)  iMMKinA'irox— is!3. 


of  tlio  Aiuci'ican  coiiLfrcss  to  juiiirx  the  ti'i-ritory  witli 
ii  view  til  t!if  ('\t('iisiiui  of  slavery;  wliilu  "a  culonv 
of  i']iiro[K';iiis,  siihjccts  of*  nioiiarcliical  L;'ovcnniiiiit>, 
Ix'iiii;'  in  circiiiiistaiicos  diaiiR'ti'ically  opposite,  woiiLl 
adlici'e  s|)oiitaneously  and  in  jj^i-atitudc  to  tho  Mc\ic;iii 
•^dvei'iiiiu'iit."  Tho  other  (lociiinciit  alluded  to  w.isa 
|>laii  for  ( 'alilbrniati  coloni/afioM  I'onned  l)y  Alexfindcr 
Forhes.  This  plan  j)rovided  that  tlu;  ,L,n>veriiiii(iit 
.shoulvl  romaiii  in  tho  iiaino  of  Mexico,  hut  l!i;i1  iill 
else  should  bo  intrusted  to  the  (;(»nipany  and  tlif  ti  1- 
(tnists,  excej)t  that  the  mineral  wealth  should  ln' 
shared  hv  tho  company  antl  <;overiMnent.  Xot  onlv 
new  colonists  must  |)ay  a  rent  to  the  company,  hutso 
must  those  who  had  already  obtained  j^i'ants  of  jiunl; 
and  above  all,  there  must  l)o  free  trade,  oi-  at  least  ii 
froodom  from  th».'  intorforonec  of  all  'va<jjaboii.r  iii- 
toms  ofHcials.  Fc^rbes  admitted  that  his  scheiuc  \v;;> 
likely  to  seem  Utopian ;  but  unless  its  essential  I'eatmvs 
could  bo  adoptctl,  ho  did  n(jt  believe  that  col(ini;:a!iuii 
in  any  Iiis|)ano-Amorican  countrv  could  bc^  made  sue- 
cessful.'"'  Forbes  dooms  tho  action  of  Jones  a  suiiiciiiit 
indication  of  American  designs;  has  no  doubt  that 
France  has  similar  ambitious  plans;  and  j»redicts  that 
"  if  there  bo  not  adopted,  and  that  sot)n,  a  prudent 
schcmo  of  colonization,  tho  Californias  will  cease  to 
bo  a  province  of  Mexico." 

James  A.  Forbes  was  at  the  end  t)f  1842  ap])niiited 
British  vice-consul  to  reside  at  ]\Ionterey;  and  this 
appointment,  forwarded  from  ?»Ioxico  in  Januaiy,  was 
officially    recognized   in  California  in  Octo[)er.''    Ou 


Wyl/ie,  Mrxico,  No,   'ia  sobre  sii  Hacienda  Puhlica  ha  jo  <l  CUA 


imnol  y  UcKpite.'i  ile  In  Imi' 
'2  1.     The  orijiiiial,  pro)), 
lie,  Ob'irrraciuiKS,  Oct.  1 
to  Wyllio.   /(/.,  iippen.,  'z 
"  .Aijpointiiientiniulo  1 
ioan  govt  Dec.  '2'.),  184'2;  f 
Dr/)l.  St..   J'(tp.,  Mo)d.,  . 
Sep.  Govt  St.  I'ctj).,  MS., 


iidriicta.  Mexico,  1845.  Svo,  !)1  p. ;  losiiei 
v  iiiib'.islicd  in  Ldiiilon,  1S44, 1  luive  uo%n 
IS4.3,  in  /(/.,  iippeii.,  p.  14-'28.    July  1,  lo! 

British  miniatorin  Mexico,  .ind  .approvt''! 
tvardcd  to  C'al.  Jan.  4tli.  Siij/o  xix.,  .la'.i. 
S.,  xi.   12;  viii.  0;  iv.  Gl~2;  /(/.,  An<j(l<- 


.ii.  .'5-4;  <S.  Jo< --In/i.,  MS.,  ii.  i;J.  Su 
tcrcy  ill  '4,1,  says  tliat  Foibea  came  t()  Monterey  on  Oct.  lltli  to  tak 
sion  of  luj  new  position.  Dec.  ."lOth,  Consul  Forbes  makes  iii(p;iri'.: 
British  subject  arrested.  S.  Jos6,  Arch.,  MS. 


I'll,  i;.'/- 

;;,  I'lii'lioj 

1  vMcx- 
,  \l;4:;; 
,  >  ii.  T''); 

0  )I0S.-!C3' 

■i ;;  hout  a 


FOIIEIGX  CON-ULS. 


Mm'  1st  Tlioiuas  O.  Tiiiikin  was  Mpixiinted  cfnisiil  of 
ihtj  I.  liitfd  States  at  -\r()i'tt'i't'y;  on  JJeccinhcr  '2d  liis 


f  .ri'( 


r 


itur  was  i.^siicd  iii  ^Icml'd;  Ins  connnis.sion   was 


li>r\\;n'ili'< 


I   tVol 


n 


w 


islnn<'t«>n 


l\l 


)tuai'v  .'), 


1844: 


and 


(•(' 


(111  April  2(1  lu:  took  formal  |>oss(.'ssioii  ol"  i\\v.  otli 
l)L'iii.;  <illirially  rcco.^'ni/.L'd  hy  the  ('alilorniau  anthoi'- 
itios.'  On  Xovcinlx'i'  18th  tli(>  niinisti'i-  of  ivlations 
lUiiii'inKX'il  tlie  a|)j)ointinL'nt  (jf  Lonis  ( Jas(|uet  to  servo 
as  Fivncli  consul  ad  interim  until  ^l.  Ijanier,  the  rc<j;- 
iihir  njipcintco,  should  arrive;  hut  l>arrier  never  cunie 
t'l  (  nlit'oi'iiia,  nor  did  Cas{|Viet  until  IS  IJ.'^ 

In  California,  notwithstandiiiL;-  tlie  feelini;'  in  ]\[e\i- 
fii  ;i.;aiiist  Ameiicans,  all  foreigners  were  welcouied, 
iiinl  were  treated  Mith  uniform  kindness  hy  both  au- 
thorities and  [x.'ople,  Mieheltorena  showing' himself  n(^ 
Ii.'.vs  favorably  (lis[)osed  tlian  had  been  his  [)redeeessor. 
Even  ]IastinL(s,  of  whom  1  shall  have  more  to  say 
liresriitly,  aihuits  that  stran^'i.'rs  were  now  treated 
■v.illi  all  the  deceptive  kindness  imaLfinable."  Jjid- 
,'.(•11  asserts  that  the  governor  encourag-ed  innnigi'a- 
lidii,  a  fact  that  is  proven,  moreover,  by  the  I'acility 
v.itli  v\hich  land  grants  were  obtained  by  all  desii'ing 
ill' la  and  willing  tj  comply  with  the  laws;  but  he 
a!-o  states  that  there  were  occasional  ruuiorsof  an  in- 

'May  I,  \i^\'^,  r.arkiu's  nppoiiitmont.  Saniij'',  Doi-.y  MS.,  ii.  20  5.  Aii^. 
l"tli,  MiulifltorciKi  aildi'cs.scs  L.  as  U.  S.  (xmsul.  Jj(rl:iii'-i  J)oc.,  MS.,  ii.  'J!*. 
IJ>.c.  '2'\,  i.xt<(|iii(tur  issiii'il.  .SV,  J'a/i.ySac,  MS.,  xix.  !).  Feb.  .'{,  IS-lt,  Ui)slmr 
tj  I.;.il:iii,  scinliiii;  coiiiniission.  Lurl:in\-<  ]>oc.,  ^I.S.,  ii.  (iO.  Tlio  (.'oiiitiii.s^ii;!! 
wasd.ntiil  .Ian.  "JUth.  /(/.,  Off.  Correxp.,  MS,, ii.  7.  April  '_M,  Larkiii  assnims 
tlic  (iltk'U.  J/(i(-/OT»/("o«.-»/f(^P,  MS.,  i.  lly-k'af;  V,i//<Jo,  Jhn-.,  MS.,  .\ii.  -J-'. 
April  Mil,  L.  ask.s  prrmi.'jsiou  to  hoist  tho  U.  S.  fla^'  on  national  days.  /,'//•- 
.'i/i'.'O//:  tV/e.v/>.,  ,M8.,  i.  1;  Jhjit.  St.  I'll]).,  MS.,  v.  104.  April  'jili,  j,'.>v. 
ijw<;,'iiizM  ]j.  aud  aiilhorizes  him  to  lioi.'it  tin:  lla^'.  Lurkui'.i  iJuc,  MS.,  ii. 
"-^i;  D-pt.  Ik'-.,  :\IS.,  xiii.  71-.").  Apiil  lOtli,  L.  to  U.  S.  sec.  state,  ao- 
kuowlcilyin,!,' roccij)t  <if  coiumissioii.  J.url. ill's  Off.  C'lrn-sp.,  ^iS.,  i.  1.  April 
lltli,  11.  10  Id.,  a.-;kiiig  for  tho  iioocssuiy  l"">ks,  etc.,  for  ids  ddicc.  Tlu-ro 
l.avi'  1pi..|..ii  -j  01'  ;{  n^.^  appointed  to  the  oiiiLT,  and  tliou;.'h  udmc  of  them  ' 


m\ 


"m 


1113 


^N"v.  IS,   1S4:!,  Bocanoyra  to  Mioiioltorcua.     Sup.  Govt  SL  Pa2).,'Mii., 

xvu.:>;  ;>/,/.  ,5/.  /'„;,.,  y,v„.,  MS.,  i.  00-6, 
liibT.  Cal.,  Vol.  IV.    25 


'^im 


! 


''     \J 


3S6 


FOREIGN  RELATIONS  AND  IMMIGRATION -IS  13. 


tontion  to  expel  all  Americans,  rumors  which  f'ni:,^(  1 
tbe  more  timid  of  the  new-comers  to  talk  of  eon;(ro- 
o-atino-  at  Sutter's  Fort  for  defence,  or  oven  of  starti!^' 
ior  Urec,^on  with  their  live-stock."  Vallejo,  referring' 
t<»  his  correspondence  with  Stribliiig  of  the  (Jijiiti<>^ 
noted  a  "constant  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  Anieii- 
cans  to  raise  questions  against  the  countr^-'s  authori- 
ties, ignoring  their  side  of  the  case,  reviving  questions 
already  settknl,  presenting  accusations  against  tho 
su])i'enie  government,  and  m.dcing  absurd  (kMiiamls.'' 
Yet  lie  avers  tliat  he  exerts  himself  constantly  {'\ 
a\'oi(l  involvinij  liis  o-overnment  in  complications  witii 
foreiLTuers,  who  are  alwavs  treated  with  frank  hosiii- 
tality,  and,  in  tlie  administration  of  justice,  with  ]cs> 
.  verity  than  are  natives  of  the  country."^  There  was 
a  disposition  on  the  part  of  the  ]\Iexican  element  to 
<'oiiiphiin  that  ^Micheltorena  was  much  too  lil)i'i'al  in 
bestowinu:  lands  on  foreio'iiers,  who  were  graduallv 
getting  [)ossession  of  ])roperty  that  ought  to  he  in 
Mexican  hands,  and  that  one  day  would  beof  ininKUsc 
value.  These  views  were  ck\arly  expressed  Ity  ^buuu'l 
Castahares  in  a  letter  to  Yallejo,  in  which  he  alludes 
to  a  Frenchman  who  had  already  obtained  most  i  if  the 
lands  at  Yerba  Thiena,  and  seemed  likelv  enough  to 
become  possessor  of  the  whole  department  if  n<»  check 
could  be  i>ut  upon  ]\[icheltoi'ena's  extraordinary  pow- 
ers. This  letter  is  of  much  interest  in  connection 
with  that  vnusa  cclchre  of  later  3-ears,  the  Liinantoui' 
case.'^     The  New  Mexican  traders  came  this  year  a> 

^nhhnir.'^  Cnl.  IS4I-S,  MS.,  ll.->-]fl,  1.30.  April  l.'^th,  Sub-prcfcet  ShuoI 
roiii|iliiiiis  to  tliu  jircfuct  tliat  tlicru  is  ;i  gatlioring  oi  fori'igncTs north  "f  i'Vatlur 
j;i\cr.  Many  rL-^iiU'iit;-!  of  S.  .loisr  Ikivc  !Zf)no,  including  (Juliiae  ami  LasKii. 
taking  tlu'ii'  cattlo  witii  tlioni;  anil  sonic  lunilicrnicn  from  the  sierra  have  li'tt 
their  ilel)t^i  nnpaiil  ami  their  contracts  unfullillcd,  besides  takingaliin,i.;stiiK:i 
horses,  and  leaving  an  insulting  letter  for  the  judges.  Moiilini/.  .Ic'7'.,  M>.. 
\i.  (1.  In  S.  ,fo<i(/iiiii  Co.  l/i.-f.,  ])  j(i,  it  is  stated  on  the  authority  ef  I'li^i^ 
M.  Weher,  that  that  gentleman  located  his  grant  at  Stockton  in  Is4:i.  with  .1 
view  to  lie  cm  the  American  side  of  the  river  after  the  division,  vvIulIi  wasli- 
lieved  t^  he  near  at  liavid. 

'"May  lit,  lS4;i,  V.  to  gov.    ral'ijn.  Dor.,  MS.,  \i.  W,'^. 

'•Oct.  :U,  1S4:{,  Castauares  to  V.'  Vullijo,  Dor..  MS.,  xi.  4()7.  D""  M'>"- 
nel  wants  u  piece  of  luud  at  S.  F.  before  'that  couluundedFreuclnuuii  {j'ttsi: 
HI. 


autlun'i- 
ucstions 
list  tlio 
niainls. ' 
aiitly  to 
[)iis  with 
k  hosjii- 
k'\\\\  1cs> 
\\Q\v  was 

'HH'Ut  to 

lllirral  ill 
I'l'adually 
to  1)0  ill 
iuiiiicvise 

Maiuici 
le  alluilt'-i 
,)si  nl'tlio 

inll^ll  to 

nit  clu'i'k 
iry  pow- 
iiiicrtinu 
uiaiitoiu' 
\-ear  as 


iri'fiMjt  Suui'l 
Hi.if  FiMtlur 
Ln.l  l-a^--'". 
IriM  liavo  K'it 
l;iliini.;stiilin 
.1  ,■.//.,  MS.. 
Iritv  I'l  <'li:'^ 
Ils-i;!,  will''' 
Ihicli  was  'a- 


It.. II  Man- 


AFFAIRS  AT  SUTTER'S  FORT. 


3S7 


usual,  iucludiiif;"  iirobably  a  few  families  who  remained ; 
but  tliere  is  little  information  about  them;  the  Clia- 
ouaiinsds  committed  no  outrages  that  are  recorded.'- 
Earlv  in  the  sj)i'ing  there  wasre])orted  the  jti-e.sence  of 
a  large  ])arty  of  Canadian  hunters  on  the  San  Joaquin. 
Tlusf  hunters  had  also  commercial  proclivities;  tlie 
trade  ill  stolen  horses  experienced  a 'boom;'  and  the 
Lidiaiis  became  correspondingly  activc.^'^ 

At  Xew  Helvetia  the  state  of  Sutter's  business 
affairs  in  184:3  did  not  differ  materially  from  tliat  of 
the  jtrccediiig  year.  (Jrop  prospe(,'ts  seemed  good  even 
after  harvestini*'  had  beLTun:^^  but  the  result  was  dis- 
aiipointiiig,  and  the  llussians  got  no  grain;  indeed. 
Slitter  liad  all  he  could  do  to  ))ay  the  tonnage  dues  on 
the  \cssels  that  came  for  wheat.  In  Octobt'r,  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Company  trap[)ers  not  having  made 
tlieir  appearance,  the  captain  saw  befon;  him  a  rirh 
hai'vest  of  iui's,  [)uttiiig  forty  men  into  the  lidd;  yet 
the  heaver  skills  did  not  come  down  the  river  in  such 
aliiiiidaiiee  as  was  deemed  desirable  by  SuTiol  and 
eilier  el  editors,  nor  so  often  as  demands  for  new  credit. 
but  a  few  skins  were  sent,  and  s()iiiegraj)e  brandy  and 
l!i(han  servants,  and  rilles  bought  of  immigrants. 
When  liard  pret-.s-'d,  Sutter  pronii.sed  great  things  for 
l-^ll.  authorizing  his  importunate  creditors  to  do  as 
ihrv  pleased  with  him  and  his  property  if  his  debts 
M'tii  lint  cancelled  vitliin  a  year.'' 

Th^ie  are  indications  of  some  slight,  controver.;y 
hetween    Sutter  and   ^^dlejo,  arising   from    the    fact 

'■N.\"..  inriitioii  iif  ii  c':iv;ivaii  itinli  r  Siil.iziir,  with  Km  iiiiu  uml  la  I'.nn- 
ilu's,  th,,i.  St.  J'a/,.,  Aii'i.,  MS.,  vii.  ICi,  (17. 

"  Mi:„>.  ,■<!,,  Arrh.,  MS.,  .xi.  !;  S.  .Insr,  Jrrh.,  /,->o.>.v  /'(tj,.,  MS.,  r,(l;  St. 
i''i/'.  •*■■".,  MS.,  xi.x.  l!l-'JO:  Dr/'/.  S/.  J'a/,.,  II:  ii.  J'nf.  ;/  Jit:<i.,  MS.,  li.  !». 

"•lime  VM\,  Siilhr-Snriol  Con-'K/).,  MS.,  ii).  lint  ".Nov.  Stl'i  lir  s:iys  tiio 
L-niin  .-iLp  \\;i.s  very  slmrt.  I'ln/n,  l>n,\,  MS.,  ij.  '2'i.  IJcldun  disti  ibcs  iS4.'l 
"■- till}  (Irii'st  year  liu  lias  over  liiiown  in  Cul.  ///.'•'.  Stntoiimt,  MS.,  Oj.  hiiii 
'>»  tliO(lr..ii;;lit.  XIUs'  y.V;/.,  Ixvi.  \<M.  ]'.i(Uvt'll,  (■<//.  /,v.,/-,s',  MS.,  <)•_>,  sa\.s 
llio  sciifoii  c.f  Ks-tu'-It  was  very  "try,  ami  tliat  of  1S4I5-4  tlio  driest  ever  kniiNMi. 
iihiiust  liiinKss.  R(il)l)iii.s,  i>irir;/.  MS.,  l-l;{,  givfsaiucord  (jf  llu- wiNiliu  r  .it 
>t:i  ]'i.iil.ara  frniii  .iaii.  to  Marcli.  V  y  tVw  rainy  d.iys.  iJavis,  Olmi/is,  .1, 
-M"".,  ".'l.^,  di'sciiliin  a  heavy  raiii-sturin  at  .S.  F.  in  ^Vugust. 

''Huikr  Sm'tol  Vunryp.,  MS.,  i.S43, 


S 


rsS  FOnEIGX  nELATIOXS  AND  DDIIGHATIOX-lSfn. 

I'ljit  till'  Ijittor,  as  coinniaiidaiit  of  tlio  iiortluTii  lini\ 
liis  jurisdiction  including  the  Sacramento  Valley,  lirn! 
occasion  Mimotiuies  to  send  ordc^rs  and  officers  tuXi  ,• 
][i'lvetia  in  connection  with  tlie  search  for  deserter^ 
and  horse-thieves;  while  Sutter  was  inclined  to  clia!'r 
nnikr  every  atteni]it  at  int(M'fer(Mice,  fi'oni  whatever 
i[',iar1i'r  it  ean:e.      Then^   is  no  evidence  tliat  A'all^jo 
(•v<'r  showed  a  disposition  to  exceed  his  autliotitv  liv 
nieddJinL;'  in  Sacramento  aflfiiirs,  or  that  relations  li.  - 
twe(>n   the  two  magnates  w(Te  down   to    lS4o   veiv 
nnfi'iendly.'*^     Tlu^se    controversies   have   heiMi    ex;:^- 
gerated   with  a  view  to  inagnii'y  Sutter's  services  in 
li.  half  of  innnigrants.      7n   his  autohiography  Sutter 
says:  "Vallejo  and  others  of  the  Californians,  agaiiisf 
whom  rather  than   tlie  Indians  I  ke|)t  my  f  )rt  and 
''•uns  in  orth.'r,  were  jealous  of  mv  settlement.     I  o-avo 
passjmrts  to  those  entering  the  c(Mmtrv,  and  this  (licv 
did   not  like.      I   was  iViendly  with  the  emigrant'^,  e;' 
v/hom  they  were  jealous.      1  i'ncoura'''ed  immiL>']'atin;!. 
Avhih;  they  discouraged  it.      \  sympathized  with  tlio 
Americans,  while  they  hated  them."^'      This,  as  th'^ 
I'cadi'r  k'liows,  is  not  a  well   founded  claim.     Suttr 
ti'eated  the  inunigrauts  well,  hecause  it  was  his  intiT- 
est  to  <h)  so;  but  iKit  more  kindly,  exce])t  in  aidiii'^^ 
them  to  evade  the  laws,  tha.n   did  Valhjo;    and  ho 
never  favored  Americans  more  than  other  ioreigiiers; 
ni'il!)'!'  were  the  Americans  in  any  sense  hated  !'V 

'".liily  'Jd,  lSi;t,  V.  to  S.  I)np3  not  qunstinn  S.'s  l;nvfnl  autlioiity  :it  X 
TIcIvciIm,  lliiiuirli  lie  lias  no  oth'T  proof  tli.'ui  lii.i  word,  tl(Jis  not  rxaotiy  i;n  ■ 
the  Use  ot  tlii^  tci'ni  'fortres.s'  liy  ji  judge,'  ami  knows  not  ny  wliiit  an- V^v  ,. 
tliat  ic.ion  was  erected  into  a  di«trK't.  At  any  rate,  the  writer's  mil''.'!. 
juiisdietiou  covers  N.  Itelvctia,  ami  to  liiin  ratlior  than  to  the  eojuainliii.' ' 
general  S.  shoiiM  direct  liia  eoniniunieatioiis.  Desires  iS.  in  future  not  in  !'■  • 
teet  f;i_Mti\esof  any  elass,  Imt  to  fend  them  to  Sonriina.  He  in  relunnvi' 
semi  l.a''k  all  of  Sutter's  men  who  jiresent  themselves  without  passp"rt-. 
Now  sends  I'rndoii  for  some  deserti'rs  and  liorsothii'ves.  Va'lijn,  Jja'.,  V''  . 
xi.  -I'd  "i.  S,  iiei'ha]is  i|iiestioiii;d  V.'m  autiiority;  for  the  latter,  en  Oct.  7'.! 
writes  lo  Mieiieitoi'eiia  to  aseertaiu  just  what  Sutter's  authority  and  jmisiti'  ■ 
tion  are.  /./.,  \i.  -Kiu';  J)f/f.  .SV,  /'«;'<.,  MS.,  v.  I  IS.  The  desired  infuiiiiiui.  i 
«-aH  o'ifiined  from  .limeno  and  sent  to  ^■.  in  l)eo.,  namely,  that  S.  had  I'rt'i 
invested  \xith  local  eivil  antliority.   /'/.,  v.  US;   Vnlifjo,  iJor.,  .MS.,  xi.  I/- 

•',V»//i/-'.s /Vr.Mi»'(/  /'niiiii.,  MS.,  p.  7S  9.  Ho  ul.so  says  he  treated  t:" 
foreigners  «  illi  great  familiarity:  hut  Mas  more  particular  with  Me\u'an.'<iiii'l 
Caliioiiii.itr:,  rec|nirini,'  them,  ollicers  and  men,  to  remove  their  l^ats  ia  1"* 
presciicel  etc. 


SUTTER  AND  THE  l.M.MIGHAXTS. 


SS9 


tlie  most  influential  CaliConiians.  Sutter'.s  estaldjsii- 
uiriit  was  a  great  couvenieiiee  t(j  overland  imiiiig'raut.<, 
i;s  a  place  oi'  rendezvous  MJiere  all  could  stay  1'or  a 
Y\"liile  and  many  obtain  temporary  euiployuienl.,  and 
all  tlii'  \U'ivc  convenient  by  reason  of  its  master's  dis- 
ivard  ol'  liis  duties  as  a  ^Fexican  oflicial,  l)Ut  at  the 
same  time  more  convenient  to  the  least  (.UisirahK;  class 
of  Americans  than  to  any  other.  It  is  well  I  hat 
iiidiii'i'rs  Link  back  with  gratitude  to  the  captahis 
kin(liu>s,  whatevei"  niay  have  been  his  motives.  A 
liL'ttcr  man  would  probably  not  have  done  so  well; 
ami  weie  it  not  for  the  absurd  pretensions  and  the 
iiiiliiuited  flattery  ol'  later  years,  it  woidtl  be  in  doulit- 
fiil  taste  now  to  look  so  closely  into  Sutter's  true 
iliaractcr  and  merits. 

}-Ieaiiwhile  the  magnate  adventur(n'  of  Xew  Sv/it- 
xc'i'land  had  taken  stej)S  to  conciliate  the  new  governor 
liy  ^jcuding  a  messenger,  ])robably  Charles  W.  Flugge, 
tt  Li  IS  Angeles,  to  make  Michel  tonnia  ac(|uainted 
vith  the  situation.  A  store  of  friendshi[)  was  laid  tip 
lA'twucn  the  two,  to  be  utilized  according  to  mutual 
needs.  In  !March  Sutter  was  congratulated  bv  ^Mi- 
rheltorcna  that  there  were  no  grounds  of  com[>laint 
jigaiust  him  nr  his  depcaidents.^"' 


?: 


f)ti 


S{     0 


irw 


t;, 


The  immigration  of  1843  was  not  so  large  as  1i;kI 
'">.t  u  a;\ti('i[>ati'd,  owing  perha[)s  to  contradictory  iii- 
liKU's  alidut  tlie  reception  new-comers  were  likely  to 
iiii'l  iVdm  Mexican  atithoritii;s.  Tlu^  hardships  of 
tin'  Iniig  idui'iiev  were  (|uit('  sullicieut  without  ll;i' 
i>K  of  ;in  inhospitable  reception  on  the  western 
■'i"!vv.  One  liarty,  however,  dividing  into  two  1)"- 
'"!■(■  its  arrival,  came  aci-oss  the  plains  from  Misson  i 
to  Culirornia  direct,  and  another  came  down  iVuin 
Orcein. 

L;ui,-l(ird  AV.  Hastings,  a,  native  of  Ohio,  and  moi-o 
"1'  les.s  a  lawyer,  had  lel't  Independence,  Missouri, 
Jlay  1S42,  with  a  com])anv  <.)f  one  hundr<'d  and  sixlv 

"•^W'-  ^''<-''.,  ^IS.,  xiii.  46;  ,'iulUr'6  y'o-*.  Ikmiti.,  MS.,  ^j.  7J. 


!l 


iUf 


^m^^' 


llMiii 


300 


FOPJCKIN  RELATIONS  AND  IMMIfiRATIOX-lS4,3. 


persons,  including  ciglity  armed  men,  bound  i'nr  Ow. 
H'oii,  beiiiL;'  alter  a  time  elected  captain  of  the  cuiii- 
}iaiiv.  The  adventures  of  this  I'arty  have  no  ,s|)(ci,tl 
hearing  on  the  present  sul>ject,  and  they  r«;irli(  I 
(Oregon  iu  Octol)er.  On  account  of  exccssi\('  r.iin^ 
and  other  conditions,  the  country,  viewed  tlirnimli 
the  medium  of  homesiclviiess,  "did  not  appear  tn  l)f  in 
realitv  tliat  deli<j^htful  reirion  which  they  had  thus 
hmix  and  laboriously  souufht."  In  thesprinsjf  sonic  do- 
sired  to  i-eturn  to  the  states,  while  others  resolved  tit 
seek  sunnier  climes  in  Calif(M'nia.  Ilastinijfs  liiiusilf 
had  not  intended  to  remain  in  Oregon;  and  found  im 
dithculty  in  assembling  a  party  of  fifty-three  persons, 
twenty-iive  of  them  armed  men,  as  Hastings  states, 
at  the  rendezvous  in  Walaniet  A^alley  for  an  ovi'ijand 
trip  to  the  south.  It  is  not  stated  that  all  wcivnt 
the  ]»arty  that  had  crosjsed  the  continent  in  l^i-l. 
but  it  is  sup[)oscd  that  njost  were  so.  They  stai'td 
at  the  end  of  ^Eay  18-4o;  and  ]Iastings  was  anaiii 
made  captain,  being  an  intelligent  and  energotic  man. 
At  liogue  River  the  Indians  were  troublesome,  thniiuh 
not  actually  hostile.  Soon  after  lea\ing  tliat  rivrr 
they  met  a  party  of  cattle-di"overs  bound  in  th- 
north,"  and  a  few  emigrants  who  h()[)ed  to  liiid  in 
Oregon  "rel'uge  from  the  oppression  whi(di  they  lial 
suffered  in  Caliibrnia"!  Several  of  Hastings"  party, 
one  third,  as  he  says,  were  induced  to  tui'ii  hai'c,  hut 
the  rest  [iressed  on,  sixteen  or  seventeen  men.  licsiilr^ 
nearly  the  same  number  of  women  and  children.  1 
append  a  list  of  nan»es."'' 

^'■''I'his  was  the  jiiirty  of  Lceso  or  .Joel  Walker,  hot!)  of  wlnnii  ihriw  cattlo 
to  Oregon  this  year,  peiliaps  iu  eoinpany.  Jliini'tl'.i  /'/oii(>i'r  n/'.'/l;  ll'^f'/.';'-' 
X'trr.,  J\IS.,  !•_';  l/i sjirriiiii,  ii.  l47-.")(».  'i'ho  eiiii:.'raiits  with  the  iliovii* 
piMltaliiy  iiirhided  the  two  Iv'lseys,  Andrew  and  Jiiiijamin,  and  perliaps  .Inhu 
and  otlier  nieinliers  of  the  IJartleson  coniijany.  .Moss,  PUnu'ir  '/"nm^,  yi>; 
isays.lohn  .MeClnro  was  with  J..ee.se;  and  tiiis  is  eontiinied  liy  (Uvea. 

'-'"Jlastiiik's  iiinnigrant  eonipany  of  ISHi:  ISaininn  ('.'),  (ieo.  W.  ]>A\i<\\\}\ 
Vardanion  hennett  and  family  (inelmlini,'  jieilia|)s  Deiuiis  aud.laeksnu  \Vi\- 
iRtt),  Winston  Bennett,  J.  C.  Briilu'es,  Francis  Clark  (':),  .Tanii-A Cuiitis 
Nathan  Coouihs,  Alex,  (.'oiieland,  .I'jjin  Danlienliiss,  (Jeo.  Oavis,  Sam.  H. 
l>.ivis,  L.  AV.  Jlastings,  .James  M.  Hudspetii,  Win  ,lones,  'J'iionias  .J.  Sli;;il- 
den  anil  family,  and  Owen  Sunnier,  Jr.  (and  family  ?).  Belloiiiy  is  the  n::.y 
one  named  by  Hastings.      Bennett,  Pioiuer  of  \'/J,  dcseribes  the  joiinn'V, 


1 


for  Orc- 

lic  (•()in- 

j  .S])eciiil 

rt'ai-lit  ! 

tliri)ii;;'!i 

til  lit.'  ii! 

l;i(!  thus 

<(<VM'  (Ic- 
>(ilvi;(l  til 

;  hinisrlf 

I'ouiid  111  I 

prfsoiis, 

;-s   states, 
()\i'i'lai!it 

1    \\r\\'  111 

ill  \-[-l. 
y  stiirti'l 
ras  ;iLi;:li!i 
letlf  man. 

tlnmu'li 
at   riviT 

to    ill' 

HikI  ill 

U'V  hail 

|iaiiy, 

;ii'k,  I'tit 

lu'Sllll- 


(li'nve  I'attlo 
;.,■;  W.iJbn 
the  iliMVi'!- 
.vhnps.liihu 

'I'll. 

\'.  iH-lliir.iy. 
K-k-lilU  lii-'"' 
iiii'S  Coiiti'S 
i<,  Sniii.  H. 
us  .1.  >li-l- 
i<  thoic'.y 
hii  jouna'V, 


THE  IIA.STINGS  COMPANY. 


3;ti 


Of  tlie  journey  to  Calit'oriiia  wo  liave  no  details 
oxceiit  .sonic  rather  vaguely  recorded  troubles  with  the 
Tiidiaiis,  for  which,  as  there  is  reason  to  suppose,  the 
l,;itl(r  were;  not  altogether  the  parties  at  tault.-^  In 
;i  iii^lit  attack  on  Shasta  River,  Belloniy  was  seriously 
WdUiuled  in  the  hack  by  an  arrow,  and  when  the  tra\  - 
cllci's  had  reached  the  Sacranient(j  Kiver  hostilitii's 
wn-i'  rnicwed.  About  twenty  Indians  were  killed, 
'•\irtiiiis  to  their  own  ignoi'anee  anil  insolence." '■ 
Tilt'  (•■iippany  .'trrived  at  a  point  o[)posite  Sutter's  Fort 
(111  (ir  alxiut  July  10th,  without  other  misha})  than  the 
tt'iii|ii)i'ary  loss  of  two  men,  J)aul)eid)iss  and  J)avis, 
:viit)  ;i!tt.r  wanderiuij^  four  or  five  davs  with  nuicli  suf- 
t't'iiiiL;  ;ils()  reached  the  valley  ranchos  in  safety.  While 
tlif  main  [lai'ty  was  in  cani[)  opposite  Xew  Helvetia, 
])avisaiid  ^[iss  Sunnier  crossed  theriver  and  wereniar- 

iiaiiiiii:^  ;ill  luit  Clark,  .-iiiil  licing  tlio  only  one  to  iiaino  Bnrmnii.  Hi' .says  that 
Siiiiili  ami  Ki'lficy  witli  tliuir  families  wuro  the  only  oir'^  that  tuiiR'tl  liail;, 
anil  if  so,  Hastings  is  in  i.'ri'or  about  the  (nigiiuil  niiinbur.  Daubeubiss,  /Hoi/. 
Sbli'li.  says  l!>  inon  ami  four  families  stated  from  ()reL,'on. 

•' Hastini^s' ideas  on  Indian  atlairs  are  well  illustrated  liy  the  followiiiL,' 
lii'fiiuistanee  that  oeciirred  just  after  they  had  jiarted  from  the  eattle-drovoi'.-: 
'.\.<  [  iiiovoil  on,  ii  half  or  three  (|uarteis  of  a  mile  in  advance  of  the  |)arty, 
my  me  litatioiis  were  interrupted  by  the  sudden  ajipeaianee  of  two  Indians 
ill  ilii.M-  ]iiiisuit  of  a  line,  fat  cow  whieh  had  strayed  from  the  ])arty  to  which 
1  have  just  alluded.  I  gave  chase  to  these  intruders  i>'.i  my  solitude  wiihu'it 
liciii^  (jhserved  by  iheiu  until  I  hadapproaelied  within  about  SO  yards,  when  I 
fuel  iipiiii  them.'  They  escaped  to  the  willows.  'The  party  sonu  came  up,  and 
the  caw  Very  soon  fell  a  victim  to  our  returning  appetites' !  Comment  is  iin- 
iiccesaiy.    lliiMimj-i'  Emhj.  O'lii'/e,  tl(!. 

"  1  la ;tini;s' version  is  that  scver.i]  hnndrcil  Indians  suddenly  appeared, 
ailvammi,' witli 'frantic  yells  and  licndish  gestures  and  denuiniao  grins.'  A 
i-'Uii  lired  iu  the  air  only  brought  a  cloud  of  arrows,  whereupon  I-4-   of  them 


were  slmt,  and   half  a  dozen  more  when   they  renewed  the  attaci 


■11. 


('(('.  Js}l~S,  MS.,  lOS-H),  says  that  on  the  trip  '_*  or  'A  men  were  eiiiitinually 
.<!iiiiitiii,' at  Indians.  Near  Jled  lUull' one  nf  them  swam  the  river,  kiiwekcd 
an  lull, III  ilown  with  n  stone,  and  killed  him  with  .-i  knife.  Another  was 
shut  fiMiii  beliiml  a  tree.  At  .Stony  (.'reek  another  was  shut  on  sus[)ieii)n  of 
liaviii:;  stiih.'u  a  bridle.  The  light  was  between  .Stony  (Jreek  andCnliisa;  but 
Ijiihvell  say.i  the  liring  was  across  the  river,  and  no  one  w,is  killed,  though 
^'iittei'  later  sent  out  a  party  to  punish  the  Indians,  many  of  w  lioiii  were 
killed,  llaiibeiibiss,  Jiiuij.  .'^trlr/i,  says  a  bridle  was  stcdi'li  by  an  Indian  w  he 
wa-i  sliiit  at  but  escaped.  Later  this  Indian  with  ."idO  others  aiipro.achid,  and 
a.s  they  did  nut  halt  when  the  eajitain  Tired  his  gun,  the  Americans  charged. 
amlialMiir  abmit  40  were  killed.  I5ennett,  I'iomi  r  of  \',->,  says  the  attack 
l'ya!i..ir.  I'i.>  Indians  opposite  the  lUittes  was  uii  .Tuly  (ith.  Of  the  niiinln'r. 
!)■)  Were  kilh'd,  two  of  tliinn  by  Ii.  himself  at  one  shot,  his  mother  being  pn  s- 
I'Ut  in  the  thiekest  of  the  light.  Dr  .Saiulels  on  the  other  side  of  the  Saera- 
r.K'iitii  h -ar.l  the  discharge  of  lire-arms.  ' Kiin/n  Or/ikaii,'  \"isit  to  Cul.,  'Jl. 
ScL'id.iu  Sacramtiiio  Jllud.,  i. 


'     I 


1   II 


r 


r. 


TTTT 


.">2 


FOREinX  RELATIONS  AXD  IMMIGRATION— 1S43. 


^'i^l 


riedb}'  Sutter,as  Bennett  states.  The  new-couiei'^Mifiu 
scattered  in  difi'crent  dirertlons,  some  remaininu' in  tin.: 
Sacramento  Valhy,  some  going  to  Napa,  and  siAcial 
going  to  work  for  Ca}itain  Smith  at  Bodega.-'* 

The  otlier  c<jmpany  of  iimnigrants  ot"  1843,  and  tlio 
oidy  one  that  came  to  California  (Hrect  by  tlie  (-wi'- 
li'iiid  route,  was  oiu;  organized  by  Josepli  B.  Cliil's.  a 
I'fturnt'd  nienil)er  of  the  Bartleson  company  of  I'-M.-* 
j^eaving  Independence  in  ]May,  Chih'S  followed  tliLi 
Usual  route,  that  which  he  had  followed  l)efore  with 
Bartleson,  to  Laramie  and  Fort  Ilall,  often  in  cnin- 
jtany  with  other  parties  bound  to  Oregon. '■^^  At  l^'ert 
Jjai'amic;,  or  in  that  region,  the  innnigrants  nie!  -loc 
AVall;er,  who,  as  the  reader  knows,  had  been  in  ('a!i- 
fernia,  and  wdio  Avas  ent'-a^ed  as  a  tjuide.  Th"  rxact 
number  of  ])ersons  in  tlie  company  there  are  no  imaiis 
of  ascertaining,  but  it  was  [)erha[)s  not  nuic!  le.>s  i!i;i:i 
lifty  men,  women,  and  children.  Xo  contenipeivMy 
list  was  made,  and  thei'e  are  wide  discrepanei.'s  in 
ditferent  statements  from  memory,  but  I  a})[)en(l  a  li-t 
of  twentv-eiidit  men  which  may  be  regarded  as  aiii>rux- 
imately  accurate.'""' 

-"'  llastinirs,  Eni!;/.  On!(h\  04-0,  of  whieli  hook  mnro  presently,  irivcs  only 
.1  lifit't  ii:iri';;tivc  of  tlio  jwiiriicy.  July  I Dtli,  Slitter  o  Vall>'ji>,  aiuiumiciiig 
tlio  arrival  of  ;i  party  of  t'lnigraiits,  to  ulioin  liu  lias  piven  passpnrt.s !  !'"'■''/>, 
Jh)!".,  MS.,  xi.  -IJlJ.  This  was  the  letter  which  caused  soinc^  cuutrovoi>'y  alioi'.t 
Sutter's  authority.  l),',ulieiil)iss,  />'«;;/.  Sl'ti'h,  was  one  of  the  nun  wh'i  \v;u 
lost,  .'uicl  he  (lesciibcs  his  voya;.;c  down  the  Sacramento  on  a  raft  uku!''  y<i  two 
I'ottonwood  liniljs,  until  he  was  rescued  hy  Cordua  and  taken  to  a  ranchu  uii 
leather  ]{iver. 

'-'In  Xilf<'  y.V;/.,  Ixiii.,  Pec.  "Jl,  IS fJ,  is  an  item  from  the  8t  LouU  Kiiq"'f'  r, 
on  tlie  prejiarations  of  a  company  to  start  for  t'al.  in  the  spring.  The  ■hrcct- 
ors  nii,:,'!it  he  addrcsseil  at  J''ourche  a  Kenaidt,  Mo. 

■■'  Frf^mont,  J'rpt  cf  Kxpli,):  K-c/.f'/.,  10(J-7,  camped  at  Elm  Grove  on  M.'V 
.'Ust,  'in  company  with  several  emigrant  wagons,  constituting  a  pai'ty  wlii.li 
was  proceeding  to  Ujiper  (.'alifornia  under  the  direction  of  Mr  .1.  li.  CiuMs  et 
Mis'.;oui-i.  Tiie  wagons  were  v.'iriously  freighted  with  goods,  furnitiue,  ami 
farming  utensils,  ecaitaining  among  <iilier  things  an  entire  set  of  nia<.!iiucry 
fiM'  a,  mill  Mhii'li  Mr  Childs  designed  erecting  on  the  watci's  of  the  Sacra iiiento 
Uiver.'  I'rohalily  not  all  started  toge'herfrom  Independence.  Maitin.  Win- 
tirs,  !McClelhin,  and  Johnson  are  .'•aid  to  have  lieen  overtakiu  hy  (.'lidf^i  on 
tlic  IMattc.  See  also  ///</.  Or.,  i.  ;i!);i-4C0,  this  .series,  on  the  iiuniigr.itiou 
to  Oregon. 

-'''t.'lulcsAV;dhei-  innnigrant  company  of  1S4,'^:  Lewis  Anderson,  .Tanics 
Atkinson,  W'm  llddi'idge,  John  ISoardnuui,  Thos  W.  I'radU-y,  Jus.  Cliilcs 
Thos  Cowie,  !"!cui:iaye"  (or  F.  \V. )  Daw.^.j.i,  .lolm  (lantt,  Sam.  J.  llei'.sloy, 
Wm  Hick.':-,  Joluisun,  Milton  Little,  Milton  McUco,  Charles  Mcliito.-li,  Julai 


ijU'iiX- 


_fivis  mily 

I■^y  al»i!'.t 

\\\v\  \v:u 

,.f  two 

vaui-liM  I'll 

(liroct- 

ic  nil  M:'y 
vtv  whi.li 
('l.ihlsot 
itiuv,  anil 
iii:i'  liiucvy 
acniimnto 
rtiii.  \Viii- 

uui-vati^'n 

II,  .lames 

,s.  CliiK-.', 

]!.:'-l.y, 


TllK  CHILES-WALKER  COMPAXY. 


303 


Chiles  seems  to  liavc  been  tlie  only  one  of  tlio  re- 
Uu'iied  Bartlesou  coni])any  that  came  hack  to  C'ali- 
fui'iiia  this  year;  tlioui^h  si-vcral  came  hitcr.  Aiimii^' 
t'lc  woincii  were  two  daughters  of  the  okl  tra[)]ier 
Gcur;'c  Youiit,  one  with  hci'  husband,  Miies,  and  the 
olhtu'  unmarriech  Another  iinmarriecl  woman  was 
^[iss  Avers,  who  substM[uently  married  Jolin  Sinclair. 
Julius  .Martin  was  also  accom[)anied  by  his  family. 
ScVfi-al  niemhers  became  somewhat  |)roniinent  citi>:ens 
III  thcii'  new  home,  and  it  is  lari>'elv  from  bioL;'rai)liicaI 
matt er  t' inching  those  men  that  information  respeet- 
iii'-  the  journev  is  derived."'' 

At  I'ort  Hall,  there  being  a  great  scarc.'ity  of  })ro- 
vi-iiiiis,  a  division  of  the  company  was  resolvetl  on. 
(  hilt.s  with  nine  or  ten  men,  leaving  the  families  and 
v.a"'i)ns  in  charo-o  of  Walker  to  follow  a  southern 
inute,  i)resscd  on  down  the  Snake,  or  Lewis,  IJiver 
with  a  view  to  obtain  fresh  provisions  at  Fort  I>oise, 
til  roach  California  b}'  a  direct  route  talked  of  by  the 
laniters,  and  perhaps  after  reaching  Sutter's  Fort  to 
xiiil  aid  to  meet  the  other  party.  This  plan  was 
caiiii'd  out  successfully  so  iur  as  the  journey  was  ((in- 
ii'nicd,  tliough  no  effective  help  was  sent  back  for 
Walker's  juu'ty,  if,  as  it  is  statetl  by  Fremont  and 
(illurs,  that  was  a  part  of  the  project.      Chiles,  llens- 

M.  Iiityn',  .Tulius  ^rar'iii,  Win  J.  Martin,  ricrson  11.  llc'iiliuL:,  .Tolui  Tlionip- 
si'ii  (''I,  ISartlott  Viaus,  Jus  ]l.  AValker,  It-aao  \\'illiaui.-<,  .laincrt  Williams, 
.' •liii.S.  Williams,  .S(jnirt;  Williams,  Wm  IL  WintiT  ('.'j.and  .lulin  Wooik'iiC/). 
Thf  ycjiii  Co.  Ilisl.,  liSS,  lias  ;i  list  \\-!iiili,  oniitlinLf!)  (if  tlu>st'  uaincs,  iulds — • 
uiijiari'iitly  on  tlic  giuiil  autliority  of  BaMri'l;,'o — tlidsu  of  Ji'sso  Jicasli-y,  .lulm 
Ciiiii,  Adam  Fi.sliiT,  Sanfuid,  and  ^Ntajov 'Waitim,  for  which  I  fiml  no  otlior 
aiithuHly.  llittell  iuMs  Iraand  .lolm  van  Cordon.  Thompson  is  lumuMl  only 
ia  a  ii''Uspa|ii.T  ski-tcli.  .Scu  also  //i.st.  Or.,  i.  -J'JO,  tliis  sfiics.  The  nai'ra- 
tivri  irr.iTcd  to  in  the  next  note  naino  from  '2  to  (!  <jf  the  party  each.  In  l\h, 
•  ""■U  Capt.  Walker  apjilied  for  ]iassports  for  himself  and  his  companions, 
Ar'l'i'si.ii,  Cowie,  and  Dawson.  iJrjit.  St.  /'«;).,  .MS.,  x.\.  41. 

'-■  fiiiwiiiruiif  Ciiiiij'Kiii/  (if  JS.jJ,  in  tho.S'.  /'  Jliil/<iiii,,]\\\y  '20,  1Ki;o,  is  a  nar- 
rative of  the  triji  fonnded  on  information  derived  from  a  nioinlier  not  named, 
li.il  U'id.;e  tells  tiie  story  brieily  in  his  J>:t)j-:  of  '40,  MS,,  l-.'i;  and  nnieh 
iinri!  fully  in  Xitp'i  ('n.  ///\7,,  .'isy  !)()  Some  details  are  also  given  in  a 
.'iiiju'li  of  Atkinson  in  the //('A7»'»(/(»('«  liii/o  Imlr/i.,  Oct.  3,  1S70;  of  Iliek.s, 
ii  the.?.  /■'.  Al'a,  A\v^.  10,  ISO,);  of  .Mei.'lellan,  l.y  Mnanita,'  in  the  Oakhuid 
Ti-<n<'-i-ii,',.]M\.  -Ji),  fST;!;  and  of  .Martin,  in  tin;  S.  Jns,'.  .)f(rnirt/,  .\pril'_M, 
Isiil.  Al.io  vaL,'uc  inentio.i  of  the  arrival,  in  Snthr's  I'cr/i,  licmiii.,  M.S.,  7-- 
■1;  BilivU's  Cul.  i,-.'.;i-6',  .MS,,  p.  10j-U. 


m^mm 

1 

'  tH^wI 

Ijl 

Vi  ' 

t  Hh^I 

'ill'iWi 

1 

■  •    '-  i  ^''8 


I  ^; 


P! '"      ;" 


t  ,1 


.304 


FOin: ICX  IlKLATIOXS  AND  IMMir.RATION-lS43. 


ley,  l^ead'm^S  JUid  tlicir  cuiupiuiions  tlius  t'liteivd  Cal- 
ii()i'iiia  by  an  cntiivly  iiuw  I'Diitc,  crossing  from  Jldisu 
to  tlio  Sacramento  by  way  of  tlie  Malheur  and  L'it 
rivers;  but  we  have  no  details  of  either  route  (ir  ad- 
A'eiitures;  nor  do  we  know  the  exact  date  on  which 
tliey  ai'rived  in  sal'ety  at  Xew  I[elv(,'tia."'* 

AValker  liad  been  (•onlident  of  hisabihty  to  cnnilint 
the  rest  ol'tlie  company  with  the  wagons  and  raniilics 
bv  a  lonu'  detour  southward  into  tlie  route  bv  which 
he  had  left  Cahfornia  in  1H;J4;  that  is,  round  the 
'point  of  the  mountain,'  since  known  as  Owens  I'cak 
and  Wallvt'r  Pass,  and  thence  through  the  San  .hia- 
(piin  X'alley  to  the  Saci'amento.  Jie  j)roceeded  iViiin 
Foit  Hall-'''  to  the  ]\[ary  liiver,  and  ihjwn  tliat  stivam 
as  he  and  others  liad  done  bef)re  to  its  sinlc.  Ibiv, 
as  some  wi'iters  sav,  they  waited  a  week,  exncctiii"' 
rebel*  from  CITdes;  but  this  seems  mdikely.  Frsinith.' 
sink  t)ur  adventurers  crossed  to  Walker  Lake,  and 
tlience  with  inlinite  hardsliips  over  the  mountains  to 
Avliat  are  now  known  as  Owens  river  and  lake.  Thcv 
had  been  the  first  to  enter  California  with  wa;^iiii>; 
but  in  the;  vicinitv  of  Owens  Lake  the  wajjons  were 
abandoneil,  and  the  mat'hinery  l)urietl  hi  the  samh' 
With  the  rest  of  their  eti'ects  on  pack-animals,  the 

-"  Fri  nioiil'.t  Iii/i..  !().")-(!,  '217;  Jviaiiitii  (J.  ('.  ^Mcl'iiorsoii),  inOnl-l.in'l  'I'mn- 
,s•(';v'/'^  tiaii.  ■_'(),  1S7.'{;  iiiul  in  S.  Ju<r  Mciviirn,  A\>\\\  '1\,  isdl;  lliilwcil,  iii 
ivsdlutiiiiis  oil  (Icatli  (if  Hc'ii.s!f_y,  in  S.  F.  J//it,  .liiuu  ISliS,  iiinl  otiiiT  ]i;i|ifis 
of  tlio  time.  SuttLT,  J'l /■■■•oi/d/,  J'riniii.,  MS.,  T---t,  sayn  tlu'.V  iiail  sfViTJil 
lights  with  hidians,  ami  that  .Mc(ii'L'  IVU  into  a  lic:ar-trap.  'I'iio  mvn  who 
cunijioseil  this  iiarty  seem  to  liavo  bwin  (,'hiK's.  llcailing,  llcnsU'y, ''^nitt, 
AVihianis  ( l  hrothers),  Winter,  Wooih'u,  Mcliuo,  and  puiliaps  JSrailky. 
Sutter,  in  his  J'inri/,  l,  iin)ilies  there  were  11  men. 

-^I'lvniont  was  on  his  wagon  trail  on  the  Snake  River  behiw  Ft  Hall  >  ii 
Sept.  •JUth.  y.Vy-'  E.,phn:  F.c.  Km. 

^"In  l)ee.  \6i7t,  Lieut  Kern  with  "Walker  passed  wliat  he  ealls  M'liilua' 
caelie'  of  mill-iron.'*,  etc.,  less  tiian  a  day's  niai'eh  south  of  Owens  J.ake.  7v' /'./'.< 
Jour.,  ■lii-2-:i.  ^'allejo,  JJi.sl.  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  ;!8;j  !I0,  re.'atesthat('hilcsapiioari.(l 
tit  Sonoma  with  a  lilaek  nude  and  ;i  negro  to  ask  jterniission  to  Imild  a.-^aw-iiiill 
in  that  I'egion.  The  perna.-:.--ion  was  granted,  and  C.  t^aid  good-hy  in.'l 
started  for  Kentucky  for  his  mill.  A  year  later  when  ^'.  had  forguttm  the 
eireamstancc,  C  reiijipeared  with  the  ;-anie  outlit  as  liefore  to  claim  his  lain!, 
saying  that  Wxa  mill  had  lieen  huried  in  the  Tulare  region.  Baldridyc,  l>'iij< 
(>/'4'J,  MS.,  says  the  mill  was  foun<l  hy  miners  in  18(i."i.  Sonic  say  the  wiig.njs 
weie  not  <inly  left,  hut  liurned.  The  only  trouble  with  Indians  on  lli<'  v.Ium' 
trip  was  the  wounding  of  Miltun  Little  liy  an  arrow  while  standing  on  guard 
ia  the  night. 


THE  WALKEP -CHILES  PARTY. 


ri!!.-) 


weary  <'oiii])any  jjlodded  cii  to  tlic  'point  oftlie  iiioiiii- 
taiii'  and  through  Walker  Pass.  It  was  hero,  accoi-d- 
iii'i  to  Fri.'nnjnt,  that  Chiles  was  to  meet  them,  hut  ho 
dill  not  appear,  though,  according  to  IJaldridge,  lu;  did 
eiiiiie  with  tiiree  men,  hut  ('(ndd  not  find  tlio  party. 
Their  hai'dshi[>s  from  this  point  are  desci'iljed  as  more 
severe  tlian  these  they  had  sullered  in  the  iiioiuitains. 
Their  route,  not  known  exactlv,  lav  up  the  j-reat  val- 
lev,  past  the  region  of  the  modern  Visalia,  and  thence 
across  the  Tulares  westward  to  the  coast  range'.  At 
Chi'istnias-tinie  they  were  encanij)ed,  witli  ahundance^ 
(if  game,  grass,  and  water,  which  put  an  end  to  all  their 
ti'oLiltles,  in  a  delightful  vale,  still  known  hy  Walker's 
name  on  the  maj)s,  on  the  head  waters  of  a  trihutary 
til  the  Salinas  Kiver.  In  January  they  descended 
into  the  Salinas  A^allev,  thence  |)roceedin''"  to  (^ilrov's 
lainho,  an<l  scattered  to  diflerent  points  in  northern 
and  cen^-i'nl  California.^^ 

In  connection  witli  innnigration,  it  is  propter  to 
n)eution  here  tlio  arrival  of  Stephen  Smith  with  the 
lii'st  stt>am-enginc  ever  seen  in  California.  Smith,  a 
alive  of  .Baltimore,  over  iifty  years  of  age,  and  mar- 


iicii  ni  South  America,  hail  visitetl  the  coast  in  IS41, 


,1 


and  had  ohtained  from  Alvarado  a  promise  of  lands 
nn  \vhi(;]i  t(j  erect  mills.  He  hrout>"lit  his  machinerv 
iViini  Baltimore,  hy  way  of  Paita,  on  the  (icuvijc  IL'n- 
/■'/.  \\liich  arrived  at  Monterey  in  ^Eay.  He  Ijrought 
with  him  from  Baltimore  Henry  Hiigler,  and  from 

"  lli'fc'iciiccs  to  authorities  have  already  buen  given  in  speaking  of  the 
piiity  iiiiilur  (Jliiles.  I  flml  in  the  archives  not  asinijli;  reference  totliearriv.il 
ef  \V;ill;cr"s  party,  except  hisdeniand  fi)r passports  in  ]''elirnary.  A  writei'iii 
tin-  ,SV,(  Ci-tjz  TiiitiK,  July  '2.'),  1870,  speaks  of  a  Major  MeKiiistry  \\\m  in  \.'A'.\ 
\v'\i\  a  plan  of  crossing  the  mountains  with  a  hand  of  frdntiersnien  to  eonijuer 
CalifMniia  and  estal)iish  an  independent  repuljlic.  Letters  were  iiulilislicd 
mill  siHjeihes  made;  but  McKinstry  vas  warned  by  the  govt  at  Washington 
t!;at  he  -Mould  not  be  allowed  to  depart  on  sneli  a  mission.  ('.  K.  I'iekett, 
/'■'/■/■.<  E.rjiii-iJfiiiii,  10-11,  claims  to  have  agitated  the  scheme  of  a  I'acilie  rail- 


Miul  in  ls4;j.  Tnllidge,  Li/c-  of  Brif/liani'  l'iiiiiiij,-2\4-\'\  speaks  of  'that  boh 
<jliiT  made  to  the  govt  ))y  Joseph  Smith  in  lS4!i,  to  enter  into  the  service  of 
the  iiatinn  with  several  thousand  well  armed  volunteers,  to  be  followed  by 
tlio  ciitin!  Mormon  connnunity,  to  conip\er  the  I'aciiic  dominion  for  tiu'  L'.  JS., 
"ihl  'licikinate  the  aims  of  Croat  Brita.n  to  establish  herself  on  this  coast  liy 
tin;  Luimivancc  of  Mexico.' 


1  risi 


III 


m 


soo 


FORiaCN  IIELATIOXS  AND  I.M.MIORATIDX— 1810. 


Soiitii  America  Willitiui  A.  .Stn.'uti'i',  David  J)iiUi,ii, 
and  J*Iiili[)  Crawley,  besides  liis  brothei--iu-]a\v,  ^Inn- 
uel  Tone's.  The  new  enterprise  was  i'avored  hv  t'n} 
authorities,  and  some  special  concessions  W(,'re  mado 
l)y  ]\Iichelt.orcna  in  the  matter  of  duties.  ]jeloi\.'  t!iu 
I'lid  of  18415  Ca[)tain  Smith  had  chosen  Bodega  as  the 
.site  of  liis  o[)eratioiis,  tliough  Sutter  and  his  agent-; 
are  said  to  li.'ive  inter[)()sed  some  obstacles.  He  ha. I 
;ij)plied  for  naturalization,  purchased  lumber  at  Santa 
Cruz,  lind  hired  several  members  of  Hastings'  (•lun- 
]iany,  ] ludspeth.  Coombs,  Daubeiibiss,  Bridges,  and 
Copeland,  and  had  begun  ojterationsat  ]3odega,  where 
his  machinery  had  been  landed  from  the  bri"'.  In 
1844  he  obtained  his  grant  of  land,  and  [)erliajis  \<y 
the  end  of  that  year  both  saw-mill  ani'  grist-mill  were 
in  running  order.  Their  completion  was  c(_h  hrafid 
^\•ith  festivities,  which  included  si)eech-makinu'  by  A'a- 
liejo  and  Prudon,  and  the  engine  tlid  good  sei\ico 
until  1849-50.  Not  only  did  Smith  introduce  t!io 
iirst  steam-engine,  but  he  is  also  accredited  witli  1iav- 
ing  brought  three  pianos,  the  first  ever  heard  in  ( 'al- 
ifornia."^ 


Laiisford  W.  Hastings  left  California  early  in  l>[i 
to  publish  a  book,  and  to  return  with  another  ])aity 
later.  It  is  said  by  Bidwell,  who  was  well  ac(|uaintcil 
with  him,  that  Hastings  had  come  at  first  witli  a  hah- 
formed  |)ur])ose  of  exciting  a  revolution,  of  wresting' 
California  from  Mexico,  and  of  establishing'  an  iiide- 
])eudent  repub'lic  with  himself  as  president,  or  at  Ica^t 
of  annexing  the  country  to  Texas.  Finding,  liowcvo!', 
that  the  foreign  population  was  yet  too  small  for  the 
successful  carrying-out  of  his  plan,  ho  determined  to 
return  to  the  States  with  a  view  of  promoting  an  in- 
creased immigration  through  the  agency  of  a  gle)\viiig 
description  of  the  country's  advantages,  supplemented 


"- Stiretcr'.'!  RecnlL,  ]SIS.,  15-25;  T,iri-r>:.  Per^pectas,  MS.,  120-30;  Sonomi 
Co.  Hist.,  53-5;  llaslin<js  Emhj.  Guide,  111,  etc. 


IIASTIXC.S'  BOOK. 


337 


liv  I'cturos  and  otlu'i*  personal  cH'orts.'^  While  (lierc 
iiinv  l»e  a  dcijrroc  of  c\ai^^<4'(M'ati()n  in  this  vei'sion,  it  i.s 
evident  that  Hastings  was  not  only  iin  enthusiastic 
ivlvornte  oi'  California's  separation  iVotu  her  national 
(illc'^ianco,  hut  one  of  the  lai'n'o  elass  wlio  could  not  or 
would  not  unde'i'stand  tliat  either  the  ^Nfexiean  !L;'<>v- 
enmient  oi- the  ( 'nlit'ornian  people  had  any  elaiin  t(j 
lie  cDnsnlted  in  the  matter. 

llastiiiLCs'  book,  whieh  appt^arod  in  1845,  contained 
a  (K.'s<'ri]»tif)n  of  his  jouriK-y  to  Oren'on,  a  hrief  narra- 
tive of  iiis  tri[)  to  California,  a  sketch  of  tin;  two  coun- 
trirs,  with  sonicthiii'^'  of  history,  and  iinally  advice  to 
iiiniii^n'ants  rcspcotiii!^  routes  and  outfits.  The  hook", 
so  i;ii'  as  California  is  concerned,  covered  the  same 
M'reinid  as  Bidweirs])amphlet,thesul)ject  heini^- treateil 
ul'  course  more  elaborately,  thou^'h  not  with  greater 
accuracy.  The  author  was  an  intelligent  man,  witli 
.-oint'  ability  as  a  writer;  but  his  book  was  a  piece  of 
special  pleading  intended  to  attract  immigrants,  and 
iicconline'lv  all  was  iiainted  in  couleur  de  rose.  ThoU'j,'h 
visited  in  a  year  of  extreme  di'ouoht,  not  a  sinc^le  defect 
was  pointed  out  in  the  country's  natural  condition. 
•■  ill  my  opinion,  there  is  no  country  in  the  known  world 
]inssts<ing  a  soil  so  fertile  and  productive,  with  such 
varied  and  inoxhaustiljle  n.'sources,  and  a  climate  of 
such  mildness,  uniformity,  and  salul)rity;  nor  is  there 
a  count  rv  now  known  which  is  so  eminently  calculated 
ly  nature  herself  in  all  respects  to  promote  the  ini- 
iinuuded  happiness  and  prosperity  of  civilized  and  en- 
lii4litencd  man."  His  description  of  natural  features 
In  liowcn'er,  thouijh  tinged  with  exagii'eration,  by  far 
the  best  part  of  his  book.  What  he  says  of  the  dif- 
i'crcut  settlements  is  superficial  and  marked  by  absurd 
'  I'l'iirs;  an  amusing  instance  bein'j;'  his  statement  that 
each  uf  the  two  largest  towns  was  named  Poabalo,  one 
heiii'^-  called  'Poabalo  *.;boyo'  and  the  other  'Poabalo 

below.' 


''■  ^■''"•^//"■i  C'al  in  1S41-S,  'S\fi,.,  1 10-12.     It  is  said  that  HastinL's  returiicd 
I  y  w:iy  (if  Texas,  for  a  coiifureiicc  with  luading  i;ieu  of  lliat  oo.aiU'y. 


rif 


U'fii' 


l\ '  i 


:mm  W 


nos 


FORKIf;X  IJELATIONS  AXO  IMMKinATION'    IS  in. 


Ill  all  tliiit.  irastiii'^s  \vi'(»to  of  tlio  luitlvL'  ('alininil;i;i 
])e()j>lt',  and  of  rceuiit  liistorical  events,  lie  displax.ii 
nothing'  but  iiicxcusahlo  igiioniitci'uiid  Idtti'T  |)r(ju(rii.,.. 
Tlic  pcMplo  were  "searccly  a.  \isil)l(!  o-mdc  in  tin;  scali' 
ot"  iiitclligc'iico  al)()Vo  tlie  barbarous  tribes  l>y  wIkhu 
tliev  ai'o  .surrouiidt'd,"  tlioueli  "tlie  liiLilui-  oidci'  (,[ 
jMcxieaus  arc  [)er]iaps  about  0(|ual  to  tlio  lower  ordi  r 
of  our  citizens  in  tlio  westin'ii  spates."  "Tlie  priests, 
tlie  most  dissolute;  and  abandoned  cliaracters  of  Hk- 
whole  eoniniunity,  are  not  only  the  sole  propi'ietms  et 
the  learning  aiul  intelligence,  but  alst)  of  the  liberty 
and  happiness  of  the  people,  all  of  which  they  jiinvi  1 
out  to  their  blind  votaries  with  a  very  sijaring  liand." 
In  desciibing  the  (ilrahain  affair  of  1840,  he  is  niei'o 
absurdly  bittt'r  against  Alvarado,  so  far  as  the  po-^si- 
bilities  of  his  vocabulary  go,  than  even  Farnhaiii.  .V 
^Mexican  in  man's  chjthing,  as  italicized  by  this  wiilri', 
is  a  [)hrase  that  fully  sIk^ws  his  spirit  toward  the  |iin- 
jilc.  "Yet  it  is  with  these  wild,  shirtless,  earless,  and 
heartless  creatures,"  alluding  nK>ro  [)articularly  tn 
]\Iieheltorena'scholos,  "headed  by  a  few  timid,  soulless, 
brainless  ofHcers,  that  these  semi-barbarians  iufeihl  to 
hold  this  delightful  region  as  against  tlu'  eiviliznl 
woi'ld."  Lest  the  "terrible  ojt[)ression"  of  foreigners 
bv  the  e'overnment  should  fri'i'liten  sonu'  of  his  e\- 
peeted  immigrants,  Hastings  admits  that  all  is  changed 
now ;  that  the  Californians,  from  motives  of  cowardice, 
now  treat  foreigners  "with  all  the  deceptive  kindness 
imaginable,"  that  passports  were  rarely  demanded,  and 
that  lands  were  freely  gravited,  notwithstanding  tlio 
statement  of  "a  certain  hii.di  t'lnctionary  at  Wasliin'4'- 
t()n."  Hastings  and  his  con>[)anions  had  settle  1  on 
lands  without  even  makitig  the  formal  applications 
recjuired  by  law,  hoping  to  avoid  the  disagreeable  ne- 
cessity of  becoming  ^lexicau  citizens. 

To  immigrants  Hastings'  information  respcctini,^ 
routes  can  hardly  be  said  to  have  been  of  any  value. 
He  says:  "Those  who  go  to  California  travel  fioni 
Fort  Hall  w.  s.  w.  about  fifteen  days  to  the  nortliein 


If^m 


LIST  OF  I'iOXI'J'RS. 


S90 


p,Ts-!  In  (lie  rMlifoniiaii  inouiitains;  tliciu^c  tliivo  days 
to  tilt'  SafraiiH'iito;  and  tlicnci' seven  days  to  tlic  l)ay 
(il'St  l-'rancisco.  'i'lic  ( 'alilnmia  route  iVotn  Fort  Hall 
ti)<lii'  Sacramento  lies  tlii'(iUL;ii  alternate  plains,  jirai- 
ij,-,  ;ind  valleys,  and  over'  hills  amid  lofty  mountain.-. 
Till'  Indians  ai'e  entirely  inotri'usive.  Wai^'ons  can  lie 
;isiv;idily  takeu  IVoni  l''ort  Hall  to  till!  l>ay  oi'St  l''ran- 
cisci"  as  tliey  eau  I'roui  the  States  to  Fort  llall:  and 
ill  tart,  the  latter  part  of  the  route  is  found  imieh  more 
cli'^lMc  for  a  uai4'on-\vay  than  the  foi'UK'r" — rather  a 
ra>li  assci'tion  to  he  made  hefore  any  party  had  su''- 
(vnled  in  erossiiiLj;'  with  wa^'ons.  "'I'Ik;  most  dirret 
I'liute  would  he  to  leave  the  ( )rei;'on  route  ahoui  two 
Imiiihv'd  miles  east  from  Fort  Hall;  thence  hearini^-  w. 
s,  w.  ti  the  Salt  Lake;  and  thenee  eontimiing  dowu 
til  till'  hay  of  St  Fi-aiieiseohy  the  I'outejiist  deserihed." 
lu  conclusion,  the;  auihor  draws  a  ^lowiny  and  ex- 
travai^antly  colored  pictiu'e  of  ( 'alil'ornia's  pros[)eetivc 
^I'ainlrur  in  the  time,  not  far  olf,  when  "n'e'iuiiuo 
iv|iiihli('anism  and  luisophisticated  democracy  shall  he 
reared  up  and  tower  aloft,  even  upon  the  now  wild 
slidi'c'^  .ff  the  great  I'acilic;;  where  they  shall  ever 
stiuid  forth  as  enduriiiLJf  nioiuiments  to  the  increasing; 
wi-^dniii  (if  man  and  the  iniinite  kuidni'ss  and  |)rotec- 
tinii  nf  an  all-wise  and  overruling  providence."^* 

I  append   tlie   usual    list  of  [)ioneers  for  the  year, 


i.\tv->ix   111   nuniher. 


A^ 


s   many   more  new-comers 


■"  Till-  Kiii'iijruuls  Guide  in  Orajon  (iiid  (,'ii/i/oniia,  '■onfaiiiiiiij  scriie.'i  atid 
iii'-'iih Ills  iif  (I  piirtji  iif  < h'cinii  i'iiiiijrniil<;  ii  di'-'<i'rijifi(iii  0/ ( )ri ijuii ;  KCfiirs  ami 
i.ii'rlrnu  (if  a  /ini'tii  nf  lUi/i/'uriiia  <'iiii'j)'<iiit<;  and  u  di.srri/iHoii  n/Calijoriiid; 
ii\ih  a  ili.irrij,tif,ii  of  the  dijj'i  rnit  ronles  t^i  tliti,sr  count  rh  h;  and  fill  iirccssdri/  In- 
f  >ntiiii',i_in  I'lliiiivi'  to  the  cqii'i/inii-iil,  .iii/i/trw'i,  and  the  imthod  of  trarrUiiin.  By 
l,'iii-/unl  ir.  J/iistiiiiix,  Imdir  oj  the  (hjn  ami  Cat.  (inii/rnlioit  ql'  IS.'/.'.  Ciii- 
liniiiti.  ISI,"),  Svo,  1,")'2  p.  The  jKirt  ik'V(jtLMl  exclusively  to  (,'al,  i.-^  fin.nd 
"■i  p.  (it  -l.'i,'!.  (Viu  of  iny  copies  of  this  work  is  one  tliiit  iiiade  the  trip  overlniicl 
in  l*^li)  with  the  famous  l>ounei'  party.  The  work  was  rcjrrintecl  from 
lliv'  ^;iiiiL'  tyiie,  with  a  new  title,  ami  the  adilition  of  S  pa'.'cs  containing  a 
hk'.trii  of  Cal.  liy  llohert  Seinple,  and  a  copy  of  the  Oregon  Treaty,  iis 
llii4iiiij.<,  A  yrn>  llixlunj  (ifOriijnn  and  <  '(di/hniin,  itf.  Cincinnati,  iS47.  'Svo, 
h'^ip. :  mill  again  \\\t\\  Col.  Mason's  I'cport  on  the  gold  '.'egion,  as  Id.  Cin- 
I'iimati,  ISKt.    Svo,  KiS  p. 

•' l'i')iicers  of  ISI,'!:  ^Mfred  Ancclin,  .Tallies  Atkinson,  Wni  IJaldridge, 
^'*iu  liartram  (V),  (.iuo.  W.  ]julloiny,  N'urdauion  Bennett,  Dennis  Uennett  (?), 


f|f 


WWf 


liWlt 


iJ 


p   I 


I  il     r 


in 

1  1 

II  |[|| 

i 

11 

I- 

i 

I 

11  r 

SIhI 

if 

400 


FOREIGN  RELATIONS  AND  BBIIGRATION— 1843. 


arc  iinmcd  in  tlio  records— and  in  my  Pioneer  Iio^is- 
ter  at  the  end  of  these  volumes — who  (hd  not  roni;;iu 
in  California,  or  at  least  ahout  whom  nothing-  uunv  is 
];nown  than  their  presence  during  1842-3.  Tlie  list 
includes  many  men  locally  well  known,  eight  or  ten  (,{' 
whom  still  lived  in  1884;  but  the  names  liistoricaHv' 
most  j)romiiient  are  those  of  Gantt,  Hastings,  IIciis- 
ley,  O'Farrell,  Reading,  and  Swan — the  latter  becuu.^o 
of  his  i'ame  as  a  writer  of  pioneer  reminiscences. 

■laokson  IVnnctt  (?),  Winston  Bennett,  Jolm  Bichol,  John  Roanlnian,  Tiios 
\V.  Bradley,  J.  C.  IJria.u'-s,  Ileniy  1'.  Cliaco,  Wni  S.  Cliureh.  .loliu  ('.  Clark, 
Nathan  Coombs,  Henry  •!.  Dally,  Henry  Dalton,  John  ]);iul)enl]irivi,  (leo.  Da- 
vis, I'edro  iJavis,  Bicli.  S.  J>en,  liUdcnico  (laliel.  John  (iantt,  Iia  van  Gor- 
don ('.'),  John  van  Gordon  {:),  Henry  llii.der,  'I'lios  M.  Hardy,  L.  W,  lla.'-tiii.'s-, 
Charles  Heath,  Sam.  J.  Hensley,  Wni  Hieics,  .lames  Ih'.df.petii,  John  iu-vi  j, 
Wm  Laroehe,  Charles  Levelain  (?),  Milton  J^ittle,  Hari'y  Love,  Charles  Mu- 
Intosli,  .luliua  jMartin,  Wni  J.  Martin,  Arno  Mauhe,  W'm  Money,  Amlii-  u 
Korris,  Jasper  O'J'arrell,  Harrison  J'ierec,  I'ierson  B.  Reading,  Jolm  LnM 
man,  John  F.  Roniii',  Charhs  Roussillon  (?),  Truett  St  Clair  (?),  JleiuvM 
John,  'J'hoa  .J.  Siiadden,  ]5ezer  Simmons,  Wni  A.  Streetei-,  Owi'n  Smumr,  -I:., 
Jolm  A.  S\van,  .lohn  Thompson,  llartlett  Vines,  Isaae'  Williams,  Jauiea  \\  il- 
liuuis,  John  S.  Williauiss,  Squire  Wiliiuius,  laul  Wui  11.  W  Inter  (?). 


CHAPTER  XYII. 

MICHELTORENA'S  RULE— POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 

1.S44. 

EcoNnM>     Ari'.eco  and  Pico  Rknt  to  Mazatlax— Air>  kkhm  V\r,i,i:.i(>,  Laii- 

KIN.  AMI  ]^IMANT(U'R  — RlMoKS  OF  RkVciI.T — Aliltl'ST  or  AlA"AKAI)0  A 
^'lAV(l|■.M■.l!\I.  IvM'KCTI.Ii  —  Rls[N(i    OK  THK   ("llol.ns  —  AlMlKsT   oF  CasTA- 

Sai;;-  Wahwh'ii  riiK  FN.ri'ii  Siatks — 1'kki".j;atiii\-;  thr  I)irK\ci,— 
Mii.iTi  \   OufiANiZKi)—  r.AiiKiN's  Lkttkks—  iNiirw    Arruus     rKKsimo 

CN  Till'  SaN"  .loAQriN — .Ir.S'TA  DkPAUTA  MKVIAL — CaN  I  >i  I  lATKS  I'l  >R  <  !( i\ - 
1  KM'i:  TllK  <  'AriTAI.  — MONTF.UKV  AM>  Aso  Kl.KS  — S  A  V  I  A  InKS  AS  A  (  '(iM- 
I'linNlISK— (AsTANAliKS   IN  MkxICO— 1  Il.S  I5iioK — \\'aKN  I  N(i  Ai :  AI  NST  I'nK- 

kii;m,i;s -\ii  liKsii.Ts — (JknekalVikwok  Miciikltoi!i;na's  Ciiauactku 

AM>  AhMlMSl  RATION. 

A  r  till'  bt'Lriiiniiio;  of  the  new  year  ^licheltorena 
i-Mi,il  a  (leeree  eariTini^  into  effect  the  economical 
ima-urts  decided  upon  hy  tlie  junta  of  ()ctoh(>r  1S4-"').^ 
l)y  tins  reform  a  savin!L>' of  ahout  .S40,000  was  cifcctcd 
ill  tlir  estimated  e\])ens(\s  of  tlie  year,  cliieily  in  the 
'ivil  liinlo'et;  wliiU'  hy  a  systcnn  y^i  lialf-pay  ivchictinns 
ill  tlir  mihtary  hranch,  a  lurthei"  savini"'  of  about  i^l'i,- 
""II  w.is  jtromised;  and  the  iotal  sum  to  l)e  re(|uiri'(l 
"f  ilir  tivasury  for  1841  was  rivhiced  a[ii)roximate!y 
tn  .^ I -Jo^OOO^  or  610,000  per  month.  Th(>  remainin'i;- 
I'lnhLiii  was  wliere  to  obtain  tlie  .sliiU,00().  ]>y  tiie 
'■'/;/  /Vi/f/,  the  government  seliooner  leaving  Mnnte- 
I'V  ill  l)e('eml)ei-,  Abrego,  Andres  l*ieo,  and  J^arkin 
Iuk!  sailed  for  Mazatlan,  the  business  of  th(.'  foiMuer 
two.  and  •  )bab]y  of  the  last  as  well,  being  to  obtain 
IuikIs  oil  Miclieltorena's  orders  drawn  for  the  amount 
"t  ?^8,()()0  j»er  month   that  had  been  assigned  him  on 

Jan.  1,  1^44,  .]f;r/iclf(iri  ixi,  II'iikIo  L'<onomico,  MS. 

Uisr.  Tal.,  Vol.  IV.    2o  (401  .1 


m  I 


40-2 


IMICHELTOREXA'S  RULE— POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


sot' 


Ills  departure  from  ^Mexico.  Tlicre  is  no  rocnid  (,f 
tlieir  negotiations  or  of  detinite  results.  The  ('oiiiiiii>- 
sioners  returned  in  the  Coiifovnia  in  March,  hut  it 
does  not  appear  tliat  they  broui^ht  any  niomy  on 
government  account;  certainly  they  brought  hut  lit- 
tle.'"' The  schooner  made  a  second  and  third  trip  to 
the  ]\[exican  ports  before  the  end  of  the  year,  curv- 
iug  on  the  second  Captain  J.  M.  Flores  as  a  e()iiinii>- 
sjouer  to  obtain  succor,  l)ut  with  results  that  are  alt  >- 
getiun-  uuknowu,  so  far  as  the  obtaining  of  nmtciial 
aid  is  concerned.  Yet  two  Boston  ships  early  in  tl 
year  paid  $58,000  in  duties,  more  than  two  tliinl.^ 
the  total  revenues  of  the  year;  $2,000  in  money  was 
obtained  from  Vallejo  in  payment,  together  with  piM- 
visious  sup[)lied  the  year  before,  for  the  Soscol  raiiclio: 
additional  aid  was  obtained  from  the  trader  Liinan- 
tour;  and  probably  also  from  Thomas  O.  Larkiii.  8" 
that  tlie  financial  troul)les  of  1844,  excepting  perhaps 
those  at  the  end  of  the  year,  resulting  IVom  extrani'- 
dinary  events  to  be  noticed  later,  were  not  altegctlicr 
insuperable  after  all.^ 

]Micheltorena  deserves  credit  for  having  given  cuii- 
siderable  attention  to  the  subject  of  education,  takiui 

'■'Larkiii  snys  tliiit  >[iclioltoroii;i  in  184'2-4  drew  on  the  ^liizatluii  custi'iiis 
for  iiliont  .'?l">'>,0*K),  only  a  .small  [lart  of  wliicli  -wa.s  paid,  eontiiny  uidiis 
liaving  li('i.'n  is.sued  in  Mi.'xico.  Larkiii'a  (Iff.  Corrcup.,  MS.,  ii.  o".  Jan. 
'_'<itli.  .lohn  I'aiTdtt  to  Larkiii.  There  is  no  liojie  of  getting  M.'-s  drafis  ia>lii'l 
at  Mazatlan;  so  he  haa  sent  tlieni  to  Mexico.  Lar/dii'g  I'uji(:r»,  MS.  WiUij". 
J/isf.  ( 'itL,  MS.,  iv.  .'iSl?-.'),  says  that  l'io(_)  and  Abrego  succeeded  iu  s.  lliiiii  i;t 
a  heavy  discount  eno'.iirh  of  the  draft.s  to  p'-odnec  .?10.000,  a  jmi  t  "f  wli'.di 
was  invested  in  powder.  Alvai'ado,  /fisl.  CaL,  MS.,  v.  47-8,  exjilaiin  Imw 
men  having  small  ehiims  of  undouh'^ed  justice  against  the  govt,  de-jiitc  Mux- 
ico's  notoriety  for  not  paying  debts,  almost  always  could  sell  their  cl.iiriis  fur 
•_'0  to  40  1  er  cent  of  their  face  to  the  ai/iotiKldn,  who,  after  collecting  lai'gi' 
amounts  in  all  parts  of  the  republic,  got  an  order  for  payment  by  ;-;iviii,i,'  tlit 
minister  and  his  secretary  a  share  of  the  protits. 

'■^  \'allejo,  ///.vV.  CaL,  "MS.,  iv.  .'ks.'),  tells  v.z  that  Micheltorena  aiiiiliiil  to 
him  for  a  loan  and  received  S'J.Ono,  for  which  the  grant  v/as  issued  in  Jum'. 
.\l\arado,  /risf.  Cdl.,  MS.,  v.  '20',),  savs  Larkin  on  one  occasion  lent  tho(.'ov, 
S-',tHK),  and  took  a  sight  draft  for  .•?;i,'(K)0  on  the  Mazatlan  customs,  wliidi  lie 
could  not  collect.  The  same  writer  says,  /</.,  v.  389,  that  M.  invote.l  .some 
;^;{(),U<)()  in  goods  wli-'ch  were  juit  into  J^arkin'a  hands  for  sale,  hut  proved 
unsalable.  Aug.  'JGth,  an  invoice  of  goods  furuisl  '-d  by  Liniantour  ti  .M-, '" 
the  amount  of  !?.'!•_', 8tiS.  Sarmje,  Doc,  MS.,  ii.  17.3-G.  The  gov.  j.rulisbl; 
took  some  goods  not  needed  by  the  soldiers,  hoping  to  sell  tin m  tiirouj;.i 
Larkin.  It  was  not,  as  Alvurado  inipUea,  au  iuvuatnieut  of  public  f.mJs  '^'' 
his  owu  beuclit. 


}COY(\  of 

'oimiiis- 
,  luit  it 
^]\|\'    (in 
but  lit- 
l  trijt  til 
r,  carry- 
C()innii>- 
;iV('  alt"- 
!iiatrrial 
ly  in  till' 
thirds  III' 
Hicv  was 
yitli  ]ir.i- 
1  vaticho; 
r  Liuuui- 
•kln.     Sii 
r  jtcrhaiK 
I  rstranr- 
lt();4X'th<'r 

Veil  <'iin- 
111.  tal^in;' 

itl;iu  custcini! 
iti'iivy  uiiliis 
ii.  ;>7.  .'^'i' 
l.hiift.s  ciislwl 
IS.  Vallt-'jii. 
ill  sflliiigiit 
[lint  nf  wUioli 

ilc^jiitc  Mux- 
■ii-  I'laiins  fuf 
Icrtiiij;  Wg>' 

|l,y  jiivuigtllu 

lia  iii'lilii'il  *" 
1,km1  in  •'"»>■■■ 
Ik'iit  the  t;iJV, 
Lis,  whu'li  la' 
[iiv>'>ti-'^l  some 
Y\  liiit  provt'l 
,ur  I'l  M'>  J" 
|ov.  |.riil'i»l)I;" 
hiMii  Uuvudi 


EDUCATION  AND  REVOLT. 


403 


a  (looj^er  interest  in  the  ])ul)rK:'  scliools  than  any  »>i'  his 
iiri.'di ''essors  i^xeept  Sola  atul  Fiijjucroa.  Not  only 
(lid  ]u'  aid  the  l)isho[)  in  tlie  establishment  of  his 
cccli  >Iastieal  seminary  at  Santa  Ines,  but  the  aidiivcs 
ot'  !s44  contain  many  communications  i'rom  his  jton 
,sli(i\\iiiL;"a  lively  interest  in  the  primary  schools,  which 
he  is  also  said  to  have  visited  oJten  in  person.  In 
jlav  he  issued  a  rcijflamento  lor  the  })rimarv  schools 
wiAvv  trniale  teachers,  aniiyo.s,  (»rdcred  to  be  estab- 
lidud  at  each  of  the  seven  chief  t(j\vns  under  the  pat- 
imiaLiv  of  our  lady  of  Guadalupe.  Then!  is  little  in- 
t'nniiaiion  ivspecting  the  [)roijfress  made  with  these 
.-(•JKHils,  thougdi  there  was  a  beginnino-  at  several 
jihuTS.  At  Los  Angeles  Lieutenant  ^[edina  met  with 
ihitt  ring  success  as  teacher  in  a  school  containing  at 
diir  time  a  hundred  pu])ils.  A  scheme  was  also  de- 
vi^'d  to  obtain  fi'oni  the  Ignited  States  a  teacher  to 
n|i('n  a  sclujol  of  highergrade  at  Monterey;  for  which 
jiiiijioM'  a  sul)scri[)tion  was  raised  in  September  to  the 
aiammt  of  $1)00  per  year  for  three  years.* 

Til  .January  there  were  rumors  of  revolt  in  the 
Mmitiiey  distri v't,  the  only  tangible  fact  in  connection 
with  which  trouble  was  the  arrest  of  .Jtiau  Ji.  Al\a- 
lalii.  Ill  a  ])rivate  letter  to  ^"allejo,  Micheltoreiia 
Niid  tl;.i!,  on  account  of  certain  vocij'cracKines  <ihir- 
iwdii-  ■■  lie  iiad  resolved  to  send  Alvarado  as  a  prisoner 
tu  .S  ain.;::;,  he  having  listeneil  to  evil  coiuisellors  who 
:th  ■irci  ]\,']\  t)  engage  in  plots.  lie  confessed  to 
iiaxi'i'^  \  v\\  ilio  pa^.iport  of  an  oiliccn-  travelling  on 
<1iity.  ( >!i  u!c  supplication  of  several  [)ersons,  however, 
mill  111!  Alvarado's  promise  to  abstain  in  future  iVoiu 

'.Mnif  I  if  tliis  topic  ill  local  annals  ami  clscwlu'i-o.  May  1.  1S44.  Mir/n!- 
t'lrni't,  J,'i  iliiiiii  iiltnli  J.'.'iciii /its  A  ndijii-:,  MS.,  ui\d  in  the  arcliivcs.  May  Stli, 
I'i|nlaiiKition  I'll  the  siitiji'ct  of  I'lhication  accoiii|iaiiyiii,u'  the  i-cirhiniciito.  >'. 
Jii",l'>.  Ai'-h.,  Ms.,  ;t().").  Many  items  of  thi.s  year  on  the  An^reles  school,  i)'. 
.1  ,;'/'<.  -l/-./,,,  Ms.,  iii.  1-.');  V.  I()7-'J'-'."),  pa-sisi'in:  ;>./-/.  ,S7.  Puj:,  MS.,  xviii. 
-"  ;!1  '■>;  hi..  Ami.,  xii.  10,  -.V.-T,  74  SS;  h'pf.  l,'i<\,  MS.,  xiii.  (H  !t,  Til, 
'['  H'lit,  Mil,  .suliscriptiou  liy  Jtartnell,  J>ai'kin,  Alii'ogo,  I'lo  I'ico,  .lininno, 
'"'■  ;.  'iiieiia,  ami  Woltev.s  for  .SKK)  each,  and  somu  conditionH  respecting 
ii,.-M,,  <m1  Bciioul.  LiirklnH  Dor.,  MS,,  iL  I'.fJ.  Sept.  lUth,  Larkiu  to  Al- 
liv<i  l.     .ijji.ii,  Jiskinj,'  liini  to  aeluct  a  teacher.  Id.,  ii.  1%. 


,.m  '1 


iMiiii 


404 


MTrFIELTORENA'.S  RULE  -rOLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


sucli  practices,  tlie  jnrovornor  cohcIikIocI  to  s|>aro  lii:  i 
lliis  time,  and  allowed  him  to  return  lioiix'.'  I^'luri'!),;., 
Serrano  is  tJu^  only  C'alif'ornian  who  has  tliou'^ht  t  , 
incnlion  this  affair  in  his  nari'ative.  He  tells  us  tlmt 
^Miilii'ltorciia,  heinjjj  informed  that  Alvai-ado  \v;i; 
lilanninn'  a  revolution,  sent  Ca[)tain  ^[cji'a  to  arr.-t 
him  at  Alisal.  J-)Ut  Alvara'lo  refused  to  he  aii-cstrl 
hy  an  otlicer  of  lowt.-r  rank  than  himself,  ddnmd  lij,. 
coloiiiTs  uiiifoi'in,  ha<le  ]\r(;iia  he  off,  and  came  miIiih- 
larily  to  Monterey."  Kumors  of  au  imjtendinu;-  rrvdi 
at  M.intei'ey  reached  Los  Angeles,  where  tiny  wrv- 
coiisi.lc,  i'  i)i  a  spi'cial  meeting  of  the  ayuntamliiii  ,, 
whicji   1)  (  jved   upon  re|)ressive   measures    -thai 

is.  to  keep  ,  "ict  watch,  and  to  hav(^  all  arms  car- 
]'ied  to  th(>  comandante's  house;  lor  some  of  tlie  sn!- 
diei-^  in  their  cups  had  heen  heard  ti>  gi\e  \-eiit  \  > 
'•>n<])ieious  utterances,  indicatixc  of  speedy  disei'  Iri-.. ' 
111  ease  the  northern  rumors  should  ])rove  true,  i(  wa^ 
thought  ])i'acticahle  to  station  a  foive  of  fittceii  nr 
twenty  men  on  the  Santa  iJiirhai'a  Irontierl' 

The  next  (hsturbance  to  l.)e  recorded,  not  imirli  nidi- 
serious  ill  its  results  than  that  of  January,  was  ;i  !i>i!i-, 
i!ol  against,  hut  in  favor  of  ]\richeltorena.  the  ivvulii- 
tiouists  heiiigthe  cliolos  of  the  l)atallon.  It  ecmrn.i 
early  in  .\ugust  in  cons(_'f|uenee  of  news  from  Mixi'i 
till',  .ugh  privatt!  letters  that  ^Mieheltoreiia  was  to  he  s'l- 
iu'r>eded  hv  a  Tiew  •j'eni'ral.''  lllarlv  one  moriiiu'j'a  Am:- 
(»nsl ration  was  made  hy  the  soldiers,  win*  diclaivl 
they  Would  serve  iui<ler  no  other  general,  ami  tha:. 
Mirlirhoreiia  shoidd  not  leave  California  uiilos  tlicv 


*.T:m.  i:.,  lSt4,  M.  to  V.  Vafh'jo,  Doe.,  MS.,  xii.  .-..  Tlio  ;.' 
liis  .-iti'iiiiL,'  (K'NJri'  to  pi't'servo  ]icii(.h'  iiiiil  iiisuru  tlie  ju'dsjK'rity  iii'jI 
till'  ( ';ilitr)riiians. 


Tlio  i.'ov. 
hi: 


|iriite.: 

llliillV  ' 


TU:iULT  A'l'  .MONTI'KEY. 


43o 


oniiM  ;icc:)nij>nny  liim.  It  docs  not  a}i]>oju' wlilcli  t\\vy 
i',aii  :l  most,  the  vt;iigvaiiccorCaliloriiiaii.s,\vli()S('  chic  k- 
tiistliiv  had  stolen,  or  tlie  |iossihly  stricter  (Jiscij  dim  ■  to 
wliit  li  a  new  ehiel"  niin'ht  suhject  them.  The  h'a»h'r 
;iiiiM!i-  t  he  o  Keers  of  the  hatalloH  was  aj»j)areiitl_v  (  'ap- 
laiii  Miji.i,  with  thv^  eor»|»eratioii  (»t' Jose  Man'a  Casta- 
iiaiv-.  The  tumult,  perhaps  intended  to  intimidate 
(vitaiii  ( 'alii'oi-nians  who  had  been  somewhat  iVei'  in 
tlicir  expression  of  hostility  to  the  cholos,  lasted  hut  a 
I'lW  houis,  ]\lieheltorena  liavini^  rebuked  the  otiieers, 
wlm  were  |>ut  ii.  L-r  arrest,  and  explained  to  the  men 
t'.iat  llii'st'  wer(.'  not  pi'oper  methods  ()t' ex})ressini;'  their 
(IivntiiiM  to  a  leader.  '  'astahares  was  sent  to  Sonoma, 
1.11  parole;  but  lalliug  sick  at  Yorba  Buena,  was  nl- 
low  111  to  return  to  ]\[()nteri'y  in  8ei)tember,  |)erha[»s 
wiilioiu    having"   i^'ono   i'urther  than   San    Franeiseo.' 

Tlh'  I pie  ot"  the  ea[)ital  were  considerably  alarme<l 

liv  tliis  demonstration,  fearing  that  it  might  h'ad  to  ;i, 
Niclxiii'^'  oi'the  town,  the  cholos  from  [)etty  thieves  be- 
niiiiiiig  an  organized  ban<l  of  rol>l)ers."'  TIu'  alarm 
wa--  iiiii'eascd  l)y  the  arrival  at  this  time  of  a  reenforee- 
iiiiiii  to  the-  batalloii,  a  detachment  of  forty  or  lil'ty 
iiirii  who  had  deserted  at  ^lazatlan,  and  had  been  re- 
laptiiit  il  and  sent  to  California  on  the  lialicar,  land- 
iiii^  at  San  I'edro  and  remaining  for  a  time  at  .Vnge- 
h's."    Still  another  cause  (.>f  popular  alarm  arose  from 

'AiiL'.  11,  1S44,  M.  to  V.     Sends  Castafiares  ti>  roinaia  at  Sonoma  until  lur- 

tir.i-  m-.li  IS.  to  1)0  troatocl  acuorclini;  to  his  rank,  but  not  allowiMl  tn  Ir  ivi'  ti...' 

\hvi\    Till' ;.'ooil  (if  the  national  Sfrvic'o  ili'uiands  it.     VuViju.  !in,\^  .Ms..  ::[[. 

'■1.    All!.',    ITtli,  i'mildU  to  V.     Castanari's  ill  at  Ycrlia  l>iuiia.      I'mr-  tlio 

liiiiiiti:  I't'  S.iiiiinia  (I),  aiut  will  ju-olialily  l)o  allowocl  to  go  hai-k.    /  /.,  \ii.  .S'i. 

>  (it.  .'lili,  M.  iuitlmri/i's  V.  to  piTniit  the  I'l'tuiii.    /'/..  xii.  !!.». 

"  i-;iil,iii,  writing  on  Sopt.  Iiith,  (h.'sci'llics  the  all'air,  ami  s.My>':   'Tiii'  [«:  <■ 
\<\"  vi  iliii  town  wx'iv  in  gi'i-at  alarm,  cxjioctini,'  a  sack  of  tho  town  1m'  .!.e 

>  ililii'i'.s:  till' atiair  was  howovcr  hiislu'il  n]i.'  /.'i/kin's  i  )t)\  Corr' ■■'i'.,  .MS.,  ii. 
!'•'.  Lit.  r.  ill  an  aoroiint  intt'iidoil  to  justify  Mii'lH'ltorcna.  afar  tho  nv.iln- 
t;  111,  Larkiii  wi'dti';  'Iknnwnf  hd  trouMo  or  alarms  oaiiscil  liy  thi'  ciivuni- 
>taiii.'i',  ill  .Moiitorcy. '  Jle  says  thu  atliiir  was  all  over  Iiy  s  .\.  m.  (apt. 
Alii'llii  \v;is  living  at  Larkiii"s  house  at  tlu'  time.  A/.,  I)i;\,  .\j>.,  iii.  -j;). 
Au,'.  ITlli,  I'i'iiilun  says  that  Monterey  looks  like  a  low  ii  taki'ii  li,\-  a»aiilt, 
|»::ly  iitliri'is  and  .soliliei's  to  l)e  seen.      All  families  have  retiieil  to  their  r.-in- 

I"'.  .\  inu  division  uf  the  batallon  has  arrived  from  Aiigilcs.  Vi-tll'jii, 
[['■'■•  Ms  ,  xii.  !S(!,  Serrano,  ApnutiA,  MS.,  ST-l'O,  and  (.Joiiiej;,  Loijin  Sulu, 
.'l\,  .'{VJ  s,  give  some  details  of  the  night's  oeeurrenees. 

"GiUcia,  AjiiinU'i  tiuOrc  Mk/ukorcHa,  MS,,  l-j,  was  one  of  the  lueii,  and 


•  ■   ■'*  .  '1 

■  ■   ■;■  ■'  t  Ell 


■; i-'--^t'^%' M'^'i'M^'t' , 


vi 


j„,ni.' 


!m 


i  l: 


liitiiinli:!! 


Ml 


liiili* 


ill 


406 


MICHELTOREN'A'S  RULE— POLITICAL  AFFAIR.*?. 


tlic  current  reports  of  war  between  !^^exic()  ainl  the 
United  States,  to  be  noticed  presently.  Thcic  was 
little  fear  of  the  Americans;  but  an  api)rehensi(Pii  tint 
the  ^[tjxicans  niiij^ht  make  the  threatened  invasii^n  .i 
pretext  for  plundering  the  town. 

It  was  in  May  that  the  Mexican  minister  of  war 
informed  Micheltorena  that  positive  news  had  l)r>  u 
re(xuved  of  a  treaty  having  been  signed  for  the  an- 
nexation of  Texas  to  the  United  States;'-  tliat  it 
nnly  recjuired  confirmation  by  the  senate;  and  t!iat 
such  confirmation  would  probably  result  in  war.  Th.' 
general  was  therefore  to  prepare  f  )r  the  defence  n't 
California  by  seeing  to  it  that  weapons  were  kept  in 
good  condition,  that  the  troo})S  were  well  ornaiiizid 
and  disciplined,  that  the  militia  was  ready  tt)  hr  callr-l 
into  active  service,  and  that  the  government  was  in- 
formed [iromptly  of  any  aid  that  might  be  reiiuiivd  - 
though  no  hostilities  were  to  be  committed  anain-r 
such  American  men-of-war  as  might  visit  the  (•iia>t 
pending  the  receipt  of  more  positive  orders  or  .«)iiio 
act  of  aggression  on  the  part  of  those  vessels.'' 

This  oriler  was  received  early  in  July,  and  was  at 
once  published  by  Micheltorena,  who  announced  tli.;t 
in  conse([uence  of  it  he  had  resolved  to  establish  lii^ 
headijuarters  at  San  Juan  Bautista,  and  "to  det'tn.l 
the  department,  whose  independence,  religion,  ami  in- 
tegrity tho  2Mt>'M  intrusts  now  more  than  ever  to  Ik  r 
sons,  and  to  me  the  dutv  of  showinuf  them  tlic  path 
to  glory  and  honor  in  case  of  war."  At  the  sam.' 
time  he  ordei'cd  the  innnediate  enrolment  of  all  cifi- 
zens  between  the  ages  of  fifteen  and  sixty  years,  in- 

i:ive<  till'  iiiily  narrative  of  the  reiinforccmeut  tliiit  1  have  seen.  Jl''  ■^lys  I'! 
iif  tli'.^  .">()  iiicn  liad  beoii  tlcscrtors;  and  there  wcro  7  womuu  in  tlic  .  iiniiaiiy. 
Tlii'V  iiiaiolit'il  from  Anj,'i'l<'<  uiidor  Comandautt!  N'aldts. 

'■'J'lii!  treaty  waa  bi>,'iilh1  liy  the  Texan  eoinniissioners  and  liy  .I"hii  '■ 
<'alhonn,  secretary  of  .state,  April  I'J,  1S44,  but  was  rejected  hy  ila  >Liii!ti; 
.lune  sih. 

"  May  II,  l.'^44,  niin.  of  war  to  rotn.  <r<'n.  Valh'jn,  Doc.,  Ms  .  \ii.  ">■': 
Dcjit.  s/.'  /'fill.,  Mont.,  M.S.,  iii.  i;{l.  .hmo  (May?)  I'ltli,  niin.  oi  h.v.  ai- 
ders tliat  the  militia  1)0  put  on  a  war  footing.  Unit.  SI.  I'lqi.,  Bin  ,  Ms.,  i. 
80. 


PRErAilATIOXS  I'OK  WAR. 


407 


clufiiiiu"  naturalized  forcii^^iicrs,  to  be  formed  into  nine 
coini'r.nio.s  of  militia,  which  were  to  bo  drilled  every 
Suiiiliiv,  and  to  hold  themselves  in  readiness  t(j  bo 
cilK'il  into  active  service  as  defensores  de  la  ])atria. 
Sniiif  (lays  later  a  series  of  formal  regulations  ibr  tlie 
militia  was  issued;  and  it  ap)>ears  that  the  organiza- 
tion if  defender^?  was  eH'ecti.'d  to  some  extent,  on  })a- 
]Mi  ai  Kast,  in  northern  California;  but  in  the  soutli 
wr  lir.'.r  nothing  of  the  matter  until  the  end  of  llie 
wdv,  when,  as  we  shall  see,  it  came  up  in  another  cou- 
iirctinu." 

".Iiilv  (i,  1S44.  Michlirirrvn,  ^fullihifi  (In  Df/pv/tn  covfra  fnn  K</firln.^  U:ii- 
du<.  .MS.";  E.tliidilh,  ])(>!■.,  .MS.,  ii.  77;  Id/hjn,'  J.>o,:.,  MS.,  xii.  Xt;  S.  ./.w', 
A.-'li.,  MS.,  iv,  4l)-r>().  Ci  iiijiaiiics  wfie  to  lit' fiirinccl  at  S,  I)ifgii,  An^jclus, 
^■,:i  !mi1i;ii;i,  S.  Luis  OMsjio,  .Monterey,  S.  Jurin  I'auti.sta,  S.  .Toni',  S.  ]•'., 
iitiil  ."-nil"!!!.! — all  of  cavalry.  The  cDloiieLsand  lieut-coloiiels  were  to  lie  tho.su 
iil;'i;iily  holdiui,'  those  eoinmi.ssioii.s;  the  caiitaiiiH  were  to  lie  naine<l  liy  tli,- 
i;ipvt;  aiiil  jou el' otiieer.s  were  to  ho  chosen  hy  the  ('(inipanies.  All  otiieers,  in- 
Vuliilcs,  an<l  pul'lic  emjiloyes  chosen  hy  the  people  were  exeiniited  from  t!ie 
iiii'olnuiit;  anil  merchants  were  only  re(|uiriil  to  serve  in  "lefence  of  t!u  ir 
places  of  residence — armed  and  .snpiwrted  at  their  own  cost.  Full  re,'ula- 
ti'Mia  fur  details  of  organization,  discipline,  uniform,  etc.,  v.hich  need  hdI  he 
i.iven  hero  even  en  rrsiime,  were  issued  in  print  on  .Inly  Kith.  MifhdtcV'  r'l, 
h'll'timoitn  ilr  In  Milicia  A  uxWuinlc  JJ(j'<'iis'ircsili'  la  Pa/rii  ;/  J>'-/inrlii)ni-iit'ii!i' 
t' <lh)ri:ia'<.  In L'drli' xf  J'riiit.;  I'allrjo,  /-'oi'.,MS.,  xi.ol;  J'aijtor's  Sjicciiii'  i:.-i 
!■/  /'/vxx,  \\-23\  Doc.  Jli<t.  Cdl.,  MS.,  i.  407. 

.Inly  Nth,  oiiiocrs  named  hy  Micheltorenafor  the  defensores:  1st  re;.-inient, 
c'l,  .1.  I'l.  Alvarado,  lieut-col.,  J.  M.  Castanares;  adjutmits,  Manpic  /  a:id 
Cirvea:  captains,  1st  sipiadron.  S.  PicL'o  co.,  -Andres  I'ico,  Corn  a  as  i.i- 
itnictnr;  Sta  li.irhara  co.,  Kainnindo  Carrillo,  Flores  as  instructor;  'Jd  sijuad- 
lull,  S.  Luis  Ohispo  co.,  J.  -M.  \'illu,  Marcpiez  as  instructor;  Monterey  co., 
.\.  .M.  Osio,  Lstrada  as  instructor.  2d  reu'inient,  eol,,  M.  (J.  Vallejo;  lieut- 
t"l..  .hi.-i'  (astro;  adjutants,  A.  Somo/a  and  Ant.  I'ico;  t'aptain.s,  1st  sipiad- 
I  '11,  S,  .luan  CO.,  Fran.  I'acheco,  \'argas  as  instructor;  S.  >)ose  co.,  A.  M. 
I'lro.  Sonioza  as  instructor;  S.  Francisco  co.,  F.  Sanchez,  .\iit.  I'ico  as  i;i- 
^.^u^ttpl■;  SiiUomaco.,  Salvador  \'allejo,  loidrii^uez  as  instructor.  1st  sipiad- 
T'  :i  id  .\i;i;rlrs.  Fio  I'ico,  coniandante;  .J.  .M.  Ramirez,  adjutant  and  in>triii-t.ir; 
1-t  coiii]'any,  I'aiit.,  M.  ])oniinuue;;;  'Jd  eo,,  cajit.,  .1.  M.  I'aloniares.  'Jd 
i-|;iailriii  (.t  An;,'eles,  J.  A.  Carriilo,  coniandante;  \.  ilehetia  co.,  J.  A. 
^■dV.i',;  caiitaiii.  J)<j>t.  SI.  Pap.,  .In;/.,  .MS.,  x.  -H-d.  .Iiily  I'.lth,  at  Sfuioma 
."i:!  Hull  enrolled,  iin.hidini;  I'J  foreigners.  WiUijo.  J)or.,  .MS.,  xii.  .").">.  ,luiy 
-1st,  .");>  citi/.i  lis  and  '22  unnaturalized  foreigners  at  S.  Francisco.  /(/.,  xxxiw 
4i.  .luly'Jikh,  Michcltorena  to  N'allejo.  intrusting.'  to  him  tin;  or;.'iinization 
if  the  roin|ianies  from  S.  Francisco  northward,  (.'astro  to  attend  to  those  at 
''.  .lipsi' and  iS.  Juan.  Oidy  ono  person  should  ho  taken  f>'om  a  family.  A/., 
xii.  (11;  /><•y,^  J,W.,  MS.,  x'iii.  S!l.  Aul;.  4th,  ('apt.  Osi,;  and  his  comiiany  if 
.'!-'  imii  at  -Monterey  choose  suhorlinatc  olhcers.  Auj,'.  'JOth,  list  of  the  S. 
l'.aiiri>  u  company,  4S  men  besides  caiit.  and  lieut.    Sulx'runri,  JJuc,  -MS., 

In  .hiiiuary  the  min.  of  war  proposed  the  or^'anization  of  all  the  presidial 
C"m|>aiiiis  of  the  Californiaa  and  the  hatallon  into  a  rei,'iinent,  to  have  he- 
^mc.i  u.>  ri;.,ular  ollieers  a  coniandante  ilo  escudroii  to  serve  as  commandant  in 
l^uj.i  (.'ahfoniia.    Me.vicu,  Jhin.  Gittrra,  1S44,  annex,    'j;j-4,     List  of   unat- 


w 


t  !  1 


408 


MICIIKLTORENA'S  RULE-rOLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


Bosidi's  takiiiLC  stc'jis  toorgaiiiz(>  the  militia,  ^tlidicl- 
torciia  moved  all  tliu  servicuablu  caniioii  with  muni 
tions  from  Moiitcrry  to  San  Juan,  whore  ho  pioiifiscd 
to  malvo  a  final  stand  against  the  invaders  slidiild 
the}^  make  their  ap[)earanco  on  the  coast.  The  cijiital 
])rosented  the  appearance  of  a  military  camj)  I'li'  ;i 
week  or  more,  the  soldiers  holding  possession,  ;il\\a\s 
in  readiness  to  retreat;  M'hile  many  of  the  eili/niN 
had  retired  with  movahle  effects  to  the  interior,  I'cai- 
ing,  as  I  have  said  before,  not  so  much  the  coiniii;^  nf 
the  Americans  as  the  excesses  of  the  cholos,  win 
were  likely  on  the  aj)proach  of  an  enemy  to  sack  tlif 
town.  So  Consul  Larkin  wrote  to  his  governiiiiiit. 
(U'claiing  that  the  property  of  Americans  was  satrr 
than  that  of  natives,  and  expressing  the  o])inion  tliat 
]\[ichelto]'ena,  in  case  of  war,  could  depend  only  un  lijs 
250  ]\[exican  troops  to  follow  him,  the  150  Califnr- 
nian  sohhers  and  the  1,000  citizens  available  as  miliiia 
not  being  disposed  to  fight  for  a  government  in  wliicli 
they  took  very  little  interest. ^^  To  provide  pecuiiiaiy 
means  for  the  country's  defence,  the  junta  deitartanicii- 
tal  was  convoked  in  August,  and  authorized  a  sale  of 
tlu'  mission  estates;^''  but  before  anytliing  was  dniir 
in  this  direction  news  came  that  the  war-clond  li.ul 
passed  over,  and  (  ^difornia  resumed  its  peaceful  atti- 
tudi';  though  the  caiuKMi  and  other  war-stf)res  wrio 
not  innnediately  brought  back  from  San  Juan.'' 

t.K'lied  .Tiiil  ictiix'il  olHi'crs,  etc.,  in  C.il. ;  J.  IJ.  Alvuriidii,  col.  iiiixili.iiy  mili- 
tia; Jdsi''  Ciistfi).  li('tit-('i>l.  Cal.  Kijiiadron;  M.  ("r.  Vallcjo,  lii'iit-ci»l.  [loniuiiiont 
cav.;  IVili'o  >,'arvatz,  liiMit  (if  iiasy;  V.  rnuloii,  ca])t.  pt'tmaiiuiit  infantry; 
Jiisi'' liauiiri'Z,  lioiit  cavalry;  Xai'ciso  Faliregat,  liout  Maxatlau  militia;  .Idsu 
(lu  la  Cliiorra  y  Xorioua,  ret.  capt.  of  cavalry;  Saiit.  Argiicllo,  ret.  capt.  r.iv.; 
Just'  Ivstiada.  ret.  liiiit  cav.;  ]):iiiiaso  lloilriguez,  ret.  alf.  cav. ;  Aiiicctn  Z;iva- 
leta,  Isidoro  Scitii,  .lose  I'ena,  Manuel  Vi'rduyo,  and  Sehastiau  Hudii.'uez, 
R'lldier.s  T'etired  witli  rank  el  lieutenants;  Manuel  Rodriguez,  inv;il.  corimral; 
J'.ieuterio  X'illa,  inviil.  soldier;  Lui.sa  Argiiidlo  do  Zamorano,  widow  «itli 
pension  (jf  .S(H)  per  mcintli.   Jh  jif.  Sf.  I'cjK,  lien.  Mil.,  Ixxxvi.  ;{-4. 

'■'Aug.  18,  IS44,  L.  to  sec.  state.  Larkin'.-,  Ojf.  Cunrsj).,  :MS.,  ii.  S.  Va- 
Uejii  to  .Sliclieltorena,  Xov.  IStli,  declared  that  it  had  not  lii'cu  the  iVar  nf 
invasion  by  foreiu'uer.s  that  had  caused  the  citizens  to  leave  ^lonterev.  Ilrar 
Fffu/,  Pnp.,  .\1S.,".S. 

'".Vug.  l.")tli,  L'Dth,  '_'4th,  sessions  of  the  juntii.  X»;/.  /''''•■.  -MS-.  iv-  1^  -0; 
K<u-IU\<t  /'riiilii/ii;  (i/irra,  Dor.,  MS.,  7-0;  Dci)t.  L'a:,  :MS.,  -xiii.  'Jl~-*.  Moro 
about  tlie  sessions  a  little  later. 

'•I  lind  no  uniiouncenicnt  by  the  gov.  that  the  danger  had  ceased;  but 


ilij  H  '  ■ .  -  1 


w^ 


INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


409 


Til  ''oiiiioctlon  with  the  iiiiHtjuy  [H't'itaratioti  just 
iiutrd.  I  may  take  up  the  topic  of  Jiuliaii  all'airs,  n.'- 
siu'ctiiiL;-  whicli,  however,  there  is  ahiiost  notliiii'L;-  to 
1,1' >;rnl  ill  1844.  With  a  view  to  ju'eveiit  tlie  iiiciir- 
j-jiiiis  dl'  Jndiaii  horse-thit'ves.  who  wi've  a  (.'oiistaiit  ter- 
I'di'  t'l  the  raiieheros  in  central  CahCornia,  a  scheme  was 
(IlvIsciI  in  tile  spriii!^'  of  tliis  year,  not  only  to  send  out 
an  expedition  aijcainst  the  foe,  hut  to  estahlish  a  kind 
of  t'l'Diitier  [)residio  somewhere  in  the  Tulares,  where 
a  (litaelimeut  of  soldiers  could  he  stationi'd  ])ernia- 
iieiitly  for  service  a<4'ainst  t!ie  Indians.  In  May  the 
plan  was  announced  hy  ]\Iieheltoreiia,  and  certain 
vai;uely  recorded  preparations  were  made;  hut  all  we 
knew  of  the  result  is  that  in  the  middle  of  Xoveml>er 
Ca-tro  was  in  the  San  Joaquin  A'alley  eniLj^a^'i'd  in 
this  service,  when  recalled  hy  the  outhreak  of  r>'Voit, 
as  will  lie  seen  in  a  later  cha]_)ter.^'^ 

There  was  uii  extra  session  of  the  junta,  or  asam- 
lilca,  ell  l-\'l)ruary  lOth,  convoked  lor  the  [)ur['ose  of 
clieesiiio'  ji  (jiilntet'tta  for  governor.  The  names  chosen 
til  he  suhiniltcd  to  the  supreme  i^'overnnuMit  as  (.'aiidi- 
(lates  were,  ill  the  following'  order:  ^tichelton^na,  Al- 
vai'ade,  Tellez,  Oslo,  and  Jimeno;  and  the  r(.'sult  was 
aiiinHUieed  hv  the  L!"overnor  in  a  hando  of  the  loth.'^ 


I 


.,;rl;iii  uiito.-A  on  Sopt.  lOtli,  that,  as  Tox.'ia  has  not  lieini  nnncxi'd,  wailiko 
riliaiMtiiiiis  luive  liccu  iHjstpdiKnl.   I.arL-in'.-f  < if,  Conr/fp.,  MS.,  ii.  10. 

'"  Nhiy  .'il.<t  ( llith?),  .uov.'s  order  for  a  <h.<l(ir<iiii(iit(i  on  tlic  S.  ,I(>a(|uiii.  T'ou- 
triliutioiis  to  lii^  solicitcil  aiul  all  to  lie  I'eailyat  Sta  Clara  hy  June  lOtli.  H-tn- 
iMlto,  Ihif.,  MS.,  ii.  75-ti.  May  I.'itli,  .sadiUos,  oto. ,  to  lie  borrowed  from  eiti- 
;:vn3.  StaCniz,  Arcfi.,  MS.,  81.  May  14tl),  gov.  to  alcaldes  of  S.  Jose  and 
S.Jnaii:  Jose  (''asti'O  to  coiniiiaiid  the  foree  in  thi^  Tulares.  I'lidrcs  to  furnish 
Iiuliaiis.  J),jil.  7?M'.,  MS.,  xiii.  Sl-'J.  June  llth,  I'.  Mereado  n  fers  t<j  sanio 
ii.iittir.  S.  ./dfti',  Afrh.,  MS.,  iv.  (i.  Mention  also  in  ('uKtro,  JiJarion,  .MS., 
y.Mtl;  VdJI'ju,  nut.  Ca'.,  MS.,  iv.  41.'?;  Su-nnw,  in  I'loii.cr  ,'<bl,-h<s,  MS., 
1'.  1)'^.  Weher's  treaty  with  the  S.  Joaquin  trihes.  -S'.  .lou'iiun  Co.  llUt.,  Ki. 
Aug.  2Uli,  Sutter  speaks  of  services  rendered  hy  the  Miic|ueleniiis  liy  return- 
in,' stolen  liorses.  S.  Joar,  An-h.,  MS.,  iv.  7.  Oct.  1st,  an  expedition  idhidecl 
t'. i:i\vliicli  fino  'vecino'  lost  his  life.  Tiiei-e  is  to  he  another  sally.  .sV-i  i  '/•»;, 
•  liW(.,  MS.,  08.  Oct.,  Indians  defeated  liy  govt  tronps.  l'a'„ /''nn  yiulomil, 
N"V.  •2{\,  iN-U.  Jan.,  a  ranclieria  attacked  hy  "JU  citi/ens,  ami  the  chief,  JoS(5 
wl  Canuen,  killed.  J></,f.  S/.  I'd//.,  MS.,  xviii.  '2'.)-'M).  Feb.,  savages  and 
C.;!mi';la^  ll.'hting  near  .S.  Bernardino.  /'/.,  Aii'irha,  viii.  0-7. 

'H'eh.  !.•!,  isi-t,  M.'s  proclamation.  Ih pf.  St.  I\ip.,Aii:i.,M><.,  x.4Cr,  hi., 
S.  Jo.-<r,  vi.  ;j;  S.  iJiijo,  Arch.,  MS.,  ;i02;  MkhdtorLiias  AdininidnUiou,  "Jl. 


iP' 


I  ;a 


iii^^.  ti 


!  '■  «B  ML 


I  til'   ' 

Mi 


410 


MICIIKLTORENA'S  IlULK-POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


It  a])|)ear.s,  however,  tliat  the  nieoting  was  not  (|uite 
loijfal,  beiiiL;'  coinj)osed  of  northern  meinbers  and  .sub- 
stitutes only.  The  four  s(mthcrn  vocales  eithei-  wrw. 
not  siinmioned  at  all,  or  were  notified  too  late;  oc  at 
any  rate  were  not  present  to  insist  on  the  pro[)or  pro- 
poi'tion  iA'  ahajcrios'm  the  list  of  candidates;  and  rlioy 
■were  nmeh  offended  at  the  wrong  done  them,  protest- 
ing both  U)  the  governor  and  to  the  national  govirn- 
nunt,  with  results  of  which  nothing  is  known.-*  TIio 
southei'uers,  having  a  majority,  were  desirous  tli.ittlie 
junta  should  be  convened  in  regular  se.ssion,  and  com- 
plained, evidently  with  much  reason,  that  the  arrilx- 
uos  were  intriguing  to  prevent  a  meeting. 

Again  the  assend)ly  was  convoked  by  oi'drs  of 
June  IDtli  and  August  13th,  and  met  in  sjxcial  ses- 
sions on  August  1,5th,  20th,  24th,  and  2Gth,  Estiaila, 
a  Jiorthern  member,  and  Guerra  from  the  south,  Ixin;' 
absent.  Narciso  Botello  was  made  temijoraix ,  an  1 
J,  M.  Covarrubias  permanent,  secretary  in  phno  nj 
Zenon  Fernandez,  deceased.  The  southern  vocaks 
took  the  oath  of  office,  the  others  havim;  done  so  at 
tlie  former  session.  The  business  before  tlie  junta 
\vas  the  raising  of  funds  with  which  to  protect  tluj 
country  from  foreign  invasion.  Micheltorcna  nia(k 
an  opening  speech  on  the  subject;  and  Pico  respnaikd 
by  pledging  the  junta  to  use  its  best  eftbrts  in  s()ju^t 
a  cause.  As  related  more  fully  elsewhere,  the  action 
finally  tfiken  was  to  authorize  the  sale  or  renting  of 
mission  estates.  An  attem[)t  was  made  to  brin^^  up 
various  other  matters  of  minor  importance;  but  they 
were  decided  to  be  out  of  order  at  special  se.s.sions; 

'"'Alcttei-  to  Castaiiiires  in  Mexico  declared  the  election  an  ^-'''''''W'^ ''<■ 
fjraii  fdinnho;  stating  that  the  order  of  convocation  was  issued  on  JVb,  -Ith, 
so  that  the  southern  members  could  not  possibly  arrive  by  the  10th.  6V«'«- 
'ilan-^,  Col.  Doc,  17.  Juno  8tli,  I'io  Pico,  the  1st  vocal,  to  min.  of  the  int., 
enclosing  the  protest  of  him.self,  Figueroa,  and  IJotello,  to  the  g.iv.  nii  April 
8th.  It  is  a  long  document,  in  which  they  demand  that  the  asseiiiljly  beaguin 
convened  and  its  past  acts  be  declared  null.  The  snp.  govt  is  callfd  ii))oii  t<i 
protect  the  rightri  of  the  jienple.  /Jundhii,  Doc,  M.S.,  m.  Pico's  report','! 
Apr.  Sth  is  also  given  in  print  in  Hkhdtonna,  Expedicnte  no.  I. 


CHANGE  OF  CAPITAL, 


4U 


t  tiuitc 
1(1  sub- 
r  wl'I'u 
;  ( ir  at 
vv  prn- 
1(1  ilioy 
)r(>test- 

'•    Tho 

l\;it  the 

ul  rolii- 

al'l'ilx- 

■(Icrs  (it 
ciiil  scs- 
['2straila, 
li,  Ih'Iii'^ 
iifv,  aii'l 
pl;ic<-'  I't 
vocaleS 
ne  SI  I  at 
('  junta 
t.'.'i  tho 

Ul  llKuk' 
SlinlllK'il 
1   S(»  ju^t 

(•  actimi 
ntin;j;  "t 

ut  t'aey 
jorssi'iib; 


l„  I'Vb,  4th, 
l()th.  ('"■*'"• 
[of  ttm  int., 
I,v.  ,,u  Apri! 
Iblvbeaguin 
llfil  upon  to 
,■3  rupurt'.'l 


frnd  Nvitli  one  exception,  no  action  wa.s  taken  on  any  of 

thciii.-' 

Tlio  exception  to  wliicli  I  have  alluded  was  the  old 
fpicstion  of  Monterey  versus  Los  Angeles  ona<!hango 
dt'  capital.  Since  the  beginning  of  the  year  the  An- 
Ljcliiios  had  resumed  the  old  agitation  of  tho  subject; 
Jnaii  Handini  having  written  an  exposition,  in  which 
\\v  showed  that  the  southern  city  tleservcd  some  re- 
ward for  her  old-time  constancy  to  ]\Iexico;  and  the 
aviintaniientos  of  the  rival  towns  having  taken  new 
steps  in  the  niatter.^^  It  was  on  this  account  that 
the  iKirthcrners  had  intrigued  to  prevent  a  regular 
s(S>i(iii  so  long  as  their  opponents  were  in  a  majority. 
But  Pio  Pico  brought  the  matter  up  in  the  session  of 
August  24th,  and  a  lively  discussion  ensued.  Pico 
and  IJotello  insisted  on  southern  rights,  and  Pigueroa 
agreed  with  them,  though  he  did  not  think  tho  sub- 
ject (N»uld  be  legally  disposed  of  in  a  session  called 
t'ui'  sj)ccial  purposes.  Spence  favored  the  claims  of 
Monterev;  while  Munras,  leaning  in  the  same  direc- 
tiim,  ])roposed  to  select  some  third  town  for  capital 
er  to  leave  the  whole  question  to  be  settled  in  Mex- 
ico. Micheltorena  himself  as  president  argued  at 
liist  strongly  against  moving  the  capital  away  from 
tlie  town  where  the  custom-house  was  located,  also 
eppesing  any  action  whatever  at  a  special  session; 
I'ut  lie  tinally  proposed  as  a  compromise  that  further 
(letiiiito  action  should  be  suspended  until  a  decision 

-'  lacdids  of  the  sessions,  in  Lej.  Itcc,  ^IS.,  iv.  17-27;  Olrera,  Doc,  MS., 
7-12.  'I'lii.'  records  of  the  opening  session  of  Aug.  l.ltli  uirI  the  closing  one  (jf 
All;,'.  L'dtli  were  issned  in  print  Ijy  Micheltorena  in  ban<Ios  of  Aug.  '2Sth  and 
^cpt.  ;f(l  respectively.  Earliest  Priidiiir/;  SliK.'nr^,  Arch.,  MS.,  .'J-4;  JJe/i(.  St. 
Pciji.,  .S'.  Jose,  MS.,  vi.  C;  Adcheltorena's  Administration,  24~C;  S.  Diego, 
Arrk.,  MS.,  309. 

•-Jan.  IG,  1844,  alcalde  of  Angeles  to  Micheltorena,  sending  Bandini's 
fxposilion.  The  gov.  promises  to  represent  the  matter.  JJept.  St.  J'n/'-, 
Ms.,  xviii.  28.  March  13th,  Alcalde  Siirrano  announces  that  on  the  Ctli  the 
(lyunt.  uf  Monteiey  agreed  to  petition  for  a  repeal  of  the  decree  making 
Aii;j;cUs  the  capital.  Monterey,  Areh.,  MS.,  xi.  10-17.  June  4th,  Angeles 
ayuiit.  complains  that  the  govt  sec.  is  wrong  in  writing  '  muy  ilustrc  aytni- 
tainicnti)  dc  esta  capital  do  Mdiiterey.'  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Pre/,  if  Juz;/., 
Ms.,  iii,  1 1-12.  July  20th,  Judge  Requena  forwards  to  asscnilily  tiie  law  of 
May  2:!,  IS.*},'),  and  asks  that  it  be  enforced,  making  Angeles  the  capital.  Ley. 
I!n:,  MS.,  iv.  17. 


.'■!■::  i -at';  lillL 


412 


M I(  IIKr/rORKXA'S  RULK-POIJTIf'AL  AFFAIIIS. 


could  l)c  ohtaiiit'd    froiu  ^Icxit'o  ivs|)(.'c'tiiiL(  tlu'  rin^Ii', 
(tf  tlu'  .'issciiiMy  to  act  ill  tlio  inattrr,  and  that   in  ih 
iiK  an  tiin*'  (Ik;  sessions  should  Ih'  hrld  in   souk-  otli 


{■i 


|ilacc  than  oitliiT  Moiilfrcy  or  Aiii^dcs,  sii<^_L;i's(iii.>' 
Santa  Jik's  as  a  convi'iiicjiit  [>oint.  The  tlirco  soiitli- 
(  1  iicis  Would  not  ac('t;[>t  any  coniproniise,  and  at  la  ; 
\dtud  solid  in  favor  of  lios  ^Viij^^i'lcs;  l.-ut  tlif  tv.  i 
iioitlu'in  nu.'inht'is  with  Arichcltomia  voted  lor  tli  • 
eoni|)roniise,  the  latter  also  decided  the  tie  hy  lii. 
castinj;'  vote;  and  the  next  session  was  thus  to  I  ,• 
convoked  at  Santa  Ines.  Xo  session  ever  w;is  In]  I 
there,  however,  and  iiothinu^  more  was  ever  heard  nf 
the  j)roject.  The  coinproinise  was  a  most  ine.\|ilica- 
l)le  eiaicession  on  ilie  part  of  the  arribehos,  esjiecjailv 
if  the  })resident  had  the  right  here  exercised  of  vu^t- 
ing  a  double  vote,-^ 

Let  us  turn  to  the  national  capital  and  follow  tlu' 
de|)Uty  ^laiiuel  C'astahares  in  his  efforts  in  bi'lialfnt' 
California.  J[e  was  a  much  more  diligent  re])resfiit- 
ative  than  had  been  his  predecessor,  Andres  CastilKid; 
though  perhaps  the  real  does  not  quite  ecpial  tln'  a[i- 
parent  dilferencc,  bei-ause  the  efforts  o\'  J)<»n  Maiiiiil 
were  I'ecorded  in  print,  while  those  of  ])on  Aihlirs 
were  not — even  if  there  were  any  to  be  rec()it!c(l, 
which  is  doubtful.  IJi^fore  the  end  of  1844  ('a>ta- 
fiares  received  some  connilaints  from  his  constitiimt- 
respecting  ]\[exican  neglect,  coupled  with  imi)licafiiius 
that  the  neglect  was  due  to  the  deputy's  own  inatten- 
tion to  his  duties.  As  the  best  means  (jf  proving  !  iiat 
such  charges  were  unjust,  Don  Manuel  resolved  to 
print  his  communications  and  sj>eeches.  Letti^is  iri- 
tifying  his  zeal  were  obtained  from  such  high  digiii- 
tai'ies  as  Toriiel,  Reyes,  Cortina,  Trigueros,  and  Ijh- 
canegra;  and  this  coi'respondence,  with  the  doeunioi.ts 
mentioned,  was  published  in  pamphlet  form  in  1^43. 
I  proceed  to  glance  at  the  contents  of  the  paiuplilet 

•''  Record  of  the  iliscussion  in  Daiidiiii,  Doc,  MS.,  loG;  Olvcra,  Ihy.,  \\^-, 
11;  Z.;/.  Uic.,  MS.,  iv.  L'0-'2. 


CASTANAIIKS  IX  COXCliKSS. 


■113 


^Vlh 

livs 

'(•(ll< 

Ir.l, 

("a 

-ta- 

titu 

ut-' 

i.-at 

l(i|i> 

liattcii- 

":-;■ 

iiat 

l\<M 

1     tM 

I'l'S 

(•(.■r- 

L    <li 

U'lii- 

IU,1   Hu- 

lun 

(M.ts 

11   1 

^4.). 

.1U| 

Iikt 

Lh-:. 

M.>., 

ill  clu'ondldi^-ic  order  ns  a  roourtl  of  wlmt  was  Ix'lui,^ 
tlmie  for  ( 'alil'oniia  in  Mexico. '■' 

Having'  left  Calirorniu  in  Doroinber,  Castauarcs 
(Ilrccttil  Iii.s  iirst  oflicial  (•oniniuiiicatioii  to  tln^  iniiiis- 
1(1'  (if  relations  on  ^farch  "Jfl.  It  proniisud  a  detailed 
iviioit  to  1)1'  presented  a  littK' later;  contained  a  warn - 
iii'4  nl'  impendini^  dantijer  from  foreign  aLiL,''''''^^'**"  JU'd 
iiitcriKil  trouMes;  reeonmiendcMl  the  seiidinLj^  of  a  force 
(if  7(M)  or  SOO  veteran  soldiiTs,  properly  e(|ui[)pe(l  and 
iirovidi'd  for,  t(t  protect  the  de[)ai'tnient;  and  insisted 
nil  till'  |ii'oiiipt  jiaynient,  sin  ccchs'I  tn'  itn-tcsfo  <i/(/tnio,  of 
i!i('  sS, ()()()  per  month  assigned  i'or  the  sn[)port  of  the 
liiKips  already  there. ^■' 

111  the  extra  session  of  ^farch  HOth,  the  dijtutado 
]  ivxiitcil  an  al)l(;  arnnnnuit  on  tin;  topic  of  niis.sions 
;;ii(l  tlic  [lions  fund,  in  op)>osition  to  the  rej)orts  of  cci-- 
laiii  coiiiiiiiLtees.  lie  declared  California  to  ix*  "a 
I'.iii^ih  diamond,  re(piiiinn'  only  ap[)lication  to  tln"  lapi- 
I'arvs  wheel  to  adorn  the  aureola  of  .\iiahuac  with  a 
jwrl  111"  the  most  he.iutiful  s[»lendor"!  Missionaiy 
v,(irk  must  he  a  prominent  element  in  the  polishin;,^ 
j'l.'iM'css;  and  the  fund  must  he  devoted  in  t>-oi)d  faith 
t  I  Caliioi'iiia,  in  accordance   with   the  wishes  of  the 

'•^('ifitiiihirr.i,  Cdlirrioil  dc  DarinnentnH  Itdcitivoa  nl  /)< /i(ir/rniirii/(i  di'  Cali- 
'i/:iniitt-;  I'ldilifiiihis  pur  d.  I'iinliitlnnn  Mmniil  (.'nsf'trinri:-:,  i>iiii(l<t<lo  ul  Con- 
ni'i.ii)  di  III rn/  jmr  iiqiii'l  J)c/nir/ii iiii-)i/(i.  Mexico,  Isl.'i,  Svo,  7')  p.  The  latest 
<  iiiiiiiiiiii'iitidii  ill  the  eiillectidii  Ixiirs.  date  of  July  17,  1S4."),  Init  tliiiii.i,'ii  jiiili- 
i  >hnl  ill  lN-!.'>  ami  eoiitaiiiiiiLC  iiil'iiriiiatiiiii  iitiout  events  of  the  first  |)art  of 
tiint  yciir,  I  ehoose  to  notice  this  Look  as  heloiiuin;;  to  lS-t4.  'J'iie  letters  of 
M'viiaii  ollicials  all  sjieak  of  (.'astafiares  in  llatteiing  terms.  Toniel  says; 
'Hlril.iile  V.  |ior  el  liien,  feliciilail,  y  atlelaiito  ile  las  Califoniias  que  di^'na- 
iiieiite  leproseiita,  es  iinpoiiderahle.  Begun  me  coiist.'i  en  el  lar;;o  tieinpo  <iiie 
lUfti'iupcfii'  el  luini.sterii)  do  ^'iiena,  y  on  el  cual  dia  por  dia  I'oiieurria  \'.  eon- 
liiiL"!,  esfcirzaiidi)  la  justicia  de  ijuo  a!|iiel  precioso  d()iartaim'nto  no  fue.'e 
iiliainliiiiado  ;i  sii  snerto ..  .jamas  ha  .aljaiidoiiado  sii  iioliK.'  propi'isito  yen  el 
i: 'ii^'rcsii.  ell  el  f,'aliinete,  en  la  opinion  piihliea,  y  eii  todos  los  niedios  iniairiu.i- 
I'Ks,  liii  Uenado  peifeet.'uiieule  siis  cleheies.'  The  others,  all  men  with  whom 
Castafians  had  come  c:oiistantly  in  contact  ill  his  eti'orts  in  the  diU'ereiit  ile- 
Ij.irtiiiriits,  wrote  in  terms  no  less  positive  and  lavoraMe. 

••"i'di'oion  de  intereses  encoiitrailos;  nn  reliiiado  proviininlisnio  aiiiii"n- 
tailo  p(ir  el  nicional  Kcntimiento  del  ahamlono  con  ijiie  se  ha  visto  a  aipii'l 
ui'liartaiiuiito,  y  aluunas  faltas  j_'i'aves  cometitlas  )ior  individiios  de  los  (pie 
(.iiin|ioiicii  la  espedicion  militar  ipie  mareln'i  a  las  (rrdeiies  del  i'lx""'  Sr  ( leii.  I  >. 
Manuel  Micheltoreiia,  .son  sulieicntes  elenientos,  eiitrc  otr'!S,  |p.i!'a  tenier  el 
tnistoiiici  d(^  su  traiKpiilidad  iiUeiior.'  (.'astafiares  to  niin.  of  r('l..  Mar.  "Jd, 
1'>I4,  in  /./.,  Cnl,  /)oi\,  10.  lie  insists  that  if  troojis  an;  ;-!ent,  ]irovi.sioii  mn:;t 
W'  iiuulf  lor  their  support,  as  tiie  eountry  cauuot  and  will  not  li'apport  tlieiii. 


I;a1i: 


;;;.  i-|l 


^i| 


..ili 


M;.,i 


i 

m 

ij 

1 

f  * 

lllil 

;  i 

414 


^IICHELTOREXA'S  RULE-POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


foimders — yet  not  exactly  as  it  had  been  applied  l)o- 
fore.  For,  as  Castanares  maintained  most  ingeniously 
and  eloquently,  under  the  old  mission  system  the  IikI- 
ians  had  neither  become  christianized  nor  civilizt'd, 
but  had  rather  been  enslaved,  retaining  their  idolatry, 
but  losing  their  native  freedom  and  wild  dignity;  aiul 
therefore  the  fund  of  course  had  not  been  used  a(^r(ir.l- 
in<x  to  the  wishes  of  its  crenerous   founders. 


Tl 


lose 


wishes  must  not  be  interpreted  too  literally;  for  tlio 
catechism  was  not  the  only  means  of  conversion  aii'l 
civilization,  a  still  more  eft'ective  one  being  "tli(.'  inti- 
mate contact  of  the  barbarian  with  the  man  of  cnltiuv, 
of  the  Idolater  with  the  Cliristi:in."  There  was  n.i 
better  wav  to  elevate  the  Indians  than  to  eneourauv 
the  development  of  prosperity  and  culture  among  the 
gente  de  ruzoii.  Therefore,  and  this  was  the  olijec- 
tive  point  of  all  Don  Manuel's  reasoning,  the  adiuiu- 
istration  of  tJie  jmous  fund  should  not  be  intrusted 
cxclpsively  to  the  l)ishop,  but  sliould  bo  controlled  to 
some  extent  by  the  departmental  government.  It 
is  needless  to  add  that  Castanares'  eloquence  in  tliis 
direction,  did  not  practically  enrich  the  Califuinian 
treasur}'.-'" 

In  June  we  have  three  communications  from  the 
congressman  in  ))rint,  I'rom  which  it  appears  that  he 
complained  of  not  Iiaving  been  heard  in  a  eaiiitit't 
meeting  as  promised;  that  he  sought  and  obtained  a!i 
interview  with  President  Santa  Anna;  announccil  th  ' 
arrival  of  the  Ctilijornia  schooner,  with  Captain  Vl>\\> 
as  a  connnissioner  in  quest  of  succor,  coniplaiiiin'4 
that  the  vessel  had  been  sent  back  with  nuiv  de- 
spatches instead  of  the  material  aid  so  urgently  tui  drd; 
laid  before  the  government  some  prnate  letters  I'loni 
his  constituents,  ineluding  an  account  of  the  outiaL^v 
by  the  cholos  on  Pierre  Atillan;  and  finally  (le<Iaiv.l 
that  the  Californians  would  surely  revolt  if  not  iv- 
lieved.^'     In  August  an  announcement  that  the  ( 'oli- 

*" Caatafmres'  speecli  of  Mtircli  .10tl\  in  congress.  Id.,  Col.  Doc,  II   I"'. 
'■'•  'My  what  I  have  said,  your  Excellency  will  see  that  the  eoiuliti  n  "f  tlie 


CALIFORNIA  IN  MEXICO. 


415 


f,j-i,''i  ?;cliooner  had  returned  to  Acapulco;  a  new 
V;ui:ing  of  impending  invasion  by  tlie  United  States; 
miii  ;i  new  appeal  for  the  money  that  had  been  prom- 
isiil,  and  the  men  and  arms  and  munitions  that  were 
iN'(|uii\'d  for  defence.  The  reply  of  August  IGth  was 
that  tlie  government  would  attend  to  California  as 
soon  as  it  could  free  itself  from  the  more  undent  Texan 
(jiK"<tion. 

September  1st,  Castanarcs  presented  an  exhaustive 
p  iur;d  report  on  the  condition  and  needs  of  his  de- 
partiiient,  in  part  xirst  of  which  document,  by  describ- 
iii'-  tlie  country's  natural  advantaij^es,  he  labored  to 
provo  tliat  its  retention  as  a  part  (jf  the  repubhe  was 
a  matter  of  the  gravest  importance  from  a  national 
jioiiit  of  view,  far  more  essential  than  the  possession 
iA'  Ti'xas.  In  part  second  the  author  presented  his 
views  of  what  should  bo  done  to  keep  anil  utiliz(3  thi;:- 
iiivaluahle  possession.  His  suggestions,  supported  in 
most  instances  by  plausible  arguments,  for  which  I 
have  no  space,  were  briefly  as  follows:  Increased  pow- 
ers to  be  conceded  to  the  departmental  government 
iu  liotli  branches  it  being  vain  to  apply  the  general 
laws  to  the  exceptional  circamstanc<\s  of  the  far  north. 
Several  lawyers  and  clerks  of  education  and  experi- 
eiiee  to  be  Sent  to  organize  the  administration  of  jus- 
1i ee  in  higher  courts.  The  pi(tus  fund  to  be  restored  to 
(alirornia.  and  to  be  used  by  the  bishop  with  the  inter- 
vention of  the  government,  not  only  for  purpos(^s  purely 
ecclesiastic,  but  for  the  establishment  of  new  irontier 
niis>i(ins  and  presidios,  and  for  the  general  promotion 
of  education.    ^lexican  families  to  be  sent  as  colonists 


Gilitiinii 

ci'.v<:.tl.li 
t..ai'.lv 
aljlu.„;v 

In  till  ni. 

taii;iiv>  t 
I'.la.K'  a 
truuI'liN, 
t'uiiilttuci 


;is  is  no  longer  tolerable.  In  compliance  with  my  ilutics,  I  have 
tlio  sti.'i>3  anil  exhaiistt'il  all  rusdiuves  within  my  reach  to  cause  ii 
I'f  till'  ihvspairto  wiiich  tlicy  are  reilaced.  I'hc  sup.  ;:iivt  cannnt  f:ni 
the  remeily,  hut  if  unfortunately  if;  si'ouhl  he  s>,  expert  nuthiii:.;  liut 
revolution,  a  desperate  resort  it  is  true,  hut  the  only  otio  remaining 
"  lio  liave  reeeiveil  from  Mexico  nothing' hut  an  insupportalile  tute- 
atiiins  of  every  clas.'A,  and  no  protection  whatever.'  .luiie  '2'>t\\,  ('as- 
niiiii.  of  rel.  Id.,  Col.  J)o'-.,  IS.  .luiy  'JOtn.  Castanarcs  and  Floieg 
epiirt  to  the  niin.  of  war  on  the  needs  of  Cal.  arising  from  Indian 
and  particularly  the  danger  of  American  invasion.  In  Monitor 
ona!,  March  G,  18K"),  and  an  editorial  iu  the  paper  of  Mar.  8th. 


1*^ 


a  ' 


t   HflW 

^  F  n 

1  8 

■ 

1 


410 


MICIIELTOREXA'S  RULE— POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


and  aided   by  the  goNcrnnient,  the  mission  estutes, 
among  other  resources,  being  devoted  to  that  riid. 
Foreign  coh)nization  to  be  encouraged,  away  iVoui  tlio 
immediate  coast,  under  s])ocial  laws,  especially  coloni- 
zation by  Spaniards,  Swiss,  or  Geruians.      Soli  litis 
Avith  their  families  to  be  sent  in  as  large  numbers  .is 
possible  to  form  a  kind  of  military  colonies  for  protrc- 
tion  against  the  Americans;  the  soldiers  being  release  ! 
from  military  service  after  a  brief  term.     Su[)plics  Id 
be  sent  regularly  for  the  support  of  troops  in  Calit'oi'- 
nia,,  not  only  to  render  its  defence  effective,  but  also  \  > 
reestablish  the  waning  respect  of  Californians  for  .Mix- 
ico.    Education  to  be  promoted  by  all  ]iossiblo  iik  aiis. 
The  i)orts  to  be  fortified;  and  a  navv-vard  to  be  ls- 
tablished,  with  the  comaiulancid  de  mnrina  of  the 
South  Sea,  at  San  Francisco  or  Monterey.    The  occii- 
pation  of  the  coast  islands  to  be  promoted.    The  coast 
to  be  protected  by  a  fleet  of  gun-boats  or  othei- ariiu'd 
vessels;  and  prompt  ti'ansportation  of  the  mails  to  he 
insured.     Mexican  merchants  to  receive  every  jiossi- 
ble  encourasfement  and  concession,  with  a  view  nlti- 
nuitolv  to  oiiforco  tlic  laws  against  coastinn'  trade  l)v 
foreign  vessels.    The  granting  of  lands  to  be  regulateil, 
and  orants  nlreadv  made  to  be  fullv  le'>-alized,  notwith- 
standing  possible  defects  of  minor  importaiii'e.    J^resi- 
dios  to   be    maintainetl  in   the   interior    and  on  the 
frontiers,  one  of  them,  in  the  nature  of  a  militaiy  col- 
ony, to  1)0  at  Fort  Ross.    Parish  priests  to  be  i)ru\i(led 
and  paid.     A  jiort  of  deposit  for  foreign  goods  to  ho 
established  at  ^[onterey. 

"Uncared  for  ami  abandoned  as  hitherto,"  conchi'hs 
the  auth(»i-,  California  "will  l)i'  irremediably  ht>l.  aii.l 
I  tremble  at  the  sad  consecjuences  of  such  a  loss.  A 
])owerful  foreign  nation  M'ill  pitch  its  canii)s  tlicr': 
the  adjoining  departments  will  not  be  slow  to  ieel  the 
effects;  and  California  in  the  hands  of  her  new  master 
will  be  for  its  neighbors  MJiat  Belize  is  for  Y'ncatan. 
Then  will  sprout  the  seed  to-day  lying  ignored  in  tlio 
yeil;  tlien  her  mines  will  be  vrorkeJ,  jior  ports  crowded, 


A  rnornETic  speech. 


417 


h'V  ticlds  cultivated;  then  will  a  iiunicrou.saiul  toillmr 
Ir  acquire  property   to  ho   defended   with    tlioir 


1'""!' 

.  1 


;  and  then  all  this  for  our  country  will  pro(hico 
tiic  ii[t{)usito  effects.  Tlie  ste})s  thatsliall  put  Califor- 
nia under  a  foreijj^n  power  will  be  doubled  for  us  in  a 
i(>iitrnrvsens(^;  and  when  there  is  no  longer  a  remedy, 
wlicii  there  shall  beij^in  to  be  <jfathcrod  the  l)itter  IVuits 
(.fa  lamentable  negligence  and  an  unpardonable  erroi-, 
tiiLii  we  sludl  deplore  in  vain  evils  which  might  have 
It  (ii  avoided,  and  confess  with  sorrow  our  impotence 
to  extinguish  the  destructive  germ  whieli  at  ih'st 
ini'jflit  have  been  easily  uprooted. "'^^  This  reads  like 
j'ldjilu'cy;  but  Castauares'  suggestions  were  Utopian 
v.Iii  11  addressed  to  a  government  and  a  people  like 
those  of  Mexico.  The  day  had  passed  when  the  'de- 
structive germ'  could  be  uprooted  by  Mexican  power 
exerted  in  ^Mexican  methods. 

On  Se])tember  Gth  thanks,  most  enthusiastic  but 
souiewliat  jirematurc  it  would  seem,  were  rendered  to 
lliu  government  for  the  unexpectedly  ample  resources 
oidiivd  hy  the  president  to  be  sent  to  California  in 
the  shape  of  money,  weapons,  munitions,  and  equi[)- 
iiioiits,  'all  to  defend  the  national  integrity  and  sov- 
ereignty.' No  doubt,  as  Castahares  thought,  the  I'e- 
s|ioiise  from  his  department  would  l)e  a  (/rito  de  (/>"'n'>t 
,!'iaiiist  the  insolent  ibreigners  who  sought  to  steal  so 
[liix'iuus  a  pos.session.'"''     The  only  other  essential  fact 

■'" Cfi.<^nV(rc  s',  California  v  sns  mals.  Ux/ioticion  d'lri'ihla  al  Gohiervocn  1^ 
'!■■■■<. i,i;i'>i: I, )■(■(!,■  IS.'/ 1  III  /./.,  Cut.  J)or.,  "JI-.VJ.  Ill  Xjrx.'ro,  Mnn.  (/wrnt, 
l'!t,  ]).  11)  ."0,  Minister  Tdriicl  recMimiiioinl^f  Mexican  coluiii/iitiDU  for  (,';il., 
i;:iil  Ji'liiiits  the  iirgcnit  (lauuer  of  losiiii;  tli;;t  dcpiirtineiit.  .June  'Jlst,  the 
I'lii,  ^.Tti.  of  Ciil.  t  I  bo  suiijjiiuu  with  nil  lie  needs  (1).  J)f/)l.  S/.  I'tijK,  Jliii., 
Ms.,  i,  Ml-l.  Julj  IStli,  Sl',000  onlured  imid  l.y  Miiziitiiiii  customs.  A/.,  i.  S2. 
Au.'.  Itlst,  .Sll.lH)^  duo  from  I'eclicr's estate  initatyov.'s  disposal.  /(/.,  i.  S.Vlj, 
Si  lit.  M.  till'  .^S.OOO  per  month  to  be  paiil  itc  toda  iircj'ci-vncia,  as  ordered  in 
M.vlSl'J,  A/.,i,  8!)-<)0. 

■'•'Sc[it.  (Itii,  Ciistafifircs  to  min.  of  rel.  Sept.  7th,  reply  of  Rejon.  ('(in- 
t'lunm,  ( ',,/.  1)(K.,  52-3.  The  aid  ordered  accordiiij;  to  a  letter  of  (!en.  I'LVica 
on  Xw,  'JTtli,  /(/.,  p.  0,  incUnled  500  infantry  and  ;{00  cav:ilry  uniforms!  tho 
cnnvspnniiin^'  armament;  300  complete  cavalry  e(|uipmciits;  a  laru'e  (|iianti;y 
I  f  iiad  a:iil  powder  at  Acapulco;  4  pieces  of  ;ir!illcry;  §S,000  per  moiitli  jjai.l 
■i;  .^I  .zatlan  <lf  jirr/rreiiria;  and  iiiially,  the  relittiiig  of  the  schooner  ( 'nlifm-ii'id. 
!)".:  the  cirectiveiiess  of  this  aid  wa.s  somewhat  iinjiaired  by  the  remark  in  tho 
friLH' letter,  'the  orders  have  been  issued,  and  I  helievc  that,  en  el  primer  mo- 
mmto  (/('  (/.'vn/io'/o  qui  hai/a,  they  will  be  executed.' 
ilisT.  Cal.,  Vol.'IV.    J7 


" 


fclij 


% 


!;: 


*  I    ' 


418 


MICHELTORENA'S  RULE— POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


respecting  these  reiinforccments  and  supplies  i>  iliat 
tliey  were  never  sent  at  all.  In  November  a  riirnlar 
was  issued  forbidding  all  payments  of  funds  \vitlioiit 
special  orders;  but  Castanares  succeeded  in  oljtainiiif 
an  order  that  the  California  payments  at  Mazatlaii  li' 
not  suspended!  This  closed  the  correspondt-ncr  nf 
1844;  but  J.  shall  have  occasion  to  notice  the  coiitin- 
uation  of  the  deputy's  efforts  in  the  annals  of  is  i,j. 

Clearly,  Micheltorena's  administration  had  not  ]Kvn 
productive  of  any  very  brilliant  results  so  far  ns  t!io 
welfare  of  California  was  concerned.     The  coiMlitiun 
of  the  country  was  not  much  better  or  worse  in  1^14 
than  it  had  been  in  1841.     That  such  was  llic  ca^c, 
however,  is  not  to  be  considered  to  any  great  i  \triit 
the  ruler's  fjiult;    nor  does    it  furnish   an  arguiiniit 
against  the  soundness  of  Vallcjo's  policy  in  liavinj; 
urged  the  sending  of  a  Mexican  officer  to  assunir  Imth 
commands.     That  the  result  was  disappoint! ni^'  was 
due  almost  entirely  to    circumstances,   which   anise 
largely  from  blunders  in  ]\Iexic().     It  is  douLtfiil  if 
there  was  an  othcer  in  Mexico  who  could  have  duiio 
better  in  Micheltorena's  place.     There  is  no  disa'jjno- 
nient  among  those  who  knew  him  respecting  the  i^vii- 
eral's  character.     He  lacked  force,  and  was  even  in- 
clined to  indolence.     He  was  not  a  man  to  act  cither 
promptly  or  wisely  in  an  emergency.     He  e\liil»ited 
himself  in  a  ridiculously  unfavorable  light  by  his  Mus- 
ter in  the  Jones  ail'air.     On  other  occasions  in  his  (Cal- 
ifornia experience  he  manifested  weakness  of  cliai-actcr, 
and  he  was  regarded  by  his  Mexican  opponents  as  a 
pedantic  dreamer  of  many  theories.     Still  he  was  a 
gentleman  of  considerable  culture,  possessed  of  many 
negative  virtues  and  no  glaring  vices,  impiwing  in  \n'\'- 
son,  with  manners   affable   and  fascinating,  kin'l  "t 
heart  and  honest  of  purpose,  gifted  not  only  wiih  tlie 
power  of  winning  personal  friends,  but  with  a  tair  ilo- 
gree  of  executive  ability  and  tact.^'' 

'"I  might  quote  long  lists  of  Californian  authorities  on  Micholton  'i ;  s  diar- 


I 


II  ■ 

m  - 


THE  GOVERNORS  CHARACTER. 


410 


^liclioltorena  inado  many  warm  personal  friends,  and 
he  ixcited  the  ill-feeling  and  opposition  of  no  class. 
lit-'  favored  neither  arriheiios  nor  abajehos,  hut  tried  to 
reciiiicile  sectional  differences.  There  was  never  any 
Odiiiplaint  of  his  favoring  luiduly  either  Mexicans  or 
Calit'oinians.  He  restored  what  was  lei't  of  the  mission 
cstiitt's  to  the  padres  without  exciting  the  o[)positiou 
of  any  other  class.  He  aided  the  bishop  in  his  edu- 
catinii.d  schemes,  and  listened  to  that  dignity's  coun- 
sel so  far  as  to  marry  his  mistress.  He  was  lib<'ral 
t(i  and  well  liked  by  the  foreigners  generally.  He 
ivduri'd  expenses  without  very  vSeriously  offending  the 
111(11  who  lost  their  salaries;  and  in  fact,  without  hav- 
ing- iiiii'oduced  any  brilliant  or  swee[)ing  reforms,  he 
peiroiined  the  duties  of  his  office  under  dillicult  cir- 
cumstances with  creditable  tact  and  abilit\'.  There 
is  iiiiicli  to  be  said  in  praise  of  his  policy  in  all 
luaiirlii's  of  government,  and  very  little  to  condemn. 
As  I  have  before  remarked,  it  is  doubtful  if  any 
available  officer,  Mexican  or  Californian,  could  have 
ddiie    better;    and    though    many    even    among    his 

actor,  1i\it  there  is  so  little  variety  of  opinion  that  it  would  serve  no  good  ptir- 
posi'.  Alvaraihi,  Castro,  Osio,  and  others  of  that  class,  while  not  denying 
tluK  lie  ii(ttsi'ss(Hl  good  nature  and  some  other  good  personal  (jualitiiH,  (hvell 
iwturally  nii  W\a  weakness,  lack  of  energy,  and  even  lack  of  good  faith;  while 
otliors,  iiuludiiig  foreiLjncrs  like  Sutter,  IJidwell,  Davi^,  and  Larkiii,  are  dis- 
posed til  i\agL;erate  his  kindness,  wisdom,  and  ahility ;  hut  on  tlii>  whole,  there 
isiiiimaa  pnniiinently  named  in  California  history  aliont  whose  jiersunal  char- 
acter t'licn^  is  sucli  a  general  agreement.  On  Oct.  22,  ISl'J,  ,)i>hu('.  .lonc) 
wiMti'  from  Sta  liiirbara  to  Larkin  as  follows:  'From  all  accounts!,  the  general 
UaiiiiM,  alVahlc,  and  well  disposed  man;  hut  devoid  of  all  energy,  st;d)ility, 
force,  or  resolution;  the  very  last  man  who  should  have  liecn  fient  to  guide 
the  destinies  of  California.  Ho  appears  to  he  tickle  and  very  iiiulccided,  and 
ifrepirt  speji'...  true,  not  overstocked  with  courage.'  Lai/yni'.<!  Dor.,  MS.,  i. 
Iin.  li.htamante,  Mem.  Jliat.  Mcx.,  MS.,  ii.  100,  170;  iii.  4ii,  coiidenins 
Mielultviiiia  as  pedantic  and  inelUcient.  Osio,  Hint.  ('<il.,  MS.,  4_','S-:!_',  pro- 
nnmiivs  him  a  man  of  theories,  hctter  fitted  for  a  teacher  than  a  governor. 
Mr.stlnl,  Orurri'iifict!^,  MS.,  ]'M,  notes  that  he  rarely  rose  from  his  hod  until 
iMoii.  riindini,  //(,sV.  Cal.,  MS.,  101,  praises  Iiis  peiv<onal  charac  ar  highly. 
Spcncc,  //(.s7.  yoti'.i,  MS.,  '20,  says  that  although  a  gentleman  in  m:iuners,  ho 
wa:ilii7y,  always  putting  tilings  ofl' till  to-morrow.  (Jomez,  I.ntjito  Sulir,  MS., 
fil-'2,  ITi;  7,  ;U0-1,  .%,"),  ;i74-.5,  38O-I,  has  much  to  .say  of  the  g(!:ieral,  not- 
ing; anioiig  other  things  his  fondness  for  gamhling.  '(leiu^ral  d  •  erudieion 
inoiliaiiu,  ci'dehro  por  los  disparates  que  escribio  al  niinisterio  Mcj'caiio.'  .1/- 
Mm,/„,  llisf.  Cal.,  MS.,  V.  94-0,  39-41.  Nov.  18,  1S44,  Vail  jo  a.ssnrea 
Miclieltorena  that  ho  ia  very  highly  esteemed  by  the  Californians,  and  would 
bo  mure  so  if  ho  would  send  away  his  soldiers.  licar  Flaij  Pap.,  MS.,  3. 


n 

1 

i--  \'i 


i*.  ..i; 


m 


't  ■i-iiii 


^l 

. 

■  1 

■  1 '. 

■  -  i 

■      '  1  .;  ■ 

,'  i. 

I  ii 

II  l\ 

420 


MICHELTORENA'S  RULE— POLITICAL  AFFAIRS. 


fVionds  deplore  his  lack  of  energy  as  fatal,  I  find  but 
lew  occasions  in  his  rule  where  the  obstacles  in  his 
way  niit,dit  have  been  overcome  by  energetic  actiuii; 
yet  it  is  true  he  should  have  refused  to  come  to  Cali- 
fornia with  the  company  that  was  given  him. 

Had  Micheltorena  come  with  a  force  of  soldiers 
properly  equipped  and  provided  for,  to  bo  used  on 
the  frontiers  for  protection  against  Indian  Ikh-sc- 
tliieves;  or  had  he  come  alone — and  been  allowed  to 
assume  tlie  command,  as  he  perhaps  would  have  hoon 
through  A^allejo's  influence — there  is  much  reason  to 
l)clieve  that  his  rule  would  have  been  a  wise  and  suc- 
cessful one.  But  he  brought  a  battalion  <jf  convicts, 
who,  to  sav  nothing  of  the  insult  and  ijrievous  wrnn"' 
to  California,  or  of  the  petty  depredations  of  these 
criminals,  not  only  consumed  the  country's  revenues 
\\ithout  rendering  the  slightest  service  in  return,  and 
revived  the  old  animosities  between  the  inliuliifants 
and  los  cle  la  otra  handa,  but  exhausted  the  gt'iui-al's 
energies  and  abilities  in  the  task  of  preserving  amon^' 
them  a  semblance  of  discipline  and  of  providing  for 
their  subsistence.  I  have  given  him  much  creiht  for 
the  restraint  ho  exercised  over  these  men;  but  to 
control  and  support  a  crowd  of  criminal  vagal  lomls 
was  a  pitiful  object  for  the  energies  of  a  province  and 
its  rul 


er 


Ul 


"  See  chap.  xx.  for  the  revolution  against  Micheltorena  in  Xo\onibor. 
l.arkin,  Do-:,  MS.,  ii.  271,  speaks  of  the  benefits  conferred  on  Califomia  liy 
Michultorena's  administration;  while  Vallojo,  Doc,  MS.,  xii.  \'u.  p.  '-'-.'!,  i" 
a  letter  to  cx-Prcsident  Bustainanto,  declares  that  he  left  Cal.  in  a  imuli 
worse  condition  than  he  found  it  iu — but  chielly  because  the  cholos  dtiiiaiidea 
his  whole  attention. 


Wli« 


CHAPTER  X^ail. 

HUSSIONS  AND  BISHOl'KIC— TRADE  AND  FINANCE. 

1S44. 

Pikan's  Ukport  on  Soi'tiiern  Missions— Local  Items — Lost  SiiEEft— 
I'.uii.i.^i  AM)  Vallkjo— Skcci.arization  of  San  Lns  Oiusro— (Wiant 
(iF  LaM'S  to  Tiir,  Ciii'iicii— AirnioKiZKD  Salk  ok  Mission  Ksiates 
TD  Mi:kt  Waij  Exi'KNSKs— Bisiioi'iiic— Ki  tlesiastical  Semi\ai;v  ai' 
Sama  Inks— Pastokal  Visit  to  the  North — Commekcial  Keckla. 
Ti  iss-Uetaii,  Trade— Protection  of  the  Boston  Merchants— 
Whalers  Ailowed  to  Tkaue — Yi;ui!a  Buena  and  SArzAi.no— Uev- 
EM  K  Oeiiceus — San  Francisco  ani>  Santa  Barbara  —  Financial 
Ari'AiRs — List  of  Vessels  on  the  Coast  in  1844. 

A  cKXKRAL  report  on  tlio  condition  of  the  soutlioru 
missions,  in  cliarn'o  of  the  Fcrnandinos,  was  made  out 
ill  J'cltriiary,  in  response  to  a  circular  from  !^[exico. 
]ts  |iiu'|)ort,  in  marked  contrast  to  similar  documents 
of  earlier  times,  was  as  I'ollows:  San  ^Ii_L!fuel  has 
mither  lands  nor  cattle,  and  its  neophytes  are  demor- 
iili/.cd  and  scattered  for  want  of  a  minister.  San  Luis 
( '!)ispo  is  in  the  same  condition.  La  Purisima,  thoui^h 
witlidiit  ]iroperty  or  sowinjjf-lands,  has  yet  a  vineyard 
•  il'iiKidcrate  extent,  and  retains  ahout  "JOG  neojdiytes. 
lilt'  minister,  Padre  Juan  ^Foreno,  is  ill,  and  is  aided 
1)V  tlic  cleriifyman  ^liij^uel  (Jonu'z.  Santa  Ines  with 
-I'll  iiropliytes,  and  with  suflicient  resources  for  their 
^iil'p'irt.  is  in  charu^e  of  Padre  ,Joso  Joacpiin  Jimeno. 
Santa  JJih'hara,  administered  by  ,l*adi'e  Antonio  di- 
iii'iin  and  the  writer  of  this  re[K)rt,  has  the  greatest 
tliiiicuh y  to  support  its  287  souls.  San  Puenaventura 
I'liiaiiis  in  tolerably  ijfood  condition,  with  plenty  of 
ivsdiuvis.     It  is  administered  temporally  l»y  Pudro 


t  I 


p   '■■ 


' !:  ^'a  ii 


|i:;      ,  ^ !  ■ 


1'-;  v'  ■ 


422        MISSIONS  AND  BISHOPRIC— TRADE  AND  FINANCE. 

Jinicno  of  Santa  Bilrbara,  and  spiritually  by  the  pres- 
byter, J(jsc  jSIaria  Resales.  San  Fernando,  with  few 
cattle,  lias  two  vineyards,  and  is  administered  by  l^adre 
Bias  Ordaz.  San  Gabriel,  once  'queen  of  all  tin-  mis- 
sions,' lias  nothing  left  but  its  vineyards  in  dctfiio- 
rated  condition,  which,  with  300  neophytes,  are  caivd 
for  by  Padre  Tomiis  Estenega  and  Presbyter  Aiititiiii) 
]\r.  Jinieno.  San  Juan  Capistrano  has  no  ministii', 
and  its  neophj'tes  arc  scattered.  San  Luis  Kty.  wiili 
a  [)opulation  of  400,  has  hardly  anything  left,  ami  it> 
minister,  Padre  Jose  M.  Zalvidea,  is  in  a  slat"  uf 
dotage.  San  Diego,  always  a  poor  mission,  has  noth- 
ing now.  Padre  Vicente  Oliva  cares  for  its  100  souls. 
''From  all  of  wdiich  it  appears  that  three  missions  arc 
abandoned,  in  totuni,  for  want  of  ministers  and  re- 
sources; that  there  remain  only  eight  religiosos  tlr- 
nandinos,  with  three  clergymen  to  aid  them:  that 
only  Santa  Ines  and  San  Buenaventura  have  the 
means  of  moderate  subsistence;  and  that  the  oilier 
nine,  destroyed  by  secularization,  and  their  neopliytes 
demoralized,  are  in  a  moral  impossibility  of  e\ cr  rui.-i- 
ino-  their  heads."^ 

As  to  the  success  of  the  friars  in  administorinL;'  the 
fragments  of  mission  property  restored  to  tlh'Ui  hy 
i\[ieheltorena,  it  is  difticult  to  form  any  definite  iika 
from  the  few  local  items  that  constitute  the  only  ive- 
ord  extant.  At  four  or  five  of  the  richest  estaldish- 
nients  there  was  doubtless  a  jjartial  return  of  pvospii- 
ity,  though  even  in  connection  with  these  we  lia\e  no 
information  about  the  eighth  of  total  products  that 
was  to  be  paid  into  the  treasury.  The  padres  of  San 
Jose  and  Santa  Clara  entered  with  spirit  into  the 
discharge  of  their  new  duties,  and  took  ste[)-.  with 

'  Durnn,  Iiiforme  del  Actual  Edculo  de  las  Mkione.s  de  la  Alta  Cdjorm 
al  rarijo  (l(  (  Colciiio  de  S.  Fernando  de  Mexico,  Fch"  IS.}'/,  ^IS.  Jl.::.iiill  in 
his  letter  to  Wyllie  also  n.'ports  that  'the  missions  aro  almost  cntiifly  Lriiioto 
ruin,  and  can  iiuvci-  he  hrou^'ht  back  to  their  former  state,'  hut  he  luuk-s  this 
state  of  things  is  well  for  the  country's  temporal  jirosperity.  V/'o  /  ''  \i-"'J' 
i.'k  Colour:.,  MS.,  88.  Castafiares,  on  the  contrary,  regarded  the  d.  -i  ;ifall  uf 
tlio  niissii.  as  as  the  greatest  misfortune  of  Califoruia.  Caslahuixg,  '  ■L  i>^-> 
:;i,  40-50. 


SECULARIZATION. 


423 


vliat  SUCCORS  (Iocs  not  appear,  to  collect  the  mission 
livi  -stiK'k  that  had  been  lent  out  to  (litlereut  individ- 
ual>.-  San  Luis  Obispo,  not  one  of  the  restored  niis- 
sinii>,  and  one  that,  accordinii^  to  Duran's  report,  had 
11,1  |iiopei'ty  left,  was  formally  secularized  by  Miehelto- 
\vu;\>  decree  of  July  10th.  That  is,  it  was  formed 
intd  a  juu'hlo,  with  the  unoccu[)ied  lands  in  the  vicin- 
ilv  as  t  ,/iilos,  the  few  remaining  neoohytes  beinj;'  made 
(iitiit  ly  iive,  except  that  they  could  not  sell  their 
lands,  and  were  to  furnish  six  persons  ea(,'h  week  to 
aid  till'  curate.  The  missionary  house  was  to  be  the 
jiai-mia^e,  and  other  buildini^s  were  to  be  dedicated 
til  piilillc  usL's.  Tile  ditches  were  to  remain  free  for 
the  ((imnion  use  of  all;  no  lot  was  to  be  granted 
witliHiit  rel'erence  to  the  governor;  and  the  local 
ooNtiiiment,  for  the  present,  was  to  be  in  the  hands 
111'  all  assistant  justii-e,  subject  to  the  municipality  of 
^IiiiitLiey.  I  tind  no  evidence  that  any  inunediate 
aitinii  was  taken  under  this  decree,  or  that  any  other 
otahlishment  was  thus  finally  secularized  this  year.^ 


-M.iy-O,  1844,  PP.  Meroado  and  Miiro  give  Francisco  Arco  powers  of 
iiti  iiiiry  to  recover  this  property,  of  vliicli  the  largest  item  is  0,000  sheep, 
(iwiira  hy  M.  (1.  Vallejo.  Arrc,  J),jr.,  .MS.,  1,  .3,  ").  Aug.  liOth,  \'.  to  Aree. 
Dciiiis  having  any  sheep  belonging  to  tlie  missions.  The  wliole  uumlier  \\\iS 
I'lily  l.OIII),  and  thi'y  were  legally  taken  l)y  him  as  aid  to  the  govt.  /'/. ,  :{0. 
Vjctiite  ( loniez,  Li)  Qui'  Sain',  .M.S.,  41'2-"_'7,  recites  a  long  story  aliout  a  (juar- 
X'A  that  tii')lv  place  this  year  at  Monterey,  on  tliis  suhject.  Benito  Dia;:  ao- 
lasid  N'aih'jo  of  having  enriched  himself  Ijy  plundering  the  missions,  V. 
iliinamliil  an  investigation,  and  some  letters  of  friars  sulistantiatin;;  tho 
^■ll:^■_'c'  were  produced.  The  writer,  not  very  good  authority  and  unfriendly 
t"  \'.,  represents  the  matter  as  having  looked  dark  for  the  lattei',  when  it 
was  ia\.sti'i-iously  hushed  up.  Jan.  18th,  1'.  Merrado  to  .Mealdi'.  Kef"rt;  to 
aiiui'.Kr  that  'vagal)ond.s' lie  gatliered  and  employed  in  eoMimunitv  "ork. 
>../•<  ,  .l/v7(.,  M.S.,  iv.  0.  April  ll'tii,  Id.  to  Id.  '.Vshar[.  reimiof  formeil- 
illiii','  v.ith  the  maragenient  of  Ind.,  which  belongs  exclusivelv  to  tiie  padre. 
.I.'(.,  .1/-../-,  .MS.,iv.  pt  ii.  'MS.  .Inly  l.')th,'gov.  to  alcalde.  The  free 
liil.  01  S.  liuenaventura  must  lie  induced  to  leave  the  eomnninity  lands  and 
n;ttkat  Sta  JJarliara.  J><ii!.  1!<:<:,  -MS.,  xiii.  8(1. 

••■li.'y  Hi,  lS4t,  M.'s  decree  secidarizing  S.  Luis  Obispo.  Am,  Dor.,  MS., 
I.';  /■,•',,  J),;,;,  .MS.,  ii.  7:S-();  .S7.  /'-■(/-.,  .l//.s.s.  uiid  C<if.ii.,  MS.,  ii.  ;{!»;)-4()|. 
-V  [irn,  i  ioiial  regulation  for  tlie  management  of  the  .StaCrn/  property  liy 
tile  j'.i  tice  of  the  peace,  jirobably  of  this  year.  In  /'/.,  ii.  40!»-I0.  .\iiril 
till,  tlie  inhabitants  of  S.  F.  mission  petition  tlie  gov.  to  recognize  tin  in 
utah'.i-liiiient  as  a  pueblo;  but  April  liOth  M.  declined  to  grant  the  jietitiou 
tuitil  iii\r«tig:ition  could  be  made,  the  matter  not  being  urgent.  From  ar- 
iMves.  i,i  l)iriii,ll,:-<  ( '„/.,».  //isl.,  add.,  UVJ-.'J.  Nov.  1-Jth,  O.s'io  is  direcLcd  i.;' 
tilt  ;,''..  to  take  the  .">(i  cattle  which  he  liutl  lent  to  the  govt  iroi:'  tlic  .S, 
lUaelsock.  l>cj>t.  y.'tc,  M,S.,  xiii.  100. 


i-^H 


I    '  .!fi 


:i!:ti   u 


42i       MI:>SION.S  AND  BISHOPRIC— TRADE  AND  FINANCR, 

In  June  tlio  bis]  lop  asked  thattlie  gardens,  oicliarl;, 
and  vin(!yn.rds  of  the  vx-niissiuns  be  given  ui*  to  tin' 
ministers,  that  by  tlieir  usufVuet  tliey  might  siiii|iuit 
th(-!insi)lves  and  th(i  ciilfo.  He  desired  "that  the  s;ii,l 
])()ssessi()ns  may  in  all  time  be  respected  as  a  sai-rc  I 
thing,  as  true  ecclesiastical  pr()})erty,  lH)th  in  rosjuct 
of  the  object  for  which  they  are  destined,  and  of  ili  ■ 
true  ownershii)  which  in  them  my  churches  ou'^hf,  i  > 
have,  as  soon  as  you  order  extended  to  each  in  paili  • 
ular  a  title  oi'  ]»i'oi)rietorship  in  legal  form.'"*  In  th  ■ 
natural  order  of  things,  by  the  tenor  of  Spanisli  ;ni  1 
]\Icxican  law,  this  projierty  or  a  portion  of  it  woiill 
eventually  revert  with  the  buildings  to  the  cluncli; 
and,  whether  a  specilic  grant  was  necessary  or  nut, 
there  was  no  urgency  in  the  matter,  so  far  as  tli.j 
twelve  missions  now  under  control  of  tlie  friars  wow. 
concerui'd,  l^)ssibly  the  bishop's  purj)ose  was,  Imv-- 
ever,  to  guard  against  lutun;  deiiiands  foi-  (he  ciglit'i 
of  pi'oducts  ]>romised,  the  vineyanls  being  the  oiily 
jiroperty  that  could  hr  ex[)ecti'd  to  yield  nuich  i»i<iiit, 
1  have  not  found  Mi<-heltorena's  reply  to  tlie  giiHia! 
proposition;  but  in  the  case  of  two  missions  \\n\  ih- 
cluded  in  the  twelve,  and  which  wei-e  luinr.l  an  1 
aljandoiied  according  to  Duran's  re])oi't,  lie  iii.nli' 
formal  grants  to  the  clnu'ch  of  lands  for  the  siipiinir 
of  (hvinc  woi'ship,  wliicli  were  accepted  by  Di-linji 
(Jarci'a  J)iego.  'I'o  San  Luis  Obispo,  on  tin'  same 
date  that  it  was  made  a  pueblo,  v.ei'e  given  a  lea  .;iir  ni' 
land  at  La  l^aguna  and  two  gardens,  oi-  hnrrtus,  m  ar 
the  curate's  house,  wliile  to  San  Miguel  on  tlic  >■  'Mi' 
date  was  given  tlu^  vineyard  knoun  as  La  ^Fayir.' 

Li  August,  when  ^Nlicheltorena  called  upnn  the 
junta,  or  assembly,  to  provide  i-esources  with  wlii'h 
to  resist  an  anticipated  invasion  by  the  I'nitcd  Siali.s, 

*.liiiic  S.  1S14,  bishop  to  gov.,  asl;ing  for  mission  ganU'ii.s.  Ar<h.  Ar.nh., 
Ms.,  V.  ]it  ii.  :!!». 

^.hily  1(»,  l,s!t,  :;r;uit  <f  l;iiiit-i  t>  S.  Lui.-i  and  S.  >!iL'!icl  for  siii'iin't  "f 
w.>r.«liij>,  witli  .■iirc|itan(i'  liy  tin'  lii.-liop  in  nanu^  of  tlio  rhurcli.  I'i-",  !'■'•■'■, 
Ms.,  ii.  l!t- •_'.");  S(Ui-aineiitu,  Si>aii.  Arch.,  MS.,  p.  11-10;  JJi/it.  Si.  i'''j'; 
MS.,  vi.  147-8. 


SKMIXAJIY  AT  SANTA  IN::S. 


423 


••('lli'lMl 

lin)     lii- 

,1    ;i!,l 

•  rjic  III 

■•■,  111 ■;!'.• 

Ill     till' 
wllirll 


s 


i:ili>, 


h.  A. ■■■>>>., 
Si.  1'  7'-' 


a  ciiininlttee  consistiiiu;'  of  David  Spouce,  Pio  Pico, 
a;iil  Xarciso  Botcllo  indicated  the  mission  estates  as 
t!n'  'Uily  public  pr()[)erty  in  the  department  on  which 
fuiids  might  be  raised  ibr  the  country's  det'ence.  This 
irjMirt,  a[tpr(ived  1)y  the  assembly  on  the  24th,  author- 
i/A'.l  tlio  government  to  sell,  hypothecate,  or  rent  the 
i!ii>'i(in  estates  ami  lands,  and  after  jtaying  all  debts 
aiiil  collecting  all  dues,  to  use  the  sur[)lus  })roceeds  to 
]i;iy  war  exj)enses.  Santa  Ikirbara  as  the  site  of  tho 
t|ii.-(npal  palace,  and  Santa  Lies  as  that  of  a  college, 
Mill'  e\ce[)ted;  and  still  others  might  be  reserved  for 
iialiiui.'il  tillage  to  afford  subsistence  to  tho  troops. 
This  disposition  was  to  be  made  of  the  estates  at  such 
a  time  and  in  such  a  manner  as  might  sei-m  best,  un- 
(\rv  :\  icglamento  M'hich  should  pi'ovide  Ibr  a  pi\)})er 
tii-ii  iliUtion  of  the  movable  property  and  lands  to 
v.liiili  the  m;o[)hytes  were  entitled,  and  also  Ibr  tho 
support  ol'  the  curates.  In  other  words,  the  governor 
\v;i>  authorized  to  com})lete  the  secularization  of  die 
i:ii»ii>iis  and  to  use  national  ])ro[)erty  remaining  lor 
pinpoxjs  of  national  defence.  Tho  measure  was  a 
Ic^iiiin.ite  one;  but  the  alarm  of  war  ])rovcd  I'alse; 
ami  Miclieltorena  never  had  occasion  to  ])ublish  the 
ill  c;(  (',  or  use  the  power  conferred  on  him." 

Bislioj)  Garcia  Diego  had  resolved  on  tho  establish- 
iric;i1  (pfan  ecclesiastical  seminaiy  at  Santa  Ines,  and 
ly  I, IS  authority  padres  Sanchez  and  Jimeno  had  ap- 
]||ii  'i  to  the  governor  for  a  grant  of  land  in  sup])(jrt 
<t  >;icli  an  institution.  The  grant  tor  six  leagues  was 
i>>U''  I  oil  !March  IDth,  and  more  was  given  subsc- 
tjiuiilly.'     Early  in  May  tlu.'   bisho[)  with  his  attend- 

•^Aii.'.  "JO  -i,  1S(4,  artion  of  the  asscmlily  autliiiri/iii'4  suli'  of  tlic  iiiis.si.in 
estai.s.  /,,';,.  y,',,-.,.MS.,  iv.  'JO,  'J.VT;  ('/'•-/•,■/,  J)„r..  MS.',  KUl;  //,i>/,.^.  L,;i:l 
.'.'>'.  N.  /'V./r,,  Ms,,  i.,  no.  4,"i,  ]).  lU.VT;  Unrtimiu'^  llriri'  in  Mi.--.  <  V/.v,  >-,  1.')- 
I'i;  ,/.  „.  i' /,', yior/,  no.  'Ji';  ll(>i}'iiuiim\->  Opiiiinit.^,  ;?.^.  Wlictlwr  the  !is.scnil)iy 
cuiil'l  r  ,::fi.T  siir  h  ;i  jiDwiT,  or  wlK'thtir  ^ii^ln■lto^(■n:l  dM  iint  have  llic  p.avor 
witlmur  iiiiisiilti'iL,'  tho  nssiiiiMy,  art!  (]nrsliuii3  that  need  not  1)U  (lisLii!<suil 
ln.li.     \i).»;,ilc!j  woio  niiiilo  iniil<  r  lliis  int. 

'Mar.h  1(1,  Isi-t,  gvant  of  tho  4  cafiail.-i:i  of  Sotonocomi'i,  Alisqiii'V,  Ca!a- 
liara,  in:il  .\;fiiic!iiimi  of  Sta  Im' ;  lanil.s,  ^vit'l  .icit'iitani'i'  liy  l)i>liop  on  Ma.v 
■Jlii.  -iai:: aiiuiUo,  i)}iait.  Arch.,  MS.,  vii.   l-'J.     Sfpt.  'JOth,  two  more  sitius 


k  I  fit 


■•i*il-\\ 


[I 

V* 


420       MISSIONS  AND  BISIIOrRIC-TRADE  AND  FINANCE. 


m 


P 


ants  started  iiortliward,  and  at  Santa  Tiit's  lie  I'imukI 
tliu  ^mnt,  t(\L,'('tlu;r  with  a  connniinication  IVoin  Mi- 
(.■lu'ltort'na  to  tlio  filect  that  he  had  assii^ncd  i^jiiii  in 
jMoncy  \H'Y  year  for  the  .seminarv,  on  con(Hti()n  that 
into  it  should  be  athnittod  every  Cali torn ian  in  sisuvh 
ol'a  hiL;hi'r  education.'*  It  was  on  May  4th,  at  7  a.  m,, 
the  founders  assendded  in  the  nnssion  chiu'ch:  ainl 
after  a  pontifical  mass  in  honor  of  our  lady  of  lul'iinv, 
and  a  discourse  from  J)isho[)  Francisco,  the  constitu- 
tion which  was  to  L^'vcrn  the  institution  was  ivud, 
and  the  seminary  declared  to  he  iti  c.^sc  ai-eordinn-  to 
the  ]>r(»visions  of  the  council  of  Trent,  beini^*  eiiiiilr.l 
to  all  the  honors  and  ])rivile!jfes  coi'res[)ondiii'4  In  a 
diocesan  seminary.  Tin-  ei)isco|ial  henedictioii  wa.-, 
])ronounce(l  on  the  assemhled  peojtle;  and  the  louiid- 
ers,  to<.;fether  with  tlu;  live  cu/(yi"fcs  wlio  wrti:  to 
])ursue  their  studies  liere,  si<.^ned  their  names  to  ;i 
record  (tf  th(' proceedinjjfs  left  in  the  nnssion  hooks.' 

Fi'om  Santa  lues  the  l»isho[)  continued  his  joiuiuy 
northward,  visitin^,^  this  j)art  (jf  liis  diocese  for  the 
first  lime  in  an  otlicial  caj>acity,  aflordin^;'  in;u!v  all 
the  peojile  their  first  view  of  ('[)iscopal  rohes  am!  llirir 
lii'st  kiss  of  the  episcopal  rini;",  and  administfiin,;  tliu 
rite  of  conlirmation  to  all  the  faithful,      llis  joiinny 

/.rniiitcil,  ami  juccpted  1>y  V.  (icuzalez.  Juno  4,  1S4(1.  /'/.,  vii.  "J  4.  Apiil 
ISl.'i,  jiifiilic'iil  iiDsscssion  j,'ivi'ii  of  the  Liliil-i,  on  wliicli  ncoasioii  it  \'.,l>  |i1ii;i- 
iru-cl  tliat  iliiriiiL;  tlKM'xi.stcm-i'of  tlic  i'()llfL;>Miiie  mass  ca<'li  yiMPshouliI  l.c:,.iiil 
for  thi'  soul  of  Nicolas  iK'ii,  the  alcalde  who  ;,'avc^  ]i<isscssioii.    A/.,  vii.  li  Id. 

^/)il)l.  /i'ii\,  MS.,  .xiii.  7--4.  'i'haiiksof  tiie  hishop  ami  jiailics.  au'l  in'ipn. 
yitiuii  to  cstalilish  an  "esciiela  formal  tie  primeras  letras '  in  eouiiecli'ii  with 
the  semiiiiM'y.   Anh.  Arzub.,  MS.,  v.  2>t  ii.  'M-~. 

"  SUi  /iir".  Lib.  Minion,  ]MS.,  'JS-D.  Alsoan  original  reeoril  in  Stini'ii ,  /'■■(•., 
MS.,  ii.  ,"i7  S.  The  names  were  tlio.se  of  l>i-ho[)tiariia  l)ie,L'oy  Moien  ■;  I  I^slv 
retary,  Fr.  Jose  M.  de  J.  (Jonzalez;  Suli-deaeons  I>oroteo  .Vndiris  and  tiirva- 
sio  N'aldes,  scholars  inu\/f(ini/iiurn  of  tiiu  Msliop;  1'.  Jose  Joai|uiii  .iiiinuo, 
rector;  i\  Fiancisco  de  ,1.  Sanchez,  vice-rector;  I'l'.  .luan  ,^^oreno  a:i  1  .\:ito- 
nio  .TimeiK);  i'reshytero  Jos(5  M.  IJomez;  and  the  5  eolei,'iales,  .lo.^''  dc  Ins 
Sant(js  Avila,  Alejo  iSalmou,  Agapito  Cabrera,  Ramon  (ioiiadez,  and  llio^'u 
Villa. 

( 'i,/ii/iu  Scw'niario  df  Maria  SaiiH.ihnn  de  Oiiadaliipr  de  Santa  Iii>  -■  ''>  Cri/i- 
foniidK — Ci'iintihicioiic-'i  que  jiam  1 1  urriijlo  y  (johicnio  dil . . .  hizi)  .-nt  /  <  ■'  '''Wi 
1 1  /l"*"Sr  hou  Fr.  Franciiico  Oarcia  JUnjo  n  Mor<  no,  di'iuiMmo  Vli'-/'"'!''  '«'« 
d'idr<'<i'^,  (iDo  (Ic  JSJ/.'f,  MS.  In  this  doenmont  are  laid  di)\Mi  mitinti  !y  the 
duties  of  otlicer.s,  t'mi)loy(''s,  and  stmlents,  with  re(|niremciits  fm-  adliiH- 
sion,  course  of  titudy,  te.xt-books,  religious  e.vereises,  iliseiplinc,  drc.~^,  fuod, 
rccruations,  etc. 


I'ly  all 

1  t'lirir 

1-  llic 

illl'llfV 

1.    Aiivil 
as  inni'i- 

i;  II). 

.1-11  with 

11   :  !  i  ■■  ^I'C- 
iihl  i..iv;i- 

in  .l|!lllI10, 
ii;i  i  .\litO- 
■  .1,1  l.iS 

luul  Diic'o 

„  •  .'    C'll'i- 

.'  ./or, 


:. : ,•  the 
,   i'uotl, 


BISIIOr  FRANCISCO'S  TOUR. 


427 


was  ;i  pomnionplaoo  and  totlioiis  ouo,  com  pared  with 
tin  lriuiii|»lial  inarch  it  would  havo  Ixseii  lil'tccii  yoar.s 
caili'  r,  will  (1  tlio  iiiissioiis  wore  in  tlicir  ^^'lory.  Wo 
]ia\r  11(1  details  of  his  untertaiiuneiit  atdiU'tjrunt  places 
aliiii^'  the  route.  At  Moiitiirey  his  rei'c[>tioii  hy  the 
uoMiMior  and  citi/eiis  is  said  to  have  heeii  hardly  less 
iiitliusiastic  than  at  Santa  ii;irhara,  and  his  pn-scnce 
iiiijiaitvd  unusual  sfilcndor  to  the  lestivitics  and  |)ro- 
ccssions  of  corpus  ehristi;  hut  the  general  spii-it  of 
the  airihenos  was  not  so  cordial  as  to  swerve  the  ven- 
Lialdt'  old  man  from  his  pur|)ose  to  reside;  in  the  sunny 
suiitli.  After  havinij  attcndod  to  the  routine  duties 
nfliis  |iastoral  tour,  visiting'  his  old  mission  of  ("xinta 
^  lai'a,  and  extendin*^  his  journey  to  San  Francisco, 
lir  returned  to  Santa  JJarbara  probably  at  the  end  of 


lulv 


M 


It  is  needless  to  say  that  thebishoji  did  not  succeed 
tlii^  yiar  any  better  than  l)cfore  in  jjfettint^  from  the 
Mr\i(iin  ijfovernment  any  jiart  of  his  salary,  or  of  the 
I'i'Mis  fund  revenues,  which  ought  to  have  been  spent 
in  '  ';''ifornia  if  not  })aid  over  to  Garcia  Diego.''  Vet 
iiili;i'  ices  were  being  brought  to  bear  in  Mexico  Ky 
(  a.taiiares  and  others  which  were  destined  to  result 
the  next  year  in  a  favorable  decree,  if  iiotiiian  aclual 
.-'luring  of  funds.^''' 

■May  1!),  l.Sl4,lpiHli()p  atS.  Antonio.  Lih.  MU:n„,  MS.,'2(i.  M;iy  I  lt!i, 
Miiiitrny  ii\nnt..  on  i:n  itation  of  I'.  Ivcd,  \c)t('n  to  |)uy  t'Xiuiisi'ri  of  illiinii!i.a- 
lii'.iof  tliu  town  for  ;t  <liiys  when  tliu  lii.slioi)  slionld  arrive.  Monkiri/,  Ar-fi., 
.Ms,,  V,  :;o.  Ftsliviti.s  !it  Moiiti'ioy  (k'sorihi'il  in  (luiii<'~,,  l.o  (Jnr  .V /// ■,  ,M;i., 
Hii.V  7X  On  Aiiril  'JOtli,  I'.  (jUiijiis,  tlio  vii'i'-jircfcit,  lic^int,'  iiliont  to  Ii^ivj  t!io 
couiitry,  liail  .'■cnt  in.sti'iiction.<  that  wlirn  tln^  lii.slio|)  .-^lioMld  conn'  toniako  Iiia 
I'listi'r.il  '  isit,  tlio  liooks  wuru  not  to  1h<  snhinittcil  for  Iii.s  insjHction  nuK^.3 
ill'  woiiM  apiioint  regular  nira^  i/wtrim  ro-j  for  the  churi'lics  to  take  jiosm'.s.-sion 
I'V  iimnt  iry  in  duo  form,     (iarci'ii  Dirgo,  tindint,'  tlii.s  order  coiiiid  i.i  tlio 

1 h  111'  ii.itcntcs  at  S.  Antonio,  di'clari'd  it  niiust  ln'  liold  a.s  'Ii.'im'Io.ns  and  of 

11 1  viihir;  liavinj;  no  foundation,  lu'ing  enntrary- to  laus  ami  itdi'S,  and  injti- 
riiiiLs  to  ^•]li^^t•opaI  .luthority;'  and  forhadt^  tlio  copyin,:^'  of  an,v  inori'  aiuAi 
'si'.iuil.iloMs  circulars.'  Arch.  Ohisjxido,  M.S.,  ().")(!.  .July -d,  the  tii.sliop  is- 
sues insu-iictions  for  the  collection  of  tithes  in  tho  northern  distriit.s.  Arrh. 
Ar.nl,. .  M.S.,  V.  pt  ii.  ;}!»-4."i.  ,luly  11th,  lii.shop  vhsits  S.  Jose.  Llh.  Minion, 
M'-..  It.     .Inly  Kith,  atS.  F.   Lib.  Mi.'^ioii,  MS.,  52. 

"  .M.iy  .'51,  1S44,  bi.  hop  ncnds  a  power  of  attorney  to  Rainire/,  diputado  of 
/I'litr  :is,  to  collect  the  Sli,OUO  from  tho  Guaynias  cu.stoui  house.  Uubouud 
ho..  MS.,  i24U-.'0. 

'■t'(v.'(/iu/r«,  Col.  Doc,  11-15, 


iMl 

t:i.. 


«-:.;■;.!    ...'''1 


\.% 


m 


\l 


^]^»! 


u   ;! 


I    I 


lil> 


W< '  li 


4-28        MISSIONS  AND  BISHOrRIC— TRADE  AND  FINANCK. 

By  a  decree  of  September  2r5,  1843,  the  ^Iixican 
o'overiHiient  had  prohibited  retail  trade  b}'  foreii^mrs 
thr(»u;j,hout  the  repubhc.  In  January  1844,  the  i^nv- 
ernnient  of  the  United  States,  through  ]\Iiiiister 
Tlioni|)son,  protested  against  this  action  as  "an  Dpen 
infraction  of  the  treaty  between  the  two  countiifs.' 
Bocanegra  would  not  accept  this  view  of  the  case;  hut 
it  is  not  necessary  to  go  into  the  merits  of  tlie  aru'u- 
nient,  because  no  atteinjit  was  made  to  enfon-c  the 
decree  in  California.  Yet  American  traders  in  tliis 
country  were  advised  through  Consul  Larkin  to  pre- 
pare certified  inventories  of  the  goods  which  liny 
might  be  prevented  from  selling  at  retail, with  a  virw 
to  later  claims  for  satisfaction.'" 

The  governor  not  only  did  not  interfere  with  I'n- 
eigners  engaged  in  retail  trade,  but  he  went  furtlicr 
in  his  disregard  of  Mexican  revenue  laws,  proliibiiiiij,- 
by  an  oi'der  of  July  oOth  the  introduction  of  fut  i^ii 
goods  I'rom  ^lexican  })orts — except  of  course.  a>;  is 
rather  awkwardly  exj^ressod  in  the  decree,  on  .•■  m- 
dition  of  iiavinii'  the  full  duties  exacted  on  such  lihimIs 
wht'U  brought  I'rom  foreign  ])orts.  For  a  few  \>i  is 
})ast  ]\rexican  and  other  vessels  lind  been  brinuiii.: 
thcso  goods  I'rom  San  Bias  and  Mazatlan,  as  'naliunal 
i/A'd"  goods,  and  underselling  thi>  ]^oston  ships,  'flu' 
tlieoiy  was  that  they  could  not  have  done  this  iltlh' 
legal  duties  had  been  paid  upon  introduction  et'  the 
eil'Lcts  into  ]Mi'xico.  'Hie  I'eduction  of  prices  in  ("ali- 
ornia  was  not  the  evil  sought  to  be  avoided,  but  tliiiv' 
was  danger  that  the  Boston  merchants,  if  t'xpos.il  t  > 
such  a  rivalry,  practically  one  with  smugglers,  w  uihl 
aln.ndon  the  lii'ld,  greatly  to  the  (K^triment  of  tin'  dc- 
jiai'tmental  revenues.  Thus  Miclu'ltoreiia's  iiir:i>iirc 
was  one  <»f  self-ilefeiiee,  just  iiied  by  the  circunistain'i's. 
and  peihaps  not  beyond  the  scc.pe  of  his  'extniouli- 
nary    powers,'     I   lind   no  record  of  any  attciii|it  to 

'■'(^lnvsll.  lift  'I'll  Tlidnipsnii  iiiid  IJocanrtrra.  I'.  S.  (ii)iV/)i>c, -Stli  ivng. 
1st  sc.-.s..  Sen.  ji.ii-.  .".!»0,  p.  l(J-'_'(),  vol.  vi.  .Miirch  1st.  U.  S.  niin.  to  Larkui, 
in  l.>iAhi'/<  Dor.,  MS.,  ii.  m.  DocrcL'  of  Sept.  :;:{,  lti43,  in  Dq'f.  St.  l\'}>., 
iti'H.,  MS.,  i.  48, 


^^>.t 


THE  WHALERS. 


429 


of 
ill  ( 

'ali- 

It  tl 

lrl\' 

11 1-^1  • 

It. 

lll> 

.lo- 

lU'!'. 

>.ni'i' 

-;l;iliri">, 
tfii^nli- 

llll 

t  to 

irk'ii, 
/■■v., 

ovailt^  ronipliance  with  the  order  before  the  end  of 
tin  war.  There  was,  however,  a  period  of  six  months 
;k'(oi(Km1  to  new-coiijcrs  iL>*iiorant  of  the  deerec  heioro 
\t<  juiialties  of  coni^scatiou  were  to  be  enfore(>d.'* 

Aiiotlier  measure  that  hatl  been  devised  for  tlio 
jin'tiction  of  the  Boston  traders  as  revenue  payei's 
wib  th(^  jiroliibition  of  trade  by  whalers.  Sueli  trade 
ill  it-tli'.  if  legitimat'jly  carried  on,  had  been  reLjarded 
as  ln'iielic'ial  to  the  farmers  of  the  country,  en  ibUn-^ 
tlir!ii  to  e  vL'lianj^'o  }  nnhiee  not  (ttherwise  salable  for 
odnils  in  small  <jua;itities;  and  the  [)rohil)ltion — due 
larj,'tly  to  abuses  (-)f  thei'"  privilei^'e  by  the  whah-rs,  who 
had  become  to  a  ceilain  extent  the  confederates  of 
sinu'i'jlers — had  drawn  out  many  protests  from  the 
rauilurits.  Accordiri'^'ly  the  })rohibition  was  aufain  ri'- 
iiinvid  by  a  decree  of  October,  jirovidinix  that  whalers, 
Ky  iiayiui;  i^'^0  for  a  permit,  anchorini^  where  required, 
ainl  W'i  nvinsx  )'evenue  n-uards  on  board  like  tradin;^ 
ci-al't.  lui-'ht  sell  ijoods  to  an  amount  on  which  tlie 
<lutiis  should  not  exceed  )?400  for  each  vessel,^'*  The 
v.lialiii^'  vessels  came  in  ii^reatt-r  mnnl)ers  than  before, 
ami  at  San  Francisco  especiallv  they  caused  the  rev- 
vmw  otlicials  much  troul)le.     They  as  well  as  bome 

"luly  ;!0,  1S44,  M.'s  on'or  foi'lriildim;  tin;  iiitroiliiction  nf  forciL'ti  j;i)im1.s 
fniiii  Ml  xican  jHiita.  In  E-irlifxt  I'rinliii'j;  <i':i<  rrn,  Jior.,  y\^.,u.  '21  7;  Ihjit. 
S\  /'•'/..,  MS.,  V.  HO;  /(/.,  Mon/mi/,  iii.  idl;  I  /.,  Hai.,  iii.  4(i.  Mi'iitioiicl  l>y 
the  L'nv.  to  till-  junta  Aug  'JOtli,  o'/c  m,  J)(,r.,  MS.,  S-D;  and  to  aUaMts,  ctr., 
Si'pt.  (ith.  h./.l.  St.  I''ij>.,  Mont..  MS.,  iv.  70;  /'(' -'o,  Doe.,  MS.,  ii.  !i;{.  iio- 
]>'Uitcl  liy  Liikiu  to  U.  S.  SCO.  state,  v.-iili  iDUiini'iits  ii:i  tin,'  imlt'iifiicluiii'o  ot 
CahMiniau  ollioials,  .anil  on  the  lii'iiilits  liUily  to  risult  to  Aiui'iiiuii  trailers 
it  tins  eiiler  couUl  l)e  euforeed.  L.  .seems  not  to  attaeli  inueli  iin|iortanre  to 
t!io  alliL'itl  sinu}.'i;ling  wliieli  pive  rise  to  tlie  onlei-,  liiit  iniiilies  tliat  the  gov- 
iriiiir'-;  pui-poso  was  siniply  to  have  the  ilulie.s  ]>aiil  in  t"ul.  rather  tlian  in  other 
|«rt.s  rl  the  ropuhlie.  Larkin'K  OjF.  Corn--]..,  MS,,  ii.  10  TJ.  It  will  Ik; 
ri'iat  mill  red  that  Micheltoreniv  had  in  1843  annouiiceil  Ills  iiituntioa  to  i.ssuu 
such  a  re.,'ulation.  (.'hap.  xv.  of  this  vol. 

'•'0,t,  l!(  ('J  ?),  1844,  M.'s  order  jiennitting  whalers  to  sell  goods  under  eer- 
tiii>  ii  s'rietions;  with  instructions  reiiuiring  renewed  vigilanee  on  the  part  of 
r.veiiue  iitlicers.  Pinto,  A-c,  MS.,  ii.  !)1-'J;  J><i>t.  .SV.  I'lip.,  II,  n.  Cnl.-ll., 
M>..  \i.  |1.">0-1];  LarkiH.fJ>oi:,  MS.,  ii.  'J4-2,'J7S;  /<!.,  Of.  r'ornv/..,  MS.,  i.  |:{, 
'.! ;  ii.  l.'i.  Nov.  ISth,  Vallejo  to  Mieheltorena,  indor-sing  a  petilion  of  eili/ens 
on  tlll.^  suhject.   Ihar  Flmj  I'apers,  MS.,  4. 

.■\MMiher  measure  repealed  this  year  was  the  regulation  oi  Deo.  1^4.'?,  on 
tlio  sale  (if  hides  muler  the  supervision  of  a  police  agent.  \\y  decree  <i}'  .lu:ie 
'JTtli.  tin-  regulation  of  this  matter  was  restored  to  the  ayuntamient.  s.  .S'.  J>ii';iit, 
•1 '•(•'(.,  MS.,  ;{07.  Feb.  14th,  petition  of  Angeles  ayunt.  for  the  repe.il.  l>ij,t. 
«.  r(i^.,M8.,  xviii.  31-2. 


\..^]  "^i 


^-     4|1}^5r 


I    t{ij:| 


l!'  'V'!'TWf''ffl; 


430        MISSIONS  AND  BISHOPRIC -TRADE  AND  FINANCE. 

other  craft  showocl  a  decided  inclination  to  anchor  at 
SauzaHto  rather  than  at  Yerba  Buena.  The  reasons 
all(\<^ed  were  the  greater  conveniences  at  Whalers  1  lar- 
bor  I'or  t)btaining  wood  and  water ;  but  the  chief  im  »1  i\  ^ 
was  a  desire  to  be  free  from  all  legal  restraints.  AV'ill- 
iam  A.  Richardson,  captain  of  the  port,  resided  at 
Sauzalito;  but  ho  does  not  seem  to  have  been  ovt.;r- 
burdened  with  a  sense  of  responsibility  as  a  Mexican 
official,  and  in  the  minor  controversies  of  frequent  oc- 
currence was  found,  so  far  as  he  troubled  himself  about 
the  matter  at  all,  on  the  side  of  the  whalers.^'' 

Each  vessel  bringing  a  cargo  for  sale  seems  to  haxo 
been  required  to  pay  $000  in  addition  to  her  duties, 
a  sum  devoted  theoretically  to  the  building  of  a  pier; 
but  respecting  the  collection  and  use  of  this  fund  the 
records  arc  too  meagre  to  be  of  any  use;  neither  is 
there  anything  requiring  special  notice  in  the  ivgula- 
tions  issued  from  time  to  time  on  detailed  methods  of 
enf(jrcing  the  revenue  laws.^^  Consul  Larkin  in  his 
letters  ot  this  year  to  the  secretary  of  state,  -bthu 
C.  Callioun,  gave  a  very  complete  general  account  of 
Caiifornian  commerce,  thouijh  embodvinLT  no  points 
with  which  the  reader  is  not  already  familiar;  and  tliu 
same  may  be  said  of  Hartnell's  n^port  to  Wyllie  from 
an  English  point  of  view.^^ 


"Corresp.  of  the  receptor,  Benito  Diaz,  1844,  in  Pinto,  Doc.,  MS.,  i.  '27-- 
84;  ii .  97  103.  The  small  boats,  or  Iight»rs,  employed  on  tJie  coast,  Imt  chictly 
in  S.  F.  Bay,  were  this  year  rc(|uir('il  tn  ulitaiu  patents,  or  licenses,  fnnii  tlie 
govt.  It  (Iocs  not  clearly  appear  wiietlier  vessels  were  forced  to  employ  these 
I'ciiistered  lighters  rather  than  their  own  boat.s.  Id.,  i.  -71--;  Dtt'f-  ■''V.  I'm'., 
MS.,  xx.  ;?7-r>l;  A7.  Uni.,  iii.  r>:i. 

'"■(an  1,  1844,  reference  to  the  exaction  of  the  §000.  Dept.  SI.  hip., 
MS.,  vi.  1.13.  Feb.  '22d,  gov.  called  upim  to  remedy  diflicnlties  caiisi.l  liy 
failure  to  follow  Mexican  regulations,  and  to  fix  sjmo  method  of  dettiiiiiniiii,' 
the  value  of  cargoes.  Id.,  Uvn.,  iii.  ,")4-7.  Feb.  '23d.  reglamento  in  !»  nr  tides 
for  the  receptores,  in  /(/.,  J^di.  Cii.tf.-H ,  viii.  13;  I'inlo,  Dor.,  MS,  ii. 
4()-S.  I^Iarch  7th,  rules  for  S,  Francisco.  Id.,  ii.  ."jS-O;  Dr/it.  St.  Pop-,  /'''«•. 
MS,,  iii.  ,-):{-4;  Id.,  lien,  t'».■<^-//.,  viii.  3-5.  June  '28th,  Hartnell's  r.'gulatiims 
fcrcel.'uloies.  Doe.  1114.  C(d.,  iMS.,i.4()4.  .Tuly '20th,  a 'reglamento'lfeela- 
dores,"  probably  the  aa.ne,  issued,  Los  vlw'/'/A.i,  Aijitnt.,  ^1S.,  o.  ()■  t.  '-'ili 
rules  to  govern  vessels  auil  merchants,  lOarticles.  Pinto,  Doc,  MS.,  ii.  .S'<  IW. 

"•April  l(i,  Sept.  10,  Dec.  9,  1844.  Jan.  1,  kS4.">,  L.  to  Callimm.  Lar- 
/•;»'>  O//".  Co)-re.y>.,  MS.,  ii.  3-4,  10,  13-14,  Ki-lS;  llartneWa  En<il.  Chinz., 
MS.,  87.     Also  a  general  account  iu  Hunt's  Mvrch,  Mckj.,  xvi.  30-8. 


CUSTOMHOUSE. 


431 


^Faimel  Castafiarcs  being  abnonh  in  congress,  Pablo 
clc  l;i  ( 1  uerra,  the  contador,  acted  as  administrator  of  cus- 
toms in  1844,  with  William  E.  Hartnell  as  first  officer 
ami  interpreter,  and  Rafael  Gon7'-lez  as  commandant 
of  till'  guard. ^'^  Benito  Diaz  wa.s  jnt  in  February  to 
siiccccfj  Francisco  Guerrero  as  receptor  at  San  Fran- 
cix  i>,  with  two  celadores  and  two  boatmen.  Diaz  was 
a  uiiiri'  energetic  man  than  his  predecessor,  and  a  kind 
0,  iinniercial  awakening  was  observable  at  the  future 
iiuti'npolis  in  the  enforcement,  real  or  pretended,  of 
the  revenue  laws,  A  beginning  was  made  on  a  small 
luiiMiiig  to  servo  as  a  kind  of  branch  custom-house, 
the  luhorers  being  Indians  from  San  Jose  and  Sono- 
ma, and  the  material  being  taken  from  ruins  at  the 
mission  and  presidio.  There  was  even  a  projiosition 
tn  dig  a  well  near  the  beach,  that  vessels  might  have 
less  excuse  for  going  to  Sauzalito.  Progress  on  these 
iiuprovements  was  not  rapid,  because  the  receii)ts  from 
all  siiurces  were  not  enough  to  pay  salaries,  and  com- 
plaints were  several  times  made  that  the  laborers 
wenld  (|uit  work  if  the  government,  instead  of  send- 
iii!4  funds,  insisted  on  certain  tonnage  receipts  being 
bend  to  Monterey.-" 

In  May  Micheltorena  declared  the  roadstead  of 
Santa  l>arbara  open  to  the  coasting  trade,  though  the 
cxait  ditference  between  its  subsetjuent  and  former 
status  is  not  apparent.     Jose  de  la  Guerra  accijpted 

''''The  ccladorca,  two  of  them  serving  at  S.  F.,  were  Fr.anoisoo  Rico,  Raftael 
Estr.i.li,  Hiif;ini()  Maehailo,  Joariuin  de  la  Tdrro,  .laointit  l{i)ilriL,'uc/,  and 
11  it.n  I  I'iiitu,  Toinas  Soberaues  succocdiMl  ,)()«('•  Alvarez  as  clerk  in  An^'ti.sl. 
TIkii'  uiiv  4  or  5  boatmen.  The  captaiu  of  the  port,  Lieut  Narvaez,  at 
Moiitt'K  V,  was  not  a  customs  otllcer. 

•'Mail.  '2'2i\,  reecptoria  ordered.  Feb.  \'2th,  Diaz  succeeds  OnernTo.  Drpf. 
•*^'.  P'lj ..  Jim.,  MS.,iii.  48;  A/.,  Cit.if.-//.,  viii.  '2.  The  well  proposed,  to  cost 
?()0  or  sso,  a  spot  having  been  selected  in  Feb.  /(/.,  viii.  S.  Oct.  I'd,  action 
on  tlir  matter  soon  to  he  taken!  Phito,  Jhc,  MS.,  ii,  ll'j.  The  new  biiildinir. 
Tnnililcsto  j;ct  material  and  to  pay  workmen.  Likely  ti>  fall  to  j  icccs  in 
^ov.  LI.,  i.  'J7.'5-4,  '288;  ii.  4»--)0;  Prpt.  /.V,-.,  MS.,  xiii.  f)4A  Si';  J>  ;-/.  .s7. 
/''(/!.,  I!<ii.  CiiM.-H.,  MS.,  viii.  [148.  184].  Tlie  employes  at  tht!  custom- 
li'iiise  iiiiist  Htop  their  notorious  gambling.  Id.,  viii.  r)-(i;  I'iiitn,  fhr.,  MS.,  ii. 
W  7.  M.irch  ist,  two  men  engaged  f,ir  clie  Imat  at  8()  per  month.  A'.,  i.  '274. 
t\pci]S('i  of  custom-house  for  Dec,  $30\,  including  the  price  of  a  Hag,  $.')0. 
/■/,  ii.  Il.f.  Receipts,  Feb.  to  Aug.,  $07.  J^ept.  St.  Fai>.,  lien.  Vust.-JI., 
Ms*.,  vln.  [182-3J. 


y>!W,>i»*P>«H<  ',if 


H 


^ 


'■  t"..! 


432       MISSIONS  AND  BISHOPRIC— TRADE  AND  FINANCE. 


iaii  If 


iiiil^ 


i  '' 


the  position  of  receptor,  naming  citizens  to  act  a;' 
celadores  as  their  services  were  needed.  Los  AiiLi'i'les, 
hearing  of  this  lienor  to  Santa  Barbara,  wantod  a  like 
one  f)r  San  Pedro;  but  of  San  Diego's  old  aspirations 
in   this  direction  \vc   hear   nothing  in    these  Vfars.-' 

Jose  Abrego  remained  throughout  the  year  in  cliuiyo 
of  the  departmental  finances,  being  termed  tivasurcr 
instead  of  comisario,  in  accordance  with  the  govei-iioi's 
hiUhlo  c'conoinico  of  January.  The  total  rccci])t^  ;it 
the  custom-house  for  1844  were  $75,025,  of  wliic'i 
sum  610,421)  paid  the  expenses  of  collection;  S2;,7(i7 
were  turned  over  to  the  treasurer  for  the  civil  lis'.; 
while  $40,489  were  paid  to  the  general  for  the  sup- 
port of  his  army.  The  revenues,  altht)ugh  fil'ty  \kv 
cent  larger  than  those  of  the  preceding  year,  were  still 
but  little  more  than  half  the  sum  rerpiired  for  cmient 
expenses  after  their  reduction  to  an  economical  hasis 
by  ^Micheltorena  and  the  junta.  I  append  a  li.'W 
financial  statistics.'^^* 

The  maiitime  list  of  1844,  as  given  in  a  note,  run- 
tains  fifty-three  vessels.^^     The  record  is  not  neaily 

''  May  1 1th,  M.  declares  Sta  IVuliara  open  to  '  coincrcio  de  escala  y  calio- 
tage.'  diii'i-rn,  J)oi\,  MS.,  iv.  190;  lhi>t.  hW.,  MS.,  xiii.  8-l-.">;  Ihj,/.  Sf'.  /''p., 
Jii'ii.,  MS.,  iii.  SI.  (Uicrra  appdiiitcd,  ami  aucepta  oil  Jiiiii!  1st.  A/.,  iii.  .'>); 
Id..  Ben.  I'll  f. -11.,  viii.  l-'J.  Exjioiisca  of  the  ollico:  ivceptor,  §711-;  (.'lor!;, 
^ISO;  seal.  §.")0;  stationery,  SI-.  J>oc.  lii.'it.  Cal.,  MS.,  iv.  IKiO.  CnlltititiM 
for  llr.st  half  of  year,  i?.")l!).  J)i  ji'.  St.  I'ap.,  Ben.  Com.  and  Tirus.,  MS,,  v.  U. 
Juiiu  (Itli,  A!i'.rcli'.s  waiit.s  S.  Tcho  oncncd.   J>i]i/.  iSf.  P(i}i.,  MS.,  xviii.  ."7. 

'•'-Total  revoiiiK's,  S7'>, (>-•">,  wiih  (listiil)Utioii  na  in  my  text.  CiistniiilnHist; 
rccijni^iii  I'inio,  Dor.,  MS.,  ii.  111.  Total,  acuordiiiL;  to  Lurl;iii'!<()f.  t'orn.^ji., 
Ms.,  ii.  ;{7,  110,  ?7S,7;f'.t,  of  which  Anierioau  vessd.-i  paid  S'lO.Ii-O;  Mexican, 
^r),l!)-4;  and  ollieis,  ,Si;!,7.'«).  Rcreipta  to  April  'JOLli,  S.".S,nOI).  I'ieo,  Jin:, 
MS.,  i.  S,').  Animal  expeii.ses  reduced  from  .SI71,7I1  to  §!!!_', ;US;  of  wliicli 
sum  uhout  $1 1;{,(M)0  was  assi;;ned  to  military  expeu.seti.  and  waa  to  he  redi.tvil 
to  ahout  $100,000  hy  a  system  of  half-pay.  Mh-lwltur'nia,  lltindo  Einn. 
Amounts  paid  out  hy  M.:  hatallon,  Sl!),-l;{0;  presidial  companies.  ti'.MJiS; 
artillery,  $:{,1)14;  old  dehta,  Si',30-_>.  D<'pi.  St.  nap.,  MS.,  xii.  7.  Unc  M. 
jiuraonally  Dee.  Hist,  §7,')-l,  on  salary  account.  /(/.,  xii.  (J.  I'ay-roll  fur  un- 
attached ofliecra,  pensioners,  etc.,  .^r.'.OlO.  Id.,  Urn.  Mil.,  Ixxxvi.  '1  'i.  S'line 
useless  statistics  in  Mi\i\,  Mvm.  Hacienda,  IJitO. 

'■'^  See  also  list  nt  end  of  cha]).  xxiii.,  this  vol.  Vessels  of  1S41:  .Id.nit- 
tance,  Ah  xandrovich,  Amjelina,  BarnMuJilr,  Bcnj.  Movjan,  BoHrar,  lirn'hen, 
Carj'ornin,  Ciilalinn,  Cha.t  W.  Mur-jnn,  Cliirita,  Constantini',  J)i  l/iliri'',  Jion 
Qui  rote,  Enijle,  Lunicralda,  lama,  (!(">.  Ifrnrii,  Grorijia,  (I'lindahipr,  lli'mua, 
Jlo'jue,  JoHcJia,  J(h'(n  (luipuzroana,  ,/iia:i  ./osr,  Jwniila,  Julia  Ann,  Jiiw', 
LajnuKjc,  houdrcua,  Levant,  Lion,  Menkar,  Modeste,  Monmouth,  M(  na  \V, 
A'aiUucht,  Xeicton,  Onjaca,  Primavera,   Uosalia,  liussell,  Sacrantenfo,  San 


LIST  OF  VESSELS. 


4.'33 


^;,»  (oinj>lcto  as  that  <»f  the  jiivccdliig  and  of  most 
dtht-r  years  in  rcsjioct  of  details  concerning'  particular 
Vessels;  but  it  n)ay  l)o  regarded  as  containing' ajiprox- 
iinately  all  the  names.  Of  the  whole  nundter,  tif- 
tirii.  more  than  usual,  were  whalers;  eight  were 
>iiiall  ciai't  or  lighters,  which  had  to  he  registered 
this  year,  though  most  of  them  had  hocn  used  on  the 
(nast  le)r  some  years;  five  were  men-of-war  or  national 
vrssels;  four  were  traders  which  had  wintei'ed  on  the 
cnast;  while  fifteen,  composing  the  trading  lleet 
|ir(i|Mi'  of  the  year,  may  bo  supposed  to  have  brought 
now  cai'goes,  and  to  have  contributed  to  the  country's 
KVcinu — though  in  this  last-mentioned  matter  there 
;iio  no  records  for  the  separate  vessels.  The  two 
liMstuii  slii[)s  Sterllnrj  and  VandaVm  doubtless  |)aid  a 
V.  IV  large  part  of  the  $75,000  which  made  up  the 
vtar's  revenue. 

r,-(incUquiii.i,   f^nrnh,   Savannah,   Slcrlinrj,    Tn-^no   (?),    Trhiidacf,    Vandatia, 
\i''ii-riii,   H';;)''.  *n''/c,  Ynlm. 

Ill  the  .9.  F.  ('nil.  Jan.  '-M,  l.SS'2,  from  tlie  Xciqwl  (II.  /.)  M^rna-iu  is  a 
i:;iiiti<iii  I'f  a  master  of  a  wliak'r,  not  nanu'd,  wliicli  I'litored  S.  Oicgo  liy  tlie 
I'lc.f  Uiua's  lidok  cm  Sept.  lOtli.  On  account  of  rumors  of  war,  tin;  men 
iiMiHcil  tlniusclv('s  liy  spikimt  tlio  guns  at  tlio  fort.  Larkin,  on  Jan.  1,  1845, 
uiitiiii,'  to  the  IT.  S.  sec.  statu,  says  tliat  '29  sail  lunlcntcroil  Monterey  in  1N44, 
f  whiili  14  were  American.  The  wliole  numi)er  of  arrivals— the  same  ves- 
-  1  iiitcriny;  st\eral  tim(!S— uero  "i".  A  (ieiioa  man-of-war  not  in  my  list  is 
i;i  iitiiiuiMl.  LitrLiii'-i  ({[>'.  (.'o'V'.s'yi  ,  MS.,  ii.  IS,  110.  Hartnell,  in  liis  report 
1 1  V\  yilic,  states  lliat  from  1S:!!>  to  April  1S41  tliere  had  enteivd  07  vessels  ia 
:.;!.  ,'il  liiiii','  American  and  19  Mexican.  L'ngl.  Coloniz..,  MS.,  S."* 
Uisi.  Cal.,  Vol.  IV.    28 


1  ^  fi 


H 


?  i 


,'5.1 


5  ^ 


'■  H 


'  I  ' 


; '  i 


' 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

IMMIGRATION  AND  FOREIGN  RELATIONS. 

1844. 

Jons  C.  FuEMoNT  — His  Eaklv  Life— Fiu.'st  Exi'kdition,  1S42-3— T'lrot;?— 
Si.i(isi>  Trip,  1S43-4— Tiik  Ovkhlani>  Lmmiouant  RoriK  x'l  (ti:ii,n\_ 

FUdM    OliKCdN  Tl)  ('AMK)IIMA--AcI!OSS   IIIK  Sif.UUA  IIV  A  Xr.W  KnlTF— 

RiiTiKN    East— Fkkmost's    JJodk — Map — VAi.rK  oi"    Fkkmont's  Sir- 

VKV  — I'liK.II  I>1(  K    ol-     I'ldNKKU-i — KkI.SEY     CuMl'ANV    OK    I  MM  IChAST'^- 
lS' A  M  KS  -  -TuE    ]>ALK    AiFAiK— Stevens'    Cdmi-any— List— The    Fii:>t 

AVaciiNS — I>V     THE    TuiCKEE     Kol'TE  —  FoUEUl.V    liEEATlKNS-Sl  TTKI;< 

xNeiaii;s — Annkxaiiiin    Sciiemks— U.   S.   CoNsn.ATE    Knui  i^ii    Cilo- 

NI/.ATION — W'VLEIK  ASK    J  1  A  ETNEEE— HlDSdN  "s  Hw  (.'lIMPANV^  Wdulj'i 

Wan UEUiN(i  Sketches— ALPiiAiiETicAi,  List  ok  TidNEKKs. 

The  innuijirant  partios  of  1844,  like  those  of  tlio 
prcCL'diiijj^  ycai',  weio  two  in  nuinhcr;  and,  as  in  ls4o 
also,  one  came  tVoni  Oregon,  while  the  other  t'i'(»-('(l 
the  Sierra  by  a  nioi'e  direct  route  to  Calilornia.  I)0- 
i'ore  either  of  these  parties,  however,  there  arrixi'd  ;iii 
exploring  expedition,  leaving  also  a  few  setllns,  ti 
which  the  atteiilinn  of  the  reader  is  first  called.  In  a 
t-ertain  siMise  this  may  he  i-egardcMl  a*-- the>  third  evpl"- 
ration  of  California  hv  the  United  States  y-oviTiiiin nt ; 
since  Walker  in  18:53  had  acted  luuler  or  djsulirvcil 
ollieial  orders  from  Cai)tain  I>onneville — that  is.  In  in-' 
ordered  to  explore  the  Salt  l^ake,  he  had  cstahlisiiril 
his  winter  (piarters  at  ]\[onterey;  and  Wilkes,  cnmiii^' 
hy  sea  and  land,  had  made  an  otHcial  survey  ef  the 
Sacramento  in  1841. 

John  Charles  Fremont,  a  man  whoso  name  will  'h' 
prominent  in  latei'  Californian  annals,  was  a  native  d 
Savannah,  Georgia,  where  he   was  born  in   18I-1,  ln^ 


JOIIX  r.  FUtMOXT. 


435 


f;i;^(  ]•  iK'iiii;'  a  Frciu-liniaii  of  some  talfiit  wlio  liad 
!ii;ii  liid  a  Virf^iiiihn  lady  of  j^ootl  family  and  some 
jir'ii)i'j'ty.  He  spent  the  lii'st  twenty  years  of  his  liib 
;)t  ( 'harleston,  South  Cai'olina,  wliere  lie  was  ex])elled 
iVi'iii  (■o!le<j^(.'  in  eonsetjuenee  of  a  love  affair,  and  suh- 
,sr(|uently  hecamo  a  teacher.  Fr'om  18:'..')  he  made  a 
cruise  of  ovei-  two  years  as  teacher  of  niatluMnaties  on 
till  I.  S.  slooj)-of-war  Xatcliez;  served  as  assistant  in 
srviial  railroad  and  military  survevs  in  (»eorn"ia/ron- 
ii!>-:i'e,  and  the  Carolinas;  and  in  1  8;'.8-9,  ae('omj)anied 
M.  Nicollet  in  two  exjJorinL?  expeditions  to  the  ii|>[»er 
Mi--issi]ipi  rejjfion,  being  ajjpointed  in  1838  second 
liciilciiaiit  in  the  corps  of  topoiiraphical  eniji'ineers. 
Ill  l>ll  lie  had  married  a  dauL;ht<'r  tif  Thomas  H, 
I'.riiton,  which  has  hccn  regarded  with  much  reason 
a-  the  most  hrilliant  achievement  of  his  life. 

The  importance  of  extending  an  accurate  survey 
ii\<  r  the  regions  of  the  great  \vest,  geographically 
l;!io\vn  oidy  l>y  the  vague  re[)orts  of  trappei's  ami  emi- 
I'laiits,  was  of  course  understood  in  Washington;  and 
l''i\'inont,  fidl  of  energy  and  and)ition.  seeing  in  this 
wmk  ;i  sj)lendid  Held  for  congenial,  adventuiMUs,  and 
liMiniahle  em[>lovment,  had  easily  ohtained,  through 
ill''  iiilhience  of  his  father-in-law,  a  conunission  from 
till  (liief  of  his  corps  to  undertake  the  work.  For 
tlii-^  service  h(>  was  in  every  res|)ect  well  (jualiHed  l>y 
iiiitural  temj)crament,  education,  and  e\|>erieiice. 

I'V(''iiiont's  Hrst  expedition  was  made  in  IS-I'J;  mil 
;i>  ill  it  he  neitluT  reached  (Vdifoi'nia  nor  e\ploi-e  I 
■Miy  part  of  any  new  route  leading  to  ('alifornia  :t 
iiiav  111-  disposed  of  very  hrieilv  here,  'fhe  comi»anv, 
iiii>isting  of  twenty-two  FreiH'h  Canadian  r<)ii<i;/rii,-s, 
I'aiiilljar  with  the  country  through  service  midcr  tli.' 
tur  c(iiiij)anies,  with  Kit  Carson  as  guide,  Maxwell  as 
liiintci'.  and  Charles  l?rt'uss  as  assistant  topographii', 
started  from  near  the  m<»uth  of  tlu'  Kansas  Kiver  in 
•hiiic.  The  route  was  that  which  for  years  h.ad  hecn 
tnjlowed  hy  the  Oregon  trappers  and  emigrants,  up  th.; 
i'latlr,  past  Fort  Laramie,  to  the  South  Pass,  which 


^1 

':    t 

■^ 

•:« 

11 

,:  V  1  ;; 

■    ;■  I,. 

1 

II 


i  .  1 


■;=!  ■•} 


'  !■ 


4r; 


IMMKIRATTON  AND  FOREIGN  RTv[.ATIONS. 


tJifV  rcnclifd  ill  Au^fust.  Duriiii^'  tlie  next  twelve 
(lays  l''iviiiiiiit  explored  tlio  western  biise  of  tliu  AViud 
Ikivoi"  Mountains,  and  climhed  to  tlic  sunnnit  of  tin; 
liinlie.i;t  jieak,  whicli  lias  since  l)orne  liis  name.  Tin.' 
return  was  by  the  same  route,  tlh>u,L;ii  a  part  of  Uw 
trip  was  made  by  boat  on  the  waters  of  the  I'latte. 
reaehinn'  th(>  Missouri  on  the  last  day  of  September. 
There  had  been  no  I'emai'kable  advi-ntures  or  discov- 
c'ries;  but  the  l>arty  had  nuide  a  series  of  accurate  nh- 
sei'vations  on  a  portion  of  the  overland  I'oute,  whicIi 
<'ould  now  be  cori'ectly  mappi'd  and  described.  Fie- 
mont's  report  was  dated  ^larch  1,  184;^;  and  it  w.is 
l»u!)lis]ied  before  the  end  of  the  year  b}'  order  of  tin; 
senate.' 

In  less  than  three  months  afi  ^r  the  rendering!:  ef 
Ids  first  I'ejxtrt,  Fi'emont  was  on  the  banks  of  tin' 
!Missouri  with  a  company  similar  to  that  of  tin  piv- 
c(;din<''  year,  readv  to  start  on  a  second  ti'in.  The  dli- 
ject  was  to  continue  his  exploration  of  the  Oi-enun 
emie-rant  route,  from  the  South  Pass  westward,  until 
lie  could  comiect  the  former  survey  with  tliat  niiiilo 
hy  Wilkes  on  the  Columl)ia,  and  thus  complete  the 
transcontinental  line.  The  details  of  tlie  trip  ;iiv 
therefore  as  unim[)ortant  f<»r  my  jiresent  ])urpiise;is 
were  those  of  ]  842.  The  company  starte(l  June  "Jiitli, 
and  a  few  days  later  came  in  contat't  with  the  ('liiKs 
}tarty,  with  whose  journey  the  reader  is  ah'eady  l';i- 
miliai'.  The  route  was  somewhat  farther  south  I'laii 
that  of  184:1,  being  up  the  lle[)ublican  fork,  and  smiili 
I'trk  of  th(.^  Platte,  oli'the  eniiL!:rant  road,  and  <>-enei;illv 
through  regions  not  before  ex[)lored  except  by  (imii- 
peis.  A  })art  of  the  men  under  Fremont  went  fioni 
.St  Vrain's  fort  down  to  the  Arkansas  and  back,  tliiino 
j.roeeeding  across  the  mountains  to  the  Sweetwalii'. 
Tliev  were  at  South  Pass  August  liUh,  and  re; 


li-lic 


'  Fn  iii'Oil'.-i  lirport  of  mi  exphiral'ton  of  the  rouiilrii  hi'mij  hilumi  the  J/'*- 
uniiri  lirrr  mid  Ike  ItiK'kif  Mnimtitinx  mi  l/ic  lliir  of  the  Kinh-<a.<  mul  llf  <!r"il 
i'/al/r  J'irir.<.  Wii.^hington,  ISi.').  Svo, 'JOT  p.,  map  ami  plate.  This  ivpnit.  i:i 
coimcctioii  witli  that  of  the  secoinl  cx^  odition,  was  ivprintetl  in  s-ovt'iul  tnli- 
tiuus,  tts  will  Ik'  iiutod  later. 


FRriMOXrs  SKCOXI)  i:XrLORATI()X.  4.;: 

Vml  Hall  S('j»tt;inl»cr  10th;  Itiit  <>ii  ilic  way  I'lviiiMiit 
li.itl  tiifiiid  aside  with  a  I'cw  iiifii  t(»  iiiaivf  a  li\c  «lavs' 
siii'\i'V  nt'CJi'i'at  Salt  J^akt',  on  the  wato's  nt"  which  ln^ 
iiiadf  a  l)ntit-vi>ya<,'c.  From  Fort  Hall  ihry  lo^k  th.; 
usual  I'Diite  down  the  Snake  .Rivcr,  ifarhiic^'  l-'oit 
j5ui>o  ( )ct(»lifr  8th,  and  tlic  Dalles  the  4th  (»rXnveiii- 
lii".  This  completed  the  line  of  overland  sMi'\'ey  \,y 
idUiicctinL;' it  with  that  of  Wilkes;  hut  l*'rt'nio!il  niado 
11  lMi;it-trip  down  to  Foi't  \'ancoii\-er  mid  hack,  hii'ni'e 
|ii"jKiiin'4"  I'of  his  homeward  journey  -whidi  ltrin'_;s 
u>  to  that  jiart  of  his  e\|iedition  which  lias  a  [Ucjier 
|il;irc  ill  the  annals  of  (  alil'oi'uia. 

(Ml  the  Llath  of  Xoveiiihei',  l.'^-!:'.,  t he  com[iany  i 'f 
t\v(!ity-ti\e  men  started  from  the  Dalles.'-  Fremont's 
luiiulioii  was  to  oxploi'O  the  TIamath,  oi'  Klamath, 
lih,  ,  thilK'U  to  go  south-east  "to  a  I'eported  lak-' 
cillid  ^Jary's,  at  some  days'  joui'ney  in  the  great 
hi-iu;  and  thence  still  on  south-east  to  tiie  reputed 
lluriiaventura  Kiver, .  .  .  llowin'>-  IVoin  the  jlockv 
^hiinitains  to  the  hay  of  San  i-'rancisco;"'  then 
til  tlie  head  waters  of  tlu;  Arkansas,  to  JJent's  foi't, 
;i!i'!  lionie — there  iK.'ing  no  intention  of  ci-ossing  the 
si.)i';i  into  the  (  alilornian  valleys  at  all.  {"'ollowing 
U[i  the  l'\all  Jiiver,  they  reached  Jvlamath  marsh,  mis- 
taken tor  the  lake  oi'  that  name,  on  Decend»el'  lin'i; 
(li-;i>vci'ed  and  named  in  succes.sion  Summer,  Ahert, 
iiiid  ( 'hristmas  lakes;  and,  always  in  sean-h  of  ^Fary 
hake.  ()!•  the  sink  of  the  Humholdt,  thev  reached  and 
ii.nijcd  IVramid  Lake  on  January  10,  1S44,  it^  >al- 
iimu-tiout  sup[)lying  a  weh-ome  feast.      For  onr  day. 


■T!n'  aullior  says  tliorc  were  '2'>:  Imt  I  <!)  not  kimw  wliiili  arc  t!i'  ."> 
r.;iim.  ti)  lio  (rast'irfniiii  the  ;iO  of  tlu'  I'ollowiiii;  list:  Akxis  Ayi>t,  Ki'.iin;  ■!?( 
llii'liMii,  OliviiT  lituulii'ii,  I  ajitiste  I'.cniitr.  .loliii  (I.  ('aiiii>lic'll.  l\ir  *':;!■■ 
h  1 1,  M.iiuirl  Chapiiian,  ItaiisDiii  Clark,  I'liililu'it  Cor.rti'aii.  Mi-hf!  t'i'lis, 
ll;iliti.sti'  |)i'ri)siiT,  .iaool)  ])oilsiiii.  'I'lios  [•"it/pitiiili,  .ImIui  ( '.  I'rriii.nit,  A!i'\i.-i 
'"Niiv,  l.onis  Mi'iianl,  Louis  Montimil,  Sam.  Xi'il,  i'raiicnis  rcia,  .loiu's 
l;'«i:'.  Itaiihaol  IVaulc,  Chai-K-s  I'rcuss.  llaptistf  Talicaii.  Tiiro.lciv 'liill.  .t. 
*-!la:l'^s  Tajilin,  rliarlcs  'I'owiis.  .To.-cj.h  Wrrot,  Ti'iy  Wiiglit,  Louis  Ziaoil, 
iiM'!  ii  diJuuiiU  lioy.  'ilic  (loulitful  uaun's  must  In:  soUL;lit  anion;.' tlir  follou  ii'u': 
;\y'f.  t  laijj,  ('(,ai-tpaii,  Ciilis,  Mviianl,  .M  intivuil,  iVra,  I'ow.-r.  Wiiglit.  .".ul 
/iii'li',  v\  lioaii'  not  nanicil  in  the  Calilornian  [lortioii  of  the  narrative,  au4  are 
li'jl  kiiuwii  iu  Cal.  recurild. 


•     -i'i 


■■    ''is- 


4:]s 


IMMIil.UATlOX  ANIt  roUDIcV  liKI.ATIOXS. 


m 


.IllllliafV    Kltll,    lIlcV    rn!l()\Vr/l    ll|i    tlir    SullllOll    Tlwllf. 

IH'W  Tnickfc,  to  its  hciid,  air  I  tlicii  kept,  uii  .s(tiitliu;iii| 
ill  ijUcst  t)t"  tlio  iiiythical  San  l>utiiav»'iit,in'a.  It  \s;i> 
I'll  ilir  ISth,  (»ii  what  is  now  tlif  ('ai-soii  Kivcr,  that 
1' Vi'iiitdit  its«tl\i'(|  l(»  croNs  the  Siciia  into  tin;  Sacra- 
iiKiito  X'alley,  the  cdnditidn  oi"  his  animals'  I'cct  nut 
V,  arraiitinL;"  an  attt'ni|»l  to  cioss  thr  ('((initj'y  castuaid. 
Sii.'kin^'  a  pass,  hnt  I'wv  hiath  to  cnttr-  thi'  I'uil.id- 
diiiL,'  snows,  tlic  I'Xplonrs  krpt  on  southwa'-d  I'ai'  u\> 
the  castci'n  liiaiich  of"  what  is  now  Walker  ltl\ci-, 
mai'lv  to  the  rt^'ioii  of  the  modi  rn  IJochc;  and  tlun, 
turniiii;'  to  the  noi'tli-w fst,  and  ht'ini^"  t'oi'ced  to  ahaiidoii 
oil  the  way  a  hi-ass  howit/ei-  wliieh  they  liad  lir<ni-iit 
thus  far."' they  itturiied  to  the  Car-son  Kiver,  wiiiili 
tiU'V  su|>|toscd  to  \h'  the  'I'i'llrkee.  I^'roiii  the  Jd  b> 
the  end  of  l'\lirnai'y  the  t  ravellers  st  r'U^u'led  d(  •>jiii- 
utely  over  the  mountains  and  tht'on^'h  the  deep  sndus, 
I't'einont  and  I'reuss  m'ttiiiLj  a  vi(!W  of  the  Moimtaiii 


i.akt',   since   ealled   Tahoe,    on   tlie    1-tth. 


Th 


la:- 


eori'csjKnidin^'  somewhat  with  thi'  (,'aison  Cahoii  .nul 
.lolmson  i*as>  ot'  kiter-  maps,  was  fai'ther  north  than 
those    hv   which    Vv'alker    in    Is;),"!    and    Hai'tlesuu   in 


1.^41    liad  crossed 


aiK 


I  tl 


le  s(;ason  was  mori"  uiilaMir 


aoie 


that  this  was  really  the  most  [K'rih 


)US    C|n»- 


iii'-'  of  the  sierra  that  luid  vet  heeii  etlected.     i'<iit! 


iiatelv  no    li\-es    wc 


■re   lost,  though  tilt 


e   sutferiiiu   wa- 


<4i'eat.  Two  men  Ix^camu  insane  for  <i  tinie,  and  '•'>'■'> 
tiUt  of  07  horses  and  mules  wi're  lost  or  killed  for  fend. 
Six  days'  march  down  the  south  hranch  of  the  Amer- 
ican J  liver  hroUL^ht  Fivmont  and  part  of  his  im  u  l> 
Sutter's  Fort,  w  hei'e  all  arrived  the  ,sih  of  Mai 


An  impetus  was  given  to  the  active 
1»v  <»tn'  arrival,  as  we  were  in  want  o 


littli 


'•II. 


lolllllil- 


poj 


tioii  oy  otu"  arrival,  as  we  wer(.' in  want  of  everytluiiu'. 

••  According  to  Liiiiccy,  Criiifc  of  l/ic  '  Dair,'  4!>,  ami  ii  writer  in  tln'  //"''- 
jii  ihh  ii<-i-  Jiii/it  Iii(li/x iiihiif,  Oi:t.  :<,  1S7(),  till!  ^'iin  was  tomul  in  iati  r  vi.irs 
f-uiiiL'W  lifix;  lictwecn  Aurora  iiinl  (li'iioa.      I-,;ouiy  iittcinpts  to  tell  wliciu.  iuit 


tails  toiniiiii;  liis  nioanii 


.k 


Tlicrc  liatl  licm  sonic  troulilc  itt  Wnsliin.;'" 


t  tlic  taldiiL'  of  tiii.s  liowitzcr  from  tlic  uisciial  at  St  Louis;  ami  an  in'iur 


aiiou 

was  sent  to  countciiiiai 


I  tl 


IC   CXIHllltlOll 


dur  wiiicli  fell  into  tiic  Ijamls 
of  Mrs  I'lcniont.  who  slii-cwdly  failcil  to  forwaiil  it.    /iiiilon'.t   Th'n-'i  )  "H>, 


11.,  ciial). 


i;i4:   U.  .i'.  Uuvt  Do 


jiig, 


1st  I 


Sen. 


D 


uc,  11.,  no. 


FULMONT  IN  CALIFOUXIA. 


•i:,!) 


\\ 


litis  l''ri'ini)iit. 


In    (cilU't 


'"Miilt's,  hnfscs,  and  cattle  wrw^  to 
ted;  tliL'  Imrse-iuill  was  at  woik  day  and  ni^lit 
\,<  make  sutHcieiit  Hour;  tlio  Idaeksmitli-slioj)  was  [»iit 
ill  iv(|iiisiti«»ii  t'(»r  li())'scsl IOC'S  and  l)i'idli'-l»its;  and 
jMck-siddles,  rojKis,  and  liridles,  and  all  the  otlu  r  littK' 
I  i|iii|inH'nts  of  the  t'ain|),  wci'e  a_L;ain  to  he  [)i'ovided. 
iJic  delay  thus  occasioned  was  one  of  repose  and  en- 
iiivinent  wliicli  our  situation  r<'(|iiired.  and  anxious  a.- 

\\r 
'il'i 


were  to  resume  our   Imnieward  journey,  was   re- 
tted \>y  no  one."     Less  than  two  weeks  were  s|t«  ,iL 
it  New  Helvetia;  and  on  the  -Jiid  of  ^[areh  the  e\- 


.ir(  rs  eiwainiied  on 


Sincli 


iir  s  randio,  as  a  i)reiiara 


V^'V 


t'ly   movement,  of  dt.'parture.      Six  of  the  company 


Wil'e    lei 


't  in  ( 'aiilornia.'' 


Tlie  plan  lor  I'eturn  was  to  go  up  the  San  Joatpiin 
\'ii!ley;  through  tin-   pass  discoV(;red  hy  Walker,  lor 


Willi 


li  Fremont  suei^ested  the  name  of  Walker  l'a> 


tn  the  Santa  Fe,  or   Wollskill,  trail;   to   follow   that 
tiMil  iiiiiil  it  tui'ned  to  the  ri^ht  to  cross  the  Colorado; 


and  liieiice  north-eastward  to  I'tah  J^ake 
tl 


T\ 


le 


jour 


lh'\'    111) 


le   vallev   w 


as  from  .^^arch  •Jtdi  to  April 
Ijtii,  Kiver  of  the  Lakt  ,  as  apjdied  to  Ivini^'s  Jliver, 
1m  ill-  the  only  new  name  eiven.  They  were  i^'uided 
liv  (hristian  Indians  through  Tehachejti  Pass,  ho  far 
io  1  call  determine  from  the  nia[»  and  n;>rrative,  and 
ii't,  iliroiin-h  Walker  Passat  all.      On  Api'il  18th  they 


ui'I  Xisil,  the  li!:u  lismitli,  wax  ciisiliaf.'*  >!  at  his  ci 


ti^tr  liitiisiiT  waiicicii'il  trciiu  tl 


\VU  r('f|U(': 


I?: 


!'• 


I  '  ('aiii|>  anil  wa.s  ii< 


,  it  iicard  <it'  a^aiii,  ami  ti.iii' 

icie  (li.soliaiV'il  \\itii  tliiir  i>«a  innsirit,  tiiiit!  of  tliiiii  hiiiig  jiiTiwuis 


eliviiT  llfaiilicu,  .liisi'jili  N'ciTdt,  aii'l  Cliailti  J'liwii.s.     Sutter.  /' 


/,'. 


1211  ;f_M4l -'_*,  I'DiiiplaiiiH,  as  is  his  wont,  tliat  lie  ln.^t  heavily  liy  heljiiii'^ 
t,  takiii;,'  liis  pay  in  ilrat't.s  on  the  topii.'iaiihioal  Imreaii,  on  wliieli  lie 


1111(1  I  '  iljsiouiit  "20  ]iei' cent,  ile  says  that  t\vi>  men  were  tiieil  liefore  hii 
I'll'  !>ti'.iiiiii,'  snjiar,  ami  aeiiliitteil;  Imt  I'liinont  was  an^^'ry,  ami  ilixhiuvt  il 
t'niii  t:iiiii  his  service,  one  l)einj,'  Xeal.  I'urthii-inon;  he  <laiiiiMtii  liiivi!  Ii:ist- 
eii'il  i'li'iiioiit'sdepartuie  on  aeeoiiiit  of  the  a|i|iio,iili(if  a  ]iarty  sent  liy  Mii  li- 
iltuiiiia  to  ill  vest  i;i;ate.  In  his  itinri/,  p.  4.  .Siitti  r  notes  Friiiiont's  aniMil 
ii:i  .Miiiili  ('(,  lS4"_'(|i;  iiudoii  the 'JVtli.  aller  the  visitors  hiui  «ti  jiaiteil,  that 


lit  Col. 
iaza 


il 


to  li 


earn  Jreiiion 


ts   1 1 


.Ml 


:iil 


L'lnti 


>.  I'",  to  ailiiiin.  of  ciKsiii 


it  .Moiiteiev.      Has  heanl  of  the  iirri\al  in 


t.ii'  S;ii  raiiieiito  of  a  party  of  eoimiiis.-ionci  s  to  siiivey  ii  hoiimliiry  i  iie  lietwi  en 


t:,..  [ 


mil  M. 


I)i,.t.  S>.  J'i 


/!■,!.  Cii-t.-//.,  MS.,  viii.  |J'.'!)|.     'i'his 


v.in  il.iulitless  the  report  that  caiiseil  'lellezto  he  sent.     March  'JNth,  Sutter's 


I'tter  t'P  I 


Svc.  .state, 


iirkin,  announcin;^  Fii'iiiont's  visit,  eiic'vost'd  hy  L.  April  I'Jth  to  U 


Lurk't 


fij'.  Cun-n<ji, 


y.i^ 


'1 1 


1 

li 

'fli 

ill 

1 1  i  1  ]  ' : 


;     iHlil 


4iO 


IMMIfiPvATION  AN'I)  rORFMX  IlKLATIOXS. 


sIimkI;  the  tr.'iil  of  tlic  Saiit;i  I'V- ciU'iivuiis,  wliicli  t!ir\- 

I'dlloWrd    for    U    lllHlltll,   liisiliiT    t.lu'    liiJlll,    'ruli(';iii.  wlin 

was  killed  hy  tlir  Indians,  and  l»tinL,^  jointMl  at  Las 
Vonis  i)V  .I<»»'  Waikci-.  ( )n  Mav'JUli,  Uadiau  liav- 
\\\<^  hcon  act'idfidally  killed  on  the  way,  I'li'iimut'., 
oonijiaiiy  reached  Utah  Lake;  and  thus  coiiiiilcti'il 
the  eii'cuit,  on  whicli  they  liad  ttavelled  ;),;■)<)()  mil,. 
since  Se|»teinl»er  18l."5.  'I'ht;  route  iVoni  tliat  jMiint 
eastward  was  in  ireneial  terms  iiy  the  lintah  llivci'. 
tlie  Three  J*aiks,  Arkansas  Ixiver,  and  Smoky  Fml;. 
to  tht;  tnoutii  ol'  the  Ivansas,  wlieri'  the  coni[»aiiy  ai- 
rived  at  tlu;  end  ot'  July. 

Fremont's  repoi-t  ol"  this  his  second  ex]>e(lition  wa^ 
dated  March  \,  1  S4r),  the  aiilhoi-  liein>j;  at  the  tiuir 
ahout  to  uii'lertake"  another  trip,  of  which  I  shall  >|icalc 
in  a  lati'r  elia|»ter,  and  it  was  j)ul>lishe(l  hy  oiih  r  (<{ 
conjjfress  in  the  saino  year,  to«j^eth<'r  with  a  repiini  '■'' 
the  lirst  expedition.''  Tho  author  conlined  hiuiMJi' 
closely  to  actual  ohservations  ot'  liimselt'and  associuto. 
which  he  descriind  in  a  style  at  once  fascinatiny',  ti'isf. 
and  stroni;',  hut  withal  modest  and  unassumini^',  wlijili 
not  only  <^avc  his  writings  imichpo[)ularity,butri'C(  i\(  I 

^  /?<7'or'  of  ill''  h'rjil  iriiKi  E.V}ii"lirn)v  In  Ihi'  Rorli/  Mdiniidlii"  in  llir  //<■■';•  y\;.'. 
mid  to  Omidii.  mill,  Cii/ii'nriiid  ill  llu'  iimri  JS.'f.i-.'/.  A'//  />/■«  ivv  I  'iipiii'm  J,  I'. 
Fniiiniil,  rh\  I'lliilnl  III/  unlir  11/  llli-  Si  llil'r  iif  thi'  Cili'iil  tSt'iln.  W.isllili-- 
ton.  ISJ.'i,  Svd,  ()!),'{  ])..  iii:i|i  (ilid  plates.  {T.  S.  Wort.  />oc. ,  "JStli  ci>ni;.  'J'l  srv-s.. 
Sen.  J)i)c.  110.  174,  iilsi)  j)iiiiti'<l  l)y  drckr  of  the  liim.sf  (it  rcprt'seiitativis  in  ,111 
oditiuii  (if  .'iS;!  |). ,  ai'i.iiiiliii'4  toSaliiii.)  The  Ist  exiieilitioii  oi'i  u|iie:4  ]i.  7  liM; 
till!  iiaiiati\e  tpf  the  '2i\  e.\|ie(liti(iii,  ji.  10.'!  '.".Ml;  wcieiitilic  ol)S(  r\!itiiiii>i,  t;il.!c.. 
lllate^^.  etc.,  ]i.  '_'!•! -(i!llt.  liesides  the  j,'eiii  lal  iiiap,  tiiere  is  one  show  in.' tlii' 
iiiiiti!  Iiniii  the.  Taiitu;  i'e>:i(iii  ti)  Sutter's  i'mt  on  a  laiixef  scale;  anil  .-iim-  "I 
the  ))iates  eiiiilaiii  jilant.s,  fossils,  ete.,  Ik  hingiiiL;  tii  ( 'alit'urnia  iirojier. 

'I'Ik!  eilition  just  disoiilieil  is  the  one  to  Mhieli  I  refer  haliituall\  jh /V  • 
iiioiiI'm  III  jinii.  'I'liero  are  others,  several  of  them  in  my  oollcctiun,  friiiii  wiii.  li 
and  from  Saliin  1  note  tho  following,':  Fmnoiit'M  Itiporf,  etc..  Wash.  (Is4."i. 
8vo,  •J7''<  p. ;  /'/.,  Xnn-iiliii'  <i/'llir  A'.r/iliiriiiii  K.ijii  ililioii,elr.,  Wash.,  Isl.'i,  .sv'. 

;i2[  p.;   /./.,  Syraeiise.  ISK'.."  I'J ,  :i().'>  ]). !  /./.,  N.  Y.,  1S4(>.  Svo,  1S(1  p.:  /•'. 

X.  v.,  IS4!l.  Svo,  KS(!  p.  (often  lioiind  witii  J'r'iiKmt  mid  Kniorifn  C(ilij'"i'ii'"[ 
(lii'idi-hdiik,  N.  \'.,  I.S4I));  lil.,  I.ondon,  LSJO,  Svo.  These  reports,  or  iiartnet 
them,  arn  also  included  in  many  of  tin?  hiographieal  works  on  Kreiuont  wlikli 
I  shall  iia\'e  occasion  to  refer  toelsewhert!.  It  does  not  foem  desiiiihle  t'l  ).'ive 
hero  long  lists  of  refereneis  to  nii'iitions  of  Fremont's  explorations,  coiit.iuiiiii: 
notiiing  that  (hies  not  conio  fi'om  tiio  original  oliicial  report.  1  havi;  ,iI:iM'iy 
given  tlio  few  slight  refereueea  to  his  presence  in  Cal.  I'renss'  map  of  Is4>, 
.SIsteong.  1st  sess.,  H.  Ex.  Doo.  17,  p.  1>44,  vol.  v.,  also  slio\v.s  Froiwnt's 
route  of  1844. 


FllKMONTS  HKI'OltT^^. 


441 


nliiu'li  «li\iJfroi'  nf  praise  fVoiu  sciciitilic  ('i'itl(\s.  l>i»tli  in 
tlic  fxrcutioii  of  the  task  coiiiiiiittfd  to  liiiii,  and  in  thu 
iiiirr.'itinii  (»r  his  advciitiircs,  l^'iviuonl  shoui'd  (hat  he 
|hissc>sr(l  a  lii^'h  dr^iTt'  (tf  lalt'ht.  I  havo  hrni  ahli' 
til  <j;'\\r  liiit  a  hiiil"  oiitHhi'  of  his  loiii^  toiifs,  and  I  find 
ipi  -.[larc  lor  the  li>n,'^^  ipi.ttations  that  niii^ht  a|»|»ro|iri- 
atclv  tntinu-h  Ix- intfoihiccil  (Vnin  Ids  cxiM-iifncf  in  thr 
Sicri'a  Nevada,  or  ironi  his  j^frnfral  n.-niarks  on  thv 
.ffoqanhv  of  the  threat  west.  His  visit  to  ( 'ahloi  nia, 
111'  till'  n'i4"ion  now  known  as  Caht'ornia,  was  hut  an 
ihr'nliiil,  dt'  his  t'\|»!oi'ati'»n,  and  his  nanati\c  lias  no 
jiii;  iirtanrt!  as  a  record  of  tln)  i^cnrral  condition  <d'at'- 
t",!ii>  in  the  department,.  Its  o'eo^raphieal  ini|»itrtan(,'e 
i>  licsi  shown  h}  the  reduction  ut'  his  niai»,  wliicli  I 
piv^cnt. 

This  is  not  the  place  to  consiih'i'  tlie  complicated 
cniitioversies  of  latei'yeaj's  respectinLj  Fremont's  char- 
urtvv  and  ahilities;  hut  on<!  particulai'  phase  of  the 
iiiattrr  sh(»nld  he  noticed  here  I'ather  than  elsewhei'c. 
Fri'iiioiit  'ms  not  l)een  a  popular  man  ainonij  tlu;  pio- 
iir(  IS  and  iiiountaineej's  of  ( 'alifoi'iiiaand  Oren'on,  maiiv 
nf  wlioiii  extend  their  coiKh.'nniation  of  his  militaiy, 
|"'litical,  and  linancial  fiascos  hack  to  his  careei'  as  an 
r\|ilurer,  denouncing-  and  ridicnlinn'  him  as  a  vain,  in- 
fKiiiptteiit,  and  pretentious  chailatan,  enjoyinL''  a  hii^h 
I'I'Utatioii  \'nv  achievements  that  heloiii^ed  to  others. 
Mi.ii  who  neither  knew  nor  cai-ed  anythinn"  ahont  Fre- 
mont's merits  were  ylad  to  foster  this  feelini^-  of  tlni 
I'iiiiicers,  an<l  to  ntilize  it  as  testimony  of  i^'reat  wei^'ht 
against  their  |)olitical  foe.  Thus  injustice  has  been 
<l"iic,  the  origin  of  which  it  is  not  dillicult  to  trace. 
Tliifc  are  slii;-ht  indications  of  an  unfriendly  feeliniL;" 
!i'4;iiiist  Fremont  amon,n'  the  iinmi'4'rants  of  IS  12-4, 
with  whom  he  often  came  in  contact  on  the  road,  aris- 
ii.;'  tioiii  the  fact  that  as  an  officer  of  the  o-ovetiimeiit 
li''  iiiniiitaintMl  a  <le<j:ree  of  military  discipline  aiiioii''' 
lii^  nun,  and  was  thonu;"ht  to  hold  himself  somewhat 
ii''"Vi'  and  aloof  from  t  hose  of  the  ox-teams;  au^ain,  the 
liulilication  of  Fremont'.s  narrative  may  have  aroused 


^^r. 


,*; !  A 


Ml 


\m 


i 


;f 


1 

11 

11 

H 

I'w 

tj 

1  ^ 

ii 

n  ii 

tt 

11 

Ifl 

1  'bi 

m ' 

1 1    ■;  :;1  >  l!  mi 

¥  ''• 

1  '-I 

m 

i 

J 


■flmm' 


it! 


IXJUSTICi:  TO  AN  EXI'LORKR. 


4«o 
TO 


|:i)i;i,'  if:il  >USV  oil  lilt'  liai't  of  llicll   wllosi'   ioUMli-'VS  aild 

liaiil  liiji>  were  destined  to  ri'iiiain  unrccordt'd;  and 
fiiiiill\ .  Fic'iiioiit  in  I84G-JU  made  nuinv  eni-iuiesjinionL;' 
tliu>t'  who  are  now  known  as  jtionueis.  Yet  all  tlii'se 
tliiiius  are  not  siillicicnt  t(»  account  tor  the  ])o])ular 
pivjudice  to  which  1  have  alluded,  tlu'  true  oriniu  ol" 
wliifli  imist  be  sou^iit  in  the  political  campaign  of 
b.nl.  At  this  time  Fremont's  mei'its  as  a  '|iath- 
liii  111'  were  al»sur<lly  exaiLfm-rated  in  canipai^ii  <'ul<>- 
;j  >.  intended  to  -strike  a  popular  cho.'d  'r<\  the  eastern 
.-Mti'-.  and  pri'iteil  in  bctoks  and  new.-jiapers  which 
wiiv  lead  1)V  evervhodv.  The  u'eneral  i>ur'i»orl  ol' these 
ftatL-iacnts  was  that  the  pi'esideutial  candidate  had  hfcn 
ii  •;  uiily  the  con(jik'ror  of  California,  hut  the  original 
(Ijx'dViivr  and  e\i)lorer  ol"  the  whole  western  I'e^'ion, 
ov  lv<llnin^'  obstaclesand  enduring"  hardships  unlvnou  u 
t')ntluTs.  At  least,  so  it  was  inter[>reted  hv  Paeilic 
r  i;i-t  mountaineers  and  overland  inuni^i'ants,  who  rc- 
.-  iitrd  as;i  jiersonal  wronj;'  the  praiseand  honors  awanl- 
i\l  til  one  who  as  an  exolorei'  had  onlv  followed  in  their 
liai'ks.  Thus  a  hitter  leelinu"  ^vas  en''endei"ed,  and 
imiiy  ridiculous  char^'es  wei'e  made  ai^ainst  a  man  who 


wa^iiut  it'Npousilde  for  tlu-  a 


dtsurd 


)raisc  lavis 


lu-d 


inion 


.liii. 


A- 


tiial  Ik'Ioii 


we   liax'e  seen, 


J< 


remon 


t  ch 


umed  no  honiirs 


y 


l^ed  t 


o  sucli  men  as 


Wall. 


vi'r  an( 


1  C 


ii'son  ;ini 


itznatnck,  men   whose  sei'vices  were  n(»wiier(.'  nioi'e 


lirarl 


t; 


liii'ii  1 1 


acknowled*„'ed    dian   in   his  book.      He   nien- 
vcr  and  o\'er  a'j'aui  tlu-  fact  that  tlie  tranin-rs 


I'i'  iiiiuu^-rants   'lad  every wiiere  precec 


le<l  1 


nm. 


ta>k  was  ;dti>n'ether  didert-nt   IVom   theii's;    it 
dlv 


Hi 

was  !■ 


ixuloic  x-j.-ntiticallv  a  countr\'  with  which  they   had 
Inii-  hern  fai'iiliai-,  but  respectin<»'  which  their  know  1- 

•OSCS.         lie 


1  u'''('  w; 


not  available  for  *i^eosj^ra[)hical  \n\r\ 


it'ii'Mied  his  task  in  a  manner  cr^'ditable  to  his  inti 


iH'e 


and  ener;j:v;  shirked  no  hai'dshiits  invoh'ed  in 


nuance;  and  described  his  achievt'iiu'iits  witli 


il  ilile  ]\i(K 


lest 


v.      His  work  was  the  tirst  and  a  verv 
iHirtaut  step  in  the  great  transcontinental  surveys 


IP 


|i-  ■!  ;* ' 


m 


i.  nu 


liKliflii 


if 

i 


V  I 


441 


IMMI(".RATIO\  AND  FOUEIGX  nELATIOX.S. 


tli.ii  arc  still  l)t'iiio'  jirosocutod;  <iii>l  lor  hi.s  ser\I,v.  as 
topi  .'graphical  cuj^iiiccr  FrciiKJiit  closcrvcs  prai.su. 

"\Vo  have  socu  that  ITastinL>N,  colniIl^•  down  iVriu 
Orejj;"<)n  in  184;],  had  met  certain  Calit'orniaiis  Imhih,! 
norlliwai'd  in  dis^-iist,  who  carried  l)aek  willi  tliciu 
sevt'i'al  t'amilie.s  ol'  the  llastiiin's  coui|)aii_v.  Aiiiinii- 
the  loriiu'r  seem  ti>  have  been  Ijeiijamiii  and  Andivw 
K(dsey,  who  had  come  with  IJai'tleson  in  1841;  aii;l 
amunt,r  the  latter  were  other  Kelseys.  M(jst  of  tli'Ui, 
however,  came  back  to  Calilbriiia  in  18  14  in  a  cuiii- 
pany  which,  the  leader's  name  heinn'  unknown,  mav 
be  calK'd  In'  that  of  Kelsey.  NothiiiL;'  is  known  of  iho 
organization  or  adventures  of  this  party,  Ijcyoiid  the 
focts  that  it  consisted  of  thirty-six  persons  and  ai- 
rived  in  the  Sacrauiento  Valley  [)rol)ably  in  .hnic  I 
give  in  a  note  the  names  of  twelve  men  who  are  ku'iv.a 
to  have  been  mend)ers  of  this  company,  including  t!i.; 
two  Kelseys  who  had  been  in  the  country  befoiv,  ;ii 
had  Buzzell  probably."  The  onl}'  document  of  tlio 
year  that  throws  light  on  the  names  of  these  uiw- 
comers  is  a  defcnice  which  lieniauHn  Kelsev  found  it 
necessary  to  make  of  his  character  and  conduit  iu 
8ei)tember.  l)r  Bale,  for  firing  a  pistol  at  tSalvaiinr 
Vallejo,  l)y  whom  ho  had  been  lloggt^d,  had  been  si  i/,r  1 
by  Solano  and  his  Indians  at  Sonoma,  where  Colmiil 

'''J'lii;  Kil.vi'y  oimipaiiy  fi'oiii  Drogmi,  1S44:  Win  liuaiiott,  David  T.  Bivl, 
Jos.  Willui'il  Jliiz/.fU,  Jlfiiiy  lAiwIcr,  Will  Fowli'i-,  Win  j'ow  kr  .Ir,  Win  Jlai- 
gravo,  AiuIr'W  Ki'lscy,  Beiij.  Ki'lscy,  J)aviil  Ivelsoy,  Suiniicl  l\ilst'v,  <'i;iii- 
villr  I".  Sv.il't.  Ill  the  Yi,/'}  Co.  Ili'-^l.,  W'l,  tlio  iiaino  of  Win  J[.  Wintorus 
aililcil  — pcrliajts  fiiriH'ctly,  us  tliciu  iijiiioarM  to  lio  .soino  duiilit  of  his  li.ivii..,' 
coinc  witli  liio  ("liiles  i>aity  of  lS4;i;  W'illaril  JUizzclI  is  (.alleil  .losi  pli  Jiuzzl''| 
iiiiil  it  is  said,  'tlu'V  luft  llieSafrainciitoaljoilt  tun  milt's  aliovi'  Ivuiglit'.s  Liiii- 
iiiir,  and  went  acrox^  tlio  country  to  Win  (ioiiloii".s  place,  on  Caelio  Crcili, 
ani\iiit;  in  June,  where  all  those  whose  iiaiiie.s  liavo  heeu  given  stiiycii  I'l' 
alioiitone  month.'  l>ennis  iind  .lackaoii  Bennett  iirst  a[)ipear  un  a  S.  ]•'.  paili  'ii 
of  July,  and  it  is  notiiniti.'  certain  whetiier  they  eaiiic  in  this  jLiity  or  wi'.ii 
llastiie^s  the  year  helore.  Auii.  (iili,  Sutter  to  .Mieheltoren.i,  aiiii"UiK'iii,,' 
the  ai'iival  of  a  party  from  tlie  ('ojiinibia,  who  wi.sh  to  settle  and  lieeoiiie  lM"  1 
Mexicans.  J>iyt.  SI. /'•'/).,  MS.,  xvii.  !S.').  Aug.  7th,  Sutter  to  Lai  kin,  .siyi:,' 
the  pai'ty  contained  M  ])ersoiis;  and  another  large  lonipany  was  |ii(  pariii,  w 
ooiiK'.  Ldrliiii'.-i  J)o'\,  .MS.,  ii.  I.")7.  lirief  notice  of  iininigraiits  leaviiii!  n:i- 
gou  for  the  more  fertile  Cal.  Xil's'  J'<J.,  Ixviii.  \i'S;  ti';'Cc7i/iOif'.>'  Jliot.  Ur.  i;./ 
C'aL,  '.iSrS, 


Tin:  sTi^vEXs  co:\irAXY. 


445 


SO. 

ni  fVi'iii 

II      thrill 

Aiiili'i."v 
;4l;  ;iii:l 
it"  \\v\\\, 

1    ;i  Cnlll- 

\vi>,  iii.iy 

\  11   ill"  lllL' 

vmul  tli'j 
;U!(1  ;ir- 

Juiir.       1 

re  kii'iv,  a 
hVuv^  t!i>; 
l)i'torc,  ;i> 
it  of  tlio 
lesL-  iicw- 
nind  it 
idili't   ill 

11  >i  \/.r  1 
CoIuikI 


.1,1  T,  r.ipi, 

,  Will  Iha- 

1-,  y,  t;::!'.'- 

\Villtl'l-!5 

lii.s  li;ui:.; 
isrpli  llu,'/.' ; 

.'aolio  Ci'oili, 

11  st;ivi''l  IT 

S.  l-'.'i>i"''  '•' 
Liityoi' v.ilii 

aii'iioiiiK'iii,.; 

llClMllill!  p""! 
uldii,  ^ilyili4 
pirliariii.t' 

|rlivilll.'(';v- 

/„,(.  ur.  a.rl 


V;il!  i",  I'.aviii',;-  rescued  liiiii  iVoiii  the  Tiidiails  liefcro 
tlicv  fi'iild  liang  liiiii,  lia<l  Indeed  liiin  up  to  await 
tri;il.  It  a]'i)ear.s  that  tliere  was  some  talk  ainoiii^ 
the  ten  i'^iiei-s  of  rele'asiiin'  Hale  hy  force;  at  any  rate, 
Ciiiraiii  lliiic'dev  testilied  that  he  had  lieard  of  such 
tlnv;it^  tlirou^'h  residents  ot'  Sacramento,  and  tliat  tlio 
Kclscvs  ,iiid  ^ferritt  were  the  ones  im[)licatt'(h  Theie- 
uji'iii  three  i>f  tlie  Ivelseys,  tlio  F(»wK.'rs,  1  [arn'iave, 
]iuz;'.cll,  Swift,  and  JJird  sii^ned  a  document  on  Sejt- 
tiiiihii'  "til,  to  tile  ell'ect  that  all  had  eoiiH!  fi'oia  Ore- 
•  n,ii  tii'.-ether.  and  that  tho  cliarijcs  uiado  wei'c  alto- 
uviIh'I'  luii'ounded/'' 

The  second  innni'^'rant  ])arty  of  18i4  (.'auie  tnitler 
the  irai!er>hilt  of  I'di^ha  Stevens,  tIloa'j;il  it  has  hreii 
;iho  caHed  the  Mnr[»liy  com[)any.  fi'oni  the  name  of 
;i  lai;4e  taiuily,  aftei'wai'd  prominent  ('itix;ens  of  Santa 
(lira  ('oimtv,  which  came  v.ith  it.  There  wei'e  over 
ii'y  iiieii  in  tile  party,  besides  women  and  childi'en, 
\,!irii  tliey  left  t!ie  Missouri  1  liver  in  ^lay.  "Jdio 
r-iitr  was  that  usually  followed  to  Foi't  JIall,  where 
til'' cMiiinaiu-  sepai'ate!.  al  out  half  the  nu'inber^ 'foin<<; 
tip  ()ii'<4'uii,  while  the'  re,  i  directed  their  course  down 
till'  ^Fal■y  Hive)',  as  Wahu-r  and  Hartleson  had  done 
h"!  n'r  tlu'in,  imtil  they  readied  the  sink'.  I  i;i\e 
ill  II'  names   in   a   note.''     Tliev    had  ahout   a   ilozeu 

'  l''i'\/n,  y/,V.  ( ■,//,,  Ms.,  iv,  ,'.;II-S.  The  wnttT  states  that  IJalo  was  triKl 
anl  fuuii. I  guilty;  but  that  .MiclR'ltdiTiia  riloastd  liiiii,  ftariiii,'  tioiililc  \\  itii 
tl;i' l!ii;;li^li  cuiisiil.  Aiiotlicr  SmiDiiia  (Hiaiiil  nt  tliis  year  was  that  lK;t\M'rii 
'  .lit.  I'riiilou  ami  .Miahiu  Liisi',  in  whirh  tiio  two  c  imu  to  lilows,  ami  iii<  nii- 
>i|  iciii'o  1  f  which  tlu'  luttir  vas  ai-iiii.sacil  iroiii  uliici.'.  Jirjil.  S/.  I'nji.,  MS., 
V.  ill;  /./.,  JJai.,  iv.  r.l. 

•An.'. '.M,  \>^-H,  ]IiiiiUk'y".s  (li'pnsitii)ii.  ValliJ,,,  Dor.,  MS.,  xii.  SS.  S  [.t. 
Till.  .'''aiu.  iul,<ry  to  lii.i  liiotliir  I'.eiijainiii — who,  it  appears,  was  eliiclly  .siis- 
1'  .It'll,  having  hail  some  dillieulty  with  Salvailor  N'alleji)  '1  years  liihire.  Iil., 
xii.  01     Sept.  Till,  tliK'niiieiit  Hiu'i'ieil  .-is  .statnl  in  the  teNt.    A/.,  .xii.  !>:{. 

'Stevens  e()iii|iaiiy  of  JSU:  Ivliiniinl  liray,  \'iiiceiit  Calvin,  Fraiieis  jli'- 
l.i'.'.'l,  .Iiilia  I'ldiniiiiy,  .Joseph  1''.  i'dster,  Calel>  (Jreeiiwooil  ainl  his  two  sons 
D.i  aiii  ami  .lolni,  Nl.ittliew  llarhiii,  liiteheock,  llit.lieoek,  Jr  (/I,  Olivn  r 
.Miiiniit.  hiiinis  Martin,  ratricU  Martin,  i'atriek  Martin.  .Ir,  .lames  Milhr 
"ii'i  tiiiiil;  ,  Will  . I.  .Miller  (lioyi,  .Vlleii   .Moliluoinery  ami  wife,  15ernaril  Mur- 


1  .V 


lltiiaiil  1).  Murphy  (hoy),  Daniel  Mr.rpliy.  .T.unis  Murphy  i.inl  f. 


,rl 


IIIUlV. 


.'.lilies  Mniphy  (hovK  •Inlin  .M.  Murpiiy,  Martin  -Murphy,  with  eliilihen  aiiil 
t'rjinil.'iil.Iven."  ?^lai'tia  Murphy,  Jr,  ami  family,  .Martin  ".Mnrpliv  (lio\  i,  I'ai- 
riiju  W.  Miii-phy  (lioy),  I'atteriion  (hoy),  Mrs  I'atter.si.n  anil  ehiUheii,  Moies 


m 


w  i 


1 

;f        '': 

i:    i  ■ 

iil  ii. 

410 


IM.MICRATIOX  AXl)  FORErflX  KKLATIOXS. 


Avni^ons,  the  first  tliat  cvlt  completed  the  tilji  iiito 
tli(3  valley  of  Calii'oniia. 

The  Stevi'iis  ooiiipaiiy  was  pi'(>l)al)ly  the  tir-r  t\ 
cross  the  sierra  hy  the  I'ruckeo  and  Hear  rivt  t>.  ,11!,. 
stantially  the  route  of  the  railroad;  hut  the  |i;iiii(M- 
lars  of  the  crossiiij^  are  van'uely  and  confusediv  ic- 
cordi'd.  A  Journal  is  said  to  have  heen  kept  !iv 
I'ownsend  and  Sehaltenheriu'er,  hut  to  have  heen  lost." 
The  arrival  at  the  siidv  iA'  the  Iluniholdt  was  Lite  in 
October  or  early  in  Noveniher;  and  some  tinn'  wis 
spent  here  in  rest  and  j)re])aration  for  the  tiiji  mV( r 
tile  mountains."  ]:>efore  thev  resumed  their  ieuni'V 
the  snow  had  begun  to  fall,  and  their  [jroi^n-ess  to  tlio 
sunnnit,  which  ot'(;upie(l  nearly  a  month,  was  of  ('(Hmsl' 
slow  and  attended  with  i^reat  sutleriuL;".  Accunliii^' 
to  numerous  ncwspa[)er  items  of  1 875-80,  the  Tnulj  ■ 
]|iver  was  named  at  this  time  for  an  Tndinn  ^uilr  ti 
whom  the  name  Truckee  had  been  given  on  ni'cuunt 

Stliiilloiiln'i'i,'er,  Klislia  Stevens,  Joliu  Sullivan,  Mioliael  Sullivan,  R(il)i'rt  Sul- 
livan, and  .liilin  Townsend.  The  must  cum,  letc  li.-st  is  that  in  the  N.  /'.  ''(/', 
St'pt;.  IIS,  |S(14,  l>y  a  woman  who  seems  to  have  lieen  one  of  the  jiatty.  ji  r- 
IsapT  .Mrs  Montu'omerv;  lint  it  does  not  specify  tliose  who  came  to  Oil.  ;n 
di.siinL;uished  fioui  tliose  who  went  to  Orei^on.  My  list  has  liccn  reviioil  liy 
Scha]lenliert,'rr,  who  is  my  only  authority  for  Fiomhoy  and  I'attei-son,  t!ii' 
laltei  a  hoy  with  the  Hiteheoel;  family,  and  whoso  name  should  pirhaiis  take 
tlie  place  of  lliteheocli  Jr.  Tlie  Onjim  J'iini.  A-i-<oi\,  JS!'!,  p.  42,  gives  al.^'i 
the  name  of  .laekson.  Some  authorities  name  James  M.  Jlarliin  ns  distiii't 
from  Matthew  Harhin.  Some  imhide  \Vm  J.  Martin  in  this  party  iiistual 
of  tlie  ( 'idles  company  of  ISlli.  Ihay,  in  his  Mi mnir  I'f  n.  frlji  In  r'"'.,  M"^., 
nanus  "Jo  of  those  who  came  to  Cil.  He  ^.dves  tin;  date  of  depaitiur  a^  .May 
ISth;  says  they  camped  .luly  4th  at  Jndipendcnce  Koek,  \v  lien  a  chiM  \v,n 
horn  in  the  Miller  fanuly;  dates  the  se[iaration  at  I't  Hall  in  Scjit.,  an  1  t!.o 
arrival  at  the  siidi  alioi'it  Oct.  'Jltli.  flyman,  J'i'iri/,  MS.,  dcscril'cs  tl.c 
miK'ch  to  Ft  ITall,  and  says  the  Hitchcock  party,  with  lo  wau'ons,  left  tlic 
Oi'euiin  eompMny  on  orahout  Sept.  ll'nh.  Thosdiviy,  a  resident  of  S.  F.  i;i 
1SS4,  intended  to  cross  the  plains  in  1S44,  hut  chui,'cd  his  mind.  Tlu'i'uJ.i 
the  ialluenci'  of  Senator  l!enton  he  jjot,  a  pass  <latcd  .March  "-'ih'a,  the  ori^'i;.,.l 
of  which  he  sliowed  me  with  a  letter  from  Menton.  Doubtless  tli' re  WiW 
manv  similar  eases. 

"Till!  writer  in  the  <',ill  absurdly  says  that  the  hissof  these  jounialsgiivi' 
Fremont  his  tith;  a.<  'path-finder,'  .•<iiu'e  t!ic  latter  followed  in  Stevens'  tv:i.!n 
ami  renamed  the  streams,  etc.,  widch  he  pretended  to  discover.  The  wiit  r 
supposes  Stevens'  to  have  heen  the  lirst  party  of  iuuni;,'rants  that  caiuecv,- 
lan<l! 

"Quigley,  frl.<h  Rucc  in  (:Kll/onihi.  177-S;t,  1!).V20.'),  in  a  .sketch  ri'].:!- 
itnced  in  tli'e  Mrirtii  Co.  IIi</.,  114-17,  47'.2-o,  says  they  arrived  at  the  si..!t 
on  Nov.  Ulth,  leniaiiung  about  10  days;  while  ihay,  .Uniioir,  MS.,  says  l.io 
arrival  was  about  Oct.  "24111,  and  tliat  they  camped  here  only  tv.o  ni^liis. 
fcieu  also  a,  mention  of  this  party  in  Mdijuiir's  Irish  in  Amcricu  -iV'  7. 


'iitti'vsim,  t.ii' 


iiii'tv  instuu'l 


THE  STEVEX.S  COMPANY. 


417 


of  lii>  ivs("inl)l;inco  to  a  Freia-liinaii  so  called.''-  Early 
ill  1  )i(L'iiibt.'r  thoy  encamjiod  in  the  region  of  what 
v,;is  iiiiined  later,  tVom  the  teirihK'  experience  of  ;in- 
iitlici'  iiiiuiiu'rant  nartv,  Donner  ]jake.  lEere  thei'e 
serins  to  have  been  a  divi.sjon,  one  jiarty  [iroceedinuf  in 
advance  to  Sutter's  l^'ort  and  sul)se(juently  returniiiLi,-  to 
aid  the  others;  l)ntthe  details  of  movements  fnjni  this 
jiniiii  ;ue  contlictiiiL^.'''  Evidently  the  company  I'eaclud 
the  v;illey  in  two  or  more  detac.'hments.  and  perhaps 
liv  dillcrent  routes;  hut  it  does  not  clearly  ap|)oar  that 
the  t'ainilies  left  hehind  in  their  mountain  camp  sui- 
t'(  ivd  more  than  the  ordinary  hardslii]>s  of  such  an 
,  :qu  rii'iice.  On  ])ec(!ml)er  l.'lth  Suttei-  amioui.ciMl 
tlir  arrival;  and  either  he  or  Micheitorena,  from  mo- 
tives that  will  he  ai)parent  to  the  reader  of  the  next 
(•liaptrr,  saw  lit  to  state  tiiat  the  ncw-coniers  num- 

'■r;./('i/>r.s  ^'r.^^s•,  .".(J8-'.l;  (!nl,l  lliU  X,ii-^,  Miiv  •"),  ls7.'>;  i'tilfij<,c/,n,„h''r, 
Npt.  jri.  IS7S;  Ji'iiio  UiKi/l(,  Aiiu'.  'j;!,  l.SNI;  Site) fi nil 'ifo  IJn,  Si^pt.  -t,  I'vMJ; 
\  /■:  A'i'i,  May  10,  1S7.").  tto. 

'' I'lr.iy'ii  vorsiim  i.s  that  tin.'  lar^or  ]iatt  of  the  company  pressiMl  on  tn  tlio 
.Viiieiicaii  Kivi'i',  lijaviiig  the  rest  at  llniiiier  Lakf.  Tlie  latter  kept  on, 
liDivovii',  until  tlu'V  (-'ncaniin'il  on  what  tiu'  writLr  siippo-ics  to  have  Ix.Dn  the 
Yuba.  IIei(,'  thoy  staytil  a  \\ii.k,  ami  achihl  was  horn  in  tiic  .Mnri)hy  family. 
Tlicii  S  inon,  incluilint,'  tiio  \\  litLT,  pri'sii'il  on  hefoio,  loavim,'  .lanics  MiIKt  in 
^;hiiiu'i:  of  tliu  woMirn  ami  oliiMivn  with  the  o\en  for  food  and  the  wai^ons  i.ir 
biulter,  and  icaeiiin!,'  .lolinson'.s  I'aneho  on  lUiar  ( 'rei  k  I  >ee.  '2'M.  .\  month 
iifti'f  llii'ii- arrival  at  Sutter's  a  jiarty  weni  liaik  and  tiroULrlit  in  those  lett 
bt'liinil.     (See  iiniiortant  a<lditional  matter  in  note  on  p.  404.) 

.Vii'iinliii,'  to  l^'uii^ley,  lo;,'  houses  were  liuilt.  ]n'rliaps  at  the  place  locatecl 
liy  llr:iy  mi  the  ^'nlla,  and  roofed  M'ith  hides  taken  from  the  oxen  that  vero 
killi'd  lur  tiioil;  here  tiie  families  were  left  in  chari;e  of  Miller,  whih'  most  nf 
till' 111(11  )iit'ssed  forward  to  Sutter's,  joiniii.;  in  the  campaign  in  tiehalf  (rf 
.Miciui'ioreiia,  at  h'ast  as  far  as  S.  ,losi',  hefi^re  they  went  liaek  afti'r  the  laiui- 
liw.  This  is  eonlirmed  liy  l>.  1>.  Muriihy  in  eoiivei-sntiun.  Meanwhile,  w  hi  n 
•ill  in  cainii  were  on  tlu>  point  of  starvation.  Miller  and  his  little  hoy  started 
H:;t  t'l  seik  relief;  and  Were  lueky  enough  after  ahout  a  week  of  \\and'iin;^ 
t '  iiirit  till'  relief  party.  1  siis|)eet  that  this  writer'.s  ■leeount  of  Millrr'.s 
.I'lvi  iitures  and  the  siitrerini,'s  in  eamp  are  very  nuuh  oxaufieiated. 

Til''  I  'ill  aeeount  reads:  ' 'J'lie  Stevens  company  passed  up  tlu'  Trii'keo 
kivii'.  lalled  Sti'vens  Kiver  liy  l)rTownsend,  to  the  forks,  where  the  I'umitr 
ainl  Ki'ed  families  perished,  and  eamjied  at  the  lake  on  the  south  fork  of  tiki 
Tiiickir.  l>r 'I'ow  nseiid's  w  ife  and  Klleii  Murphy  crossed  the  mi>nntains  ly 
MIowiiiL'  the  north  fork  of  the  Truekie,  and  strii>k  the  Sacramento  40  mih  s 
al«)Ve  Sutter's  Kort.'  I'.idwell,  Ciif.  ';/->',  MS,,  IIH, 'JJ-'-a,  sa>s  the  party 
iiiiiR'  liy  the  Trnckee  and  Hear  rivers;  liut  their  wa>;ons  wfie  left  on  the  sum- 
mit until  sprin};.  In  Suiter  Co.  Ili^t.,  IS,  it  is  said  that  Sihalli'iihoiu'cr  wa^ 
li'it  ill  ihiir^'c  of  the  wagons.  Aecordim;  to  Sehalhnlicrger's  stateiin'iit  in 
Mtldasliim's  l/i.^f.  Iktiinir  /'nrl;/,  he  with  l''ostor  and  Montgomery  remaiiieil 
Ivliiuil  at  the  hake,  ))uilding  acahin  later  nsed  l>y  the  J)oiiners;  and  tiiiaiiy 
vr.iii  tluy  wen'  forced  toatt-inpt  esi-ape,  ,S.  was  left  ill  and  lived  alone  at  tho 
Mbin  iiiitfl  a  rescue  party  came  in  March  1S45. 


,l,\ 


'mi 


Jl:;i 


.:iS 

nm 

1 

1 

1 

1 

448 


IMMliii;  \TI()X  AND  FOllKIfiN  KKLATIOX.S. 


Ix.'rcd  (»iii'  Imndvcd  ;iii(l   fiCty,  and  that  another  lan'or 
t'tjinpaiiy  was  closu  at  hand!'* 

On  tht!  i^onei'al  tojiic  of  foi-ei^^n  relations  in  Isu 
tlicrc  is  little  nioro  than  a  series  of  detiiched  items  t'» 
he  pi'esented.  Mieheltorena's  jtolic-y  toward  stranLTOis 
was  in  no  respect  less  iVieiidly  than  het'ore;  and  it" 
any  considerahle  nund)er  ot"  Californians  disa])j)!(i\(  ,1 
that  j)olicy  they  left  no  reeoi'd  of  their  disa|i]>rM\al. 
Even  tlu!  alarm  of  war  with  the  United  States  in 
the  summer,  already  notiee'd,  dot's  not  seem  in  tin' 
least  to  have  disturhed  I'riendly  relations  in  ( Vili- 
loi'nia;  tlionL>'h  there  was  a  question  raised  alnnit 
the  ]»roj)riety  of  enrolIin<(  foivii^n  I'esidents  anmnLf 
the  ilefensores  de'  la  patria,  and  thouj^h  in  ^[exico  the 
Calif'ornian  rej)resentative  eontinued  to  ur>j;'e  that  tluj 
country  should  he  closed  to  Americans.''  For*  i^iicrs 
took  an  imjxirtant  j)Mrt  in  the  revolution  a'^niinst  tlii' 
ij^overnor  which  heyan  this  year.  IJut  all  coiiiuctiil 
with  that  aflair  will  1k^  recorded  in  the  iollowiii^- 
chaptt'rs;  also  wluit  there  is  to  be  said  ol'  a  Ltviuial 
nature  resjx.'ctini,''  Sutter  and  the   state   of  aii'aiis  at 

"Doc.  1  )  1S44,  S.  to  Viilk'jo.  TIk!  immigrants  caiiu'  tlii-Diiu'li  "M  Fn'- 
nioiit's  roiiti'.  ,iiul  arc  imw  guttiii;,'  tliuir  wagons  down.  Tlic  niuiili(i- is  nut 
statoil.  V(tll  jo,  />iit\.  MS,,  xii.  I"J-'.  \)^\•.  IStli,  gov.  to  f'a.-itro,  aiiii"iiiK'iii.' 
SiittLi's  (ksjiatcli  on  tlie  arrival  ot'  140  oi'  ITiO  mon.  (Iiii  rni,  I)ii<\,  MS,,  i,  -1,1; 
Ihl>t.  St.  /'!/>.,  MS,,  V.  l(l'_>-;{;  /./,,  .l/(;/,,  .\.  ,■)•).  On  April  'J'Jtli,  I.aikiii  li:M 
askcil  .Sutttr  to  kri'plii^n  fully  jiostoil  aliout  tlio  nuniliois,  uaniL's,  etc,,  ut  all 
immigrants  that  laiglit  tome.   Ldrkin's  '///',  ('urrcyit.,  MS,,  i.  ". 

' '  TIk!  /itolnm  of  S.  F.  rL'sidints  lit  for  military  .^urvico,  ]>r(.'piin'il  I'V 
llincUlt-'y  -Inly  "Jlst,  contains  tlic  nanirs  of  many  foreigners,  Viillijuy  /'«■■,, 
MS.,  x.N.xiv,  4_'.  Jnly  I'.ltli,  AleaMo  J.ecsc  icptjris  Hat  while  Cliiles,  N'iiios 
etc.,  ai'c  willing  tosnpiioit  the  govt,  J»a\v.son,  Jlanly,  etc,  oljjeet.  hift.  .>>. 
/'-(/).,  Ms,,  xvii.  Sl-li,  Jnly  i.'itli,  Larkin  to  S[)ear,  stating  tiiat  forei:;i)ei-3 
not  naturalized  cannut  lie  ieiinire<l  to  serve  in  the  militia  aei  ording  t'l  tl;c 
treaty  with  the  U.  S,  l.ndln' x  Off.  Conr.y.,  MS.,  i.  !l,  llelden,  lli-f. 
Shth  inriit,  MS.,  41),  speaks  Ol  the  ease  with  wiiicli  he  and  others  ulitaiial 
iiatnraIi;:ation  ])a[iors.  I'eh.  0th,  at  the  reipiest  of  Consid  Forlies,  lihink 
i-to/i'.-i  ilf  .11  iiiirid'i'l  to  \<c  sent  to  chief  towns  f.r  convenience  of  appliiaiits 
un,  lie  t  )  g  I  lo  Monterey.  J)cjil.  St.  J'd/'.,  MS,,  v,  ~'i  it.  .\lvarado,  lli-'. 
('ill.,  M.-',,  ii,  i4;}-4,  .says  that  N'allejo  was  well  known  to  he  '  eo<|iieiti!ig 
with  the  Americans  with  a  view  to  obtain  settler.s  for  the  nortlicrn  tfuitii'r 
and  tlms  advance  his  own  interests,  a  iKilicy  wiiieh  displeased  Castro  aiul 
iilliers.  Wood,  Wandi'riiiii  Sblc/icn,  'J.'il,  says  a  large  nninher  of  fcireigiii.'r9 
from  all  parts  of  the  country  assendiled  at  Monte.  'V  on  the  occasinii  nf  » 
marriage,  and  the  a;ithorities,  liecoming  alarmeil  at  the  ,rowd,  sent  to  iuvts- 
tiga'.e,  hat  the  torii^,nir.i  hud  all  dLsai  ptand,  no  one  could  .>ay  v.  here. 


AMERICAN  I'ROSl'KCTS. 


440 


Xcv,  ][L'lvotia,  where  tlieiv  was  little  VMriatioii  from 
tlir  tatu  <|ti(>  of  the  preceding  year.'"  Of  eouise 
iniliiiiy  (Uities  devolving  upon  the  captain  in  connec- 
tion with  the  I'evolution  ohiiged  him  to  defer  the  |»ay- 
iiiiiit  >'f  his  del>ts  until  a  more  convenient  season. 

Ill  the  matter  of  aimexat  ion  schemes  at  Washington, 
t'lc  \r,ir  hrought  no  new  developments.  The  [iroject 
\\;i>  In  a  sense  taking  care  of  itself  with  the  ra[»i<l  in- 
(iva>i  (if  American  inunigration ;  hut  a  shar[)  wivtch 
was  k.'pt  on  tlie  coast  i)y  the  l^acitic  s(piadron,  three 
vcssi  Is  of  which  Were  in  California  in  1S44,  and  all 
was  hi  lieved  to  be  in  readiness  for  any  one  of  the  three 
riiniuviu'ies  likely  to  occur — a  rising  for  independence 
nil  till'  part  of  ('alifornians  foreign  or  native,  an  at- 
tiiiipt  of  England  or  J'^  ranee  to  take  j)ossession  of  the 
cdiiiitiy,  (>r  war  between  ]\[e\ico  and  the  United 
^lat>s,''     ^Meanwhile  Castauares  in   Mexico   uttered 


"'  J II  liis  1)1(1)'!/,  4,  Snttur  saya  he  vas  madt'  oaptuiii  in  tlu-  Mi.'xiran  army 
ami  iuiu:iii'laiito  of  the  iiorthfiu  iVoiitiiT  hy  .MiclnjlUiiiiiu,  iiniilyiiiL,'  tliat  ic 
Mii>  lnii^  lufurt' tli(.' I'i'vohition,  ami  that  uiuh'r  this  niiiiiiiis.sidii  hi-  foinuMl  a 
i(;'ulaf  Kairisdii  wliiuh  lie  l>i'OUf;ht  into  a  gooil  ntato  of  »lisci[)line  ln't'oro  tho 
l:  IV.  railnl  fur  his  sli'x  ices;  hut  J  find  no  locorcl  of  either  eonimission  or 
apliijiiitniciit.  Sutter  diil  not  use  the  title,  nor  was  it  used  hy  otiiers  in  eor- 
n spoiiiKiii'o  of  the  time;  and  i  have  no  reason  to  suppose  that  he  ever  Iiehl 
aiij  iiiihtiuy  rank  except  such  IS  was  olitained  tVuni  Alvarado,  or  was  eon- 
fTnil  (111  liitn  (lurini;  tlu;  campaign  of  lS44-.'>  if^iirtial  error,  see  p.  407).  l>ec. 
l."ith,  S,  eiiniplains  that  thoUi^h  acting  as  postmaster  he  has  to  use  his  own 
li'iM-s '■  Very  time  he  has  oi;casion  to  send  despatches  to  the  govt.  \'"llj", 
I'nr.,  MS.,  .\ii.  12"2.  Ajuil  17th,  S.  to  gov.  Lecse  is  becoming  more  and 
iiioie  insolent;  he  should  he  told  not  to  meddle  in  Sacramento  matters, 
thf  V:ic.i  rau<lio  being  the  boundary  of  the  Sonoma  jurisdiction.  7''//^ 
>'.  /*'(/'.  MS.,  xvii.  S,'i-4.  .Tune  4th,  justice  of  jnace  at  .s.  ,(uan  coini)l;iins 
I'f  .Villi  liciins  with  passes  from  .Sutter,  who  go  aliout  catcliiiig  wild  Imrscs 
iiUil  hiiwiig  stolen  ones.  I  a//c/o,  JJoc,  MS.,  x.xMv.  ',V2.  In  tin-  .Suthr-Siiri^.l 
''ii/c •/."..  MS,,  'J'J-  (J,  there  are  !'  lettersoi  |S44.  Most  are  liki-  those  of  form-  r 
yi'iu's,  in  which  Sutter  asks  for  soinelliing  and  promises  to  pay  soini'thiii ', 
witli  Odii.'-tant  excuses  for  not  jiayiiig  at  the  time.  Some  Indian  laboii  ly 
wi!V  sent  down.  His  harvest  betran  the  17th  of  .lune.  His  largest  vessel 
luai'.e  a  trip  to  the  Columliia  liiver,  and  his  launch  some  time  in  the  siunnkr 
\v;is  agmiiiid  atlloss.  In  August  In  wouhl  soon  havi  some  hats  and  bridli-.s 
rtai'y;  ill  Sipteiiilior  his  halher  would  soon  he  linisheil.  On  Oct.  HOtli,  !  e 
wiiite  from  Moutere}-,  and  Nov.  iltli  from  'S'cil.a  lUn'na.  He  cxpe<;ted  simii 
tiine(.-t  ."I  'rcitain  ])erson  '  who  was  coming  overhaul,  and  if  he  did  not  so 
liini.  thru  the  lust  he  could  jtromise  was  to  pay  his  debt  in  beaver  skins  this 
winter:  I'riiiiont,  /iV;,(  /•^  124(5,  says  '.Mr  Sutti  r  was  about  m.iking  arningc- 
nii'iits  tn  irrigate  his  lands  by  means  of  the  Kio  <lc  loa  Americanos.  Ho 
liiiil  this  year  bown,  and  nitogctiier  by  Indian  labor,  ;{00  faiu'gas  of  wlu'at.' 
lln'seasMii  was  dry,  and  there  is  no  record  of  croi«8. 

'■'•(-,-1/,;. I /•■.<,  (  ol.  J)i>r.,  10,  It),  19,  ;{1,  37,  etc.  The  author  speaks  of  C'al. 
ii»  'tliicii  I  d  with  the  pcrlidv  of  our  ueighborj  of  the  north.'  'The  ambi- 
Uiui.  CvL.,  Vol.  IV,    'jg 


:Y-f 


; 


?:  ijil' 


'im 


mm 


\i         ■:. 


r  ■! 


4.-.0 


IMMIGIIATION  AND  FOREIGN  RELATIONS. 


frequent  .'iiid  incfTi'otual  warniniL^s  .aLjaliist  tho  Amni- 
caiis  \v]u)  wi'i'e  crossiiii^  the  mountains  every  year  in 
lai'^cr  iiuiiil)ers,  ni«»st  of  tlieni  "without  other  |i;itii- 
nioiiy  than  th<'ir  ritles,"  and  who  were  taking'  jnhiui- 
tau^e  of  Mexican  neL;li'ct  to  insj)ire  the  Califoiniaus 
w  ith  ihslovah\':  while  Consul  i^arkin  assured  liis  liov- 
eminent  that  the  L>"eneral  feelinj^  of  tlie  peo|)le  toward 
Americans  liad  been  most  friendly  since  the  visit  (if 
( 'oininodore  Jones.  At  tlie  he^'innini^  of  the  yi'ur 
All-cit  M.  (Jilliani  was  appointed  U.  8.  consul  to  re- 
side at  San  Francisco;  hut  he  never  came  to  t;iki'  tlio 
place,  and  at  the  susj^gestion  of  the  consul  at  Moiileicv. 
his»  resignation  was  acce|)ted,  and  Larkin's  jurisdictiDii 
was  extended  to  cover  all  places  that  were  near(  i'  Id 
his  than  to  any  other  consulate.^^ 

tioii  iif  the  V.  S.  is  not  Hiiiitod  to  the  possession  of  Texas,  but  extends  to  that 
(if  Cilit'ornias,  whiili  liy  .i  thoiisiinil  titles  is  more  desiialile. '  (':il.,  'nvtr 
1,()(H)  Iriigvics  t'iMMi  tlic  i'a]iit;il,  ailjoiniii:,' Imstilo  territory,  lias  liesiilis  tliC";!' 
two  fatal  elements  anotlicr  germ  Ktiil  more  prcjudieial;  that  is  the  syiri|)atliy 
wliiih  llie  in!ial)itaiits  liavc  w  illi  our  northern  neiu'hljors,  many  of  whma  Imvo 
intiinate  i(,'lation.s  in  tiie  eoiintry,  not  only  throUL'h  tiie  eoMimerec.  tliat  is 
exelusively  in  their  hands,  but  by  the  stron;,'er  bonds  of  niarriaj.'e  and  iu'dp- 
erty.'  'It  is  to  lie  feared  that  the  American  emigiants  in  Ori'^dii  air  higiii- 
nin;!  to  (listriliute  arms  aniom;  tiie  Indians  in  exchange  lor  stolen  Ikusi  ^t  aiil 
eatlle.'  'I'll  supii'ino  gobierno  est:i  conveiicido  de  (pu!  Calil'oinias  cs  IkjV 
la  !iiiibi('i(in  de  todas  las  naeioiies,  y  hi  Cdiidueta  observada  ])or  iiiicstms 
veeinos  (l(d  norte,  respceto  (h;  Tejas,  no  dejii  dllda  ya  do  (|iie  esta  naeion  C5 
nuestra  eiienii^a  natural.'  In  one  place  he  speaks  of  1,000  ariiud  Aimiitaut 
in  tiic  Sierra  de  StaCru/!  April  HitJi,  .luiio  'JOtli,  Auf;.  4th,  Larkin's  letter-. 
Jf  an  American  lleet  should  now  attack  Montcn^y,  there  would  not  !«  ♦iic 
same  fi'eliii^,'  as  liefore.  L(ir/:iii\i  Ojl'.  < 'unrsp.,  MS.  i.  11;  ii.  4,  7.  Wibsti'i's 
\ie\VH  in  1S44.  S'icntniciifo  t'nioii.  Nov.  0,  KSOH.  (!win,  Afi'mo!r<,  MS.,  ',]~i, 
lefers  to  interviews  in  1S44  with  .loliii  (_!.  Calhoun,  sec.  of  state,  in  which  he 
spoke  witii  great  enthusiasm  of  Cal.  and  the  desirability  of  obtaiiuag  it,  c-- 
pecially  S.  F.  Bay;  ami  said  he  had  proposed,  through  a  secret  ai'fiit  in 
^lexieo,  to  setth^  the  Texas  (picstion  by  fixing  the  boun(lary  as  a  lino  niiuiin.' 
fi'oni  a  )ioint  niidway  between  S.  F.  and  Monterey  due  east  to  the  Uio  <  iiaiuU, 
and  di.wu  that  ri\  er  to  the  gulf,  l?10,OtX),000  being  offered  to  Mexico  .■isnn  in- 
ducement. Sutter,  Peru,  h'aiiiii.,  MS.,  14l-'2,  says  ho  asked  Fr(jmont  wiiethcr 
if  he  s!)ou!d  declare  his  indepen(lenco  the  U.  S.  would  annex  him.  F.  vl[&-'\ 
he  thought  it  might  be  done,  though  the  govt  would  have  to  be  censiiltitl. 
Castanaivs,  (.'ol.  Doc,  'M'y-1 ,  urgetl  that  colonization  by  other  foivigiiers 
slifmld  be  encourageiL  but  that  .Americans  sliould  on  no  account  lie  ailniit 
ted  into  the  country.  IJustiimante,  J/ch).  Hist.  Mex.,  MS.,  i.  I.",  mentions  in 
April  the  report  from  Micheltoreua  that  Cal.  had  been  invaded  by  uvti-  l,iX(0 
Anglo-Americanos. 

'".I.'in.  9,  1844,  Gilliam's  appointment,  ftavage,  Doc,  MS.,  i,  H.".  Com- 
mission forwarded  Feb.  .'id.  Lar'ciii'tf  Dor.,  MS.,  ii.  CI.  J'lne  24th,  Larluu 
argues  that  only  one  consul  is  needed  in  Cal.  /(/.,  OjK  ('nrrrsp.,  MS.,  ii.  T. 
Oct.  '2.")th,  .sec.  state  announces  (uUiam's  resig.nation,  and  the  extin>iim  oi 
Larkin's  jurisdiction.  /'/.,  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  233.     Dec.  31st,  tlisijurso- 


BRITISH  IIOPKS. 


451 


TJt  •^pectlng  llic  English  sclit'iiK^  (»r  ('(ilouixatidn  I 

]ia\e  to  note  ail  iiiterL'stiiii^  continuation  ol"  thr  corn- 

siioiidcncc  betwuen  llartnell  and  Wyllii.'."     In  April 

K.iitiii'll  wrote  at  some  len^lli,  re|)lyini^  to  Wyilic's 

siiirs  nt"  questions  upon  the  condition  of  Calilotiiian 

all'airs,  chieily  I'roni  a  connneivial  point  ot"  view,  and 

with   rei'erence    to   the   advantages    tor    eoh)ni/ation. 

jliiviiig  answered  the  questions,  lie  g(»es  on   to  say: 

"J   liave  spijken  to  the  governor.      No   instructions 

whatever  liave  been  received   in  Calilornia  touching 

the  exchange  of  deferred  bonds  for  hui<l.      Ihit  liis 

Ivvcelli  iicy  has  assured  nie  that  Jie  will  do  all  he  pos- 

>\\)\v  ran  for  you  with  res[)ect  to  granting  a  tract  of 

l;tiii|  i'lir  colonization.      His  laeulties  do  not  allow  him 

til  -i\e  more  than  eleven  leagues  to  one  per.son,  but  1 

can  ask  for  one  tract  for  yoti  and  another  for  myscll"; 

ainl  \  am  almost  certain  that  I  shall  sticceed  in  obtain- 

ia^;'  t'iie   pi'ivilege   to  hold   on  to  them  a  reas(inal)ly 

^ailieii  lit    time  to  enable  settlei's  to  come  <»ul    from 

hii.;!, 111(1,  sa,y  two  years  from  the  time  of  the  grant, 

wiihniit  being  ol)lige(l  to  stock  ol"  cultivate  them,  as 

iiiIk  ]'s  iiavo  had  to  do.    The  governor  told  me  jilainly 

thai  he  wished  very  much  that  settlers  would  come 

(»;it  \'vn\n  Europe,  so  that  all  the  vacant  lands  should 

lint  lie  given  to  Americans;  and  he  even  hinted  that 

he  .-Iioiild  like  to  take  a  sliare  in  the  speculation  hiin- 

si'll'.     He  has  always  professed   himself  particularly 

iVieii.Hv  to  the   Enu'lish.''-"     And   in   his  replv   iVom 

llniKihihi  in  November  Wyllie  says:  "American  \iews 

I'll  (he  ten'iti)ry  are  apparent,  and  if  the  (piestimi  of 

Texa-  liad  led  to  a  war,  the  restdt  cannot  be  <loubted. 

hi  siieji  an  event,  the  only  ]-»ower  that  could  save  ( 'ali- 

fniiiia  is  (ireat  Britain;  and  nothing  could  justify  her 

iiiieiferonce  so  much  as  j>revious  grants  of  land  under 

till'   Mexican   government  to  British    subjects.      Be 

iiioiitsii"  till.' olllco  for  last  G  months,  $1.'?1.34;  expenses  of  hospital  dcpait- 
mint,  S7JI.-J2.   Id.,  Of.  Corre-'i>.,  MS.,  ii.  •_>!. 

">   ■  •■l):ip.  xvi.  of  this  volunio  on  this  topic  in  184.'?. 

"//  ri (1.1:11' s  EnijlUh  Colo iiizcU ton  in  Cal.     Letter  to  Robt  C.  Wijllie,  April 

lc4.'f,  Ms. 


i  mm 


ii«: 


>  -^'i 


'":M 


4V2 


IMMICUATIOX  AM)  J'OIlKKiN  IMILATION'S. 


':  i 


!■•       ! 


ready  llii'ii  t<»  ij^rasj)  all  yu  can  lor  me  and  y<iiitN,.'f 
if  siicli  a  crisis  should  tlircatcii;  and  if  the  L'""\iiiiMi' 
wislic>  to  laAor  us  lie  cuuld  sccrctU'  liavc  one  tliir.l  ..f 
tlic  allot.iMcnt  to  iiic  and  V')U  so  tliai  his  iiraiit  ;i|s,, 
v.duld  come  under  liritish  protection."-^  Xntwitli- 
staiidinijf  this  alleiL,^'<l  iViendliness  ot"  ^lichehoicni  t. 
ICn^lI>h   interests,  the  ai^cnts  (»f  the    lludsons    ilav 

(,'oni|tany  in  California,  one  of  them  the  J>ii;ish  \i 

consul,  seem  to  liave  aided  the  I'evohitionists  ;i;_;,ijii>i 
the  Ljovcrnor  hy  furnishing;"  aims  and  ammuniilnn.- 
Tiarkin  warned  his  ijjovcrnment  that  the  iin|)ort,iiir  • 
of  this  couipany  had  heen  L;'i'<':'.tly  underi'ated.  ;i!ii| 
that  there  had  heen  an  a|>i)li«';ilioii  in  its  hehalf  \\<v  ;< 
l.ii'uc  n-rant  of  land;  hut  whafevci'  may  lia\'e  Ihtii  il^ 
]»lans  in  this  respect,  luuitinn'  ojierations  in  ('.ililpr- 
iiia  seem  to  have  heen  aljaniloned  hy  the  coiniKiiiy 
aftei-  this  vc'ar." 

■♦ 

The  only  hook  of  1814  reijuii'inn'  notice,  in  additi'Mi 
ti)  Frriit(ii/f\s  /*<'/)(>rf,  to  which  the  reader's  ati'Miiiun 
hiis  I  cell  already  ilirecte<l,  is  one  v.i'ittcn  iVoni  olisci- 
\'atioiis  made  this  year  hv  WiUlani  ^[.  Wood,  v  lin 
visited  California  as  surn'con  of  the  C  S.  man-"rv,;ir 
SiivaintiiJi,  and  devoted  four  chapters  of  his  hi'iik  i  > 
that  country.-'  ]^r  Wo(>d  arrived  ()ctol»er  ;'.  I  ,111 1 
.sailed  J)ecember  15th,  heinijf  present  at  sevcnil  hall- 

-'Nov.  jn,  1S44,  W.  to  If.  I'(/A/.'.,  iJoc,  MS.,  xxxiv.  71.  Am:.  iMli. 
Liirlviii  ti)  SCO.  Ktate.  Su,i.';,'('st.s  that  it'  l'Ji;.'laii(l  ).'et.s  Cal.  an  (^tl'oi't  hlii.iiiil  !« 
iiiadi'  t'l  rvchangc  S  ilogrcrs  iiortli  of  i\w  e'oliimhia  for  S  dogrcos  .south  of  4J  ! 
Lui-hiii'^  o /'.  Cnrrr.-'/).,  MS.,  ii.  S. 

'^TliiM  appcar.s  from  a  K'ttcr  of  I.arkiii  to  ilio  sec.  Ktntu.  L(trhiii'<  /'"■■, 
]\IS..  jii.  ;{:i7,  ami  from  other  ilouuniuiit.-!  of  1,S4.-)  rolutiiig  to  a  I'ill  f"i-  iln  ;i;i 
furiiislicd. 

".liiMc  'JO,  1S44,  Larkiii  to  poo.  stato.  LarLlii'."  Of.  Cun-f/K,  MS.,  ii. 
(J-7.  Ilittdl,  ///.v/.  ,S'.  /■'.,  !l(),  talk.s  of  a  vi.sit  of  Sir  .l.i.s  Doiighis  in  Is4l. 
(iiiil  ill  s  (lis.i|i]iroval  of  J\ao"s  iMaiiagoiniiit.  In  Yalu  Co.  Jlist.,  ■_'!•.  uiiil  >'. 
.lou'/'iiii  ( '.).  J/i4.,  11.  thoro  i.s  soiiiu  rathi  r  vagiio  infoi'matioii  alioiit  ilii'ivim- 
]i;iny's  ojirrations  in  tho.-^o  hi.-it  yoars,  Irom  tlic  ri'oiilk'ctioiis  of  .F.  A.  i'lir'n*. 
1'horo  is  a,  romarkahlo  ul)Sonoo  of  all  oonti  niporary  rooonls  or  corros)i"iiile!iti.' 
ou  iho  Nulijoot. 

-'  Witiiilcnii'j  Rkctdun  of  jnoplf  find  '/tiinj.t  in  South  Ann riiri,  /'  ''iW'"' 
Culifariiitt,  and  of  her  jilocx  rl^'itid,  (Ini'ln;/  a  crnis<'  on  hoonl  (•/  tl"'  (  ■  '^^  ■''"'/''' 
Lrviint.  /'ort.inion//i,  and  SurdniKili.  Jli/  Win  Maxvcll  Woo/f.M.  /'..  <"/•;/'"' 
l.  S.  Xiiri/,  Itii"  jli'it  unrijion  of  t/i^  J'd'-ijir  .si/nadron.  I'iuhnloliil'' :.  l^-l''! 
I'iiuo,  jSG  p.     That  part  relating  to  C'aliforiiia  i.s  found  ou  p.  •Jl.-iT. 


D(XT>)n,  WOOD  -LIS  1   or  I'lOXKKIiS. 


4.*,3 


filhl  liiiilici's  \\  itii  wliii'li  tlii'  ( '.ilil()l'lii:uis  .-iinl  li;isal 
nllif.  I-  iiiutually  ciitcrtiiiiifd  each  ntlicr.  IIcuIm-m 
liii(  i  |i(ii-|)ictmv's  <•!"  tlir  person  ami  ('liaracler  "I'  Mi- 
i'|,i''t'>:ena  ami  otliei-  pi'oiiiiiiciit  iiicii  wIkhii  lie  im't, 
iii.!;iiii'4  .Niicli  lorfiu'iirrs  as  SuttiT,  (ii'aliain,  ami 
( 'h,l'  -.      Most  of  liis  remarks  arc  devoted  to  1  lie  maii- 

li(  ;■>  .ilid  <'Ustoins  ot"  the  jtcojile  with  whom  he  lamo 
ill  ciiiitact.  ami  with  whose  hospitality  and  nio^l  other 
(■!i;ii;ii'ieristii's  he  was  o'rtiativ  pleased.  lie  sa\s  luit 
liulr  of  jiojifics,  hut  conveys  a  tolerahly  accurate  idea 
lit' til'' louidry's  ^r(>ueral  condition  and  prospects.  hi 
X.iMiiiher,  with  a  party  <>t'  otliccrs  and  ( 'alirornians, 
In  mule  a  toiu'  to  the  rancho  of  Joarjuin  (Jomez.  Ho 
>,i\v  AKarado  at  Alisal,  surroun<led  hy conspirators, 
,iii<l  was  heiui^  enti'i'tain(.'(l  hy  Padi'e  Ansar  at  San 
Jiiaii  when  the  I'cvolution  hroke  out  and  arms  wi-re 
M'i.'.iil  at  tho  mission.  The  narrative  is  written  in 
[ilia-iiiLj  style;  I  have  occasion  to  cite  it  elsewhere  on 
,-|iiii,il  mattei's. 

Hilt  of  more  than  two  hundred  forei^i;'ners  sliown  hy 
till' ivcnrds  to  have  visited  C^ilitornia  in  1844,  all  of 
ulmin  ;ire  mentioned  elsewhere  in  this  work,  one  hun- 
ilii'd  may  he  re<;"arded  as  pioneer  n>sideiits,  and  are 
iiaiind   in  the  ap[)ended  list.-''''     About  half  of  them 

■  I'loiH  crs  of  lSt4:  Henry  Ailains  (?),  (Sco.  Amlorson,  Olivier  IVaulicu, 
Junes  I'.  rireliWdurtli,  Will  Ileniiett,  i;)iiv.  T.  liinl,  Heiiiy  ISuoIver,  ('.  1'.  Ilriir.,'s, 
li'iiHiiinl  i'liiiy,  \'iiieeiit  (/iilviii,  .Idjiu  (i.  ('Miiipliell,  I leriiiiiii  (J.  Ciinlwell,  .J(/lm 
t.iitii',  •liiiii(*.s  Ciisli,  Clement  Ci)loiiil)et,  .luliii  Cnnners  ('.'I,  (leo.  C^i'ik,(;uo.  A. 
r..icni,iii.  Martin  Curcoran  (?),  l)ai)tistc^  I)i  lusiei-,  ("ul  hittniaiin,  John  ('.  V.v- 
iiitt.  i'liipiiias  Fallon  ('.'I,  iJaini^erfielil  Fauiitleroy,  .losejili  IC.  Foster,  Henry 
r.ivviii'  Will  Fowler,  Win  Fouler  .)r,  .1.  ( '.  Fi<-iiiont,  Fraiieois  ( ieiilreaii, 
''.nlo<  I  .  (Jlein,  Alexis  (iodey,  Henry  A.  (Jreeu  (?),  (^'aleb  ( Jrienwood,  .lolm 
(ircgiiiy  ('.'I,  .lohii  Haiiies,  Matthew  HaiMii,  Win  Haiyravc,  .laiiie><  Henry, 
Nun.  .\.  Jliiiekley,  Andrew  Hoeppiier,  Thoinas  Hudson,  Laurent  I  liierstel  {?), 
.Mliert  li.  .loiies,  I)av.  Kelsey,  Sam.  Kelsey,  Charles  A.  Lautl'.  I'eiiy  .Ml- 
('■".u  I'.i,  ,1;i!i  .MeKeever,  Olivier  Ma;,'nent,  Oeiinis  Martin,  i'atiiek  Martin, 
I'iit.  Maitiii  .fr,  .losepli  Mascarel,  .liiines  Miller,  \\'in  .L  Miller,  Allen  Moiit- 
^'iiiitiy,  I'lernard  Murphy,  15.  ]).  Murphy,  I)aii.  Muiphv,  James  .Muiphv  (-1, 
■'  'lin  M.  .Mnrpliy,  Martin  .Murphy  (-J),  M.  Murphy  Jr,  I'at.  \\.  .Mm  pliy,'Sam. 
Nial.  W.  Ji.  (>  •■.orn,  AVm.  I'eiree,  1!.  K.  I'etrow.ski  (?i,  Ifenry  I'.  I'itts,  John 
l''itti!- i'. ',  Itaj  liiel  Praule,  I'M.  Itead,  I'i^'i're  Richards,  Henry  liiehardson, 
l.'iiii>  l.'oliiildux,  F>niL>.st  ]iufus(?).  John  Sawyer,  .Moses  Seliallenlpi'r,i,'ei',  l'".li.sli,-i 
Stevens,  .Inhn  Sullivan,  Miehael  Sullivan,  ItohertSullixan.  ( Iranville  ]'.  Swilt, 
'iliin.loii  Talliot,  Charh;.'*  'I'own.s,  .lolm  Townsend,  Alliert  'J'reseoiii,  Jos(']iIi 
Virn.i.  liph.  Wakott,  lienj.  Washliurn  {?),  .Fames  W.  Waters,  .lames  Wil- 
ouii,  Ju5'  ph  W.  Wolfskin,  Ouo.  T.  Wood,  uud  Geo.  F.  Wyinau  ('.'J. 


:rf':| 


I!* 


lf;-':!i«i 


w4M 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


! 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


IM 


Hi 

It. 


m 

ilM 

In  ^  0 


IIIM 

12.2 
2.0 

1.4    ill  1.6 


y} 


<? 


/}. 


'e). 


o 


/,. 


7 


/A 


Photograplriic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


4(^ 


s 


V 


\\ 


^9) 


.V 


<^ 


rv 


6^ 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  I4S80 

(716)  872-4503 


I 


i^  m. 


,^ 


8 


w^-^ 
:<'/ 


r 


1 


ii'i 


III 


!  I 


m 


454 


IMMIGRATION  AND  FOREIGN  RELATIONS. 


came  in  the  Fremont,  Kclscy,  and  Stevens  eom{iaiiios 
by  the  overland  route.  Respecting  sixteen,  tluro  is 
a  degree  of  uncertainty,  particularly  as  to  tho  (.'xact 
year  of  arrival.  With  the  exception  of  John  C.  Fit'- 
niont,  none  in  the  list  became  specially  proniinont  in 
the  country's  history;  but  there  were  many  well  known 
and  influential  citizens.  There  were  about  twenty  sur- 
vivors in  1884. 

(Note  13  continued.     See  p.  447.). 

Closes  Scliallcnburger'.s  Overland  in  IS.'f}  is  a  !MS.  receivcil  Kiiici  mv 
account  on  p.  445-S  was  stereotyped,  and  is  in  many  respects  more  satisf.c- 
tory  than  any  other  extant.  S.  Avas  a  boy  of  17,  and  hiu  party  from  i;iicl];iii,in 
Co.,  Mo.,  consisted  of  himself,  Dr  Townsend  and  wife  (S.'s  sister),  iiiul  Alldi 
Mont),'onu'ry  and  wife.  An  interesting  account  is  given  of  luiutinj,'  and  utht  i- 
adventures  alun;^  the  way.  The  Cal.  company  is  pivcn  as  1 1  wagoii.s,  •_•()  mm, 
8  women,  and  about  a  dozen  children.  From  the  sink  of  the  llunihuUlt  tin  v 
had  to  liud  their  own  way,  liaving  no  guide;  but  they  found  au  (jM  liiilian 
named  Truckee  whoso  statements  proved  serviceable,  preventing  tlK:ii'  in  kin,' 
a  southern  route  as  many  were  inclined  to  do.  At  the  forks  of  the  'rnkli'C 
Iliver,  John  and  Daniel  Murphy,  Magnent,  Deland,  Mj's  Townsend,  and  Klkn 
iMuiph}',  cacli  witli  a  horse,  left  the  main  party,  following  the  river  to  Laku 
Tahoc,  and  thence  crossing  to  the  headwaters  of  the  American,  and  dnwu  thut 
f-tream  to  St  Clair's  rancho  without  disaster,  though  with  great  toil.  Tliu 
rest  kept  on  a  few  miles  to  Donuer  Lake.  Here  part  of  tlio  wagons  witc  lift 
with  three  men.  The  company  then  climbed  to  the  summit  and  pres.-^cd  oii  to 
the  head  of  the  Yuba,  where  the  rest  of  the  wagons  were  left,  and  wiii.-u 
!Miller  and  family,  old  man  Martin,  Mrs  Martin  Murphy  and  4  sons,  },\y^  .la^ 
!Murphy  and  daughter,  an<l  Mrs  I'atterson  and  family  remained  tiiioujii  liie 
winter,  suUeriug  I'  ■  ably  from  hunger.     The  others  reached  Siittci'srurt 

and  the  men  enl  or  the  Micheltorena  campaign.     The  ;<  riiii:iiiiiii,' :.t 

Donner  ].,ake  wi  'ster,  Montgomery,  ami  Sehallenhergcr.     Tiny  liail  a 

valuable  invoice  ot  j^oods  to  protect,  built  a  cabin,  and  had  no  doubt  ot  lieiii,' 
able  to  live  by  huntuig;  but  the  snow  soon  became  so  deep  as  to  make  sncus-:- 
ful  hunting  impossible;  and  early  iu  Dec,  to  escape  starvation,  tiny  .'^tartcil 
across  the  mountains  on  improvised  snow-shoes.  But  the  boy,  SchallcnlKi'ar, 
was  attacked  by  cramjis  on  the  summit,  and  crawled  back  to  the  cabin,  dcom- 
ing  his  slight  chanco  for  life  better  there  than  if  abandoned,  as  he  wouM 
probably  have  to  be,  further  on  in  the  mountains.  Alone,  with  but  one  p".''.' 
quarter  of  beef  for  food,  this  boy's  prospects  were  not  bright,  and  his ''\pc- 
ricnce  was  a  remarkable  one,  for  he  remained  here  until  the  end  of  FtbriiMiv. 
His  salvation  was  the  lindhig  of  some  steel  traps  left  by  Capt.  Stevins.  vitli 
which  he  caught  coyotes  and  foxes — the  latter  so  plentifully  that  only  once 
did  ho  have  to  cat  the  former — never  sutl'ering  from  hunger,  thou^'li  cm- 
tiuu.dly  from  fear  of  it.  At  last,  Dennis  Martin  returned  from  tlio  Cul. 
valley  to  relievo  the  party  on  the  Yuba,  and  extended  his  trip  to  tli  •  lake  to 
Buccor  young  Moses  if  by  chance  ho  had  survived.  All  readied  the  settle- 
nicntM  in  March,  though  delayed  by  a  freshet  on  Bear  River.  I  ro.'ii  t  tliit 
the  author's  delay  in  furnishing  this  interesting  MS.  has  obliged  me  to  dispuso 
of  it  so  summarily. 


CHAPTER  XX. 

REVOLUTION   AGAINST   MICHELTOREXA. 
1 844. 
Prfximinauy  Ivicsi'ME— Motivks  uf  the  Rebels — Feklino  aoainst  TirE 

llATALI.ON  —  Fl.OTS  AM)    WAKNINiiS — I'liONUNCIAMIENTO  UF  THE  CaSaDA 

iii:.San  MHiUEL — The  Goveknoh's  Pj:oclamation — Campaion  ofLa- 
01  N A  Sec'a,  oil  Santa  Tei:esa— Xakkatives— Thh  Tkeatv — Castko 
.M  Mission  Sax  Jose— Michei.tohena'.s  PitocLAMATioN-  ani>  Repouts  - 
II IS  Tukachery — Resolves  to  Bueak  the  Tkeaty — Affairs  in  thk 
Sni  Tii— Risinc  at  Santa  Barbara — Polidy  and  Motives  of  tiik  Foi;- 
LHiNKUs— Sctter's  Contract — Preparations  at  New  IIelveiia  — 
\a[.lejo'3  Protests — Occurrences  at  San  Francisco — Weber's  Ai;- 
lucsr. 

Ix  former  chapters  I  have  brought  the  anunls  of 
Miclioltoreiia's  rule  down  to  November  1844.  I  have 
described  the  governor  as  a  gentlemanly,  affable,  kiiid- 
lieartcd,  and  personally  popular  man,  possessing  mueh 
exicutive  tact,  though  lacking  energy  and  inclined  to 
iiulolcnce.  I  have  shown  that  the  policy  of  his  ad- 
ministration was  in  most  respects  conciliatory  and 
wise,  tliough  not  productive  of  great  benefits  for  thu 
coiintiv,  by  reason  of  circumstances  largely  beyond 
liis  control.  I  have  described  the  little  army  tliat 
came  with  him  from  IMexico  as  a  band  of  criminals, 
inosl  (»f  whom  were  taken  fnjni  the  jails,  and  whose 
conduct  in  California  was  nuich  better  than  might 
have  Iteen  expected,  not  notably  worse  than  that  of 
ordinary  soldiers,  Mexican  or  Californian,  in  similar 
circumstances,  but  whose  presence  was  a  bitter  insult 
to  ilio  Californian  people,  and  whose  discipline  and 
.su[i[K)rt  exhausted  the  energies  and  revenues  of  the 

(455) 


11 


430 


REVOLUTION  AGAINST  MICHELTORFNA. 


\v     ') 


'li^    -ii 


(lupartnicnt,  sadly  needed  for  more  iiaportaiit  and 
beneficial  uses.  I  now  have  to  describe  the  rcvulu- 
tion  by  Avliich  Micheltorena  and  his  convict  ai-iiiv 
\vere  driven  from  the  country. 

The  motives  of  this  revolt  were  three — populai- dis- 
content and  indignation  at  the  presence  and  petty 
de[)redations  of  the  cholos,  the  personal  ambitidii  df 
certain  j)roniinent  Californians  to  govern  their  i-dui)- 
try  and  handle  its  revenues,  and  the  old  feeling  against 
]\rexicans  iJe  la  otrci  handa,  imbittered  by  quaiids 
with  officers  and  men  of  the  batallon.  And  these 
three  motives  had  nearly  equal  influence  in  prothiein^' 
the  result.  All  witnesses  admit  the  agency  ot"  the 
tliird,  as  do  most  that  of  the  others;  but  certain 
classes  of  men  have  been  disposed  to  exaggeratt^  m- 
ignore  the  influence  of  the  first  and  second  respectively. 

That  there  did  exist  a  strong  popular  feeling  against 
the  batallon  is  a  fact  that  cannot  be  ignored,  and 
there  was  abundant  justification  for  a  nmch  mote  hit- 
ter feeling  than  was  actually  entertained.  Alvai-udo 
and  other  active  leaders  in  the  movement,  how(!Vei', 
have  grossly  exagy'erated  the  evil  deeds  of  the  ohdlns, 
They  have  represented  them  as  an  uncontrolled  hand 
of  thieves  and  assassins,  accusinof  them  of  nunienms 
outrages  that  were  never  committed,  and  uiiiusth- 
blamiiio;  tlie  ijencral  for  not  beinij  able  to  contnd  liis 
men.  Tliey  have  pictured  a  reign  of  terror,  which 
drove  the  people — their  lives  and  property  and  tlio 
honor  of  their  families  beinuf  in  constant  peril  to 
rise  as  a  last  desperate  expedient  and  overpower  <hen' 
oppressors;  and  they  have  naturally  assumed  tlnii'iii' 
of  patriot  leaders  of  a  popular  rising  in  defenec  n{ 
their  country's  liberties.  In  fact,  being  Califonnans, 
they  desired  now,  as  in  183G,  that  the  department 
sliould  rule  itself  under  national  allegiance.  Tiiey 
desired  personally  a  return  to  power,  and  they  v  ero 
ready  to  utilize  in  part,  for  their  own  interest-;,  the 
only  just  cause  of  complaint  against  the  admin '-na- 
tion. 


"iUl 
Hi  If 


CAUSES  OF  REVOLT. 


457 


( )n  the  other  hand,  those  who  in  the  struggh^  sided 
witli  Micheltoreua  have  pushed  their  exaggerations 
(Miiii'  as  far:  notably  so  John  A.  Sutter  and  other 
iiinic (If  less  prominent  foreigners.  They  have  douhted 
the  I'  ports  that  the  batallon  was  composed  of  convicts, 
ridiculed  the  idea  of  founding  a  revolution  on  the 
stealing  of  a  few  chickens,  regarded  the  feeling  against 
till'  (h(»los  as  a  mere  pretext  of  the  revolutionary 
lijidcis  to  bolster  up  tiieir  ambitious  schemes,  over- 
piaisrd  the  governor  and  the  wisdom  and  l)ene(its  of 
]ii>  iiilc,  and  have  even  had  the  assurance  to  claim  in 
<^i>\nr  instances  that  the  Californians  revolted  against 
Miclii'ltorena  chiefly  because  of  the  hitter's  dis[)osi- 
tinii  to  I'avor  American  inmiigrants.  I  shall  have 
luiich  to  say  later  about  the  part  taken  by  foreigners 
ill  this  allair;  but  it  is  well  to  state  here  that  the  gov- 
iiuiii's  foreign  policy  had  little  or  nothing  to  do  with 
till'  lising,  at  the  beginning  at  least.  It  should  also 
1)0  stated  at  the  outset  that  the  Californians  from  be- 
<;iiiiiiiig  to  end  had  no  thought  of  throwing  off  their 
iiatiiiual  alleu'iance  to  Mexico;  thouijjh  that  view  of 
tlir  matter  was  somewhat  current  in  the  United  States 
at  tin;  time.  I  need  hardly  add  that  no  class  of  the 
(.'alifornians  had  at  first  any  personal  grounds  of  ob- 
iirtion  to  ]\Iiclieltorena  as  y:overnor;  thoui^hthis  does 
lint  imply  that  there  were  not  several  individuals  al- 
tii^vtlicr  willing  to  take  his  place. 

1)(  lure  Xovember  there  had  d(Hd)tless  l)een  talk  of 
Using  foi'ce  to  get  rid  of  the  batallon,  but  the  [)lan  had 
pidlialily  not  assumed  any  detinito  form,  even  in  the 
mint  Is  of  the  plotters;  while  on  the  other  side  there 
were  but  vague  suspicions  of  danger.  Warnings  were 
f^^nt  to  Mexico,  but  such  warnings  were  not  infre- 
'lUeiit,  coupled  with  appeals  for  aid.^     Juan  B.  Alva- 

'As  larly  as  Maivh  Cast.'inarcs  expressed  fears  of  internal  trouliles  inCal., 
onaceuiuii  of  the  eondiict  of  tlio  eoiivicts,  and  for  other  rt'asons;  and  Micliel- 
t'Miiia,  iiuiiiiiounciiig  the  outbreak  of  the  revolt,  spoko  of  havin.L,'  predieti-d 
till' tr.iul.lc  ill  lii.s  letters  of  Apiil  and  August,  (.'ii-'ilai'iaivs,  ('„l.  J)ii<\,  10,  .'iS. 
.Muiiii,,  i:''/,liji:,  i.  'M'.i,  whose  book  was  printed  iu  1844,  says:  '  L'autorit6du 


Nvil 


t  i'>.  .'T^r.  'fe '...^i 


■l!   i!. 


458 


REVOLUTIOX  AGAINST  MICIIELTORENA. 


rado  li.ad  in  .sf)nio  way,  not  cleai'ly  explained,  i-eiidLTcfl 
liimselfan  ol)j(.ct  of  suspicion  at  the  hej^innin^-  i>\'  tlir 
year;'"  l)ut  wJiile  there  is  no  n^ason  to  d<»id)t  tli;it  .\1- 
varado,  Oslo,  and  })er]ia[)s  Casti'o  liad  taken  a  prmni- 
nent  })art  in  j)reliniinary  speculations  respecting-  tlic 
hest  way  to  ij^et  rid  of  the  obnoxious  ^Srcxicans,  and  in 
fomenting  th(!  po[)ular  fceliuLi;'  against  them,  lliciv  i- 
reason  to  bt-lieve  tliat  tliey  had  not  agreed  n|MiH  a 
plan,  and  that  tlie  final  outbreak  was  without  tin  ir 
innnt'diate  leaderslii})  or  even  knowledge.  ]\lir|u']|(i- 
ri'iia's  pei'sonal  j)oj)ularity,  the  obligations  under  wliidi 
lie  had  put  Jose  Castro  l)y  defenihng  liim  in  Mexico, 
his  iX'lations  witli  Vallejo  and  the  uncertainly  re- 
specting the  hitter's  probable  coui'st>,  a  fear  tlial  tlie 
foreigners  niiglit  aid  Alicheltorena  or  th.at  the  Aiiini- 
cans  might  taki;  advantage  of  a  revolt  to  sei/e  tli.' 
country,  and  finallv  a  lack  of  assurance  that  the  sdutli 
could  be  induced  to  (,'ooperate — were  circunistaiuvs 
which  troubled  tiie  leading  C'alifoi'uians,  obscured  tluir 
prospects  of  success,  and  delayed  the  perfection  oftliuii' 
ph)ts,  if,  as  is  believed,  they  entertained  such  plors. 

At  any  rate,  on  the  14th  and  Loth  of  Xoveinl"  r,  :i 
party  of  perha])s  fifty  Californians,  under  the  KadiT- 
ship  of  ]\ianuel  (\istro,  desus  Pico,  Antonio  Chavrx. 
and  Francisco  llieo,  having  driven  oft' all  the  govvni- 
nient  horses  from  ^[onterey  to  the  Salinas  \'al!iv, 
'pronounced'  at  the  (Canada  de  San  Miguel,  si'i/.ed  a{ 
San  Juan  Bautista  such  pai't  of  tlu;  arms  and  iiiniii- 
tions  stored  there  as  they  could  use,  and  set  aliour 
the  task  of  rousing  the  peo[)le  to  support  their  imtri- 
otic  enteri)rise.  One  version  is  to  the  efl'ect  that  ;it 
a  fandango  some  of  the  Californians  had  a  iiiiarrl 

gt'iK'nil  Miclic'ltoreiia  lU'  paniit  /.jultc  aironnic;  il  est  prolciljlc  quo  d't  nii  tarl 
il  ^C'i';i,  traitO  (■oiiiine  .sc.-*  iireil('tT:^s(>urM  luoxiciiiiis.  Lcs  C'alil'oi'iiieio  iiilliKiil- 
iVjiL'toiit  Minu'ciit  (|U0,  lie  rect'Viint  I'icii  dii  Mcxi(|iK.',  ils  pn'toidiMit  iri'iiipli-'yi'i' 
k's  ri'VuiiiH  (111  |iiivs  (jifa  snider  dcs  ( 'alifnniimsi;  ils  iijoutciit  qiic  >  ils  I'oii- 
sciiti-nt  ;i  cutreti'iiu' mic  pctito  tron[ic  de  .si)ldids,  ils  no  voulLiit  jkis  avoir.'. 
I'raiiiilio  Ics  attaiiui's  dos  f^'ali'riciis,  .  .ot  tout  [Kjrt  ;i  croiro  (jUo  lo  ui'ii^ial  -Mi- 
clioltuivna,  no  tariloi':i  |ias  u.subir  lo  sort  dcs  gcjuvonioura  Yictoria,  niiri.i'ai''i 
Cliioo,  ( liiliorroz,  it  (.'arrilln.' 
-boo  ohap.  xvii.  of  this  \ol. 


IH 


o'    i\\'    till' 

that  Al- 
a  prdini- 
'tin;j:  till' 
:is,  ami  in 

llirlv  i-; 
I  uii"n  ;i 
out  tluir 
Mirhelto- 
lU'V  wliicli 
1  ^Ifxii'o, 
taint y  iv- 

that   til" 
10  Aini'ii- 

si'i/.*'  tlio 

the  soutli 

uin^taiii'i- 

jurcd  tlir'.r 

on  ot'tlifir 

h    pints. 

)Vflii!iiT,  :i 
lu'  loailci- 
,,  ( Mia  vex. 

10  ■j.'nVol'll- 

as  Valley, 
,  soizocl  at 
nul  iiinai- 
sot  Jilioiit 
Ihoir  patri- 
t  that  ;tt 
a   ([uarrl 


ijuolot  outavl 
[lioin  iiilliHi''- 

^lltll'rlupM'"'' 

fj„,.  .lis  a.ii- 
lie  uriM-;il  Ml- 


rRONUXCIAMIFA'TO  OF  SAN  MIGUEL. 


459 


ai;'1  ciiiH'  to  l)]o\vs  with  ofliccrs  of  tlio  batallon;  and 
tli.it  in  thoir  aiigor  Ca.stro,  Pico,  and  Cliavez,  witli  a 
(lii/.iii  III-  jifteen  others,  left  Monterey  that  same  night, 
(hiving  away  the  horses  which  were  under  guard  in 
tlaCannolo  Valley.^  A  more  probable  and  better 
sii]»|Hirtod  statement  is  that  of  Manuel  Castro  him- 
sill',  who  says  that  the  plan  was  formed  and  signed 
at  ?d<iuterey  by  himself  and  the  others  in  October. 
Eaily  in  November  they  left  the  caj)ital,  gathered  a 
(Muipany  in  the  Salinas  Valley,  and  sent  Cliavez  back 
with  a  small  force  to  capture  the  horses  and  cut  off 
sujiplios.'  The  plan  of  San  Miguel  is  not  extant,  if 
indeed  it  was  ever  reduced  to  writing;  but  the  })ur- 
jini'l,  ef  it  was  doubtless  that  the  batallon,  and  per- 
liaps  its  loader,  must  leave  the  country. ""' 

Alv.iiado,  in  a  letter  of  the  time  which  there  is 
t'vory  reason  to  credit,  claimed  that  all  thi.s  was  done 
jireinatuix'ly  and  without  his  knowledge,  lie  had 
heeii  on  a  visit  to  Sonoma,  probably  to  sound  Vallejo 
en  I  he  subject  of  revolt,  with  results  that  are  not 
know  11,  and  on  his  return  to  Gomez's  rancho,  and  to 
All  ..d,  had  been  warned  by  friends  from  ^Monterey, 
iii'.d  hy  Ce)mvnodore  Arm.strong  of  the  SaixninahyWho 
liad  eoiiie  out  with  a  large  C(jmpany  ^o  hunt  in  the 
valliy,  that  he  was  the  object  of  much  suspicion  at 
Mont;  I'oy,  and  that  it  was  unsafe  for  him  to  remain 
at  Alisal.  He  accordingly  departed,  but  was  soon 
avertakon  by  Jesus  Pico,  with  news  of  the  rising,  wdiich 
lie  was  asked  to  support,  and  consented,  though  sur- 

y.S'.  nnio,  Ajmntc.9.  MS.,  91-2;  T<>rrr,  AVmw.,  MS.,  117-1,S.  On  Sqit. 
I'^tli,  Mi.lioltorciia  wislifd  tr)  Imy  of  Vallcji)  100  lioisrs  for  the  govt;  niid 
(.let.  'JmIi.  \'.  wriLos  that  tliey  will  be  sent  via  tiie  Sacramento,  at  .*.jO  caeh  ( I). 
Id'/'/",  />',r'.,  Ms.,  xii.  Do.     These  were  doubtless  among  the  animals  taken 

I'y  till'  irhrl-;. 

'  '(V,.,/,„,  n,larl,w,  MS.,  97-9.  Larkin  in  a  letter  of  March  22,  184,'),  says 
111  or  I,')  luen  'eanio  into'  Monterey  and  drove  olF  the  horses;  and  diiriujf  tho 
muiith  iiatliiied  attoiit  100  men.  Larkti'.'a  Oj}'.  Coinsp.,  MS.,  i.  .'?,"). 

•" in  i\iv  MirlK Itorriia  L'.cjii'flicii(i'  i)i  KSl."),  I'ieo  claimed  tiiat  tlio  people  of 
M"iitirt  V  lose  vn  ma.sse  to  demand  a  meeting  of  the  as.senibly,  etc.,  wliich  is 
fii'Minl,  Castro,  nlii  supra,  and  Vallejo,  I/ist.  Cal.,  MS.,  iv,  409,  talk  about 
llif  biis.s  iif  ']'ac\ibaya,  anil  the  restoration  of  Alvarado  to  tho  governorship, 
t'l'  whi.  h  he  had  been  despoiled. 


4 

'^11 

":';f|n 

yim 

WKti 

V  i  i 

'l-MttMl 

')\ 


V--A. 


'•\{  :>' 


;,  V 


,!!    •■ 


ill 


4fi0 


REVOLUTIOX  AGAINST  :\IICriELTORr.NA. 


prised,  and  looking  upon  the  stej)  as  tooliastv."  Tin- 
re[)oi't  was  sent  to  Mexico  at  tin;  time,  and  it  has  (,f't.>i 
been  stated  since  that  Colonel  A'allejo,  as  well  as  Al- 
varado  and  Castro,  was  a  leader  in  this  proiiuinia- 
iniciito;  but  as  we  sliall  see  later,  he  took  no  part  in  it 
whatever/ 

«Nov.  20th,  Alvarado,  Cdrtanrlarloii,  MS.,  1()S.  A.  wrote  fmiii  S.iii  l\i!,l.. 
Wouil,  sm';^('oii  (jf  till"  Sttriiiniiili,  was  a  iiiciiil)i;r  (^f  tliu  jiai'ty  <'f  liuii'ii;  ~  i  i 
wliitli  Alvaiado  alludus.  Tlio  visit  to  tin:  t'x-j.,'o\'.  was  on  S'c)\'.  lUtli.  llu 
was  found  'surroiuidud  liy  Bcvural  of  his  ccjuiitryincii,  witli  driuliiiiy  iiiatt:iiiils 
oil  tlio  taldc  at  whic'li  tlioy  wiTi;  sitting,  and  fmni  sulisc(|iic'nt  events  it  isrci'. 
tain  tliat  thuy  liad  assL'inhled  in  furtliLTancu  of  a  political  conspiiaiy,  wliioli 
soon  (k-vi;loj)c;d  itself.  Alvarado  has  the  ai)[icaran(.'c  of  pliysical  stri'ii;,'th  iiiil 
mental  eneri,'y.'  Oslo  was  met  at  Cioine/.'s  raneho,  'a  lar;.'e,  d-.iik,  gi-.-ivr-jni,;;. 
inj,' man,  neitlier  in  manner  nor  costume  resembling  a  Mexican.'  On  N'nv. 
lltli  the  American  ollicers  visit'.Ml  S.  Juan  mission;  and  at  a  hall  gi\iii  ly 
I'adro  Ansara  letter  was  receiveil  liy  one  of  the  Mexican  oflicers  wlio  had  iic- 
comiianied  the  hunters,  probably  Capt.  Abella,  stating  '  tliat  '_'()  soldiers  had 
tleserted  from  ilonterey,  taking  with  them  eveiy  luM'se.'  This  was  aliiiiif.' 
or  t'{  A.  M.  on  Nov.  l.")th.  l,ater  in  tiie  day  the  whole  country  was  said  to  Ij.: 
in  revolution,  under  AUarado  and  Osio,  though  tiiere  was  mueii  unecrrainty 
about  Castro  being  implicated.  Tiie  people  at  tiie  mission  were  friendly  ti 
the  reliels,  and  jio  objection  was  made  when  an  ox-eart  came  to  carry  oil'  am- 
munition.  Wood  remained  at  8.  Juan  two  nigiits  more,  ami  on  the  I7i!i 
started  for  Monterey,  where  ho  arrived  on  the  I!)th.  The  Mexican  oilicir-i 
had  been  alloweil  after  some  objections  to  return  with  the  Americans.  'Jlay 
liad  Icai'iied  during  the  past  few  days  that  the  rebels  were  seizim,'  all  su]ipliis 
and  arms  to  lie  found  at  the  ranchos;  and  they  found  the  capital  in  a  sad 
state  of  alarm.    Wood's  WaiHlcriiiii  Skitch' .•>,  "J.")!,  "Jjit,  '27;{-S5. 

Francisco  Kico,  Mmn.  Hist.,  MS.,  l-.'i,  tells  us  that  after  the  jilaii  Mas 
fornu.dat  Monterey,  he  was  sent  with  it  to  Alisal  to  obtain  Aharadn's  ap- 
proval, which  aft'jr  man.y  objections  was  given.  This  statement  of  eoursi.'  cun- 
trailicts  that  of  Alvarado.  Castro,  I'clarion,,  MS.,  !(7-!),  says  that  he  lir.-t 
^;ubnlitted  the  plan  to  Alvarado  after  the  pronunciamicnto,  and  tliat  lie  di- 
clined  at  (irst  to  sign  it,  retiring  to  S.  Pablo.  Alvarailo's  statement  in  iiis  y//-'. 
('(il.,  M.S.,  v.  '2'2-S,  agrees  with  that  made  in  his  letter  of  the  time— that  ho 
disapproved  of  the  haste  shown  by  the  hotdieaded  young  Californiaiis,  hut 
jiined  the  movement  and  went  tt)  S.  I'ablo  to  work  for  the  cause,  Ji.ilULl 
(.ionzalez  in  a  record  made  at  the  time,  Valhjo,  JJoc,  MS.,  xxxiv.  1 1'.',  .^iiys 
that  he  and  others  had  repeatedly  warned  Miclieltorena  that  a  revolt  was 
brewin.g.  Francisco  Arce,  Jlcinorhm,  M.S.,  .'35-7,  was  invited  to  take  ]iaitiii 
t!ie  plots  begun  at  flannel  Castro's  house,  but  declined  on  account  of  |ic!siiiial 
favors  fi'om  the  gov.,  promising  however  to  keep  silent.  A  letter  aniiouiic- 
ing  the  revolt  seems  to  have  been  dated  Xov.  14.  Di  jif.  Sf.  P(t[i.,  Anij.,  -MS., 
viii.  ;{4.  Vallejo,  lliM.  Cdl.,  M.S.,  iv.  417-18,  speaks  of  the  movemriit  as 
having  begun  at  Alhsal  on  Nov.  14th.  Micheltorcna  wrote  to  ^lexi  o  tliHt 
the  government  hor.ses  were  seized  Nov.  l.")th,  together  with  all  cat*!''  ainl 
hoises  in  the  region,  so  that  Montcicy  was  cut  oil"  from  all  supplies.  ' '('-''(• 
fiarrx,  Col.  Doc,  57. 

'  Everett  of  the  Tanxn,  who  left  Cal.  on  the  Giiipn:.^oai,ri  on  Dec.  '.!d,  car- 
ried the  first  news  to  Mexico,  reporting  that  Alvarad  j,  Castro,  and  \  .lUcjo 
had  pronounced  at  Alisal  Nov.  14th,  with  300  armed  ,iali(inoii.  C(i-I:?inri.<, 
Col.  J)oc.,  5(i.  Tuthill,  Jlht.  Cal.,  149-50;  Hall,  llh'.  S.  Jo.^'.  l.t!  5;  the 
author  of  Yolo  Co.  H/st.,  11;  Tinkhain,  J/isf.  Sforkloi ,  87;  ■■uid  i;..liinsoii, 
L/J'e  ill  Cal.,  '2r2-13— the  last  being  the  original  followed  by  the  otii  :-— ttll 
us  that   Vallejo,  Alvarado,  aud  Castro  Imrmouized  tl.cir  old   dili'  rcuoes, 


I  i\ 


THC  GOVERXORT-;  MOVKMEXTS. 


4G1 


li 


^liclu'ltoi'i'iia's  first  stc'])  to  put  down  tlic  revolt  was 
to  i.v-iu'  a  ])r()cliunati<)ii  on  the  18th  of  Xoveiiibei",  the 
tiiinr  of  which  was,  tluit,  wliuroas  a  band  of  liorse- 
tliir\cs  liad  pronounced  at  the  Klo,  therefore  all  tak- 
iiiH  p:irt  in  the  nioveuient  would  l)e  tried  under  the 
liiws,  and  lose  their  property.  Forei_L(ners  so  forij^et- 
t'lil  <>('  the  hospitality  shown  them  as  to  join  in  the 
disorders  would  be  put  to  death  without  quaj'ter; 
tlin>f  who  aided  the  rebels  woidd  l)e  executed  or  con- 
(IimiuumI  to  the  presidios  according  to  the'ir  deo-ree  of 
^•uil1 :  but  any  who  might  present  themselves  within 
I  jniit  days  wcjuld  receive  pardon  for  past  (»frences;^  At 
tlu  s;uiie  time — or  probably  a  day  or  two  before  issuing 
tlir  i>r.)clamation,  for  we  have  no  exact  dates — Coloiu!l 
Telle/  and  Captain  ]\Iejia  were  sent  out  to  reconnoitre 
with  a  force  of  eighty  men.  They  reached  the  Sali- 
nas liiver,  but  returned  without  having  overtaken 
the  rclx'ls  or  recovered  the  lost  horses,  tlunigh  they 
did  obtain  from  the  ranches  a  few  cattle  that  had  es- 
eaped  the  clutches  of  the  other  party.''  Finally,  with 
most  of  his  batallon,  perhaps  150  men,  ^licheltorena 
inai'elied  out  of  the  capital  on  the  2'2d  to  crush  the 
reliellioii,  "bt)tli  because  the  necessity  of  eating  made 
itsell"  felt,  and  because  the  rebel  forces  were  on  the  in- 
crease, destroying  and  carrying  away  eyerythin<_f,  al- 


tumeil  iit;!iinst  Micheltorcna,  .and  captured  S.  .Tuan  whore  the  govt  amiTitiiii- 
tinu  was  stmi'd.  The  outbreak  of  the  revolt  is  also  mentioned  witliout  iiuy 
aiMitiuiiid  information  I'equiriiis,'  notice  in  ()<i<),  J/I^t.  ( 'al.,  MS.,  4-t"J-4;  Coro- 
iiil,l'osa.'<  (Ir  Cal.,  MS.,  ;").");  (laUinlo,  J/iiiii/t^t.  MS,.  4S-1I:  (lanth'u,  I'lriwr- 
(''/■',  MS.,  4;  (Jrd,  <)i-iinrii<;i(is,  MS.,  l.'!4;  K-Jiiirr,  Mciii.,  MS.,  17;  Aiiunldr, 
Mfni.,  .Ms.,  I.'i.'j;  Feniatidrz,  Cosa.s  de  <'(d.,  :MS.,  111-1:2;  GoLtiz,  LoQiicSuhi; 

iis.,;i(ii;  iiiideiis  Hisi.  .state iiiiiiit,  MS.,  .so. 

»Xov.  IS,  1S44,  M.'s  proclamation.    Dipt.  St.  Pri/>.,  An;/.,  MS.,  x.  47-8. 

'  Xi'iiily  all  the  authorities  mention  this  expedition,  some  implying  tliat 
there  wci"  two,  one  under  Tellez  and  a  later  one  under  Meji'a.  Wood,  Wan- 
iliriii'i  S/:,irh(s,  '2S'2-'),  on  approaclnng  ^Monterey  from  the  interior,  spent  tlio 
ni.'lit  iif  the  I.Stli  at  a  rancho,  where  the  people  were  in  great  trouble  Ix'causo 
tlie  iiiglit  before  Capt.  Mejia's  foragers  liad  seized  .a  herd  of  cattle  which  a 
yoiiii;.!  iiKin  of  the  family  had  eollL'cted  in  anticipation  uf  his  ajiproaeiiini; 
iiianiai,'!',  In  his  report  to  Mexico,  (.'a«taria !■(.■<,  Col.  J>oc.,  'u,  Micheltorcna 
tkiiineil  to  have  jiaid  for  all  the  cattle  taken,  in  (trder  to  show  the  contrast 
liotwtiu  the  conduct  of  his  men  and  that  of  the  rebels;  but  this  was  jH'obubly 
aliginv  c  if  .speech. 


m 


1  { 


*     n 


402 


IJKVOLUTIOX  AflAIXST  MICIIKLTOKKXA. 


1 
(III- 


li 


!  :i 


I 


tl)(ni<:fli  not  yet  inaiiifL'stiiij,^  any  political   plan  m' 

^rean\vliil(.'  the  Californians  under  Manuel  ('a^tid 
labored  to  increase  their. strength,  the  leaders  nieetiip; 
but  little  opposition  among  the  j)eopK',  but  li;i\  in- 
considerable (ntlieulty  in  obtainint;'  \ven|»onsand  ainiiiii- 
iiition.  ^lesscu^^'rs  were  sent  in  all  direclioiis  ii 
rouse  the  ])eople.  Jose  Maria  Villaviceneio  and  Jmvc 
Antonio  Carrillo  were  notified  of  whathad  been  don,, 
and  were  expected  to  cooperate  with  forces  from  S.mla 
B;irbara  and  Los  Angeles.  A  courier  wa.s  sent  in 
gi'eat  haste  to  summon  Jose  Castro,  who  with  Jiloui 
twenty-tive  men  was  absent  on  Indian  service  in  tliu 
Tulares.  Influences  were  brought  to  bear  on  Wrlur 
and  Gulnac  at  San  Jose  to  secure  the  support  of  ini- 
eigners.  ^Manuel  Castro  made  a  visit  in  person  to 
the  Santa  Cruz  region.  Francisco  Ei(^o  was  .sent,  to 
San  Francisco,  which  ])lace  was  also  visiteil  by  Aiitn- 
nio  ■Maria  Qsio,  and  Alvarado  })roceeded  to  San  I'ablu 
to  rouse  the  inhabitants  of  the  C^)ntra  Costa,  ;ind  (- 
pecially  to  labor  with  his  uncle  A'allejo.  Xatunilly 
Ai'o  have  few  details  respecting  the  rebel  movcnicuts 
in  these  days,  and  the  few  extant  are  contradirtniv 
and  unrelial»le.  It  appears  cdearly  enough,  ho\V(  vi  r, 
that  reenforcoments  were  obtained  from  all  the  pl.Kis 
mentioned  above  except  perhaps  the  south;  thai  ><>\\\^' 
military  stores  were  obtained  at  San  Francisco  liv 
Ilico  and  Torre  with  the  connivance  of  other  oCiicials 
that  Joaquin  de  la  Torre  joined  the  rebels  and  \\;h 
associated  with  Manuel  Castro  in  the  military  <<i!ii- 
mand  before  the  arrival  of  Don  .Fose;  that  the  foiecs 
retreated  from  the  Canada  de  San  Miguel  and  Salinas 
Valley  as  ]\Iicheltorena  advanced,  by  way  of  San  -luau 
to  Santa  Clara ;  and  that  there  about  220  men  W' iv 
assembled  before  November  28th,  including  a  ceiii- 
pany  of  foreigners  under    Charles    M.   Weber,   the 


"Dec.  12th,  M.  to  Mex.  govt.   Castanares,  Col.  Doc,  59. 


CASTRO'8  rOSITIO?;. 


4fi3 


^vllMlr   under  Jose'  Castro,  witli   Ahai'ado  iioiimially 
sctMihl  in  conniiand." 

('wliiui'l  ('asti-o  arrived  from  tlu^  Tiilares,  joined  tlie 
nil.  Is  at  La  ]>rea  near  Sail  .luan,  and  assumed  the 
cliii  r  iiiililai'v  eonnnand.  All  aj^-ree  that  he  did  this 
with  mueh  I'ehieiaiiee,  real  or  pi'etended.  He  was 
riii'inlly  to  Miehelloretia,  heln;^  also  under  n'reat  [.'-r- 
sn;i;il  ohligations  to  him  t'oi-  past  favors.  There  is  no 
iii'id  to  record  all  the  variations  of  o|.'inion  that  have 
liivii  cxj^'essud  ahout  his  action  and  motivfs  in  this 
allali'.  Tlio  Californians  have  hcen  much  niystiHt;d 
nil  the  suhject.  Some  think  lie  had  l>een  an  oi'ii;'inal 
Irailti'  in  the  plot  with  Alvarado,  and  that  his  rcluo 
taii'v  was  a  pi'eteiice;  others,  that  it  was  real,  his 
s'TUiilcs  haviiiij^  liecn  overconui  by  the  arijcuineiits, 
ciitivaties,  ridicule,  and  evciu  threats  of  his  associate 
( 'alifiiriiiaiis,  and  of  the  men  uiuler  his  coniniand:  still 
ntlui's,  that  he  ti)ok  tin.'  comniaiid  with  a  view  to  lud[> 
Ills  fticiid,  the  general;  and  Inially,  there  an.'  some — 
!"i(Ii  Vall(>jo  and  Alvarado  acceptiiiL  this  theory — 
vdid  insist  that  he  had  an  und(;rstandiiig-  with  Mi- 
clii'ltnivna  from  the  iirst,  the  latter  requesting  him 
ti)  tak(.'  command  of  the  movement,  and  to  coiuluct 
a  ^llalll  campaign  which  should  drive  him  honorably 
iVniii  a  position  and  a  country  of  which  ho  was  heartily 
tiivd,  without  the  risk  of  shedding  cither  ^lexican  or 
(.'alii'iii'iiiaii  hlood!  This  theory  has  its  charms,  ac- 
I'^iuiitiiig  for  soD^e  things  otherwise  more  or  less  inex- 
I'licaliK',  and  is  i,  t  altogether  improbable;  yet  in  the 
al)si'iiL'(;  of  positive  proof,  it  is  perha[)s  as  well  to  con- 

"IX'L',  lOth,  Ah-arailn,  Cirla  fhhidoiu  MS.,  11(1:  /.'/en.  Mi  m.  ]Ii<t.,  .MS., 
S-S;  '/'o/vr.  I,'v)niii!s.,  MS.,  1I7-'J0;  <''-'/-o.  /.'./.,  .MS.,  97-10,');  Alntnxlo, 
Uhi.  Co/.,  .MS..  V.  •_':<-4;  Serrano,  Apiuit,s,  ,MS.,  '.l-J-:{;  AvKulnr,  Man.,  MS., 
l'4-,"i.  \';illcji),  y/;?/.  ('((/.,  MS.,  iv.  40S,  speaks  of  a  proiitURiainieiiti)  iit  S. 
F.  oil  Xiiv.  'Jdili,  nuulc  without  any  kiiowleili^o  of  wliat  had  liaiipoiictl  on  tho 
Niliiiiis,  I'iiitd,  AjiuiiliiiioiKi^,  MS.,  iW,  UT-iS,  spoaks  of  Osio'.s  (joining  to  S. 
K  ainl  wuikiii!.;  to  enlist  tho  custoni-hoii.sc  cmploji's  in  the  revolt;  l)iit  s.iy.s 
t!i;it  iniiisilf  anil  Jacinto  Rodriguez  refused  to  join  the  inf>veincnt.  Kieo 
t'lU  us  that  tlio  recci)tor,  lienito  Diaz,  and  Conuindante  Joaiiuin  IVna,  aided 
I  im  ill  his  work,  (iernian,  Suiyno.i,  MS.,  !)-l'J,  narratog  at  sonic  length  a 
ij.uuixl  lutueeii  lii.s  brother  Luis  German  aud  Gabriel  Castro  while  tho  rebel 
ijivts  were  at  Sta  Clara. 


'9  A 


h    .■• 

'    -■' 

h... 

'•■..:       '    * 

n 

Hi| 

P  ;■  ;:    4 

■^■V:,  lii 

lull!::*' 


■III  '" 

it*" 


404 


RKVOLUTION  AGAINST  MICIIKLTOIillNA. 


cliidc  that  Castro  (lecnicd  liis  own  interests  as  well  as 
iinTniati('iis  ((»  ho  on  tlu;  side  of  the  Ciililornians;  and 
that  he  satisfied  his  scruples  of  conscience,  so  fni'  as 
such  a  man  liad  any  scrujiles,  hy  roHectini^  th.it  tlic 
moveniont  was  ayainst  the  l)ata.llon,  and  not  the;  mn- 


ei'al 


ij 


( 'olonel  Vallejo  fell  |)erliaj)s  more  det^ply  th;ni  any 
othei-  man  in  Cahl'oi'nia  the  disorace  of  having'  ]ii> 
country  used  as  a  })enal  coh)ny,  though  lie  IumI  umi, 
like  tho  ^tontereyans,  come  directly  in  conla .t  uit'i 
the  cholos.  Ifc  knew  that  the  country  c(»iil(l  nit 
prosper  under  sucli  a  burden;  and  he  was  (he  mnic 
troubled  because  in  a  sense  he  had  been  instruniciilal 
in  introducing  the  convict  army.  He  had  doubt!.  v> 
ex])ressed  liis  views  freely,  but  there  is  no  contciiiim- 
rary  i^videnco  to  contradict  his  statement,  and  that  nf 
othei-s  in  later  times,  that  betook  no  i^wt  in  jtrnnmt- 
ing  the  revolt  of  November.  On  hearing  oi'  llic  ris- 
ing, Vallejo,  Xovember  IHth,  wrote  the  goviiimi, 
assuring  him  of  liis  belief  that  the  onlv  ill-feelin'j  nf 
the  Calilbrnians  was  a-jjainst  the  batallon,  and  >ii-- 
gesting  indirectly  that  as  the  troops  were  useless  ami 
1)ur(lensom<.!  both  to  tbe  general  and  to  the  couiitrv, 
and  as  there  could  be  no  peace  v»hile  they  reuiaiuiil. 
tho  best  way  ut  of  present  difficulties  was  to  >rii.l 
them  away.'^  Soon  came  Alvarado's  letter  ef  the 
20tli  from  San  Pablo,  in  which  the  writer  desciUxil 

'*  Serrano,  Apuntes,  MS.,  100-7,  relates  that  he  was  subseiiuciitly  shnwn 
by  Castro  a  letter  in  wliich  Miclieltorena  wrote:  'My  godson,  a  nvult  ka 
broken  o\it  at  tlie  Cafuula  do  S.an  Miguel,  among  some  hot-lienik'il  young 
men.  Tills  snits  me,  l>ut  I  do  not  wiuh  for  any  personal  perst'iutioii  nr  ven- 
geance. I'nt  yourself  at  the  head  of  this  movement,  and  wo  shall  coin''  to, 'in 
nnderstanding.'  Vallejo,  J/ht.  C'll.,  ,MS.,  iv.  41'2-1!»,  adds  tliat  tlic  kttur 
was  sent  in  duplieato  to  Castro,  and  one  of  the  copies  was  captured  on  tlio 
way;  but  this  writer's  version  of  ensuing  complications  l)et\veen  tlie  two 
Castros  is  utterly  al)surd  and  unintt'Uigible.  Alvarado,  Hi"!.  ( V(/.,  MS.,  v, 
2:],  also  speaks  of  the  captureil  letter.  xVrce,  ^/<•lllorl<l.^^,  MS..  ;i!i  10,  was 
told  by  Castro  that  he  joined  tlie  movement  to  help  Miclieltorena  pei-joiially. 
]k)tello,  Aiialcn,  MS.,  1J3-14,  and  Arnaz,  I'cruinlof,  MS.,  (JS-0,  givi-  crtdit 
to  the  theory  that  there  was  an  understanding  between  C.  and  M. 

"  Nov.  IS,  1844,  v.  to  M.,  in  Bmr  Fhuj  Paprr.^  MS.,  .1.  In  his  //;-'.  ('«'■- 
MS.,  iv.  417-18,  V.  declares  that  he  not' only  had  nothing  to  do  uitli  the 
revolt,  but  was  ready  to  ilefend  M.  as  gov.  if  his  authority  should  l"-  tluvat- 
enod  after  the  departure  of  tho  butallon. 


VALLKJO  MIUTUAL. 


.K!.j 


IS  wi'll  as 
iaiis:  jiinl 
SD  l;ir  as 
tliat,  tllr 
'j  tin;  ,i;i'ii- 

thaii  any 
iuviii'4'  Ills 

lia<l  lint, 
ita;'t  willi 
could   tint 

tllC     IIIMlr 

;tl'lllii''liial 
(l(»ul>t!i--s 
(•()iii('nii»i- 
iiul  t.liat  lit 
ill  jii'iuiidt- 
of  the  fis- 
o'ovd'iiiir. 
[-iccliiin'  lit 
and  sui^'- 
isclfss  ami 

(•   CoUlltfV, 

I'cinaiiu'tl, 

,S     tl>     M-'I'i' 

cr  dl'  tlio 
dt'sctilioil 

l\lCllt!y     shnWIl 
il,   !l    li"v"lt   1k13 

TiiuaiU'ii  youiiL' 

I'ditiiiii  "!■  ^'i'-'' 
uillciiiii"  t"-'"' 
lliat  thf  IctttT 
Ipturt'il  111!  llii:' 
IwL'Cii  tlw  two 
fri/.,  MS„v. 

s,,  ;«>  K',  WIS 

iiui  in'v.-"ii:itl.V- 
l<)  givi'  oa'iiit 

hi- 

I,  il,,  v.itli  th'J 
liUl  !"•  tlnvat- 


ClI 


wli.i!  liad  occurred,  dcclai'cd  tlic  inoviMiiciit  to  lie  a 
just  and  j>o|)idar  one,  and  callud  ii|»t)ii  N'allcjo  to  sii|»- 
]Mirt  it,  I'itlu'r  in  jicrscjii  <»!•  at  least  l»y  seiidiiin'  his 
lutlici'  Salvador  with  liorsi's  and  supplies."  'riio 
li lilt  Is  rt'ply  \v;is  to  send  J)on  Salvadoi"  to  confer 
wiili  Alvarado  at  San  Pahlo,  and  to  hriiiL;'  hack  ninru 
iiiiiiiite  (h.'tails  of  what  the  I'ehels  had  done,  what 
tlit'V  intended  to  do,  Jtiid  what  were  tlieir  |irosj)eets  itf 
>iicct'ss,  for  Vallejo  n.'tained  all  his  old  spirit  of  cau- 
lidii  and  fondness  for  hein^"  foiuid  on,  or  at  least  not 
\ti'y  >ti'on>4'ly  against,  the  winning'  !-.il.  "  His  posi- 
timi  was  u  somewhat  dilHcult  one.  A-  a  Mexican 
nlliccr  his  duty  was  of  course  to  obey  and  sup[)iirt  his 
>u|ici'ior;  hut  in  d(/uig  so  he  wo';i  1  he-  ohlig  .1  not 
mily  to  take  sides  against  his  friijudsand  cdnntrynicii, 
:ni.i  to  defend  a  band  of  convit-ts  wlx'se  pre-^eiice  ho 
(JLTiiicd  a  curse  to  California,  but  also  to  pay  from 
his  own  pocket  the  whole  ex[)enses  of  the  cam[iaign; 
wiiilc  on  the  other  hand,  he  had  little  doubt  tiuit, 
witimiit  his  su[)])ort,  ^Micheltoreiia  would  somi  lie 
coiupelled  to  yield,  send  away  his  troops,  and  thus 
prevent  revolutionary  troubles  and  possible  bloodshech 
llis  decision  was  to  remain  neutral:  and  to  a\'oid  the 
filtliii'ation  of  obevinsjf  the  ueneral's  orders  to  send 
iviiuforccments,  though  it  nowhei'e  cleai'ly  a[»pfars 
that  such  orders  wore  over  issued,  he  disbanded  the 
Soimina  forces  Xovenibor  28th,  on  the  plea  that  he 
iituld  no  longer  su})})ort  them  at  his  own  ex|tense  as 
li(j  luid  been  doing.  Tho  men  were  left  Ireo  to  gain  a 
living  as  best  they  could,  and  doubtless  some  of  them 
jiiiiicil  the  rebels. "^' 

".l^v(,y(.A,,  CarUt  Ihlanon,  MS,,  p.  108.  Xov.  20,  lSt4.  In  tliis  letter 
A.  stiitt.s  tliat  J.  J.  Vallejo  would  join  tho  rdiols;  ami  In;  spuaUs  uf  ii 
"imsiKiMdi'iicc  hutwoeii  liini.sclf  and  .Michcltoreiia,  in  wliicii  M.  had  de- 
I'liirt'd  thu  iiijiiriou.s  rt'sults  of  tl  ivvolt,  inhnilluil  tin;  ju.itifc  ot'  coinplriiuls, 
:i'iil  inuii.isfd  to  aiTiiUge  all  satisfactorily  as  soiju  as  thu  i '(iUhxiiia  siiou'.d 
^nivo  with  ordoi's  and  aid;  while  A.  had  replied  that  ho  could  not  ooiitinl 
ikMiiiivcinout,  which  rosulted  wholly  frau  the  oimduot  of  tho  oholos. 

'^Xi>  (latp,  V.  to  A.,  with  blotter  of  i4  j)oiut3  on  whioh  information  is 
i<i|ui:i'ii.  -Must  have  the  minutest  particulars  to  guide  his  course,  \\lii(h 
MiUot  cniuse  1)0  '  in  accordance  with  honor,  duty,  niv'  patriotism.'  Vn^/'Jn, 
•Z^'-.,  Ms.,  xiv.  -21 -'2. 

'"Xuv.  2sth,  V.  to  >;i>^'->  notifying  him  of  having  disiianded  the  trcvpa, 
Hist.  Ual.,  Vol.  IV.    SO 


k  1 


M  1 

If     f 


rrr^ 


4G0 


RFA'OLUTIOX  AOAINST  MICIIELTORENA. 


]\Tiehcltorona,  inareliiiiijj  from  ^tontcroy  on  i]\r  Jill 
with  I .')()  iiK'U  and  two  or  tlirue  jj'um'cs  of  nrtillriv, 
(MH'uin|)i'!l  i'our  or  five  days  later  at  the  Ija^'una  Scca, 
on  tlic  raiicho  of  Juan  Alvin^s,  ten  or  twelve  milis 
soutli-east  of  San  Jose.  The  rehel  font's,  220  stnni'^-. 
niarelu'd  down  from  Santa  (?larato  meet  him,  em  auiji- 
ini^  in  the  hills  of  the  Santa  Teresa  rancht>,  a  mile  nr 
two  from  the  lake  and  the  general's  eamp.  Al'tor 
two  or  three  d-iys  of  maiueuvi-es  and  neixotiatinns 
a  treaty  was  coneluded,  hy  wliieh  ]\lieheltorena  a'^rccil 
to  I'etire  to  tin;  eai)ital  and  send  away  his  hataHitii. 
while  the  ( 'alif  )i'nians  promised  to  retire  to  Saii  Jm>o 
mission  and  wait  for  the  geiUTal  to  fulfil  his  agree- 
ment. Sueh  is  an  outline  of  the  caiuDaiufn.  M<tsr 
wh(»  ha\e  deserihed  it  from  memory  add  hut  litrle  (if 
importance  in  the  way  of  detail;^'  hut  there  are  sdine 
contemporaiy  uai'ratives  that  tlemand  attention. 

IMieheltm'ciKi  himself,  in  a  report  to  the  goveniiiieiif, 
deserihed  tin?  eam]iaign  as  follows:  '•  I  made  sueli  rapiil 
marches  hy  nigiit  as  tlu^y  could  not  even  believe  [)< 


llOS 


haviiiG;  no  moans  for  their  support.  Vdllojo,  Dnc,  MS.,  xii.  111.  In  later 
coinnuuiiL'ations,  iK'ariiij,'  no  ilato,  liu  goes  nioi'c  fully  into  tin:  in;iiti  r.  i\- 
lilaiiiiiiL;  that  a  faihiro  of  crojis  had  (limiiii.shcd  his  resomvi's,  anil  im;ii- 
jilaining  that  Miclii'ltorona  liml  nt'i^'K'cti'il  the  northi'rn  frontier.  //.,  \iv. 
;{;i,  ;>;(."  Jn  his  //i~/.  Cfi/.,  .Ms.,  iv.  HOll,  he  explain.s  his  niuti\is.  .i.ii 
in^'  to  tiio.se  I  hiive  nu'ntioneil  lii.s  helief  that  M.  ami  (^:istro  hail  a  sriict 
iniili'istandinj;,  anil  his  unwillingness  to  take  part  in  any  sueh  faree  as  tlio 
/janipaign  was  likely  to  ln'.  (.'.  K.  Pirkett,  in  Sh/irk'.-i  /,'ry;/v.v.  .1/. ».  l'JS  li, 
relates  that  ^'.  took  a  leading  ]iart  in  plainiing  this  revolt,  l)ut  that  l.itiT 
;nost(if  his  men  ^\■e^(^  indueed  to  join  Sutter's  forec  in  aid  of  .Mielultiinii.i! 
''  .Mo.st  of  the  ( '.difornians  greatly  exaggerate  the  forees  on  lioth  ^iili  •*.  4ii't 
i),ten  l.K'ing  a  favorite  numher  for  Alieheltorena'.s  army.  All  agrei' that  t!:t' 
weather  was  very  eeld,  disagreeahle,  and  rainy.  Several  S[)eak  of  a  ^iiiiiil 
detaennient  sent  luit  liy  the  ichels  in  advane(!  of  the  main  force  to  trv  to  sin- 
juise  tlio  fo.'.  Oslo,  J'll'it.  Cftl.,  MS.,  414  7;  Alrnrmlo,  //;>7.  ('<(/., '  M>;.,  v. 
;2;>-l;  (larciii,  Ainniti^,  .MS.,  ;")-();  Lar'>0'>,  Ciniriilsioiicf,  .MS.,  17- 1!';  (-!■  rmnii, 
Suri'unx,  MS.,  :!-.">;  JC:i/>i<r,  M-m.,  .MS.,  I71S;  Arc,-,  Mrm.,  .MS.,  41  'J;  Sn-- 
riiiio,  Api("ti.%  MS.,  <i;f  .">;  ('((.■ilm,  /,'rf.,  MS.,  104-7;  Torre,  llrmin.,  .MS,,  IJl). 
None  of  these  give  any  details  re(|uiring  special  attention.  l-Jieo,  JA  /".  //'•'•. 
MS.,  7-H,  gives  more  partienlars,  agreeing  in  snhstaneo  with  .Alvarailn  s  iku'- 
rativc,  to  ho  noted  i>resently.  Vallejo,  Wn^t.  Vul.,  MS.,  iv.  4--'(t~l,  sniiis  1 1 
iuiiily  that  Cr.stro  .simply  agreed  to  wait  until  Mieheltorena  enuld  u'lt  rii'ii- 
foreements  fiom  Me.xieo,  thus  hetraying  the  Califoruians.  Ariia/,  //  «ii''"-. 
MS.,  (i7  H,  I'ioo,  /lco);r.,  MS.,  oS,  Amador,  Mcnorhix,  .MS.,  l.">4  (1.  iiinl 
Botello,  Aiifi'i.'i,  .MS.,  IIO-I-J,  state  more  or  le.ss  elearly  that  .M.  ".;s  innlr- 
stood  to  have  promised  merely  to  ask  fi'om  Mexico  authority  to  scud  li  ■<  hh" 
away,  lioronda,  Xola.i,  .MS..  '_'■_',  claims  to  have  guided  the  ^'uner.d  hnk  tu 
Monterey  by  a  shorter  way  tliau  he  iiad  come. 


CAMrAinX  OF  SA\TA  TERESA. 


4;7 


sililr  fnr  Infantry;  1)ut  witliout  ;i  conflict,  because  sucli 

i-,  till'  masonry  of  every  Californian,  that  while  1  had 

imt  a  single  notice  or  a  single  spy,  knowing  only  tht> 

nrdinid  I  trod,  the  sliglitcst  strategic  niovcmcnt  of  my 

r\]icilition  was  instantly  communicated  hy  these  peo- 

iili  .  w  ho  travel  on  theii'  horses  fortv  or  iifty  leau'iies  a 

(l;iv  w  itiiout  fatigue  and  as  a  pastime.      J'^inally  1  suc- 

(.■iinlcd  ill  getting  them  into  a  narrow  defil(\  where,  as 

1  iuKanced  to  light  them,  they  hegged  that  1,  like  a, 

t'atlici',  would  liear  their  complaints,  as  shown   in   tin- 

ciH'losed  documents.      It  would  ha\e  l)een  a  woik   of 

\\\v  minutes  to  destroy  these  men  Wiio  have   ne\er 

luard  a  shot  nor  the  whizz  of  a  hall,  who  came  as  to  a 

_/;V.v/«^emharrasse(l  hy  their  vei'y  weaitons,hi'inging  with 

tlu'iii  to  the  war  their  chikh'en  of  tender  age,  in  fact 

ivciy  male;  hut  the  revolution  would  never  he  calmed, 

aibl  liy  I'oi'ce  and  terror  it  would  he  necessary  to  put 

tothr  knife  oi"  to  shoot  half  the  dei»artment,  while  my 

>iii;tll  numl)er  of  valiant  men  would  inevitahly  he  kilkd 

liy  rilK>d)alls  in  the  vuipeopled  camps  of  tli(!  desert, 

without  seeing  a  single  foe,  or  having  anything  to  eat, 

iMvaiise  they  carried  off  (.'verything  l)efore  them,  with- 

(h'awiiig  every  kind  of  supplies,  in  imitation  of  wliat  I 

(inlered  done  at  the  tinu'  of  (Commodore  Jones'  iina- 

sinii.     I  have  ])ut  them  olf  hy  offering  to  send  away 

the  IkkI  men  for  good  I'easons  within  three  months,  in 

nrdrr  to   gain   this  time,  dui'ing   which   1   await  the 

si'liddiier  Ca/ij'ontld."^'^    Jn  this  re[)oi't  the;  I'eader  will 

not  fail  to  note  a  sli'j'ht  admixture  ol' ti'uth  with  a  ];ir''-' 

auioiiiit  of  the  senseless  gasconade  which   chaiactci'- 

izeil  the  writer's  despatches  in  the  Jones  alfair  of  I  S4i'. 

It  was  Micheltorena's  fate;  to  make  an  ass  of  hinisi  It' 

wlicucver  ho  had  occasion  to  write  for  the  eyesof  tho 

Mr\i(Mii  government. 

Ill''  Ijcst  narrative  extant  of  this  cam[)aign  is  that 
writtei.  hv  Alvarado  to  Valleio  at  the  time.  ( )!i 
Aoveiiiher  27th  or  '28th,  the  rebels  received  a  nies- 
NiiiV  fidin  ^[icheltoreiia,  in  reply  to  a  request  to  sus- 

'*D>i;.  !•_>,  1844,  M.  to  chief  of  stall".  Casta I'lans,  t'ul.  JJoc,  oD-GO. 


*1 

m 

u|l| 

1 

lli 

,^M 

u 


■mi 


h;;Ii  ■ 


Bivn 


I    ■:     I 


4,8 


11  EVOLUTION  AGAINST  MICIIELTORENA. 


];('n(l  his  iiuirch  witli  a  aIcw  of  jilbiyiiiL?  tlio  ])0])ul:ii- 
(.■x(.'iteuieiit,  that  tht3y  must  lay  clown  their  anus  ,iii,l 
suhinit  ti)  his  (,'loincncy,  or  lie  would  destroy  all  Ixiniv 
liiiii  without  (juartcr.  On  the  night  of  the  2ath,  tliry 
lesolved  to  attack  the  •^•oiieral  at  Alvirez'i^  rauclm, 
inarc'hiii!L>'  out  of  Santa  Clara,  two  companies  of  litlt  - 
me)i  and  musketeers  of  i'orty  and  sixty  men  nsjuit- 
ivt'ly  in  advance,  with  r20  under  Castro  and  Alvuiadu 
in  the  rear.  Tlxn'  hoped  to  caj)ture  the  foe  hy  .-til- 
prise,  and  favored  by  the  darkness  and  rain,  approiicliiil 
within  -00  yards;  l)ut  a  u'un  was  accidentally  di- 
char<i^ed,  and  they  had  to  retire  to  a  wood  for  pintrc- 
lion  Iroin  artilleiy.  On  the  2'.)th,  ^Ficheltoreiia  askcil 
for  a  conference,  and  Francisco  Sancliez  and  Maiiii'l 
('astro  were  sent  as  commissioners  to  a  point  midway 
hetween  the  two  camps,  authorized  to  treat  on  tliu 
hasis  of  recoo-niziiiH;'  ^licheltorena,  if  he  would  di-^i- 
,!H'anize  the  hatallon,  sending'  away  the  worst  nu'ii  aiul 
scatterin;^'  the  rest.  Nothing  was  eft'ected;  hut  \.\\<: 
general  tiesired  a  postponement  of  hostilities  until  tln' 
next  day,  which  was  granted.  On  the  OOth.  Mirhcl- 
torena  solicited  a  pei'soiial  interview  with  Al\ara<ln, 
at  which  he  sought  a  delay  of  thi/ee  months  in  wliira 
to  send  away  his  soldiers,  and  also  jtermission  to  oiali- 
lish  his  cami>  at  Santa  ( 'lara  lor  further  negotiatii'.ii-: 
hut  I)eing  refused,  he  threatened  an  attack  fur  tin 
next  morning.  Instead  of  an  assault,  liowcvci',  "H 
Decemher  1st  there  was  anothei-  conference  with  Ai- 
varado,  and  the  general  linallygave  his  word  of  IkiiihI' 
to  accede  to  the  wishes  of  the  Californians.  During' 
tlie  night  artick's  were  drawn  up,  and  when  tlie  gen- 
eral showed  some  further  liesitation,  he  was  thivat- 
eiied  with  an  attack  within  an  hour;  and  accordin'^lv, 
after  a  personal  interview  with  Casti'o,  he  signed  the 
treatv,  and  soon  started  for  Monterev  in  the  ram. 
nuich  t()  the  disgust  of  some  of  his  oiliccrs  and  ni'  n. 

^'■'  Afi'iirarJo,  ('(trifi,  ]'riiirii)ii:  ('(iinpri'iit.  i}<-  Lui/iiiki  Sicd,  7X,/'./.  M^-  ' '"•' 
vritcr  iv|ire«iiits  tiu!  treaty  ;is  JKiviiii,'  licuii  ni;iiR-il  on  iKc.  '_M,  liut  lln'  ilni-"- 
UH'iit  lis  ]iri'si.'ivccl  in  cdjiii's  bcaiN  ilatc  i>f  l)cc.  {.--t,  as  wc  shall  sci'.  Oiir  I'tlin" 
xufsioii  lit'  llio  uaiiipaigii,  ]^ii'i.'suiiialily  Ilia;.  i>I'  C'lia.--  M.  XW'ljcr,  a.i  '.•.•■'.n  m  >■ 


TREATY  OF  LAOUXA  SECA. 


■ii;3 


T;i;it  ^lidicltoruna  sii'-iu'd  a  treaty  at  tlio  La^-uiia 
biiidiiiL;'  liiiusflt'  within  a  CL-rtain  time  to  di:siiiiss  IVdiu 
tlii  >t  I'vice  or  seiul  away  to  ^[o\ico  tlie  soldii^-rs  ot" 
iho  liatalloii  iijo,  witli  some  of  tlie  moi'e  vicious  oiHcei's, 
tliri'c  can  l)e  no  doubt;  indeed,  he  adnutted  as  nuich  in 
]ii>  n  port  to  Moxi(.'0,  and  never  denied  it  subse(|uently 
sii  tar  as  I  know.  The  oriL>'iiKd  of  the  treaty  is  not 
cxt.iiil;  hut  I  have  co[>ies,  the  genuineness  ol' wlii<'h 
tlidv  is  no  reason  to  call  in  (juestion.  At  first  the 
pirinil  within  which  the  men  were  to  he  sent  away 
was  lixi'd  at  two  montlis;  ])ut  the  general  insisted  on 
cliaiiying  it  to  tlu'ee,  and  alscj  on   the  condition   that 


Jniviii'ni  Co.  Hi"!.,  IS-]!),  mill  Tinlchnm'x  Wft.  Slnrl/nii,  S7-S,  dosui'vcs  iiotii-c 
lifii'.  I  (|iiiit(;  fri)iu  'I'iiikliain;  'Ocii.  ^liLlicltni'cuu  Uxik  the  licld  tu  iiucll  thi; 
iiisurL'i'iits,  ;iii(I  iiiaiohed  to  within  I-  mili's  of  S.  Josi'-,  wiicro  lio  wiin  met  liy 
iiM  iiiHU'il  I'dix'c  uiiilor  C'apt.  W'ljlier,  Castros  army  liaviiii;  lied  from  S.  .los/', 
li;i\iii,'  tlu'  iiilialntaiit.-i  to  tin:  tender  mercies  <<{  an  ai'niy  lecniited  from  tlie 
.Mixiu.iii  ]iri^oiis — a  hand  of  desiicrate  convicts,  \vlio  wonld  jiluudcr  and  ran- 
siK'k  tile  town  if  tliL'V  wore  onco  allowed  to  enter.  \\'el)er  isiiew  tliis,  and 
Iiaviii^  a  tartro  stock  of  goods  on  hand,  lie  was  naturally  anxious  to  ]irotei.t 
liis  ]iru|!trty,  and  pronijjt  action  alono  was  demanded.  Depending  on  his 
frieiiil.sliip  \\  itli  Micheltorona,  and  resorting  again  to  peace  measures,  he  sent 
a  note  to  that  general,  informing  him  that  Castro  had  llcil,  and  reipiestini; 
liiia  to  march  around  the  town.  W'lir  knows  no  fiiends,  and  Micheltorenii 
iuforiiHil  Weber  that  ho  must  march  through  the  town  in  pursuit  of  (.'astro. 
This  meant  destruction  of  propeity  if  not  of  life,  an<l  Ca])t.  W'oher  deti-i- 
iniai'd  ti)  resist.  Hastily  summoning  the  men  of  S.  Josi',  ho  told  them  of  the 
cDUilitiiiu  of  afl'airs,  and  tiiat  Iiy  organizing,  the  ]irogrcss  of  the  pursuing 
iinay  ciiulil  ho  checked.  A  company  was  formed,  Weher  was  placed  in  coni- 
iiiuad,  and  they  sot  out  to  moot  tho  onomy.  Sending  a  niossongcr  to  Michid- 
t'jivn.i,  lie  iiilornu'd  him  what  ho  lia<l  done,  tidling  him  ho  was  acting  only 
ill  lUfciice  of  his  ])ro|)orty.  When  Weher  met  Micheltoroua  ho  relied  upnii 
suate;,'y  CO  accomplish  his  purpose.  'J'o  do  this  he  eommaudcd  his  men  to 
iijilnar  on  the  surrounding  hills,  and  hy  riding  ijuickly  from  one  point  to 
iiii'ither  give  tho  appejirancc  of  a  largo  army.  AVhen  tho  scouts  of  the  eaeii:y 
;i]i|jc;uvd  Weher's  force  drove  them  hack.  These  niauionvres  lasteil  for  sev- 
inil  days,  imtiH'astro,  hearing  of  the  lir.'ive  st.'ind  of  this  handful  of  men, 
I'lailiic  ashamed  of  his  cowardice  and  reenforced  Weber's  men.  Micliel- 
tnina.  lindiiig  that  he  then  had  a  large  force  tu  encounter,  made  peace  and 
agivd  to  leave  the  valley.' 

'J'liere  is  no  iloiibt  that  ^Vober  took  a  in'ominent  ]iart  among  the  foreigner-; 
"f  S.  .bisi',  who  were  induced  by  the  solicitations  of  A.  M.  I'ico  and  otlii  r 
'aiiiiiiiiians  to  sujiiiort  their  cause,  that  ho  comniaiided  one  of  the  coiiip.i- 
iiii-s  that  niarchoil  to  !Sta  Teresa,  ami  that  tho  presence  of  his  men  had  .i 
uhiilcsdnie  eli'ect  in  deterring  Michcltorena  from  a  eontlict  —  if  inileed  he  ovrr 
tliini;;lit  of  tl'^hting.  As  for  the  rest,  however,  it  is  wise  to  conclude,  in  tho 
ahMiici' of  corroborating  evidence,  that  Weber,  in  claiming  for  himself  siuh 
ixi'hisivc  credit  for  having  checked  the,  geicral  and  saved  S.  .lose,  drew  very 
laiudy  on  his  imagination  for  facts,  and  counted  overmuch  on  tho  credulity 
or  ij'Uorance  of  his  hearers. 


r:l 


r     I 


Hi 


1      i 

•i.! 


W 


\\ 


Am 

f « 

ll 

5 

ul 

! 

ll 
i 

1 
1 

470 


RKV^OLUTION  AGAINST  MICHELTOnEXA. 


citizL'M.s  must  by  contributions  aid  liini  to  cany  diit 
the  terms  of  the  treaty.-'^ 

"SVliatcv'cr  may  liavc  been  tlio  secret  purpose  aiil 
ambition  of  tlie  Californian  leaders,  it  must  be  ad- 
mitted tliat  their  actions  had  been  entirely  consistent 
with  their  avowed  object,  that  of  drivim^-  away  tluj 
cholo  soldiers;  and  had  afforded  no  indication  of  aiiv 
ulterior  desii^n  against  Micheltorena.  I  know  of  im 
good  reason  to  suspect  that  they  had  any  intention 
of  deposing  the  governor  if  he  should  keep  his  agree- 
ment, or  of  violating  their  own  obligations  under  tin' 
treaty  of  Santa  Tei'esa.  Had  !Micheltorena  kept  liis 
jiromise,  Alvarado's  chances  of  regaining  contiol  'if 
the  government  would  have  been  slight  indeed;  ami 
his  ambitious  hopes,  if  he  had  such  hopes,  rested  mi 
a  very  diffei'ent  foundation.  In  his  letter  of  J)(<iiii- 
ber  10th,  already  cited,  ho  expressed  his  belief  and 
that  of  his  companions  that  Micheltorena  had  signed 
the  treaty  only  as  an  expedient  to  gain  time  and  es- 

^"Doc.  1,  1844,  treaty  of  tlic  Cainpo  dc  Sta  Teresa,  or  Ranclio  do  Alvins, 
or  Laguiia  Scca.  Giien-a,  Due,  MS.,  i.  30-41;  ami  (without  diite)  l><j.'l.  Si. 
I'lp.,  IMS.,  V.  101-2;  also,  as  senttoMexicDaiulpriiitt'diu  J//  /kV/o/':;/';,/,'.!/!"- 
d.i'iile,  wo. '2.  Art.  1.  IJatalldii  ti)  bo  sent  away  in  two  iiioutlis.  2.  Tlic'iii- 
vision  del  norto'  to  retire  to  S.  Josii  niisaion,  and  the  gcneraln  forcu  t)  M.iu- 
torcy.  3.  Entire  amnesty  for  all  who  had  taken  part  in  the  niovi'iiiciit.  I. 
Tlie  resources  of  Mission  S.  .lose  to  ho  used  for  the  snppoi-t  of  the  fuivr  i|Uai- 
tired  there.  5.  Tlic  said  foroe  to  be  at  the  di.sposition  of  tho  govt  as  f^naii  ;is 
art.  1  .'^hall  bo  fultilleil.  0.  lloi.ses  of  that  force  to  be  returned  to  jnivaio 
owners  iniinediately  after  arrival  at  S.  Jost'-.  7.  Expenses  incurred  l'ytli:;t 
f'lree  or  parties  belonging  to  it  to  be  paid  from  the  public  treasury  afd  r  a;'- 
jirovnl  (if  each  claim  by  tho  subscribers.  S.  To  the  fulfilment  of  these  la'ticks 
ills  Ivxci'lleiicy  pledges  his  word  of  honor,  signing  with  two  of  his  c!iii:<. 
Sigiiel,  .lunn  11.  Alv:irad(i,  Josi5  Castro.  Sub.scribed  to  on  condition  (!t)  tli:it 
the  term  named  in  art.  I  be  3  inste;id  of  '2  months;  and  (10)  that  citizens  in 
e.i.^y  circ'.inistanci's  shidl  eontrilnite  in  cattle  or  produce  a  suliicieut  .•iinnuiit  t'l 
enaiile  the  govt  to  comply  with  this  agreement,  Manuel  Micheltorena,  Ft!i\ 
Val.k-s,  Luis  (}.  Maciel. 

'J'lie  campaign  and  treaty  of  Sta  Teresa  are  mentioned  in  Lnrkin's  Uttivif 
March  L.'2,  lS4r).  L(irl:iii'.f  off.  (Junrfii.,  MS.,  i.  lio;  and  also  in  variniis  lU'W- 
paper  cnmmunications— perhiips  from  Larkin  also — republished  in  .\i^<-i  h'l'J-- 
Iwiii.  -21 1 ,  iMo-O;  Ixix.  203.  It  shouM  be  noted  that  dnan  Alvire/  wasriiimil 
by  Micheltorena's  encampment  at  his  place.  In  1S4.")  the  raneho  by  a  deiisii'ii 
of  the  supreme  court  was  ordered  sold  to  iiay  his  debt.  A  petition  >i_'ni  d  ''}' 
Alvarado  and  Castro  stated  the  cause  of  the  trouble  to  bo  M."s  failui.'  to  i«iy 
as  he  h.id  ])romi.sed,  with  a  view  to  some  relief,  but  with  results  not  v\  corJal 
iJ'j'l.  HI.  Piqi.,  MS,,  vi.  123-0. 


carrv  nut 


'poso  an  I 
st  l^e  ail- 
coiisisti'iit 
away  tluj 
on  of  any 
low  I  if  n'l 

illtt.'lltinll 

his  agret- 
und'i'  till' 
I  kept  his 
conti'iil  'if 
deed;  and 
rested  tin 
[)f  Drccni- 
helicf  and 
lad  si-iifil 
lie  and  es- 


;lio  lie  Alviro, 

Jatu)  Du't-  ■'^'' 

ullor.'iinJ'J/p"- 

2.   Tlic'di- 

force  to  Mill- 

movoiuont.    -l. 

|tlK'  fuo'i'  quar- 

ivt  as  HI  II  111  iis 

lied  to  private 

■ui-roil  U'  th:;t 

|isury  afUT  nil- 

[f  these  articles 

if  his  cliii'!-. 

iilition  C.l)  tiiat 

liat  citizens  in 

iuut  ai'.i'iuiit  ;•> 

iltoreua,  Fi'-i*' 

Irkin's  lettelMif 
[ill  A';/..s"  AV;;.. 
liliyii'lei-'i*i"» 
Ition  >i-'ni'il''y 
Ifaiiuf  toRV 
,  not  i-i  corilcil. 


MEDITATED  TREACHERY. 


471 


cape  from  tlie  sujierior  forees  tliat  ()[)]iosL'd  Idiu,  not 
intending"  to  keej)  his  faitli,  but  to  eoiitiiiiie  the  sti'u^'- 
i^le.  The  j)roiiuiieiados  had  for  the  most  i)art  returned 
to  thi'ii'  liomes,  leuvint^  ('astro  witli  iifty  men  at  San 
Jose,  ]ioorly  armed,  destitutt',  and  eonstantly  in  I'ear 
(if  an  attack  t'roni  the  (^^eneral's  fon-es.  Coidident  that 
the  war  had  only  just  be^nm,  Alvarado  was  naturally 
more  anxious  than  ever  to  secure  the  sn[)])ort  of  V^a- 
llejo.  Tiiat  his  apprehensions,  or  hopes  it' the  tt'rni 
be  |ii'eferred,  were  well  founded  will  })resently  a[)[»ear.-^ 
Ill  a  i>roclamation  of  Decend>er  KJth,  Mifdndtorena 
announced  to  tlio  peo])le  tliat  tlie  cloud  of  civil  war 
threatening  such  dire  results  had  [)asse'd  away,  because 
he,  ••])ieferring  the  voice  of  humanity  to  the  horrible 
loar  of  cannon,"  had  llown  to  the  fr(jnt,  not  as  a  ty- 
rant, l)ut  as  a  friend  to  those  who  led  the  movenumt. 
He  liad  listened  to  their  complaints,  recognized  the 
jiisiice  of  some,  and  had  not  hesitated  to  [)romise 
relief;  so  that  the  citizens  had  retired  to  tlus  bosom  «.)f 
their  fnnilies,  und  peace  was  restored.  "This  iVank- 
iiess  will  always  be  the  guiding-star  of  my  j)ro('ee'd- 
iiiLi's."  wrote  the  general.""  Vet  he  had  sent  orders  to 
Am  Ires  I'ico  in  the  south  to  arm  the  militia  in  defence 
of  the  government;^^  and  he  had  .sent  Colonel  Tellez 
and  ('a[»tain  ]\Iejia  to  Mexico  for  aid.  In  his  report 
(if  JJecendjcr  rJth  sent  with  these  ollieers  by  the 
SKninndh,  a  document  which  I  have  had  occasion  to 
(|U(jte  several  times  before,  he  says  plainly  and  with- 

■'  III  the  lettc  cited  Alvarado  writes,  'If  the  phiu  had  tiecu  to  destroy  the 
general  with  all  his  expedition,  it  eoidd  have  tieeii  done  in  livi;  iiiiiiutes;  Imt 
lis  it  was  iiieroly  to  get  rid  of  his  liatallou  and  preserve  hi.s  j^ovt,  iiolhin.ii 
t'liilil  1)(;  done'  !)Utas:.eiit  to  the  treaty.  Alvaiaih)  had  heeii  dangerously  ill 
lit  S.  .hise  for  several  days  after  tlie  treaty. 

•-i>.M.'.  l(i,  rS4r4,  .M.",s  proelaniation.  hir/lcsf  Print.;  Olixra,  Dn\,  M.S., 
-7-11;  \'iilli]l(,,  y>)c. ,  .MS.,  .\ii.  I'JS;  Mii/n Ifuri/iit,  L'.r/iidi  n/c,  no.  .'1.  Dee. 
I'itli,  M.  sends  some  copie.s  of  tlie  pioelamatiou  to  .1  use  (.'astro,  statiiiL;  also 
that  he  has  sent  Tellez  t.i  Mazatlaii  to  j^et  pennissioii  to  send  away  the 
hatalli.ii.  (,'iiirrii,  JJm'.,  MS.,  i.  4-_'  W.  ()n  Dee.  Ttli,  he  had  Miitteii  to 
('"Varruliias  in  the  south,  that  he  lia<l  ((UelU'd  the  revolt  liy  ,L,'entle  nieaus,  and 
WHS  eniitidi.nt  of  saving'  the  ship  from  the  storm.  'Andres  I'ieo  must  not  for- 
get my  onlers.'    r«//r/o,  Wof. ,  MS.,  xii.  111. 

■^h'jif.   .«.   Pcqt.i  Aiiij.,   MS.,   xii.    lOt-o;  Loi  Amjclc,  Arch.,   MS.,  v. 


liLUi,  «    .i   {•'  ill 


■li 


i 


!r  r 


'  f 

i 

' 

% 

,4 

11  v 

1 

ll^i 

-ivB  llw 

11 

's 

■M 

JiHIhh 

'n 

KM 

iill 

1 

472 


REVOLUTION  AGAINST  MICIIELTOKENA. 


out  any  iiiiiiiiCoHtation  of  Klianio:  "I  have  put  tlnin 
<jtri)V  i)»'oiiiisiM<f  to  scud  awav  tlio  jukIos  within  tlireij 
montlis  in  order  to  gain  tliat  time  during  which  I 
I'xpect  thu  sclioonor,.  .  .reniaiiiiug,  land  my  eonip.ui- 
ions,  witli  arms  in  our  liands  constantly  and  vww 
night  with  kindk'd  match;  for  the  foe  is  cowardly, 
lunnerous,  iivoi  dc  a  raJxdIo,  moving  incredible  dis- 
tances from  liour  to  liour,  and  therefore  incapal»lt'  of 
good  faith,  unwortliy  of  conlichMice,  and  only  capahic 
of  a  sui'prise  or  //"/y>c  dc  iikiho"!  Ho  goes  on  to  ur^c, 
it  is  true,  that  an  order  l)e  issued  for  him  to  rctiic 
Avith  his  officers  and  men,  "each  one  worthy  of  a 
statue,"  not  because  he  liad  ])ledged  his  word,  luir 
because  lie  had  little  ho})e  for  the  sending  of  an  ai'iny 
1,500  or  2,000  strong  to  save  the  countr3\-* 

The  general  made  no  ])i-epa rations  whate\<  r  h> 
conijdy  with  the  treaty,  but  did  all  that  he  could  \n 
])repare  for  another  resoi't  to  force.  If  he  ever  had 
an\'  intention  of  keeping  his  promise,  it  soon  yielded 
to  the  railleries  of  Tellez,  who  had  not  taken  jiait  ia 
the  cam[)aign,-'''  and  to  the  reviving  h()[)e  of  siiecrss 
through  the  aid  of  foreignei's.  I  have  no  doubt  that 
his  treachei'v  was  lar<j;elv  due  to  the  promises  and 
solicitations  of  Sutter  and  (jrraham;  but  on  f(ireiL;'u 
interfm-ence  I  shall  have  more  to  say  presently.  As 
I  have  before  remarked,  there  was  no  reason  to  sus- 
])ect  that  the  Calift)rnians  were  not  acting  in  geod 
faith.  Their  force  had  been  for  the  most  part  di>- 
per-sed;  and  they  returned  tiie  horses  to  their  <»\\i!ei> 
as  promised.-"     The  article  calling  for  contribufi(Mi< 

-U''i.if(iniiir<,  Col.  Doc,  .■)9-(iO.  The  oritur  liopcd  to  get  a  njily  limii 
Mexico  early  in  Maivli. 

'■'Osio,  //(V.  ('ill.,  MS.,  44S,  Arce.  JAw.,  MS.,  41,  .nnd  otliers  stat^'  tliat 
Telle/  wa.s  suleeted  for  tlie  mission  to  Alexieo  eliielly  liecimsc  M.  e"iiM  no 
liiiiu'er  eiuhii'o  his  reproaehe.s  foi-  the  eowai'ilieo  ilisplayeil  in  the  Sta 'I'ln-^a 
e:iin[)aign.  Nearly  all  the  ("alifoniiaii  witnesses  whom  I  have  cite.l  in  tM< 
chapter  speak  in  general  terms  of  M."s  failure  to  do  as  he  had  agreeil:  ami  I 
need  not  re])eat  the  list  of  references. 

-''Dec.  li'th,  Castro,  writing  to  Micheltorena  on  this  8nl)je<'t,  snins  to 
complain  that  tlio  general's  ollicers  wei'c  attempting  to  utilize  the  rituriiiil 
horses  for  themselves!  Vullijo,  Dor.,  MS.,  xii.  IIS.  Others  say  that  an  at- 
tempt was  made  to  drill  tiic  batallon  in  cavalry  tactics.  M.  never  a  iisnl 
the  t'alifornian  <  of  breaking  the  compact  except  by  failing  to  return  \-i.'iae  nt 
the  property,  evidently  but  a  pretext,  even  if  partly  true. 


PREPARATIONS. 


473 


from  citizens  afforded  an  excellent  basis  for  a  disa- 
urrriiient;  i)ut  it  does  not  appear  tliat  lie  ever  called 
{(ir  ;iiiy  such  contributions,  or  eoin[)lained  that  tlu'y 
\V(iv  not  paid.  Without  ti-ouhlinn'  hiinselt'  to  justify 
]ii>  actions,  he  went  eahnly  ahead  with  his  pi'e[)ara-- 
tions.  and  awaited  the  or^'anization  of  the  i'oivi^'ii 
rciint'orcenients,  just  as  if  the  hreaking  of  a  solemn 
i)l('»lL;e  was  an  ordinary  method  of  gaining-  an  advan- 
tage over-  his  opponents.  Larkin  wrote  ot  hoth  })ar- 
tics  producing  ditliirent  treaties,  each  denying  the 
o'cnuineness  of  that  shown  hv  the  other;'-'  hut  there 
is  nothing  to  confirm  that  statement,  t(»  say  nothmg 
(if  its  iidierent  improl)al)ility.  ]\[ean while  the  Cali- 
fdiiiians  throughout  J)eceml)er  did  nothing  hut  await 
(Kvcliipments,  tlicir  leaders  protesting  against  the 
gi'iicral's  policy,  and  Vallejo  using  all  his  inihiencc  to 
iiuhice  ]\[icheltorena  to  keep  his  promise  and  to  ])re- 
veiit  the  foreigners  from  interf 'ring.  Both  ]\[ichel- 
tdi'ciia's  treachery  and  the  ])olity  of  the  f  »reigners 
strengthened  in  one  sense  the  s[)irit  of  revolt,  and 
crealt'd  a  personal  op[)osition  to  the  govei-nor,  that 
hail  Hdt  before  existed;  but  the  rebels  were  at  the 
same  time  terrified,  and  became  timid  about  engau'ing 
porsdiiahy  in  such  an  une(pial  struggle.  At  no  time 
in  ])eceinber  did  their  military  strength  eijual  that 
whirh  tlu'V  had  orixanized  in  November;  and  besides, 
thiw  had  lost  for  the  most  part  the  support  of  Web- 
er's rifle  company  at  San  Jose.'"' 

-'  Jjirk'di's  Off.  Conrap.,  MS.,  i.  ',]~k 

'•'"IVm'.  II,  1S44,  I'iiilre  Mfirado  (inlercd  to  iniit  the  north  for  seditious 
cniKhu't  hy  Castro.  Valhjo,  J)o<\,  MS.,  xii.  117.  Dee.  I"2th,  ( 'astro  to  pov., 
a>suiiiig  liiiii  of  the  good  faith  and  friemlshii)  of  himself  and  party.  Ktitreats 
liim  111 't  to  resort  again  to  foree.  /(/.,  xii.  IIS.  I)ee.  l.'itli,  C  to  Alvar.ado. 
lujiurts  that  Tdlez  will  come  to  attack  them.  Djmger  imiiiimiit.  A.  must 
coiiie  at  oiiee.  ^loney  must  be  ol^taiued  from  Rae.  He,  C,  has  already 
pleclged  idl  his  jiro)ierty.  iioi'ses  uuist  he  had  from  S.  Rafael.  Victor  (.'ast:o 
Pi'i'iiis  well  disposed.  Montenegro  has  not  come.  If  A.  goes  to  S.  ]'"raneisco 
lnMiui.st  try  to  get  army  and  ammunition  secretly.  Id.,  xii.  I'JO.  Deo.  l.'itli, 
Aalliju  to  Sutter,  explaining  tlwit  by  the  late  treaty  all  had  been  satisfac- 
torily settled,  since  the  'pnetorian  guard'  of  criminals  was  to  be  sent  away, 
ami  th'i'e  was  no  opposition  to  Micheltorena.  There  was  no  ground  what- 
ivei' to  fear  any  further  jihjts  against  the  govt.  /</.,  xii.  lUI.  Dec.  14th, 
Usiuto  V.  Appearances  indicate  that  M.  will  \  iolate  his  pledge,  tl.ough  he 
lias  ahvLiys  boon  regarded  as  a  man  of  honor.    Id.,  xii.  I'Jl.     Dec.  lUth,  a^ir.ie 


-  -Mum 


474 


REVOLUTION  AGAINST  MICIIELTORENA. 


i-:.i 


l\'\ 


There  aro  two  comniuiiications  of  Mic]iLlti>r(iia 
^vrittcu  in  Decoiiibor,  which  I  give  in  a  note  as  tin; 
best  })o.S8iblo  source  of  information  respecting  liis  pol- 
icy as  declared  by  himself  at  the  time.  The  first  was 
aJdi'essed  to  Sutter  on  the  23d.  It  showed  a  itcift'ct 
understanding  with  that  officer,  and  contained  i ust ruc- 
tions for  military  movements  in  the  near  futiue.  It 
also  contained  a  brief  defence  of  the  governor's  pro- 
posed treachery,  in  the  form  of  a  claim,  doubtle-^s  I'al.M', 
that  he  had  seen  a  plan  against  the  government,  ^[rx- 
icans,  and  foreigners,  of  later  date  than  the  treaty  of 
Santa  Teresa.  The  second  letter  was  addressed  to 
Castro  on  the  29th,  in  reply  to  that  officer's  j)rotest  of 
the  27th  against  his  apparent  intention  to  renew  hos- 
tilities. It  was  for  the  most  part  a  vague  and  evasive 
plea,  the  only  definite  statement  being  the  I'also  on  ■ 
that  no  orders  had  been  given  to  Sutter.  Not  a  woiil 
to  Castro  of  new  plans  or  of  bad  faith  on  tlu*  })art  of 
the  rebels.-" 

to  same.  Tlio  general  sent  commissioners  to  Mexico,  but  docs  not  swin  ili--- 
posed  to  attack  Castro  at  S.  Joat'.  /'/.,  xii.  \2o.  Ucc.  20tli,  gov.  to  Al>ie.'ii, 
^."),8S7  to  1)0  jilaccil  to  the  credit  of  Vallcjo  for  supplies  fiiniislied.  />rjil.  .V, 
I'ltji.,  lien.,  MS.,  iii.  \',\A.  Vallejo,  Hist.  CuL,  MS.,  iv.  4;!."),  .say.s  ho  went 
to  S.  I'ahlo  to  consult  with  Alvaiado  and  Castio,  and  in  eon-scijii'iicc  uf  tli" 
gond'al's  treachery  at  one  time  oU'ered  to  join  them  if  they  would  'Aw.  liim 
exclusive  connnaud  and  limit  the  war  to  the  expulsion  of  the  batallon— wliicli 
Castro  refused. 

-^  ])ec.  'I'M,  Micheltorcna  to  Sutter.  'I  have  received  the  letters  of  your- 
Bclf,  of  I  'al)Io,  and  of  J  uau.  1  entirely  approve  what  is  said  in  that  of  t!ie  lii>t. 
A\'hat  you  m;iy  do,  I  approve;  what  you  promise,  I  will  fultil;  what  yoii  spcinl, 
I  will  pay.  They  showed  me  a  plan  of  two  articles  '  (treaty  of  Sta 'rci'o<:ii, 
'promising  to  sustain  nic,  and  ashing  the  punishment  of  the  bad  men.  Tliis 
was  just,  and  I  granted  it.  Afterward  L  have  seen  a  real  (verda  Icm)  pl-i 
a^.;aiust  the  government,  against  every  Mexican  and  foreigner.  To  a  brave 
man  like  you  onlers  are  not  given.  To  act  is  to  concpicr.  The  citrscl 
schooner '  (the  r((///o)v«V(,,  expected  from  Mexican  ports),  '  whicii  1  taunt 
lose  with  swords  and  money  and  saddles,  and  the  arms  and  powder  lunc  do- 
tain  me;  but  if  the  former  arrives,  I  will  go  with  more  forces  to  meet  ami  aiil 
you.  No  attention  is  to  be  paid  to  papers  or  statements  of  anyljoily.  Tlie 
country  claims  our  services;  our  personal  security  demands  thcur,  and  tlio 
government  will  know  how  to  compensate  all  for  them.  I  approv.'  mtiioly 
your  second  letter  brought  by  Juan  Moreno.  God  and  Liberty.  MoiitLroy, 
Dec.  'J.I,  1841.  Manuel  Micheltorcna.  If  you  have  not  started  for  any  roasoa. 
without  need  of  new  orders  on  learning  that  I  move  from  Monterey  to  San 
Juan,  j'ou  will  march  immediately,  and  I  will  calculate  the  time  t )  art  upuii 
tliem  (rubric).  D.  Juan  A.  fciuter,  Seiior  Capitan. '  In  Mkheltorena,  F.j-p'  ilknl, 
no.  4. 

Dec.  '20th,  M.  to  Castro.  'Convulsions  whicli  disturb  the  public  order  can 
produce  nothing  but  disorder.     The  springs  of  society  being  broken,  vach  one 


FEELING  IN  THE  SOUTH. 


47; 


lelt  I  >reiia 
,0  as  llu; 
f  his  pol- 

lirst  was 
a  j)i'rrcct 
A  instriu'- 
tui'O.  It 
lor's  pio- 
les8  false, 
Jilt,  !Mi'.\- 

treaty  dt' 
rc'sst'il  t'l 
protest"  (if 
mow  hns- 
1(1 1'vasivo 

I'alsc  0110 
ot  a  word 
lu-  part  *>f 

1  not  sci'iu  ili?- 
to  Alii'c.'ii, 

1.      l>ri,t.'Si. 

d\a  ho  \ve:it 

11  'IK-L'  uf  111" 

111   <A\\:  liim 
Hon— wliic'li 


tt 


ITS  of  your- 

t  of  t!ic"la.M. 

it  yoiisiieiiil, 

Sta  Teresa  1, 

niL'ii.     This 

ila^Kn-o)  pl::;i 

To  a  brav  •' 

Tlio  ciivscl 

ich  I  caiiii')t 

ikT  liove  tle- 

nuet  Mini  iiiil 

yljuily.    TliJ 

ieui;  mill  tlif 

vovi'  entirely 

Moiitc'R'y. 

If  iiiiy  ri'iiswi. 

tci-c'y  to  Sail 

!  t)  ;H'tii]xiii 

,  Expnikni , 

blic  oivlor  can 
ten,  vach  one 


111  tlio  south  little  occurred  in  connection  witli  the 
revolution  before  the  end  of  1844,  and  of  that  little 
still  less  is  known.  The  northern  leaders  doubtless 
had  an  understanding,  and  kejjt  up  a  correspondence 
with  certain  individuals  at  Santa  Barbara  and  Los 
Angeles;  but  none  of  the  coininunications  have  been 
hnni^lit  to  light  by  my  researches.  At  Angeles, 
when  news  of  the  rising  canie  in  a  letter  addressed  to 
J.  ]M.  Villavicencio,  an  ayuntainiento  meeting  was 
held  Xovember  29th,  and  after  a  most  patriotic  speech 
from  Juan  Bandini,  it  was  resolved  to  invite  the  junta 
(|i'|iai'tainental  to  meet  and  take  the  necessary  steps 
I'm)'  the  i)reservati()n  of  order.  But  the  members  of 
tlu;  junta  declined  to  accei^t  the  invitation,  on  the 
oroiiiid  that  only  the  governor  had  power  to  convoke 
tliat  body.^"  Early  in  December  there  came  orders 
i'roui  ]\[icheltorena  to  Andres  Pico,  that  he,  acting 
with  Pio  Pico  and  Jose  A.  Carrillo,  should  organize 
and  call  into  service  the  militia,  in  accordance  with 
the  regulations  of  July.  The  [leople  assembled  the 
11th  at  the  alcalde's  summons,  and  declared  their 
liilelity  to  ]\Iexico;  but  jtrotested,  through  six  repre- 
sentatives, chosen  to  consult  with  the  military  author- 
ities, against  being  called  into  service  when  so  far  as 
was  known  there  was  no  dano-er  of  forei'ni  invasion.^^ 
Evidently  they  had  no  relish  for  a  campaign  against 
Califoruians  in  the  north   witlumt  prospective  pay. 

fcems  to  think  and  act  as  ho  deems  best.  I  have  said,  and  I  repeat,  that  if 
jiiilmiuiit  is  nscd,  I  consider  myself  cajiahle  of  saving  the  department  in  its 
crisis  liy  gentle  and  politic  means;  but  if  no  judgment  is  shown,  and  otlier 
lUi'tliDils  are  followed,  I  shall  also  know  how  to  conduct  myself  energetically. 
'Jhcsnuthcrn  forces  would  he  heroalready  if  I  had  not  directed  them  toawait 
my  onlcrs;  and  Sutter  has  received  no  orders  to  move  or  not  to  do  so.  ]f  ho 
iiiai'ciics,  it  is  in  conscijuence  of  your  revolution.  Just  im  you  in.  tigatc  .'^omu 
citizens  to  revolt  against  the  legitimate  authority,  soothers  have  moved  in 
its  (leleiice;  and  the  fault  will  always  be  on  the  side  of  the  reliels.  I  have 
IKTscouted  nobody;  those  who  are  at  home  live  iu  tranrpiillity.  Neither  as 
pivei'iior  nor  as  individual  have  I  failed  either  in  friendship  or  duty;  and  if 
there  is  anything  to  accuse  mc  of,  it  i;3  only  an  excess  of  leniency,  consider.-i- 
tion,  and  Ijve  for  the  people.  God  and  Liberty  !'  Gue.rru,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  o7-S; 
Uq'l.SKPap.,  MS.,  V.   10.1. 

^"Lm  Amides,  Arch.,  MS.,  v.  2:i7-8;  Depf.  St.  Pap.,An<i.,  MS.,  \iii.  .14-0. 

'"^JMpt.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  xviii.  41-1;  LL,  v.  102-3;  Id.,  Anj.,  xi.  134;  xii. 
104-j;  Aos  AtKjilc.-!,  Arch.,  MS.,  v.  '243-4. 


'ff 


11 

^1 


470 


REvoLUTiox  AGAINST  Micrri:i/roRr,xA. 


II 


1^1 


Onlv  lialf  a  dozuii  could  be  iiiduccd  to  .sijjfii  tlic  inllr 
and  Aiidies  IMco  is  said  to  liave  liad  soiik.-  dillicultv 
in  dc'i'cndin^'  these  from  a  luol).''"'^  Fartliei-  iiortli,  at 
S;iiit.'i  Inirbai-a,  (tii  Noveinber  'JStli,  .J(»se  llaiiinn  Cn. 
rillo  and  Jose  Lugo  with  six  eonipauious  prouoiiinvl 
ill  t'lN'T  of  tlie  northern  movement,  and  arrested  tlu' 
.'dcaldes.  Xext  day  they  repented,  asked  pardon,  uinl 
\ve)'(,'  tl.enisi'lves  locked  up.  All  wen;  j)ardoii(d  Lv 
^licheltorena,  who  also  thanked  the  alcaldes  lor  tin  ir 
patriotic  conduct.^^ 

There  was  no  good  reason  wliy  the  foreign  ii-i- 
dents  should  take  part  on  eith(;r  side  in  the  revolutidii 
of  1844-5.  In  theory,  as  good  citizens,  they  ^hoiiM 
liave  given  their  moral  su[)port  to  the  legitimate  riilci- 
had  his  authority  been  threatened,  while  theii-  syin- 
]»athy  was  also  due  t<j  the  Calilbrnians  in  their  justi- 
tiahle  efforts  to  get  rid  of  the  convict  army;  hut, 
exce})ting  some  old  I'esidents  married  to  natives,  tluy 
were  not  inliuenced  by  either  motive.  The  moveiiKMit 
was  uot  in  any  sense  one  against  the  foreigiuix.  nor 
were  the  interests  of  the  latter  in  any  way  threateiH'l 
by  its  success,  oven  if  it  was,  as  some  sus|)ected,  a  [>\ot 
to  depose  the  governor  in  favor  of  Alvarado  ami 
Castro.  !Micheltorena's  policy  had  been  very  lavdi'- 
ablc  to  foreign  settlers,  and  so  had  that  of  Alvaia'lo 
before  him.  Both,  while  entertaining,  [)rofess((lIy  ut 
least,  a  patriotic  hori'or  of  foreign  political  encroacli- 
ment,  favored  the  coming  of  all  who  were  willing  to 
become  Mexican  citizens  and  obey  the  laws.  The 
onlv  difference  was  that  Micheltorena  had  had  UKue 
applicati(jns  for  land  grants  and  passports  than  Alva- 
I'ado,  and  had  been  less  careful  to  insist  on  full  coiii- 
pliance  with  legal  formalities.     There  was  no  gnniud 


'-Coroncl,  Cona.t  dp  Cal.,  MS,,  55,  says  the  people  resisted  in  .inii^  mulct 
the  leadership  of  Hilario  Viirehi;  and  Pico,  J  list.  Cal.,  MS.,  104-.'i,  tulls  us 
that  his  l)rot]ier  had  to  train  a  cannon  on  tlie  crowd. 

*^  Dec.  13,  1844,  Castro  to  Alvarado,  enclosing  cojdes  of  gov.'s  litters  "t 
Dec.  7th  to  Covarnibias,  Carlos  Carrillo,  and  the  alcaldes.  VuH'J'j,  Doc, 
MS.,  xii.  114. 


FOREIGN  IXTKRVENTION. 


■177 


f(ir  fcai" — nor  iiidood  was  tlicro  any  fear  on  ihr  ]>art  of 
Iradiiiu'  tnrci^niors,  thougli  Sutter,  Bidwell,  and  others 
liavf  iuqilied  that  such  was  tlicoasc — that  the  success 
(if  llir  ( 'Mlilornians  would  result  in  oj^pression  oi'  inuni- 
ynuits.''  Yet  most  foreij^ners  in  the  north  supjjorted 
Michcltorena;  and  it  is  necc!ssary  to  explain  their 
umtivts,  which,  thoULjh  many  and  varviinjj  w  ith  (hi- 
ft  iviii  individuals,  are  by  no  means  involved  in  mys- 
tery. 

Joliii  A.  Sutter  acted  in  this  matter  of  course,  as  in 
all  iithers,  solelv  for  his  own  interests.  JJnth  .MIcIk'I- 
lorciia  and  Alvarado  had  heen  his  friends,  his  ohli^a- 
lidiis  to  the  latter  bein*^  nnich  greater  than  to  the 
Inniicr;  l)ut  he  thought  little  of  these  things,  and  did 
Hot  ( \cn  act  on  the  theory  that  Michelt(.)reiKi  was  a 
lultr  nioi'e  easily  managed  than  the  other.  He  went 
(lii'L'i.'tly  to  the  governor,  warned  him  that  tronl)le  was 
liri'wiiig,  and  made  a  contract  to  aid  him  with  all  the 
Juice  at  his  command,  in  consideration  of  having  all 
Ills  (■\[)eiises  paid,  and  of  receiving  a  large  grant  of 
land  in  addi;..on  to  that  already  obtained  from  Aha- 
lado.  It  has  been  suspected  by  the  Californians  that 
a  niiK  Ii  greater  recompense  was  ])romised  befoi'e  the 
ivvdlution  was  ended,  [)erha[)s  including  means  to  pay 
the  liussian  debt;  but  there  are  n(^  proofs  that  such 
was  the  case.  Sutter  pretended  at  the  time,  in  his 
(iinvspondcncc  with  Vallejo  and  others,  to  be  acting 
tVdiii  a  J latriotic,  desire  to  sup[)ort  the  legitimate  gov- 
ennnoiit  against  the  ambitious  plots  of  Alvarado  an^l 
Castii).  A.  little  later,  when  dtjfeat  had  endangered 
lii.s  personal  prospects,  ho  set  up  the  })lea  that  he  had 
as  a  nnlitary  officer  merely  obeyed  the  orders  of  his 

"Till'  idea  1ms  alao  liecn  more  or  less  current  tlmt  tlie  niovoiiKiit  MLraiiist 
Miclicltiiicua  was  favorable  to  tlie  success  of  English  over  Aun'rican  sclieiiie;; 
I'Ut  tliDiiL'li  Fciiljes  and  liim  seem  to  have  given  it  soiiio  encDUiageiiient,  yet  it 
will  I'eiiineinliered  that  llartncU  represented  M.  as  not  only  favdraliie  to  l>nt 
ili'sinms  of  having  a  personal  interest  in  the  Englisli  project.  No  theory  Idit 
liMil  its  advocates.  Rivera,  f/iif.  Jalajia,  iii.  097,  tells  us  that  M.  was  ousted 
'■>  a  party  favoring  annexation  to  the  U.  S. !;  and  Pio  Pico,  Jlisl.  CuL,  -MS., 
l'W-4,  fuund  some  reason  to  suspect  that  the  gov.  had  a  project  of  unit- 
ii'e'  with  Sutter  to  declare  iudepeuJciicc  ! 


SI 

-    t» 


.n. 


m^ 


478 


nKVOLUTIOX  AfiAIXST  MICIIELTOIIKNA. 


'IV 


"iil  I 


''^  iH'i 


supoiMor.  Til  later  yoixvn  lio  was  anxious  to  lir  ri>- 
j,Mi(K'(l  as  liaviii'L^  l)oen  in  this  att'air  the  ('liaiii|ii(iii  of 
American  intc^rests,  l)ut  lie  lias  also  a<lniitti'(l  tin  r,;il 
motives  of  his  action,"'^  whieh  without  his  conlessiciii 
were  indeed  a[)parcnt  enough. 

Isaac  (irahani's  motive  was  to  avenge  what  ho  chosf 
to  regard  as  his  wrongs  at  the  hands  of  Alvarado  imd 
Castro  in  18-10,  wrongs  for  which,  largely  throii'^di  tlio 
inlliience  of  Californians,  he  had  not  heeii  ahle  in  ^^■t 
the  damages  he  had  claimed.  Some  of  (jlrahanrs  i>\,\- 
time  com[)anions  in  exile  acted  from  the  same  nnitivts, 
and  the\M'ontrolled  others  by  their  personal  itilhiiiicc. 
Sutter  also  controlled  some  in  the  same  way;  luit  Ik; 
liad  a  much  more  powerful  lever.  Not  oidy  did  In: 
insist  on  a  land  grant  for  himself,  but  he  ol)taiii<d  a 
document  which  authorized  him  [)ractically  to  L;i;iiit 
lands  to  settlers  in  the  Sacramento  Valle}',  wliiili  nf 
course  j)ut  the  settlers  largely  in  his  j)o\ver.  TIkio 
were  many  new-comers  who  had  never  come  in  ceiifact 
with  Californians  or  Mexicans,  knew  nothing  of  the 
true  state  of  affairs,  and  were  ready  to  believe  miy 
kind  of  a  story  Sutter  chose  to  tell.  Yet  aiiotlici' 
class,  wliich  furnished  many  men  for  active  st'i\iit', 
M'as  that  of  Americans  who  shared  the  views  t)f  1  f;i^- 
tinufs  and  Graham,  believed  in  annexation  by  Texan 
methods,  were  anxious  to  have  a  part  in  any  civil  dis- 
sensions that  mi<jcht  occur,  and  did  not  care  in  the  Ipa>t 
on  which  side  they  fought  so  long  as  it  was  a'4aiii>t 
IMexicans  or  Californians. 

At  Monterey  Larkin,  and  some  others  of  tlie  iiici- 
cl  mts  probably,  had  a  business  interest  in  jMiclielte- 
re  a's  success.  Other  foreign  residents  were  j)i'rsi)ii- 
al  well  disposed  toward  the  governor,  whose  liltcval 
coi  'nercial  policy  pleased  them;  but  at  the  same  linio 
the  recognized  the  justice  of  the  j»opular  claiiier 
agf  nst  the  convicts.  There  was  therefore  a  diHeivnco 
of  opinion,  resulting  in  a  kind  of  tacit  agreement  to 

^^ Sutler's  Pers.  nemiii.,  MS..  78-S8.  He  admits  that  the  contiiiot  w;v3 
niailc  ill  Moiiterey  before  tlie  revolt  broke  out. 


SUTTKR'S  ACTS  AND  POLICY. 


470 


rciii.iiii  TU'utral,  witli,  as  I  sujiposc,  n  pnmiiso  on  tlu5 
]i;iit  i<\'  li.'irlviii  and  others  that  (hirlni,''  Michrltoi-i'iia's 
iilisciicc  the  capital  sliould  ii<)t  lu;  alh)\vc(l  to  fall  iiit<) 
thr  IkiikIs  of  the  rebels.  Undoubtedly,  in  addition  to 
the  classes  of  foreij^ners  I  have  mentioned,  there  were 
many  whoso  sympathy  was  on  the  side  of  tlu;  Califor- 
iiiiui^;  hut  to  them  it  seemed  important  alxtve  all  else 
that  tlu'  foreigners  should  not  quarrel  ainomi^  them- 
Ivcs,  and  they  therefore  wisely  i-eniained  inactive, 
r  limited  tlicir  eft'orts  to  opposing  Sutter's  plans  and 
jKi'siiading  their  fi:.  nds  not  to  meddle  in  quarrels  that 
(lid  not  concern  them.  A  few  seem  to  havi*  joined 
Sut^^ri's  force  with  the  deliberate  intention  of  disor- 
ganizing it,  and  in  this  way  did  some  excelK'ut  sei'vice 
t'lir  their  a(U»pted  country.  Ifaving  thus  e.\[)lained 
the  motives  by  which  the  foreigners  were  inlluenced, 
Ij)r(K'cod  to  present  a  brief  narrative  of  preparations 
hoforu  th(^  end  of  the  year,  on  which  available  informa- 
tion consists  mainly  of  correspondence  bearing  on  Sut- 
ter's movements  and  designs. 

The  militia  orijanization  ordered  in  the  sununer  to  re- 
pel  American  invasion  included  a  company  at  Xew  Ilel- 
vciia  under  Sutter  as  captain,  who  soon  notilied  the 
i^ovciiior  that  the  force  was  ready  to  defend  la  iMitrla.'^'^ 
In  October  Sutter  and  Bldwell  went  down  to  ^lon- 
terty.  At  San  Jose  on  the  way  they  learned  from 
Forbes  and  others  that  a  revolt  was  being  planned, 
and  tlicv  warned  the  w)vernor  of  the  danixer  on  arrival 

I/O  O 

at  the  capital.  Then  the  contract  was  made,  Sutter 
]ironnsing  to  render  assistance  whenever  called  upon. 
Hi)  returned  home  by  water  by  San  Francisco,"'''  and 
at  once  began  his  preparations  for  a  campaign.     Bid- 

'Muly  '2^.  1844,  S.  to  gov.  Depf.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvii.  84-.').  He  says  Sin- 
dair  imd  liiifus  .iro  his  officers.  The  artillery  only  requires  practioe.  ^lauy 
men  liuMiles  tiiose  enrolled  will  serve;  and  lie  has  40  Indians  who  shout  as 
WfU  iw  anybody.  If  muskets  arc  sent,  he  will  organize  a  company  of  Indian 
grenadifis. 

^'Siitdr'sPers.  Remin.,  MS.,  78-88.  He  went  up  to  S.  F.  on  the  Don 
Q"itoti'.  lie  says,  without  any  foundation  I  suppose,  that  hardly  had  he  left 
U[\r,i  Biiena  on  his  launch  when  an  order  arrived  from  Castro  for  his  arrest. 
"uuJ  ut  the  Snamnah,  Wandering  Sketcfw/i,  2'27-8,  met  S.  at  Monterey. 


'iHi* 


480 


m 


RliVOLUTION  ACAINST  MICHKLTOREXA. 


Ill 


*i-.i 


well  roinainod  for  a  month  or  more  until  after  tlic  ic- 
volt,  and  on  lils  way  home  met  ]Miehelt(jrt'naretuniiii..- 
from  the  eamj)aiL>n.  ^'he  govei'nor  said  lie  liad  lircn 
unable  to  suceeed  for  want  of  liorsus;  hut  sent  assur- 
ances to  Sutter  and  to  all  Amei'ieans  of  his  frieiidsliij) 
and  of  his  ability  to  su|)})ress  the  revolt!  From  San 
Jose  Alviu'adoand  Castro  also  sent  friendly  grcrllii.;> 
to  Sutter.'"'^ 

On  ])id well's  return  to  Xew  Helvetia,  Sutter  cilldl 
upon  all  Ibreij^ners  in  tlie  north  for  aid.  Jlc.xni 
had  the  assurance  to  inform  ValKJo  of  what  he  was 
doing,  cainiig  upon  him  for  horses,  and  assuming'  tluit 
the  natural  and  jn'ojier  thing  to  be  done  as  ;v  matter  df 
0(jurse  was  that  the  two  should  woi'l;  togetlier  to  sa\.' 
the  country  from  the  attacks  of  rebels!  A'^allejo'sivjily 
"\vas  to  send  a  copv  of  tlie  treatv  of  Santa  TeiiN;!,  \>v 
which,  as  lie  assured  Sutter,  all  dilticulties  had  Itcrii 
peaceably  settled.  There  was  no  danger  or  oppusitinu 
whatever  to  the  governor,  but  if  such  should  aii-c,  lie 

^'^Jlli/irrlls  Cat.  IS.'fl-S,  MS.,  l]'.»-'2-J.  Ill  his  Dhinj,  p.  .">,  Sutt.r  s:i\x: 
'In  tlie  fall  ISUl  \viit  to  Monti'iuy  with  Majdi-  JJidui'll  ;iiul  a  tVu  .iiim  1 
111011  liow  it  was  customary  to  travoll  at  tlicsu  tiincs,  to  pay  a  visit  t"  (im  1 
MicholtoiTi'iia.  I  has  hccii  I'uct'ivod  witii  the  j^ivati'st  civil  ami  military  linii'Ms. 
(luo  (lay  hi'  gave  a  j;ivat  tliiHT,  aftor  diiKTall  the  Troiipi's  were  paiailin.', 
aii<l  ill  till'  evviiiui^  a  balloon  was  sent  to  the  hiylier  reirions,  etc.  At  the  tiiin' 
it  looki'il  very  jilooniy,  tlu^  peoph'  of  the  Country  was  arniint;  and  ]iie|KniM,' 
to  make  a  llevoiution,  and  1  .iiot  some  certain  and  sure  information  of  the  liiit- 
isli  CoiiHiil  and  other  (ientlemen  of  my  aei[naintance,  whicii  I  visittd  ua  iiiy 
way  to  -Monteiey.  'I'liey  did  not  know  that  the  (ieiieral  and  niyncll  who 
fiicmls,  and  told  and  discovered  me  the  whole  plan,  that  in  a  short  tiiiR'  tin' 
jieople  of  the  country  will  he  ready  to  lilockade  the  (u'lieral  ami  his  ti'eu|iis 
in  M(jntcrey,  and  then  take  him  prisoner  and  send  him  and  his  soldiers  h.n  k 
to  Mexico  and  make  a  (lov'r  of  their  own  jicople,  etc,  I  was  well  auarc  what 
we  I'oiild  expect  sliould  they  succeed  to  clo  this,  they  would  ilrive  ns  fiicJL'iH'H 
all  very  soon  out  of  the  country  how  they  have  done  it  once,  in  the  wiiitci'et 
]8,S9.  ('apt.  N'ioL'ct  has  ali'c.idy  liecii  enj,'aL;cd  hy  Castro  ami  Alvarado  h>  he 
ready  with  his  vessel  to  take  the  (icn'land  his  soldiers  ■^o  .Mexico.  1  hula 
c<inlidenlial  ( 'onveisation  witli(  icn'l  .Michel toreiia,  who  received  me  witli;,'ii'iit 
honors  and  distinction  in  .Montci-ey,  .'iftci'  liavin;^  him  informed  of  all  wIniII* 
j.;oini,'  on  in  the  Countiy,  he  took  his  measure  in  a  Coun.sel  of  Mar  in  uhiih  I 
has  been  jirescnt,  [  received  my  ()rdcrs  to  raise  such  a  lar,L,'e  auxiliary  toin'^n 
1  possibly  could,  iind  to  be  ready  at  his  Order,  at  the  same  tiiiu:  1  rcccivi'l 
Some  Cartridges  and  some  small  Anns,  which  I  hail  shipcd  on  Imard  the  .Vn't, 
and  took  ;i  passage  myself  fur  San  fiaiicisco.  if  1  had  travelled  by  laud  ('usti'o 
would  have  taken  me  ]iiisoner  in  Saii.hian,  where  he  was  laying  in  AihImisIiI'H' 
me.  ...Vfter  my  arrival  at  the  fori,  1  began  to  orgaiii/.e  a  force  for  the  (  m  uiimI. 
regular  drill  of  the  Indian  Infantcrie  took  place,  the  Mounted  Jii'lc  i '  iiipaiiy 
about  1(10  men  of  all  Nations  was  raised,  of  which  Capt.  (iaiitt  w.:  Ciiiii- 
inuiider. ' 


III  I 


I U:' 


VALLEJO'S  EFFOrvTS. 


4SI 


r  the  YO- 

I'l  uniiii'j; 

lit  iissur- 
•ioiidsliij) 
I'oiii  Sail 

\  fc  .'VrU 

it  lu'  \va> 

liiatti'T  tit 
ei- to>a\L' 
.■jo'sri'i'ly 
.\mts»,  I'V 
lia>l  \<cvn 

)j)])0>.ltll'll 

(I  ari>c,  lie 

Sutter  siiys: 

;L  ti'W  iiniRil 

isit  tn  (!i-'ii'l 
itiirylimi'ii'--'- 
iTc  [liiriiiliii:-'. 
At  ill"  liino 
11,1  iii'cii:iriiiu' 
11  of  llll'  I'lit- 
,  isitnl  nil  my 
iiiysoll  wiTO 
ii't  tune  tli<' 
,1  lii.-i  troup.'S 

SllMil'lS  ll.llli 

.Ihiwiuvwhut 
■  usforeii'Mi'ii 
tlic  wiiitei'  "t 
l\:',r:nl'i  tn  In; 
ic,..       lliala 

iuc\vitli:.;i''';it 

,,f;iU  vliiiti- 

nr  iu  \v!ii''i  1 

liliiirv  I'iivt'.is 

l,u.  i  rcoL'ivol 

linl  the -!'"■'. 
(y  lau.lCastnt 
I'll  Aiiilinshler 

tliel-ii''!''!' 
lilof-ihiuiiy 

lilt  %\  -  •  ^'^""' 


wiiP.l  1  1h^  tlio  first  to  <l('f(_'n(l  liim,  and  would  .Sfladly 
;u(v|it  Sutter's  aid.  To  tliis  Sutter  replied,  De- 
cciiiIkI'  1 7th,  that,  as  he  was  informed  on  irood  au- 
tlidrity.  tliough  tliis  was  doubtless  unknown  to  the 
(nldiit  I.  Castro  was  sjfatherinijf  a  f'oree  at  San  Jose,  of 
coiirs'  with  the  intention  of  viohitini*"  the  treaty,  so 
that  there  could  be  no  doubt  of  his  own  duty  to  ilelend 
till'  •.^(iNcrnor."'''^ 

\'aili;io  now  addressed  to  Sutter  an  earnest  and 
liir<ilile  remonstrance  against  his  proposed  interfer- 
(iicr.  It  was  rumoi'ed,  lu^  said,  that  Micheltorena 
ciiiiii'mplated  breakinuf  his  solenm  ajj^reenient.  Sliould 
he  (111  so,  encouraiired  by  offers  of  i'oiviijfn  aid,  the 
(Miintiy  \v,)idd  be  pluns^ed  into  the  liorror>  of  civil 
V  ai'.  The  peoj)le  had  risen  to  rid  themselves  of  a  band 
of  tiiii\  icts,  and  could  not  justly  be  termed  re1)els. 
|[aji|ii!y,  they  had  accomplished  their  purjtose  without 
Minilslicvl.  Why  sliould  forein'Uers,  who  ]iavt>  been 
iiuist  kindly  treated  by  all  paities,  interfei'e  to  I'enew 
llic  (luanvW  Sutter  was  enti'cated  to  hesitate  and 
iviK'ct  before  takinijf  a  stei)  that  would  nt>t  onlv  en- 
r(i;n;n>e  the  ujovernor — whose  authority  was  not  in 
any  way  thi'eatened — to  violate  liis  pledufe,  but  nuist 
-(.rimislv  (hsturb  the  friendly  relations  that  had  ex- 
i-[^\\  h(t\\(>en  the  Californians  and  !oreiij^nei-s.'"  This 
appeal  did  not  ivach  the  foreigners  as  a  class,  to  many 
III  win  nil  its  force  would  have  been  a[)parent;  and  it 
liail  '»  cii'ect  whatever  on  Sutter,  who  simply  went  on 
with  liis  preparations.  Idis  agents  sc^em  to  have;  trav- 
<l!>-il  ovi/r  the  whole  northern  I'roiitier  in  (juest  of  su[)- 
I'lies,  takiuij  some  of  Valleio's  horses  at  Soscol  and 

''ikr.  ;;-,  1S41,  S.  to  y.  Vail,  jo,  J),>r.,  MS.,  xii.  !•.':!.  I'l-oin  tliis  it  is 
iviiloiit  tli.it  y.  liiul  written  on  Due.  I.".t,li.  In  7./.,  xii.  11!),  l-'.',  I  luivo  a  k't- 
t  riifV.  (i:i  l)i>i3.  l.">tli,  and  of  S.  on  Doe.  latli.  Tlicy  are  copios  finni  a  siis- 
in.'iuus  xourei',  and  tlierefore,  as  tlioro  is  sonio  di.scrcjiancy  in  dates,  I  Iiave 
(Will  111)  attention  to  tiioir  contents,  tlimi^'li  thogeneial  jjnrport  seems  all  right. 

''I'ee.  is.  IS44,  V.  toS.  aiirn-a,  Dor.,  MS.,  i.  44-."iO;  I.dj.  //(r.,  MS.,  iv. 
"O'J-l;  Ihi.t,  SI.  /•„;,.,  MS.,  V.  l-JO.  It  is  of  conrsi  clear  to  the  render  that 
Nittci's  ihiiiii  that  Castro  was  collcetin;.;  a.  force,  at  S.  Jose  had  no  weight;  for 
'y  till"  tiei.ty  he  (Vas  allowed  to  maintain  tho  oi-ganization  until  the  l)ataIlon 
^'llM  Ih'  vent  away;  ho  had  in  reality  dishandud  a  largo  jtart  of  his  force; 
Jj'i  .Mil-Ill  Iiiiiena's  actions  were  anijilu  juatiticutiou  of  all  possible  precautious. 
UiHi.  C.VL.,  Vol.  IV.    31 


Y'  ■§  .vj  li^'j 


482 


REVOLUTIOX  AGAIXST  MIOIIELTORKXA. 


[']  ■- '  ■■■\ 


H    '  •(. 


iM 


P(>ta]iiina,  tlireatenini^  oven  to  attack  Sonoma,  .m  i 
talkini^  very  IVeely  about  their  intention  to  cajituic 
Alvai'ado  and  Casti'o  dead  or  alive.*'  Befoi'o  t\\r  cii'l 
of  the  month,  Cf^stro  wrote  to  Sutter,  denuuKhiiL;-  ex- 
planations with  reu^ai'd  to  his  military  prepnrations  jn 
a  time  ol'  peace.  A  co])y  of  this  (ionnnunication  \\a- 
sent  hy  Castro  to  Micheltorena,  with  a  letter  in  w  hidi 
lie  announced  his  heliot'  that  Sutter,  under  ])rcti'\t  nf 
deiendin,<j;'  the  government,  was  prej)arin<^  for  a  iiiuvi  - 
nient  in  tlie  interest  of  Aineri(;an  adventurers  and  in- 
vaders, lie  declared  his  own  })ur[)ose  to  rt'si>t  l)v 
force  the  attack  which  Sutter  was  said  to  conti'mjil;,!- 
on  the  puehlos,  and  expressed  his  i^rief  and  sui|iii  • 
at — or  ratlu^r  ids  unwillingness  to  believe — the  i-iinvnt 
reports  that  the  j^'overnor  had  authorized  Suttd''- 
actions  with  an  intention  of  violatinsjr  the  trcatv  nt' 
Deceml)er  1st,  and  thus  plunging  the  country  in  rivil 
dissensions.''^ 

IMost  of  the  (.^alifornians  insist  that  Sutter  ntrcii  ,1 
^iicheltorena  to  bring  him  tlu'  heads  of  (\istiM  and 
Alvarado;  but  this  charge  |)erha[)s  does  not  icsi  n\\ 
any  verv  strong  foundation,  though  Alvarado  uci> 
so  far  as  to  (piote  literally  the  broken  Sp;ini>li  ia 
which  the  promise  was  made.  On  the  •J'id  n|'  Hc- 
cember  ^licheltorena  signed  and  forwarded  thf  th  '■■■ 
ument  contirming  all  land  grants  approved  by  Sntti  i. 
a  most  potent  agent  for  enlistment  purposes,  wliirli 
lijifured  i»rominentlv  in  later  litigation  as  the  'Sutter 
o'cneral  tiL;".'"     Also  on  or  about  the  2"Jd  Snitn- 


<'Dcc.  inth,  Osioto  V.  Vallijo,  Dor.,  :MS.,  xii.  VITk  Kcply.  /-/.,  wmv,  si. 
Xo  (late,  ^'.  to  gov. .  iiinratiiig  Siittt'f's  outra'.'os  at  Suscol  and  Najia.  /'/. .  nIv.  .1  •. 
Jkr.  "JIM,  V.  to  Ahaiailo.  '/(/.,  vji.  I'JO.  Xo  date.  Haiiio  to  Ninic.  /■'..  xi- 
."^l,  with  allusions  to  otlicr  coiiv.si).  not  extant.  It  would  sconi  that  iiuiny  '■; 
tlie  ( 'aliforniau  l■an^■lll'l■o^^  aided  Sutter,  ]ieiliai)sniore  or  less  apuii.«;  llnir"!  1- 

^-'Dee.  '-Mth,  0.  toS.  a/irrni,  J)or..  MS.,  i,  oil-OO.  Dee.  "'JTtli,  C  t'  M. 
/(/.,  i.  .'")l  (!;  />o/>f.  Sf.  J'liji.,  MS.,  v.  1I<)-'2I.  (ieneral  mention  ot  Sutton 
jiieparations  in  Dee.  1S44,  in  Sire  ^  /■".<  /.'<■<•()//.,  MS.,  o.'t-,");  Jirhh  »'.<  //■'  '.  N'"'-. 
:MS..  :{();  TiifhUrs  JH-f.  Cal.,  Ult  .")0;  S.  Jo>:r  i'lomrr,  Mareli  0,  issi":  .'>'"";' 
Co.  //'if!f.,  18:  /irools'  Foin-  Month-!.  'M;  Jlni'lnti,  yo/ti.t,  MS.,  1  -">;  \'iil':i'<. 
JJixt.  (ill..  MS.,  iv.  17.'?;  Almmilo,  llhl.  Cal.,  MS.,  iv.  'Jiri  1.");  v.  (:7._ 

*•'  Lntnl  Coi)iini.ixi()ii,  jiassiin;  L'.  S.  .Sup.  Court  I'lpts,  '2\  Howard,  '-'"i.",  -'i'-. 
408,  il'2,  etc.  I  shall  liavo  more  to  say  on  this  subject  iu  anotl  u  pait'i 
my  ^^•ol•k. 


|i!*    '■ 


ARREST  OF  WEBER. 


)ina,  iiu  I 

•jiliniis  in 
atioii  \v;i~ 
;•  in  w  liicli 

ll'fti'Xl   lit' 

r  a  ninvi- 
rs  aiiil  in- 
i'csi>t  Ky 
ntiMiqiliitc 
(I  sur|ii'i.;(' 
lu'  ciiri't'ist 

I      Sllttl'l'":- 

:  treaty  ^'i 
:,ry  in  ''ivil 

;tor  ntVnv.l 
;^.\istri>  an  ' 

rati"  ,u''"-"^ 
>|tau!>li  i'l 
lid  oT  !>' 
I  the  <!''• 
1)V  Sutti'i 
iscs,  wliii'u 

llio  'SllttiT 

id  Snitrr> 

,/,/.,  N\:av. '^'i. 

.11.  /./..Ni^-''|'- 

L'.'Av.   II:  >^'-. 

|i  tlKit  many  "I 

iTtli.  <•■  t'lM; 

]„•.<//;•'.  *''■• 

111    1SS»;  S'l"•:^ 

'i--:.;  r<'''.i''' 

Ivanl,  ••■I.'.  •-''•'-. 
luotliU'  l«i-t'-t 


laiin  li  HKulo  its  appearance  at  Yoiba  Bueiia  witli  a 
siiiail  cannon  and  other  arms  on  board.  S()in(;  of  the 
inlialiitants,  apjiarentlv  under  the  Icach'i'ship  ol"  Fran- 
ciscd  ( iueii'ero  and  l)r  Aneelin,  inanaL»'ed  to  captuie 
this  .iiniament,  and  to  sniuuj^'le  it  across  flic  hay  foi- 
tin  i;sf  of  C*astro's  army;  hut  it  was  di'L'nu'd  ]>ontic, 
tlni'.i^li  Sutter's  plans  were  well  known,  to  wjiit  lor 
liiiii  to  conuiiit  the  first  act  of  hostility;  and  all 
\v;\s  therefore  sent  hack  and  restored  to  the  launch.^' 
Aiiiii!i»'r  event  that  occurred  ahout  tlu'  same  tim.>, 
ami  lacrits  attention  here,  was  the  ari'i'st  of  C-harlcs 
M.  W'thc'i'.  This  L^'ntlfmaii,  it  will  he  remenihcrc.'d, 
hail  .lided  the  Califoniians  in  the  campaiu;n  of  Santa 
Tti'  :-a:  and  now,  while;  it  does  not  appear  that  he  oi' 
liis  rniiipanions  d(>sired  to  extend  their  service  bey(»nd 
tin'  jDoU'ction  of  San  Jose,  he  was  strongly  op]K)sed 
til  Sutter's  plan  of  interference,  Couli(l(jnt  that  the 
luici^Ufrs  were  being  induced  by  false  repr(!sentations 
ill!  I  a  most  unwise  action,  he  went  uj)  to  Xew  Jlcl- 
vitia  to  ])ut  matters  in  their  trut;  light.  This  was 
nxatily  what  Sutter  and  his  companioius  (Hd  not  Av- 
siic,  as  it  would  interfere  with  their  plans;  so  they 
siiaiily  arn^sted  Weber  as  a  [)lotter  against  the  go\- 
irniaciit,  and  kej»t  him  under  arrest  till  the  cam[)aigu 
\v;:,.  (ivcr,  and  his  tomjfue  could  do  no  harm.''' 

"('nsti'o,  in  liis  letter  to  Sutter  of  Dec.  i24tli,  sayt  i;ii  oril("r  lui.s  Ix'cu  is- 
fi'.uil  t'l  ic^tuie  Jill  t<i  its  fH'iu'iiiiil  ediiditioii.  flii< rra,  l>ii<\,  ^IS..  i.  (10.  I'iiito, 
ill  :i  IrttLT  tip  til'-'  ;uliiiiiiistriiti)i'  of  cu.stiniis  at  Miiiiti'rcy,  .'<]K'iiUs  of  tlic  ali'air, 
li.iiiics  .\!iiji-liii  as  a  k'ailcr.  ami  says  the  ciistuiii-linusi'  lio.'it  was  iiseil  to  trans- 
port tli'>  I'aniion,  anil  was  ilaniajiX'il.  /'into.  Par.,  .MS.,  i.  "JKO.  ]{ol)crt  l'>ir- 
liie,  I'liiimr  Soc.  An'/i.,  .MS.,  ,S!I-!)I,  i-elates  their  liaviiit;  horioweil  the 
tiutiim-liiuise  l)oat  for  a  eoUeetinj,'  tri))  roiiinl  tiie  Kay.  He  a;:reeil  to  eairy 
I'njuisco  ( iiierrero  across  to  S.  Leanilro  to  join  Castro,  (Jneriero  put  tlie 
s\vivilL.'un  anil  other  arms  from  Sutter's  launeli  into  the  Imat  without  llir- 
iiii's  lii.  iwletlge,  though  lie  had  some  trouMe  to  make  Sutter  Iielieve  in  his 
iiinm  ell:  e. 

'''[u.Siiff'rCo.  lli-t.,  IS;  .Vur!/.<r!l!''  Ajt/ntd,  >[anli  U),  |,S7<I;  Vnhi  Co. 
Ili-I..  I">,  is  given  a  fae-simile  of  the  following;  iloeuineiit;  '  We  tin-  suiisrrih- 
irs  oliu^eu  as  eouneil  of  war  have  unanimously  re.solveil  the  fo'.lowiu;::  isr, 
tluit  Mr  Wehcr  he  put  in  irons  anil  iletaineil  in  the  fort  (N'ew  Helvetia)  until 
siK'li  tiiiiis  a.s  we  may  receive  onlers  from  his  Kxoelleney  the  piveiimr  as 
li'iiiiiil-i  his  disposal.  '2d,  that  Mr  Pearson  15.  Reading  lie  re')uesteil  to  keep 
Mr  Wihir  in  a  convenient  room,  and  utl'or'il  him  such  necessaries  as  ciniini- 
i-t::ini s  iiiMV  admit  of  and  his  safe  detention  may  reipiirc — I.  A.  Sutter, 
Ji'.m  T'lwnsend,  William  I'ickey,  Isiuu;  (iraham,  Edwaril  Mcintosh,  Jasper 
U  Tain  II,  S.  J.  Ileusley,  John  JJidwell,  secretary,' 


CHAPTER  XXI. 

EXPULSION  OF  GOVERNOR  MICHELTORENA. 

1845. 

The  Governor  Breaks  the  Treaty  of  Santa  Teresa — Foreikn  I  .tirfep. 
ENCE — Fears  of  Californians— Sutter  Joins  Micheltorena  at  Saii- 

NAH— CaPTI-RE  of  MaNI'EL  CaSTRO — AlVARADO  and  C'ASTKd  .M.\U(|1 
SoVTII,    For.I.OWKD   BY    MlCHELTOKENA  AND   SUTTER — CArilllK    oK   TIIK 

Garrison  at  Angeles — Conversion  of  tiik  AbajeSos — Nkohiiations 
AT  SANfA  Barbara — The  Casii-aign  ofSan  BrENAVENTUnA— Cami'M(,\ 
OF  Caiuenga— Withdrawal  of  the  Foreigners— Captire  ok  SrrrKii 
— A  Bloodless  Battle — Defeat  of  ^Iicheltorena — TitKAiv  I'mi 
Governor,  and  Castro  Co.mandante  General— Micueltohen a  am) 
the  Baiallon  Sent  Away— His  Later  Career — Affairs  in  the 
North — Sutter  at  Home. 

Michp:ltorena  had  resolved  to  break  tlie  tivaty 
sigjnud  by  him  at  the  Laijuna  de  Alvirez  on  ])('(iiii- 
ber  Ist.  It  was  a  treacherous  and  at  the  sanif  liiiio 
a  most  foolish  resolve,  since  it  changed  the  revoliilinii 
from  one  directed  exclusively  against  the  convict'^,  in 
Avhosc  expulsion  he  should  have  had  as  deep  an  iiitti- 
est  as  others,  to  one  against  himself,  with  a  popular 
feeling  that  had  not  before  existed.  The  cletiiinina- 
tion  was  wise  enough,  however,  tiiough  none  tin'  K-s 
treacherous,  if,  as  some  believe,  he  desired  to  be  Inici'd 
out  of  the  country.  Sutter  had  promised  to  sii|ip<'rt 
^licheltorena  in  his  war  ai^ainst  the  Californians,  ami 
had  raised  a  force  of  foreigners  and  Indians  fu'  that 
purpose.  This  as  a  stroke  of  business  on  the  |»ait  I't 
the  Swiss,  or  of  revenge  on  that  of  Isaac  Graliaiii, 
calls  perhaps  for  no  very  severe  criticism;  but  I'!  tin.' 
mass  of  foreign  residents  it  was  a  most  unjust iiia'tlc, 


THE  WAR  DCGIN'S. 


4sr) 


iiii(;illo(l-f<)r,  and  injndicious  iiitoribronro  in  niattei's 
tiiat  nowise  conoLTiied  tlicin.  jNIauy  would  not  liavr 
( ii^;i  .;L'd  in  the  enterprise  had  they  been  aware  of  its 
triit'  nature.  Others  desired  a  quarrel  with  the  Cali- 
fniiiiaiis,  with  the  hope  that  it  inii;ht  result  in — sonie- 
tliiii'j,'  or  other,  they  hardly  eared  what.  The  people 
(if  \\\r.  country  were  of  course  L'-reiitly  alarmed:  and 
luaiiy  rumors  more  or  less  absurd  wi're  in  eireulation. 
It  w.is  feared — and  there  was  no  al)sur(lity  in  this — 
that  Sutter's  taking  up  arms  for  Mieheltorena  was  hut 
a  pivicxt  to  seize  northern  California.  Many  believed 
that  the  governor  had  j)romised  to  the  strangers  the 
lands  and  cattle  of  all  who  o[)[)()setl  him,  that  foi'eign- 
(is  and  ^lexicans  were  to  possess  the  country.  The 
arniiiin"  of  the  Indians  was  another  terrible  thing  in 
the  tves  of  Californians,  it  being  currentlv  rumored 
that  Sutter  had  armed  2,000  savao-es  to  be  turned 
Iddst!  (,u  the  country.  The  leaders  of  the  rebels,  ex- 
oipt  from  a  purely  niilitary  }>oint  of  view,  were 
slit  iigthened  by  the  popular  feeling  that  was  spring- 
iiri  up  against  an  administration  that  would  exj)ose 
the  country  to  the  inroads  of  foreigners  and  Indians 
in  addition  to  tliose  of  the  convicts;  and  the  nt;w  as- 
]Hct  of  atfairs  was  all  the  more  favorable  t(j  them  it 
t!a  V  entertained  the  ambitious  schemes  attributed  to 
th.  Ill,  lor  now  they  were  amply  justiiied,  and  would 
he  sustained  by  all,  in  deposing  Mieheltorena  if  they 
muhh 

<>;i  (he  1st  of  January  184")  Sutter  marched  with 
his  inice  from  New  Helvetia  to  attack  Castro  and 
Ahaiado  at  San  Jose.  His  force  consisted  of  about 
■--II  nun— that  is,  a  company  of  foreign  ritlemen,  I'oi-- 
liuiicis  of  different  nationalities,  about  100  strong, 
iiudci'  Captain  Gantt;  a  company  of  about  100  Indians 
••iiimiianded  by  Ernest  Rufus;  eight  or  ten  artillery- 
iiuii  in  charge  of  a  brass  tield-j)iece;  Dr  Townsend 
and  .lohn  Sinclair  as  aides-de-camp,  .fasjx'r  O'Farrell 
as  (|uartermaster,  S.  J.  Hensley  as  conunissary,  John 


?3nrTT?FI 


iiiiM : 


id 


Ul'-: 


m 


m 


433 


];X1'ULSI0X  OF  flOVERXOR  MICIIHLTORrXA. 


.  1 


BidwcU  as  secretary,  and  a  fv.w  suhoi-dinato  officcis, 
V.  H.  lie \din<j^  was  left  in  command  of  the  ,i;ani.>()n 
at  the  I'ort.  Tlie  line  of  march  \\as  by  way  of  31aisli"s 
rancho,  whei-e  ]\larsli  joined,  tlioiigh  lie  was  no  IVicinl 
of  tlie  cause;  Sunol's  rancho,  where,  as  Sutter  starts, 
they  captured  one  of  Castro's  spies;  San  Jose  Mi>- 
sion,  wliere  many  of  the  men  got  di'Uidc;  San  •]<»<:, 
where  tlio  lifjuor-shops  wei'e  kept  closed,  and  v.  liciic.' 
nearly  all  tlie  (,'alifornians  under  A.  ]\I.  I'icn  jiad 
iled;  and  thence  hy  San  .Juan  to  the  Salinas,  in  ;i  wcik 
or  more  from  Xew  J  [elvetia,  wliere  they  were  JMiiir:! 
in  a  few  days  hy  Micheltorena.  From  San  -jost'  a 
conmiittee  of  citizens,  consisting  of  l\)rl)es,  Suudl,  aiid 
(xuhiac,  came  out  to  meet  the  army  ami  dissuade  its 
leaders  from  continuing  in  their  unwise  coiu'se:  Imt 
without  success,  as  Sutter  ('  '-lared  that  he  had  gouf 
too  far  to  turn  back." 

Somewhere  on  the  way  to  Salinas  Sutter's  men  v.i  it 
lucky  enough  to  capture  no  less  a  personage  tliau 
Manuel  (.'astro,  the  original  leader  of  the  revnH,  and 
])ossibly  the  person  termed  a  .spy  in  Sutter's  naira;i\i'. 
Perhaj)s,  however,  the  <^•l[)ture  was  etU'cled  Itriinv 
Sutter's  arrival  by  a  party  of  men  organizt'd  tn  ym 
him  from  the  ivgion  t)f  San  Jose  and  Santa  ( 'ni;:, 
Several  partici[)ants  tell  the  story,  but  none  sue;.  (.(Is 

'  Tliis  is  Suttor's  own  iitatpineiit  in  a  lottor  of  Jan.  12t,Ii  to  Flii','gt',  wliicli 
1r'  siL'iis  as  '( '(iinandantu  Militar  d'l  Xorto.'  (liurrii,  Dor.,  .MS.,  i.  (i.VT: 
J)(/it'.  ,SI.  I'd/'-,  MS.,  V.  |-2;j.  In  his  /'(;•.■-•.  UnnlH.,  .MS.,  Suttur  says  liu  kil 
4!)0  men,  iiii'luiliu",'  40  (."alit'orniun  suldior.s  who  had  dust'i'tod  from  N'lillujuat 
Sonoma — and  hitcr  dc.scrto.I  from  Sutter  also!  JSidwcll,  <\d.  IS.'/l-S,  MS., 
]"2J,  say.s  thi.'ri' \M:re  uhont  SO  rillcnuMi  and  t!0  Indians.  John  ( 'haiiihcrliiiii, 
MiiiHiir.-t,  MS.,  14-"20,  who  was  one  of  (lantt's  company,  gives  soMie  jiartii'ii- 
liirs  of  the  organization.  Ifu  says  many  joined  fJic  0()m|iauy  against  tlicii' 
wislies.  AVig;,'ins,  h'linhi.,  MS.,  S-11,  was  another  member.  Sutter  also 
mentions  in  liis  Jfittri/,  p.  5,  tiio  deserters  from  Vallejo,  and  the  departure 
'with  music  and  living  eoloi-s  on  the  1st  of  January,  1.S4."),  to  join  the  geiRTal 
and  comply  with  his  orders.'  Xo  list  of  Capt.  (Iantt".s  company,  sn  Uiv  as  I 
know,  is  extant;  but  1  name  the  following  who  seem  to  have  belouL'ed  to  the 
expedition,  though  some  of  these  diil  not  go  south:  Sutter,  (iautt,  t'natt'S 
(lieut),  liidwell,  Jtensley,  Sinclair,  O'Farrell,  (iraham,  Coombs,  S«iii,  Hi_i'<l, 
lliekiy,  Shcriebaek,  Wyman,  Murphy  (.'J  or  4),  ( 'hambei'laiii,  Slieldon.  Wig- 
gins, Mc\"icker,  .McCoon,  Knight,  Mcintosh,  Lindsay,  ISiay,  .Merritt.  Ivev.^ir, 
K<.'lsey  {2  or  H),  Xye,  (.ireenwood  (1  or  '.h,  .Martin  (J),  tireen,  Jjcmiilt.  Clark. 

-Jan.  3,  184").  "letter  of  Jesus  Vallejo.  Valbjo,  Dor.,  MS.,  xii.  .!;  fitdia 
Co.  lliM.,  18;  li.  Jovf  Pioim;;  March  0,  iStiO. 


THE  GOVERNOR'S  PROCLAMATION. 


4S" 


in  ii:;i1an;4'  tlic  pnrticulars  (Hiitu  drar.  Casti-o  was 
tak'U  in  tlio  viciultv  <»t"  (iilroy's  i-anclio  whilij  on  liis 
v,;i\  with  one  conqjanion  iVdni  San  .losu  to  ixjoin  the 
ixhrl  I'uvf,  liis  ('a])tors  bcinj^'  licniictt,  Carniichacl, 
('(i|i|iin;4'i'r,  and  ^IrViclaT.  'I'hcy  were  pursued  by 
the  ('aliioinians  towai'd  the  San  Joa((uin,  and  wei'e 
,iv« itaken  in  the  Pacheco  l*ass,  the  result  beiniL(  that 
Ca-tio  was  o'iven  u[»  in  excliann'e  for  Charles  iJrown, 
ihr  (liily  lorei^'iier  in  the  j)ursuin^"  [)arty.^ 

( )ii  -lanuary  4lli  ]Micheltorena  issued  a  proclamation 
a>  I'.illows:  "Don  Joaquin  de  la  Torre,  Don  Francisco 
nice,  Don  ^Manuel  Casti'o,  Jesus  and  Fran(,'isco  IMco, 
;;iid  nthers  iiaviii^'  I'ailed  in  their  ()bliL;-atit)n  to  tlie 
i^(i\  ciiiinent  by  not  returning  horses  and  cattle  to  their 
nwiii'is  as  they  had  solcnuily  ])i'oniisetl,  bindin<^^  and 
(.ai'iyin-^'  oil*  X.  Alvarado,  a  soldier  of  Monterey,  Ibr- 
i;vttin;4'  my  consideration  and  leniency,  and  revoltini;' 
aiu'W  after  several  had  come  to  ask  f  )r  y>r^y>c/r,s'  dc 
srijiindiid,  and  while  they  were  .u'oiuL"'  and  coming 
wiihout  the  slightest  insult  and  with  absolute  liberty, 
as  everybody  has  seen — this  comandancia  L'-eneral  linds 
itseh'  ill  the  una\'oi(lable  necessity  of  using  its  powers 
ai;;iinsl  the  ingi'ates  who  may  I'emain  with  ai'ms  in 
tlii'ir  1  lands.  Therefoi'e,  and  having  to  march  at  the 
head  ol' my  troops,  I  declai'e  the  city  of  ^Monterey  un- 
der martial  law,  the  comandante  de  batallon  Don  duan 
.!,  Ahclla,  being  intrusted  with  its  del'enee,  aided  by 
til.'  bra\e  ofticers  and  troops  whom  1  lea\'e  under  his 
iirdei's,  and  with  the  coiipt'ration  of  the  vecinos  whom 
I  ealled  to  arms,  and  of  the  two  Judges,  it  being  the 
duty  of  all  citizens  to  ])i'otect  their  hearths  and  to 
maintain  pid>lic  order,  while  1  in  the  mean  time  have 
the  pk'asurc  of  reestablishing  it  and  of  bianging  you 


yii.-i'.-.  I    '   «l;;rJ: 


'^('iinti-(i,  I'l'ldcioii,  MS.,  107-1">;  /lniirii'.-<  SUiiiitunl,  M>.,  1!(-'J.'?;  Ldriitu, 
VciiiriiU'ioiir.i,  MS.,  I0--0.  Wiiistim  llciinutt,  Phmn'r  of  \'fl,  was  one  of  the 
|«i'ty  (if  I.")  from  .Sta  Ciiiz  on  tlair  way  to  juiii  Siittur.  lie  says  Castro  and 
uiiDihir  wc'i'u  captured,  and  wci'u  oxi'lumgcd  for  llrown  and  .luhn  Cariienlur. 
lliiiiutt  did  not  j,'o  to  tlie  south.  Aharaih),  l/i-<'.  Cnl.^  MS.,  v.r)()-7,  tfllsus 
I'l  :i  jiaity  ijf  40  m^'u  under  llensley,  uttaeked  and  flefeated  l>y  tlie  alcaliK;  of 
S  !■'.  ;i!id  l.'onuialdo  I'acheco.  'Jdiero  is  no  other  evidence  of  such  an  occur- 
r..i.ci.'. 


\ihUi 


1-1  \n 


nii  I 


il 


it '  '1  " ;     .,. 


ij 


i 


t  -■■  ■* 


48S 


KXPULSIOX  OF  GOVERNOR  MKIIELTORIOXA. 


the  olivc!  of  j)('ac(!  Aviiicli  ctirtaiii  ])C'i'vorse  iinii  Li-.c 
stolen  from  you."'*  Two  <l;iys  lat(>r  Miclfllornia 
inaiclu'd  out  iVoui  tlio  ('ii|)i(al  to  eil'cM-t  a  jiuictioii  w  iih 
SuttiT  and  crusli  the  rchcl  force,  lie  had,  as  in  ilie 
f(»i  iiu-r  canijtaiLj'U,  about  I  ■">()  iiu'u  of  the  batallnn,  lo 
euforeed  j)i-ol)al)ly  Uy  tsvi'nty-li\e  or  thirty  MexiciM 
I'csidents  of  Moiitei'ey,  who  went  as  vohniteers.  At, 
Sahiias,  on  or  ahout  the  Dth,  tlie  ^u'Peral  joined  (',i]i- 
lain  Suttei',  I  [e  had  now  a  total  force,  Me\ii;iii  , 
foreio'nei's,  and  Indians,  of  al)(»ut  400  men;  hut  tli  ■ 
foe  liad  not  waited  to  Ite  crushed.'' 


Meanwhile*  Alvaiado  and   (*astro,  wliose  foi 


(•(■  li;i 


dwindled  to  less  than  LOO  armed  C'alifornians.  \rc!  ■ 
not  much  discouraixed  by  tlie  overwhelmiii'''  I'orcc  Ir,- 
Avhich  thev  were  threatened.  thoU'j^h  of  course  ther.' 
v.'as  no  thought  of  I'iskino-  a  li<jjht  with  (Jantt's  lii't- 
men.  A\'ith  new  obstacli^s,  somethin;^^  of  Al\ar;iiln'; 
old-time  ability  and  enei'!>v  came  back  to  hii.i.  ir 
was  resolved  to  transfer  the  struggle  to  the  suutli. 
whei'e  till'  teelinj^'  against  the  ("onvicts  was  ahcidy 
strong;  where  the  j>eoj>le  would  be  much  exciteil  I'V 
^licheltorena's  treachery,  and  still  more  by  his  scml- 
ing  against  them  an  armed  foi'ce  of  foreigners  nml 
Indians;  and  where,  should  other  motives  fail,  a 
jiowerful  appeal  might  bi'  made  to  local  pride  by  a:i 
offer  of  the  governorship  or  capital.  As  to  the  foni.;'!- 
ers,  Alvarado  understood  ])ei'fectly  the  circumstain("< 
under  v.hiih  tlu'V  hatl  enlisted;  and  he  had  eMiy 
]'eason  to  ho])e  that  the  company  could  not  veiT  Inn-' 
be  kept  together,  under  the  ox})lanatious  and  iuHucncc 

*.T:ui.  4,  1S4"),  M.".s  proclaiiiatioii.  Dipf.  St.  P(//,.,  J/o»^,MS.,  iii.  IIMJ. 
.Tan.  Ttli,  Aliclla's  onler  in  oniisi'ijiifiifo  of  i  ivcctliiiL:,  about  pi-vcautioii'i  i.i  1  ,■ 
tr.Ut'ii  with  )ier.sons  iiitciiiig  tie  town.  ]i/.,  iii.  ll-J-l.'}.  .laii.  l'.")!)!,  I.:iiki:i 
wiites  that  'thoiv  are  jierhr-jis  IT:)  l'oreii,'ner«  .staiuliili,'  ;,aiai(l  i:i  Mouti-n  y  a:.il 
otiier  places  to  supiiort  tieii.  .^iicheltol■elKl.'  Lafkiii's  Of.  Curi'isji.,  M>.,  ii. 
17-lS. 

•'I.arkiu.  in  liis  letters  of  tlie  time.  of.  Corn.'')).,  MS.,  i.  l!)-'_'0,  :i";  /■'., 
Doc.  Hist.  ('((I.,  MS.,  iii.  li',  gives  t!io  date  of  leaving  Monterey  as  .Ian.  (itli, 
a.s  does  Roliiusoii,  L'/c  in  Cii/.,  21'J-1.'>.  Larkiu  uive.s  M.'^i  force  in  one  \<\mo 
as  ].")()  solilieia  ami  siiine  citizens,  and  in  another  as  from  l.'iO  to2.)()  Mc  \iriius. 
Sutter,  in  his  P<  r<.  llcmiii.,  M.S.,  says  M.  marched  out  with  81)0 men,  haviii,' 
2(K)  in  Monterey!  In  Ilia  Diunj,  ti  jwcver,  he  puts  thu  united  force  eu  tlie 
Saliuas  at  000  men. 


ki:tim:at  of  tiih  ukbkls. 


4  so 


;'ll    li.'ivi' 

.ion  w  illi 
IS  ill  ill'' 

lllnli,  IV- 
Mt'Nlfa'l 
rl's.  At, 
lied  (  ';ili- 
ili.'\ic;iii  , 
;   but  til  • 

forcr  li;i  1 

ailS.  VrV' 
•  force   liV 
irst'    tliri'v' 
ntt's  riiii'- 
Vlviifiiilii  ; 
l\il,>.      it 
:he  south. 
vs   alivndy 
xcitcd  I'.v 
his  M'liil- 
o-ners  aiul 
Its    i;iil.  :i 
ide  by  all 
lU'  iovci:JM- 
mistiuiii  ■- 

vei'V  loii'4 
inlluciv.v 

..iii.  111-11 

l^iiuliiiii-*  t'lk' 

•J5tli,  J.ail;i-i 

iMoiitivi  y:i-..il 


It.-/)., 


MS..  11. 


|)-'J:0,  :!";  /-'•. 

as  .Ian.  tlth. 
:  in  (iiif  l'li>^^'- 

I  iiR'ii.  Iraviii': 
fol'CO  I'll  tl»-' 


1 


;^?l^ 


-'  ,  SRI  *•  J 


5  i  'J 


!  i'ii 


:  11 

1 

II 

i 

1: 

4D0 


KXI'ULSION  OF  GOVERNOR  MrCIIKLTOlJllXA. 


nhod  our  Mood  ratlier  tluui  ponnit  oui"  oouiitrv  (u  cn- 
(luro  tliis  iiifiiuious  o])prL'ssioii.  You  art'  «4'oinL;tM  jnin 
that  baud  of  advcuturcr.s  at  Sau  .Juau,  l)ut  di  i,nt 
ilattcr  yoursc'lf  tliat  our  lives  will  be  dL-strovcil  l,v 
those  baudits  to  whoui  jou  have  proiuist.'d  oui'  iMiiclnts 
iiud  ))ro|)ei'ty."''  They  seeiu  to  ha\c  startcij  iiiinir- 
diatelv  ou  their  uiarch  to  Los  AuLCelcs,  whcrr.  ,i-^  we 
iliall  see,  they  arrived  the  'Jlst.  They  eouKl  not 
have  had  uiuch  luoi'e  than  100  nieu  at  the  ;.t;irt, 
thou;j;li  s<»uie  recruits  were  gaiiu.'d  on  the  way.  Xd 
details  of  the  uiareh  are  kiiowu.*^ 

(Ju  tlie  loth,  a  week  after  ( 'astro'sd<'parture, 'Mi(  !i(l- 
toreua  aud  Sutter  started  froiu  Saliuas  in  wlinl  llicv 
t'.^ruied  a  ])Ui'suit,  thr>uu;'h  they  uever  eanie  \\i;ii;ii  ;i 
hundred  miles  of  the  rebels  till  the  latti>r  eaiiH'  liick 
I'roui  Los  Ali^'eles  to  meet  them.  ]>eforo  starting'  tliry 
had  a  suspicion  of  what  Alvai'ado's  policy  was  lil^dy 
to  be  in  the  south;  for  they  wrote  to  Flun;<;'e,  aa  nil 
retainei-  of  Sutter's,  as  the  only  man  excejjt  Andi'js 
]?ico  in  wliom  conlidence  was  felt,  asking  him  t  >  take 
steps  to  prevent  the  schooner  Qilifortiia  iVoiii  t'Jlin';' 
into  the  liaiuls  of  the  rebels  if  she  should  ariiw  at 
{•ian  J?edro.  Sutter  also  wrote  to  another  (iii'iiiaii 
friend,  to  defend  his  men  an'ainst  char!.>'es  that  liad 
been  made  that  thev  were  servin<>"  for  oav  aii<l  U"\. 
for  ])atriotisni.  lie  seemed  to  fear  that  Ibreigiiii's  in 
the  south  niiu'lit  be  induced  to  take  i)art  a'j'-ainst  tliL' 
o-eneral." 

iMicheltorena's  ])rogress  was  extremely  slovr.  Hav- 
ing an  inlirmity  which  prevented  his  I'iding.  lu'  wa- 
drawn  in  ;i  kind  of  carriage.  Sometimes  he  Jialicil 
ibr  a  day  or  two,  and  then  would  atlvance  but  tJiive 

Man.  (•>,  lSl.->,  A.  iuul  C.  to  M.  (Im'rm,  Dor.,  MS.,  i.  CI-.'?;  J>  i-t.J^[. 
I'll/I.,  MS.,  V.  124.  'J'lici-o  is  iiioru  in  tliu  ilociiiiiciit,  Imt  iitti  rly  uuintclii.'i- 
M'j.  'J'licsu  iiic':i  acted  well,  but  oil  this  occasion  tlicy  wrote  Koiiir  vn  v  iioii- 
aensical  Keiiteuces. 

''Janssens,  \'iila,  'MS.,  181-5,  .speaks  of  haviii;^  talkcil  with  t'a.stio  as  he 
pas.sed  liis  ranclio.  lie  filso  saj'i  that  order.s  were  issued  for  tlie  ai'ivsti'f 
Covan'uhias  and  Juau  Cainarillo,  tlic  former  escapiug  and  tlie  latar  luiuu' 
j)aroU'd.     Ciarcia,  Jfirlio<,  MS.,  SI,  joined  the  foivo  at  S.  Luis  01)is;">, 

•Man.  1-Jth,  S.  and  M.  to  l'liigg«-  (riirrm,  Do::,  MS.,  i.  (35-7:  /I'j.t.St. 
I'-qi.,  MS.,  V.  rJ:2-3.     Xo  date,  S.  to  Ocssen.  iVa<.;uiout.  Id.,  vi.  14(1-1. 


THE  OEXKRAL'S  MARCH. 


4-)! 


>■  i  a 
0''* 


(ir  fi'ur  iiiil(\s  in  a  day.  Cattlo  wiTc  takoii  f(»i'  su1».-<isf- 
t'lin  w  licrc'Vcr  tlici'i!  Wi'Vr  any  lel't  to  take  "Uv 
till'  iiiiH'  \\v  anivc's  in  Santa  J>ai'liara,"  writes  I^ai-kin 
til  I'.iii'ott,  "(  astro  may  1)1'  in  ^loiitcrcy.  The  I'or- 
ti„;iii  IS  now  are  very  anxious  to  meet  tlat  ('alil'oi'- 
iii.iiis;  liut  in  a  I'rw  weeks  tliey  will  heeonie  tired  and 
jit  rliaps  li'ave  the  Ljeneral  and  i;'o  home  to  their 
hniis.  In  this  case  Casti'o  may  win  the  day.""^ 
.\iiil  indeed,  the  foivii^n  anxiliaries  wt-re  disi^'usted 
wit  11  tlie  snail's  paee  at  which  tlioy  ad\anccil.  Some 
(lex  tied;  and  many  more,  i'rom  this  cause  and  i'roni 
yiiiisli's  e\[)lanatioiis.  were  in  a  state  of  mind  tendinis 
t.i  tlescrti<»n.  Xotliinjj;'  of  im[>ortane('  occurred  on 
the  way  until  hy  the  (laviota  Pass  tlu^y  arri\od  cai'ly 
ill  l\  liruarv  at  Santa  lj;irl)ara.  llere  thev  i'ound  no 
mill' rents,  and  were  uro-ed  in  vain  hy  leading"  citizens 
til  suspend  hostilities;  and  hei'e,  and  at  the  liincon  a 
little  farther  on,  they  encamped  for  more  than  a  week 
ill  the  I'ain,  and  had  some  ne^'otiations  with  represcnt- 
ati\('S  of  the  foe,  which  I   shall  notice  a  little  later.'^ 

At  Los  Anj4'eles  the  troiihles  connected  witli  an  ;it- 
teiiipt  of  the  Picos  and  C'arrillo  to  ori^anize  a  militia 

"Mail.  'Jl,  ISl.-.,  L.  to  1".  Lin-l:ui\-i  Doc,  MS.,  iii.  12.  Also  other  lottcra 
of  .hill,  '^'ith  iiiid  Muroh  l-'^.l.   I<l.,  Of.  < 'orrcsp.,  MS.,  i.  .T);  ii.  17  'J.). 

"  Siittor,  ill  his  I'cr.^nind  /'rtaitiUfcuir.i,  AIS.,  takes  ,s|)ecial  jiriile  in  noting 
tliiit  .Mieiieltoreiia  tn.'ated  hiui  tM  an  equal  o.i  the  niareh,  inakin.i.'  hiiu  u  colo- 
inl,  iiitrustiiijj;  liini  \\  ith  tlie  active  leaileislii|),  ami  ^'iviii;,'  hiui  ;i  .-|ieeial  tmily- 
fMiinl  nf  •_'.")  men.  Mr.s  .Vvila,  ('o.-<  isi/r  ( '<(/.,  .M.S.,  ;{^,"),  relate.s  tliat  Mi.'uel  Avila 
WHS  ic|i:irte(l  to  the  gov.  In-  Uonilla  to  lie  iii'.'ayed  in  n  plan  to  seizu  the 
C.(/;y,,/-;)/V(,  on  her  arrival  at  S.  Luis  Oliisjin,  for  ( 'a.jtro.  Aeeordin^'Iy  a  party 
Was  M'lit  to  Avila's  rancho  to  arre.st  him;  and  lie  was  saved  I'roin  liiin;..(  shot 
Hilly  liy  .Mr.s  A.'s  cH'orts  in  lorwanliii'.,'  to  the  general  two  muled  i.ids  of 
lU'lioaeies  lor  his  tahle!  .laiissciis,  ]'rl(i,  MS.,  LSI-."),  was  iiueiv  icvved  hy 
-Mirlieltorena,  as  l>y  Castro,  and  furiiislied  some  .supjilies.  for  wliieh  lie  LT'it  no 
jKiy.  .M,  ;;eeiiie(l  to  dread  (.ivertakini,'  the  foe  f<ii'  fear  hlooil  miu'ht  he  shed. 
\allcjii,  fii.<t.  <'ul.,  MS.,  iv.  447-.")(',  yives  some  nniniiMirtant  details  of  the 
iimtc.  He  say. s  the  ISarliarenos  offered  to  defend  M.  if  he  Mduld  send  tlie 
ODiivirtu  a>-.aj'.  The  following  authorities  speak  of  M."s  •pui-suit' of  Castro 
witli  ;,.c  adding  anytiiing  to  what  I  have  given:  Jiainlini,  ]lltl.  (Jul.,  MS., 
ll>i-:i:  Coiiz'li'z,  Mi'inorUn,  MS.,  13-18;  Lnrh",  ConruUio.n-.i,  MS.,  I!»;  o..;;-i, 
//'-'.  ('-(/.,  :MS.,  44!)-.")0;  Pico,  Aroiilrrimiuito.i,  :*IS.,  .")S-(;0;  Xii/'t;  r'.f  Life, 
Ms.,  110-11;  JUco,  Mem.,  MS..  10-11;  S<rriuio,  Ajiiuih:^.  MS.,  iri-O;  Ainn- 
'■''i;  Ml  III.,  -MS.,  l.")()-<);  Torre,  Uni.iii.,  MS.,  CJ.VT:  0;v/,  Drum  iiddx,  MS., 
h"i."i;  /'ririn'  Gdnqineii,  MS.,  l"Jl-2;  L'zqtd  r.  Mint.,  ^LS.,  10;  (i:;riiHui,  Succmh, 
Ms.,  ,')  U. 


I  '  I 


fi' 


lilt: 


I    \ 


;'•'!'  "i  ;  I 


i! 


::'*■■! 
a 


ii''  hi 


ii  '  I 


Mi 


4:y2 


KXi'i'Lsiox  OK  (;()Vi:i;\()U  MiciiKi/roitKN'A. 


forci'   I'tH'  Miclirltoi'ciia  s  (1(  rciirc,  as  alrt'iidv  ii(il!'il.'-' 


wvic  still   111  prourrss,  till'  autlKii'itics 


tl. 


not,  1 


ia\lli'^-   ;is 


yet  succeeded  in  eonvinciiin' llie  citi/eiis  that  aii\  ^in 


(»rLjaiii/,at loii  was  iiecessaiv 


III 


w 


lien  the  liolthelli  I' 


under  Alvarado  and  (Jastro  arrivi'd  iine\j)cetedl\  in 
(lie  eitv.  DuriiiL?  th(!  ni'^dit  <»t"  .lanuarv  L'otli,  an  i\<\- 
vanee  detaehnieiit  of  tliat  i'orce,  twenty-live  or  tliiiiv 
stroiii^'.  under  .loatjuin  <lo  la  Ton-e,  suddenly  entriv  I 
the  town  and  attaekeil  the  barrack,  or  tli((  ciii'.iti ". 
house  used  teiiijiorariiy  as  a  harrack,  which  was  (in  u- 
])ied  i»y  a  small  i>'arrison  under  Jjiouteiiant  Mediii;i  ^l' 
the  hatalloii.  The  jtlace  was  taken  after  a  li'^ht,  in 
wliich  several  men  were  killed  or  wounded,  the  If.nln 
of  the  attat'king  [tarty  heinn' one  of  the  hitter.  Liitj.' 
more  is  known,  thcrt>  bein;^'  no  coiiteini>oraiu'<tus  i( 


()!•( 


I.      I 


give  some  par 


ticuli 


H's  in  a  note 


^Fost     n\' 


tlie  (\'difornians  state  that  Andres  Pico  w«.s  captiiivd 
with  the  ijrarrisoii,  and  that  it  was  with  some  ditliciiliy 
that  Torre's  men  were  kept  fr(>ni  wreakinu'  veii""eai 

1  O  i~ 


ICC 


n  ^c 


di 


if  tl 


lis  voliinif 


'^.riiii.  17 til,  I'io  I'ieo  to  alciilik',  an  iniiiii|)(ii'tiiiit  coniiiiuiiii-'ntioii  (in  tll(•^;llil 
jeet,  eitiii|iliiiiiiiiL;  that  Uic  (.■scii.'idroii  lU;  irixiliiiivs  li.id  not  liucn  jnitninli.i  lii^ 
001111111111(1.  ilo  is  now  going  Iwick  lioiiie,  liaviiiu'  done  his  duty.  /'>///..>' 
yV(/(.,  M.S.,  vi.  07;  /'I.,  Amj.,  xi.  I.'!(!.  In  lii.s  /Jis/.  C(U.,  MS.,  Kiii,  I' 
lie  \\:\ 
tro(i|i!- 
of  ('astro's  arriiiil  at  Ant,'i'l(.'s  \>y  si  K'ttcr  from  Castio  liiin.silf. 


.liTcd  Ipv  Mii-'iioU 


II  ti)  r;iis(;  fiuid.s  for  tiie 


vlVS 

of,L;ani/;ation  of  civ  i  ■ 


d  wasalt.sciit  at  San  .hiaii  ( 'apistviiiio  for  that  inirposi!  when 


'  { 'oroncl,  Co.ffis  di'  <.'al.,  M.S.,  ,")(>,  ii.sscrts  tiiat 


if  M(-'diiia's 


kilk'd;  and  that  tiio  ali'iildc  and  st'vcral  otl 


ii'iM  wi'iv  iniiiic'i 


lialfl 


V  ai  Ti'stfi 


.1/- 


.MS.,  II- 


ivs  tlR'ie  were  llnvi'  Ki 


th 


d  and  .six  woundeMl.     I'i 


y//.sy.  r,f/.,  ms.,  1(kj-7 


las  it  that 


OHO  man  known  as  .liian 


Ti 


.li 


the  d 


niniincr,'  wii .  kUlcd  in  tlio  ti','ht,  and  later  .T(js(''  M.  nancras  of  tl 


ri.son  \y.v\  sliot  m  c<: 


b'ood  as  ho  was  tryin  ,'  to  vsa\\H!  o\  or  tho  wa 
J/i'r}ii)<,  .M.-i.,  iiM,  iiaiiK  <  tho  driinunor  i'.iid  a  civilian  Olivaivs  as  w 
aii('  oiv  Soto  as  the  man  who  killod  one  of  the  ^ai' 


ill.    <;,nvui. 


Castr 


d( 


,w- 


oral  airroi^  that  ); 


ittor  was  killod  w 


iilc  tryui';  to  oso,-i[io. 


J5oti 


MS.,  IIP.,  thinks  ToiTc  had  ."lO  or  (i;)  men.      l>andini,  Jlisf.  Cn!.,  MS. 


()(i-ll, 


savs  lour  nicn  wore   Kuio 


d.     Castro,   A'l 


MS.,  {iO,  Vallojo,   ///.s/.  r,,'..   MS. 


riiiii..   MS.,    II.-)  -J  1,  l'i(;o,   .1, 
iid  .Vlvarado,   //'is'.  Cit!.,  M.- 


that.ruaii  ]liL,nU'ra  of  StaCni/and  Aiitiiiiio  ^'a/(HK'>',  of  S.  .T(i:Ji', 
of  tho  attaokin;^  jiarty,  wove  killod.  Castro  mak'-s  tho  stroii.,'th  of  tlio  j;.ini- 
son  'JO  inoii,  otlu'i's  as  low  as  7.  Ho  iianu's  liiinsolf  as  assooiat',;  ooinni.iMil'jr, 
and  iiioiitions  Lioiit-Col.  So^iura  as  oiio  of  those  oai)tniod.  Alvarado  lays  the 
attaoking  foiro  was  ")(>  volunteers,  all  oliioi'i's,  K/o(|uiol  Solioiaius  hoin,'  si'c- 


onii  ill  ooniiiKUK 


1.     ]'ico  names  Boiiifaoio  Olivaies  as  one  of  tl 


le  woini 


U. 


All 
till 
Aj. 


iL'ree 


that  Torre  was 


I'ry  were  ea]ilnn'(l.     .See  also  /,< 


(led  ill  tiio  foot,  ami  that  several  j^ioeos  of 


C 


lUionc,  MS.,  ly-'JO;  titrrano, 


Klitll 


MS.,  y,j-(j;  Biu'liic,  Xutus,  MS.,  8-y. 


'•!■"  .It'll 


iioli'd.'-' 
LviliL;-  iis 
my  ^iii'h 

Til    I'll'iv 

't(.'illy  ill 
,  an  ml 
»r  tliii'ty 

(iltr|V;| 

(•iir,iti'"> 

'MS   I  iccll- 

cdiii;!  Ill' 
ii'ilit.  Ill 
U:  \i-Ai\ry 

Liiil.' 

'<tus  ici'- 

captuivd 
ditliniliy 
3li<rc'aiiCL' 


Olltlic.-Ml- 

ll  uinli.i  his 
/'./,/.  St. 

l'i''M  SilVS 
.11  nf  ii\i  ■ 
11  lie  lu'ill'l 

1110!!  \Vil.< 

.1.   I'l-.. 

ir,  ■•li'.aii 

if  tin'  :-';u- 

1.     'i.nviii, 

iiinlril   "A 

(111.       ■^I'V- 

I.  .!,-(/:.■, 

IS.,   liil!  !l, 

.  I. ■"«'., 

.,  MS..  V. 

f   S.  .In.-r, 

till'  Lrarii- 
ini!'i  iii'l'.'r. 
:■)  -i.vs  the 
lii'iii ;  .-I'f- 

U..:i;i.l.a. 

,.(■('■,  nf  ar- 


ALVARADO  AT  AXOKLKS. 

n!i  liiiii  for  tlio  (Icatli  of  their  comradi's.  TIio  iiiaiii 
t  live  soon  arrived  and  took  possession  of  tlie  j»Iaza. 
Ill  the  iiioriiiiii,'  Alvarado  and  Castrct  adch'esscda  eoiii- 
iiiiiiiication  to  the  alcalde,  aiinomieiiiL(  their  eomiiin'  as 
"inoclaiiiiers  of  the  eoiintry's  rights,"  and  rtMjuirini;'  a 
iiKitinij  of  the  ayuntan)iento  at  noon,  in  order  tliat 
the  wliole  movement  mii^lit  he  explained.'"' 

I'm- a  week  from  the  date  of  the  comnuinication 
iii>t  cited  there  is  no  dctcumentarv  record  of  develop- 
lariits  at  Jjos  Angeles;  nor  is  it  kn(»\s'n  what  action 
was  taken  at  the  nieetinL?  of  the  city  authoiitics  on 
til' -1st.  Alvarado  and  ValK'jo  in  tlieir  narratives 
ivunstjnt  that  th(i  Pieos,  J.  A.  Carrillo,  the  nicnihers 
iif  ilic  junta,  and  other  prominent  citizens  wer^;  at 
iihcc  hrouudit  into  th(^  presence  of  t!ie  revolutionary 
ladcrs,  some  under  ari-est  and  others  undi'r  threats 
iit'aii'est,  and  were  suhmitted  toa  [)rocess  of  intiniida- 
tiuii  and  tlatterv  comhined,  which  soon  transformed 
the  aliajenos  into  stronj^  j)artisans;  that  is,  they  were 
ivqMJred  to  choose  l)etween  holdiuLif  office  as  patriots 
"11  till.'  side  of  freedom,  or  bein_i»'  shot  at  once  as  ad- 
lidviits  of  tyranny.  This  version  as  presenteil  hy 
the  LTi'ntlemen  named  is  not  without  dramatic  etfect; 
I'lit  I  suppose  it  has  little  foundation  in  fact,  though 
it  i>  not  unlikely  that  threats  had  to  be  used  on  some 
I'f  tile  surenos,  while  prosj)ective  offices  had  an  effect 
<m  nthers,^*^  The  week  was  doubtless  spent  by  Al- 
varado and  his  associates  in  workinjjf  up  public  senti- 
lauit  in  the  city,  in  recallini;  the  old  depredations  of 
the  ciiolos  in  the  south,  in  dwellint;  on  Micheltorena's 
lailure  to  observe  a  solcnui  treaty,  and  especially  in 
depict inof  with  nmch  exairu'cratiou  the  outrau^es  to  be 

'■'■'au.  '21,  1845,  A.  anil  C.  to  alcaMe  of  Angeles.  Dept.  St.  P'tp.,  Amj., 
^l"*..  Ni.  134-5.  They  announce  that  they  came  at  '1a.  m.  and  are  hijldin^ 
the  )ihiz,'i. 

'';.!  ''ow/o,  Hii^t.  CuL,  MS.,  V.  00-5;  Vnll<'jo,  Hint.  CnL,  MS.,  v.  .3  S, 
pariially  supported  by  Manuel  Castro,  Ihhuioii,  MS.,  l'Jl-4,  and  Itico,  Jfi'- 
mrhii.  Ms.,  11-12.  Jose  Antonio  Carrillo  is  said  to  have  l)een  von  over  )>y 
I'tiiii;  m:ide  Castro's  'mayor  general,' or  chief  of  staff.  Many  condemn  the 
tiiiidiii  iif  Andres  Pico  as  treacliery  to  Micheltorona.  Gomez,  J.o  (jiir  .Snle, 
•Ms.,  7')  >,;,yg  ^^1,.^^  Pico  was  the  only  one  of  the  Califoruian.s  against  wl;om 
•M.  HI,  iiicd  any  hitter  fellinj,'! 


wm 

8'2'J:fd"p 


(I 


rph 


<  1  i'k  : 


M 


•Sf 


''*i 


404 


KXrULSION  OF  GOVERXOIl  MICIIELTOREXA. 


cNpectcd  from  Snttur's  ioreii^niors  aiul  Indians,  ;i;i  I 
the  i^'ovcM'nor's  baseness  in  enlisting  such  fnr'cosa'.;;iiiist 
the  ( "alii"' )i'nians.  Their  arguments  wore  strong  ;i;i,l 
most  elK'ftive.  Tliere  was  hut  httle  ()p})Ositi(iii.  Mew 
and  suppHes  were  obtained  for  the  campaign,  .uid 
southei'ii  meiid>ers  of  the  junta  were  converted  to  u 
state  of  mind  fa\'oi'able  to  the  popular  cause. 

One  of  tlie  most  important  things  acconiplishcii 
was  the  foi'mation  of  a  com}»any  of  foi-eigncrs  t'l 
ccjuntcrbalance  the  force  under  Sutter.  The  inti'ic^ts 
of  foreign  residents  in  the  south  were  not  in  any  in- 
spect dilferent  from  those  of  the  northerners:  nur 
were  tlieir  political   symjiathies   materially  dill'tivnt, 

though  the  loud-mouthed  advocates  of  Americai n- 

quesi  were  not  very  numerous  in  the  soutli,  v.liri\> 
neither  Sutti'r  nor  Uraham  was  ])o])ular,  and  v,ln;rc 
most  of  the  foreigners  were  more  or  less  content  \vil!i 
Calit'oriiian  methods  of  life.  The  svmpathv  f^\'  \\v 
southerners  was  Ibr  the  (Adifornians.  and  they  ;i'.te  1 
in  accordance  with  it,  but  not  to  any  great  extent  \n- 
cause  of  it.  Thev  did  not  wish  Jjos  AuLjeles  in  It- 
occupied  l)y  IMicheltorena  and  his  men,  who  on  tlnir 
march  were  understood  to  havi' seized  all  the  jn(i|"  ity 
that  came  within  their  reach,  and  who  would  nntu- 
rally  resort  to  forced  loans  if  not  to  indiscriiuiiiat.' 
jilunder  on  capturing  a  town.  They  looked  with  im 
favor  on  Sutter's  [)ers()nal  schemes,  did  not  relish  tin' 
airs  he  would  put  on  nor  the  power  he  woidd  \\'\  \<\ 
in  case  of  success,  and  above  all  dreaded  the  unfriendly 
feelings  bctwet'U  Californians  and  foi'eigners  l!iat 
woidd  be  sure  to  result  if  Mieheltorena  shoidd  -ui- 
oeed  by  foreign  aid.  ^vToreover,  they  did  not  exjHrt 
to  light  against  their  countrymen,  understaiuling  tlio 
false  representations  under  which  most  of  Sutter's  iiuii 
had  been  eidiste<I,  and  feeling  surt>  that  their  o|i]ie-.i- 
tion  in  connection  with  other  influences  alread;/  at 
work  would  cause  them  to  abandon  a  bad  cause.  Tlu' 
strongest  motive  of  all  was  probably  a  desire  \"  jHit 
an  end  to  the  war,  which  it  was  evident  could  I"  ct- 


FOREIONICRS  OF  THE  SOUTH. 


49j 


foct'fl  (|ulelvOst  by  forciiiLf  ^Miclu.'ltoreiui  and  liis  men  to 
](;i\r  the  comitrv-*'  At  any  ruto,  there  was  little  or 
iMMiilierence  of  opinion.  Stearns,  Workman,  Vij^nes, 
riowlancl,  Wilson,  ]\[(.'Kinli'y,  ]3ell,  and  other  proini- 
iinii  ( itizens  exerted  themselves  personally ;  and  about 
liftv  liieu  were  enlisted  for  iniiitary  service.  Tlu.^ 
Iradeis  seem  to  have  been  James  l\Ie]viulev  and  Will- 
iaiii  \V«irkmam,  though  there  was  perhaj)s  no  formal 
liiiiitary  or_ii;anization.^"* 

rii>  Picov.as  induced  to  convoke  the  junta, wliich  nut 
(111  .laiiuaiy  "J8th,  j)resent,  vocales  l^ico,  J-'i^-ueroa,  Ho- 
tdli.  and  suplcnte  Carlos  Carrillo.  Agustin  (.)lver;!  was 
cIiMxii  tennxtrarv  secretary.  Don  Pio,  the  ]»resident, 
(ijK  iii'd  the  session  with  a  speech,  in  which,  with  the 
usual  superfluit\'  of  words  deemed  dc  rii/iiciii'  in  such 
eases,  he  amiounced  the  ap[)roach  of  ^.iicheltorena, 


'•  AIul  Stearns,  in  a  letter  tn  Larkin,  expresses  this  last  view  very  strmiLrly. 
7,'i/'/,w'-  /)oi'.,  iii.  "iS.  1).  I>.  Wilsdii,  ()h.-:irr.,  MS.,  4ii-."i(!,  jiive  ;  ]iniiiiiiii'i]i'i! 
t'ltli.'  iloirc  for  liarniiiiiy  w  itli  the  Californiaus,  and  the  feelinL,'  that  men 
1  kc  the  eholos  Well;  riaUy  the  element  iiiost  uni'avoralile  to  American  and  ;i'l 
loll  i.'ii  enterprise.      Uidwell,  ('d/.  JS  '/l-S,  MS.,  I'Jt,  lias  no  ddulit  tho  soutli- 

I  mil  s  uere  in  syniputiiy  with  the  insiirreetidn.  hut  tliey  were  also  inllnem  rd 
I'V  (  Nu.'iciated  reports  of  ontrajies  hy  the  ^'eneral's  forces.  Many  new-comers 
iiiaid  only  one  side  of  tlsc  (jiiestion,  iind  really  thouj^ht  they  v. ere  savini,'  t!ie 
tiiwa  Irojii  ])illage  and  outrage.     Alvarado,  Jli-/.  (dl.,  MS,,  \-.  (i."i-(!,  tiiinks 

II  I'lU  pidininent  men  really  favored  his  cause.  The  rest  followed  their  lead,  or 
\\t  le  ai  tuated  hy  a  dislike  for  ( irahain  and  Suttei'.  John  (.'.  .(ones,  writiii',' 
tu  |.;nkiii,  expres^;e.s  the  opinion  of  Sta  ]5iirhara  tliat  .Mi(.'iiell()reiia's  success 
v.iiiild  liMVe  heen  aj:reat  misfortune  to  the  Californians,  largely  tiirough  Sut- 
tir'.  ihllueiice.    Lark'ui's  //.•!•.,  iii.  7">. 

'"  111  a  letter  from  Cahuenga,  Alviirado  and  ("astro  later  spoke  of  h.avim,' 
.'U  lil'.riiicn.  J)ii'i.  Si.  /'oji.  .MS.,  vi.  17.  .M>ist  authorities  agree  that  the 
V, hiilc  iiuiiilper  wa-:  iroMi  40  to  •)().  Wilson,  ()l:<in\,  MS.,  4(i  .">(!,  says  there 
\\i:c,"i,l  in  ilili'cri'nt  coni]iaiiies,  iini»lyiiiL;  that  Workman  was  the  couiuiand.T 
lit'  hi.;  coiup.uiy.  'J'he  Caliloi-nians  generally  represent  McKinley  as  having 
1"  I'll  in  comiiiand;  and  .lones  in  a  letter  of  tho  time  al.so  names  him  as  leader. 
y.':('. /■/(■<  /;()(•,,  MS.,  ii.  (i,").  Davis,  (llinii'im,  .M.S.,  l'j;>,  say.i  .MeKiiiley  took  no 
in.i\i'  part,  and  that  Sti'arns  did  not  leave  tiie  town.  Uidwell,  dil.  /S.'/t  S, 
.^|s.,  I J  I,  says  th.it  the  prInciiKil  fia'ce  w.is  a  coiniiany  of  40  nioiintaineeis 
U!;.Kr  William  Falhui;  and  Sutter  wi'otc  on  .Inly  ;flst  of  'O'lallon  who 
l;u\r.  luil  .-luaiiist  us  v.iUi  lii:'.  g;ing  for  the  sake  of  getting  some  horses.'  Lrtf 
i'»'..7J<-'..".MS.,  iii.  •_>:!».  Michael  White,  Caf.  All  t/ir  Hai/  Ihv!.-',,  \JS,  MS., 
lil-'JI.  tells  US  there  were  100  men  in  liis  coniiiany,  umier  Capt.  Workman  and 
Lit  ill  ];  iwland.  The  writer  was  enlisted  against  his  «ill.  Tlie  followin:,' 
r.iiii  air  named  by  one  witness  or  another  as  liavimr  served  in  this  campaign; 
Juiiic<  .Mrlviidey,  Ahel  Stearns,  15.  0.  Wilson,  Alexander  liell,  Kichard 
LaULjIiliii.  Nathaniel  I'ryor,  Alex,  f-'ales,  Miccuei  W'hiie,  1".  .Mace  (?),  James 
Bivkwoarth  ('.'I,  Janus  Uarfoii  (';),  Win  Fallon,  S\'m  "A  oikman,  .lolin  Jtov,-- 
lauil,  l.oiiis  N'i-jnes,  Win  Garner,  Sam.  ('arpenter,  Henry  Dalton,  Uuuiel  tiex- 
toii,  John  llujJ,  Callajjhau  {'A),  (.'oruelius  I'^rry  ('),  Wm  Smitli. 


iii 


it 


I 


i  '\: 


■i ) 


406 


EXPULSION  OF  GOVERNOR  MICIIELTORENA. 


Vvliose  intentions  were  not  known,  and  tlie  invasidii  df 
the  city  by  the  livision  of  the  north  claiming'  tn  act 
in  defence  of  tlie  country.  He  therefore  called  upon 
the  junta  to  consider  the  situation,  and  to  take  sinh 
measures  as  would  check  the  niovenient  of  hostili. 
f(jrces  and  restore  tranquillity.^"  The  only  l)Usiiii-.s 
transacted  the  first  day  was  to  call  upon  Alvara<lo  an,! 
Castro  for  an  explanation  of  their  coniiiii^  at  the  Ixal 
of  an  armed  force.  At  the  next  session  on  the  li'.itli, 
the  explanation  with  documentary  voucliers  ^\  as  lo 
ceived,  read,  and  referred  to  Figueroa  and  Carriiii  a> 
a  committee.  This  document  was  a  forcihhs  in'o.nt- 
ment,  not  exaggerated,  and  comparativ  ly  ^V,  '  IVmi 
vt'rhiage,  of  the  events  of  the  past  ivi>  :  illis. 
with  which  the  reader  is  familiar.  The  atkiio'-.s  callc  I 
attention  to  the  fact  that  hitherto  Micheltorma  .^ 
authority  as  governor  and  general  had  not  been  <|iiis- 
tioned  or  threatened  Ijy  anyhod}^  the  movement  lia\- 
ing  been  directed  against  the  criminal  soldiers  e\r!u- 
siv(>lv,  and  the  iifovernor  himself  having  recotniizcd  it:-; 
justice;  but  now  they  declared  that  ^Micheltorciia,  liv 
breaking  the  treat\'  of  Santa  Teresa,  by  arming  fnivi^u 
adventurers  and  savau'c  Indians  ao-ainst  the  ('aliiMr- 
nians,  and  l)y  giving  a  high  command  to  a  man  wIii 
was  known  to  have  made  threats  at^ainst  Mrvii-aii 
authorities,  was  guilty  of  treason  to  his  governnii  iit, 
and  should  be  sent  to  answer  for  his  crimes  bef(  ivfh' 
tribimals  of  the  republic.  The  assembly  should  t  ,  i 
chargt'  ad  interim  of  departmental  atiairs  in  accord;; a  ■ 
with  till'  laws,  and  in  re})orting  the  charges  agaill^t 
^lii-heltorena,  should  })etition  that  the  connnand  Ijc 
conferred  upon  a  native  or  a  citizen  of  California.-' 

'*  rico's  discourse  of  .Ian.  28,  1815,  in  Vallrjo,  Dor.,  ]MS,,  xxxi\  !Ni: 
Ilniiiliiil,  />of.,  MS.,  .")7.  Ivitliculoil  liy  ViilU'jo,  //('-Y.  Cnl.,  MS.,  iv.  ;tj:i, 
without  any  ;,'()oil  foundation.     Tiu;  .'<|it'OL'ii  was  wordy,  Imt  sunsilile  i!i'Uj.;ii. 

'"'  .ilnirditi)  iiii(f  ( 'd.th'ii,  Kf)>isii>  ))i  rnntrd  Mirhilhir  iin  (/irii/idaii  I"  '■--  • 
hic'i  ilr/xirldiiiititd/  /lor  /'w  (»V/r<  dc  In,  li'iris.on  di  I  Xorli',J'J  tli'  J'Jiurii,  JS.,' .  .i  " 
The  !)  aocoin])aiiyinj,'  doouniont.s  ari'  not  given;  ))Ut  tlu'v  loasisifd  of  <  ■•  ■''■  ■','■ 
that  lia-i  alivaiiy  luru  citoil.  Sessions  of  .Ian.  'J8th  -'itth.  /(/.,  i\.  p.  -"^  '■'• 
Ih/.f.  Sf.  /'«/)., 'MS.,  V.  1;  /(/.,  vi.  110;  Slit  Cntz,  Anh.,  MS.,  .'id;  N.  Jo'- 
Aril.,  MS.,  i.  .1;  Wdlijo,  j'Jur.,  MS.,  .\:;.\iv.  103. 


ACTION  OF  Till:  JUNTA. 


407 


\  'm 


i\ 


-  -1 11 


vasimi  (if 
l;-  tn  act 
led  u|Miu 

f  hostilr 
l)UsilifSS 
irado  aii.l 
the  licad 
tlu"  ■l'M\\, 

'arriil^i  as 

•ii'o-'iit- 

^"'•,  '  r:'>i!ii 

llliS, 

(M's  callc'l 
I'ltoi'i  na'.i 
ii'i'U  (|lics- 

nent  hav- 
ers CNflu- 
(fiii/cd  it> 
)i\'iia.  Iiy 

;  Calil'nr- 

iiian  wli" 
Mevicaii 
erniiiiiit. 

»ctrrt'  til' 
)iil(l  t/e 
fol'daii'v 
au'aiii>t 
luuid  bo 

Irnia.-' 


I,  xxxiv    0(1; 
1.,  iv.    :JJ  ;), 

1.1c  i-\V'\\^\\. 

\id  III  "-■■    ■• 

Lix,  .  •'- 
ll()f<"  ■•■.■ 

liv.  )>.  ■>  '■'■ 
liCi;  N.  J'J-'-'- 


Tiie  ('oiini)ittec  could  find  in  the  evidoiu'o  betoro 
it  !i'>  iiTison  for  ]\Iicht'lt()reija's  ]>rcsent  action,  after 
liaviii-j;  iiroclainicd  tliat  tlie  country  was  at  peace,  and 
tliat  lie  had  yielded  to  the  just  demands  ol"  tlu3  uiah'- 
cnii!'  iits.  The  cani[)aiiL>'n  .seemed  to  he  mei'ely  a  pei'- 
.s;cin  inn  of  those  who  had  wished  to  st'ud  away  the 
halallon;  and  the  governor's  relations  with  foreigners, 
;iim1  (Specially  with  so  suspicious  a  character  as  Sut- 
in,  instead  of  strengthening  his  cause,  \\vn\  prima  fuel  e 
riipived  all  his  claims  to  popular  sympathy  in  the 
Miiiih.  ]]oth  sides  of  the  cjtiestion  should,  howevei', 
liij  heard;  and  to  that  end  the  committee  re[)orte(l  in 
tli(.'  session  of  Fehruary  1st  that  the  [)resident  of  the 
jiuita  sliould  appoint  a  committee  to  wait  ou  Michel- 
1  iK  na,  to  consult  with  him  on  means  for  ])utting  an 
rii(|  to  dissensions,  and  to  request  that  })ending  nt.'go- 
tiatimis  he  would  sus|iend  his  advance  on  Los  Ange- 
la, and  thus  avoid  l)loodshed.  This  rej)ort  was  ap- 
I  rn\(d  Itcfore  the  session  the  same  day.  Pico  had 
>  \\{  the  governor  a  letter  l)y  SepLilveda,  enclosing  his 
sjn'cch  at  the  earlier  session  with  other  records,  and 
t'\j)laining  the  object  of  the  junta  to  prevent  dissen- 
>'iMis.'-''  Also  on  the  afternoon  of  the  1st  a  meeting  of 
l!ii' people  was  convoke<l."  What  was  done  at  that 
lacitiii.;',  if  anvlhini'-  bevond  announcing  the  action  of 
liic  inula,  is  not  known;  but  within  a  few  davs  Castro 
v.ith  a  part  of  his  f)rceset  out  for  8au  IJueiiaventui'a, 
whither  we  shall  follow  him  later. 

I  lie  connnissioners  ap[)(»inted  by  the  jiresident  of 
'!ie  jiiiita  on  the  :]d  were  .fose  Ant(jnio  de  la  (luei'ra 
't  Santa  iiarbara,  Vicente  Sanchez,  Abel  Stearns, 
Antdiiio  F.  Coronel,  and  Antonio  ^[.  Lugo.  Their 
instructions,  dated  the  4th,  went  perhaps  a  little  be- 
ymiil  the  original  resolution  of  the  assendjly.     They 

-'Srssioiisof  the  junta,  I'Vh.  1,  IS4:).  Di]>t.  St.  A/;<.,  :MS.,  vi.  2-8,  II  -I'J; 
t-'.i- 1:<  •.,  .MS.,  iv.  ;J0  1,  .•!():);  /V/.^  l!n\,  MS.,  \iv.  .S.  -t-.'.  l-Vb.  l.-t,  I'ic..  t..  M. 
■^ii'hidoi-i  iM,  KriKilk'nIc,  no.  'i.  M.  vtj[\\wd  Frli.  Uli,  from  Airoyi)  lliiiiil,>, 
•'.villi,'  liiiuily  that  in  ordor  to  rt'ply  lie  iiecdtil  a  tojiy  of  tlie  (.011  ilituUoii  nut 
'  iIji'  Ih;iiii1  in  ciinij)!  /(/..  no.  tJ. 

•■I-,!..  I,  Ci.stro  to  alcaltlc.   Deyt.  St.  Pnp.,  Aw/.,  MS.,  xi.  IliO. 
Ui«T,  CM..,  Vol.  IV.    Ui 


!        '$ 


ai 


!       3 


(,-K,!l 


f. 


I 


p  ''iff  I 


M      t 


408 


EXPULSION  OF  CJVERXOR  MICIIELTOUKXA. 


wore  to  iiriLi^o  Miclioltorena  to  resjH.'ct  the  uiii\(  i>,il 
dosiro  of  the  people  l)y  coinplyiiit^  with  tlie  a^-iviim  nt 
of  Santa  Teresa;  to  dismiss  his  foreign  alHus,  whosu 
presence  with  arms  in  their  hands  was  ai,^ainst  the 
laws  and  a  menace  to  the  nation;  and  to  send  the  Ind- 
ians  hack  to  their  rancherias,  tlieir  arniini^  hein  ••  ii  iimst 
impohtic  and  dangercdis  act.  Should  he  consent  to 
these  terms,  his  person  and  position  would  he  respL'ct- 
ed,  and  the  junta  would  cooj)erate  witli  him  torotoic 
oi-(h.r;  should  he  refuse,  he  would  be  held  rcsj)()iisil)!i' 
for  the  war  that  would  result,  since  <^very  Califm  iiim 
vas  ready  to  take  up  arms  in  defence  o'  nation.il  in- 
(>gritv.'-'^  Ca[)tain  ({uerra  was  already  at  Santa  l>;ir- 
hara,  where  some  of  the  other  coniisionados  juinfil 
him,  and  eaily  in  the  morning  of  the  7th  tliey  i;i!lid 
on  Micheltorena  at  the  mission.  lie  refused  to  tnnt 
otiicially  with  them  as  representatives  of  a  junta  wlii'h 
as  he  maintained  had  not  heen  legally  convened:  l>ut 
helng  ahout  to  ivsume  his  march,  he  consented  tncui- 
fer  witli  them  as  private  individuals  on  the  way.  Ai- 
cordinixly  thev  called  the  same  ov^enint;  at  his  (ampat 
( 'arpinteri'a,  l)ut  accomplished  nothing.  Next  day  tin' 
general  started  for  San  ]3uenaventura,  but  retiiiiird 
on  learning  tliat  Castro  held  that  i)lace;  and  at'icr  a 
coid'erence  with  Sutter  and  other  officers,  he  uimli' 
known  to  Guerra  his  ultimatum — that  pardon  \\<m\<\ 
be  o-ranted  to  the  revolutionists,  and  even  tlu^  li\rsnt 
the  leaders  would  be  s})ared,  if  they  would  gi\e  u|i 
their  arms  and  place  themselves  at  the  dispositieu  v[ 
the  ufovernor.-'* 

'^I'Vl).  3il,  -4111,  appoiiitiiioiit  and  instructions  of  coinmiiisipniTs.  <<'iifrr'>, 
Doc,  MS,,  i.  (iS-7-';  J)riit.  ,SV.  I'll/,.,  MS.,  vi.  9  10;  Coroiwl,  Dor..  MS..  ■JII.V 
7.  The  (irigijiul  icsolution  i)f  the  junta  of  I'Vh.  1st,  with  a  note  from  I'uo,  w„s 
sunt  to  M.  on  the  oth,  when  the  eomisionatlos  started.  Mirhi'llonii'i,  /.'//"■ 
dkiite,  no.  7-S. 

^'Fcl>.  7th,  !lth,  Guern  to  Pico.  Do,-.  //,V.  Cat.,  MS.,iv.  1151  .">:  '/"'■'■■i, 
JhH\,  MS.,  i.  7.V.S;  D(]it.  St.  J'ajK,  MS.,  vi.  \-2.  On  Fel..  4th,  hnw.v.r,  ik- 
cordin,!,'  to  Lri/.  J'lC,  MS.,  iv.  .'VJ,  ^I.  ha  .  written  to  Pico  from  .Arroyo  lloinlf. 
in  reply  to  I'ieo'a  note  of  vho  1st,  imimising  to  answer  questions  <if  tlirii.ssom- 
My.  Coronel,  one  uf  the  eommittee,  Conai  ile  CuL,  MS.,  ns-il.'!,  ;_'ivis  sumo 
details  of  their  labors,  ineluding  .ses'eral  trips  hack  and  forward  lutwcm 
Micheltorona  and  Castro,  which  do  not  agree  at  all  w  ith  the  oiigiiKil  iccunl*. 
lie  says  the  committee  consisted  of  himself,  JSanciiez,  ami  John  \Vil>"ii.    lU 


f 


A. 

Uiii\'r-;il 
iM-rcciiuiit 

k'S,    wIiiim; 

r;ii;ist   tlii; 


Itl 


U'  IlKl 


ing'a  must 

CDIlSt'llt    til 

)C  r(.'S|K'ct- 
.  to  rotoiv 
X'S|)iilisili!i' 

lati'iiinl  iii- 
Saiita  IVir- 
dos   jiiiiicil 

tlioy*i-;ill.''l 
;e(l  1't  tivat 
unta  whii'li 
voiic'l;  l)Ut 
itcd  tocon- 
p  ^,vay.    .Vr- 
is  caiiiiKit 
•xt  (lav  till' 
returncil 
and  aftfia 
he   uiaili' 
loll  Woulil 
tho  lives ut 

d    J^ivr  Uji 

lositiDii  vi 


liipiiors.  d'lrrra, 

Doc.  >!>..-;''■- 

iillort  II''.  /.•'','"• 

l.>l-.">i  ''■""■'■■'• 
h,  liou-  vtT.  :io- 
Arrov"!!"!"''"' 

irwaril  iK'twoii 
jirigiii^il  ri'i'i-ii'''' 
In  \Vil-"i.    "'•■ 


no  rico  covERxoR. 


499 


Tin'  junta,  not  liavin;^  received  tlic  explanations^ 
])iniiii>e(l  1)V  Mic'heltorena  on  the  4th,  nor  liavinL;'  any 
tvidiMico  that  lie  had  rej)lied  to  the  ctMuisionados, 
voted  on  the  Titli  to  demand  peren)))t(»rily  a  rejdy 
wiMiiii  an  hour  after  the  receipt  of  the  demand,  which 
was  sent  to  Giierra,  with  a  threat  that  if  no  answer 
WW')  ivccived  l)y  the  14th  the  assemhly  would  take 
such  steps  as  it  mii^ht  deem  proper  to  secure  the  I'i^dits 
(lithe  people.  The  day  came,  l)rinL,^ing  only  the  news 
that  the  governor  had  refused  to  recognize  eithei-  the 
junta  or  its  eommissiom>rs.  Thereupon,  on  motion  of 
tiie  pri.  -ident,  it  was  resolved,  1st,  That  ^ficheltorenas 
authority  he  ignored;  '2(1,  That  the  two  jiositions  for- 
lurily  held  by  him  be  filled  according  to  law;  3d,  That 
tl  I'  junta  continue  its  sessions  at  Los  Angeles,  and 
take  measures  to  make  its  authority  respected;  and, 
4th,  That  it  proceed  to  prepare  foi'inal  accusation-; 
against  ^Nlicheltorena,  to  he  presented  to  the  su[)reme 
govi  rnment.  Next  day,  the  15th,  Pio  Pico,  as  senior 
vocal,  was  declared  to  he  the  legal  governor  ad  in- 
terim. The  customary  ])roclamations  to  tin.'  people 
and  orders  to  sul)ordinate  authoi'ities  wei'e  issncd. 
Alvarado  and  Castro  gave  in  their  adhesion  to  the 
new  regime,  and  Don  l*io,  having  announced  his  in- 
tention of  marching  in  person  against  the  i'oe.  puh- 
lished  on  the  17th  an  order  that  all  citizens,  natixt;  or 
I'orcign,  must  present  themselves  in  arms  for  active 
i-etvice  on  the  following  day — an  order  which  was 
ol)eyed  very  promptly.-' 

liiiJ  wmo  personal  intorviews  with  M.,  who  askod  him  not  to  cxort  himself 
til  liriii^' aliciut  u  peac'cablo  lUT.iiiUfiiit'iit,  since  ho  \\  i-hi'd  to  ;,'i't  out  of  liio 
ciniiiliv  lioiiorahly  hoforo  it  shoiiM  faU  into  Aiiirrii  an  hamls, 

''lei).  \i),  1S4.").  T.  S.  Avila  tc;stiliea  that  cm  the  (Itii  lie  heanl  Mieiielto- 
rinas.iy  ijiat  lie  ignored  tlio  assembly.  J'l/ii.  Sf.  J'hjj.,  Hm.  I'l-'f.  ij  ./":;/., 
.^IS.,  ii,  tO- 1.  ]'"eh.  I'Jth,  action  of  junta  ihmandini,'  an  immiciiate  answer, 
Cdinimiiiiiateil  l)y  I'ieo  ami  ( )lvera  to  now,  tluerra,  and  tin'  (leiiph'.  /.(■/.  !,'<  c, 
M>!.,  iv.  ti'J;  M/jf.  7.Vc\.  MS.,  xiv.  i:);  UHrnii,  /lo-:,  .MS.,  i.  7!»;  ])>/■/.. ^1. 
I'll' ,  Anil.,  .MS.,  .\i.  l.'iT-S;  Mii'lifltun  tin,  Kxiit'ilirnfr,  no.  !•.  Fei>.  14ih, 
biurri  Id  junta,  announcing  tiic  refusal  of  .M.  to  treat  with  the  eomisionados. 
/'()'•.  Ili4.  CuL.  MS.,  iv.  11,V>  (i;  J)rj,l.  .SV.  /'h/k,  .MS.,  vi.  Hi;  <,'iiirni,  Jinr., 
Ms.,  i.  S|-'2.  Same  date,  action  of  junta  ignt>ring  .M.,  iiroclaimed  hv  I'ico. 
/-•'/.  I!":.  .MS.,  iv.  XWf,  n<iit.St.  /',/;..,  MS.,  vi.  N-Ni:  /..-•«,  I  c;/- /,,."  J,-,//., 
Ms.,  iii.    |34j;  Coroiul,  Due,  MS.,  111.     Miclitltonnju,  AV/itc/a/i^-,  no.  10, 


M-i 


}  L:  I 


i;  sti>i> 

1'     "i   ' 


it 


m 


'% 


500 


KX1'U:.SI(A'  OF  COVKRNOR  MICJIKI.TOEKXA. 


Castro,  with  most  of  liis  norilicni  division  ;i;hl  i 
^i.'W  wild  joint.'d  liim  in  tlio  soutli,  pcrliaps  lou  in  nil, 
Lad  left  Los  Angeles  -within  a  IV-w  days  after  F(b;ii- 
ary  1st,  and  on  or  about  the  8th  liad  o('euj)ied  San 
Jhicnaveiitura  \vith  a  view  to  watch  ^liclieUoi'cna's 
n)ovonients,  ami  to  prevtMit  his  advance  as  lon.^  a< 
possible,  while  pre[)arations  were  being  made  in  th.' 
city.  Here  he  is  said  to  have  thrown  np  some  sli^Iit 
intreiichments,  to  have  sent  out  })ariies  of  scouts  (o 
olisei-ve  and  worry  the  enemy,  and  to  have  perfoim,:! 
a  variety  of  evolutions,  respecting  the  unimpoi'taiit 
details  of  which  there  is  no  an'ivement  amou"'  v.ir- 
masses.'-'" 

^Ileheltorena  and  Sutter — the  latter  having  taken 
thi'  ]>reeaution  to  have  his  land  gi'ant  signed  bcf  uv 
li'aving  Santa  ])iirbara — -started  Ironi  ( 'arjiintrii.i 
southwai'd  on  the  8th;  but  learning  that  ('astro  h.jil 
(x'cnpied  San  Buenaventui'a,  they  marched  back  a'^aia 
to  their  lormer  camj),  or  perhaps  to  J'^1  Jiincon,  anl 
^•layl'd  there  a  week.  During  this  time  ]ji(a;tcii;!;.i 
('oates,  with  lifteen  men  of  Gantt's  company,  niailc  a 
rcconnoissanco  over  the  hills,  and  all  were  caj)tui-cil  by 
an  advance  ]iarty  of  ( 'alifornians,  probably  u!mI;i' 
]\ianuel  Castro.  Tlierc^  is  contlic.-ting  testimony  a>  tn 
how  the  capture  Avas  eli'ected.  and  room  for  sn^-pirii  a 
lliat  it  was  not  much  against  tlu,' will  of  (he  foicigiai^. 
.Vt  any  rate,  they  were  well  treated  in  Castro's  can!]', 

with  ilnto  (if  l."t!i.  forw.Ti'di'il  to  'M.  on  same  diito  witli  a  long  letter  of  cxi'l;!- 
liiitioii.  in'otcst,  ami  wai'iiiii','.  Iil.,\u\  11.  I'oli.  j.'tli,  jiiiitu  (Icclaris  I'ic  ■  to 
111'  gov.  ail  iiitcliin,  his  cotniminicalioiis  to  ilillcivnt  nllii  iais,  ami  hi-;  jintii'l:' 
liroclaniatioii  to  the  in'opU'.  /.c/.  /iVc,  MS.,  iv.  ;{.">;  /)('/it.  S/.  /'aji..  M"^..  vi. 
Ui-17;  J  I-,  ^'.  .Aw',  V.  <)1-'J;  'ill,  Awjilix,  X.  .VS-(iO;  Sla  Cruz,  Anli.,  M>.. 
,*](!.  IV'b.  17th,  Alvarado  ami  Castro  ackiiowliiliro  I'iuo,  who  says  lit'  will 
niJirchairainst.Sl.  Lr;/.  AVi'.,  .MS. ,  iv. ;)(!.  l'iL'oto.^I.,  npr(iacliinj.'aiHl  wariiin,' 
him.  ll/if.  Si.  /'«/'.,  MS.,  ix.  .S-ll.  I'ico  to  eitixens,  <al. in;;  thorn  to  anus. 
All  who  aid  .M.  to  lie  rcganlcd  as  onfuiics  to  the  ennntrv  and  to  .■-tlii  r  ik'- 
foidiiigly.  /(/.,  Amji'lix,  x.  ."id.  The  i)roe('i'diiii;s  of  the  as.scnilily  anil  ucTii- 
tiations  with  M.  are  also  doseril)i'd  more  or  les.s  fidly,  nothing  luin.:  .'i M"! 
to  what  I  have  given,  in  J'im.  Il'i^t.  Cil..  MS.,  lOd-ll;  Jiitinlni!,  II:-.  ''<'■. 
MS..  Hl!l-I(»;  J'iro,  Ar<,iil.,  MS.,  OD-l;  Lnrin.<,  Counil.^ioiic.  MS.,  'J'  I. 

'"'•(liirrid,  llirliox,  MS,,  M-:!;  Firiiuinh z,  ('(tMi^  {Ic  ('(tK.  MS..  IIJ  17; -I '• 
»/r(7,  I'.rii'nl't.^,  MS.,  70-1;  /'im,  lll.l.  Cal.,  MS..  lll-l-J;  S<  rrniio.  J,.-,/-'-. 
MS.,  (to  7;  L'lr'in.t,  i\,iirnl.'<iuti<  y:.  MS..  '2\ -'.'•:  Or/,  nnirrrnci'.i.t,  .M>.,  l^Ji 
These  throw  no  light  on  the  deiails  of  Castro'.s  iiroceeding:). 


l*fi 


4  i 


.i)' 


TIIK  cr.XK 


lL  A'I 


Avixri' 


he:;  14' 


tlioroii^lily    relieved    nl'  all    Tal'S   of 
tlio  Calil'oriiiaiu 


<l  Mid 

1      1 


ilDll 


and 


H'lit 


liaei^    under 


)ar<ue 


I  )r()n  used 


to  t, 


iRe  no  nai 


i   HI 


fill  lire'  liostiiitit 


(■turn 


iu!.,^  to   Santa  ]];ii'l)afa,  tliey  in<lu('e<l   many  of 
IJicir  conipanioiis  to  join  tliein  and    willidraw    iVoni 


y, 


.1, 


•It 


.\ili'Iieltorelia  s   service. 


(Ml 


nad 


witlidi'awn    lu 


niiluelR'ed    l)V  tliell'   dlS'jfUsI   at  the  slow  l>l'o'j'l-ess 


-(III 


iiii 


tliward  and  l)y  ^larsli's  ai'^unient- 
t  oVer  half  of  tho  loreiun  allit 


I' 

that 


now 


-onu 


li  th- 


in nuni- 


liiT.  remained  with  the  conviets  and  Indians,  and 
i!i,i!iv  of  those  Were  rctaint'd  oidy  \>\  their  unw  illlui;'- 
iH-s   to    alnmdon  a  eause  in  whieli  they  had  (jiiee  em- 


At  last,  on  the  lath  of  I'^ehniarv,  the  dav  on  whieh 


tlie  Jim 


ta  voted  to   iu'iiore  ]\Iieheltofena's  aiithoi'itv 


tli- 


ittel'  ol'( 


lered 


iin  advance  soutnwart 


th 


d.    ir 


IS  ai'iiiy 


itdcd    San    Buenaventura    that   dav  or    tlie    next. 


(';.>tro  I'etired  without  resistance  at  the  eiiemv 


a  >- 


f;  acli. 
■I, 


thoU!4'h  Sutter  s])eaks  of  a  chai'gt^  led  hy  hin 


I  Y.iueli  c'omnellet 


1   the  Californiaiis  tt)  break  and 


m-^- 


tlioiii  t.iiiHdN 


t  in 


\.  Slrootor, 


'Ah  cliinia.  MS.,  ,S.")-.")1,  ''ivos  nioi'o  (lct;iil>!iil)(Kit  tlio 


catiUvi,  V  tliaii  aiiv  oUier 


lie  h; 


tli.iL  time,  aiul  served  as  iiitiTprclti' lictwccu  Casirc 


lajipt'iuil  to  arrive  at  S.  r.uoiiavoiituia  just i'.t 


(I  ill 


K'  iirisdiicrs. 


i;ami.'s 


kiii'iit,   iSwi 


It,  tlio  M 


iiipliys,  (  oiiiiilis,  aiK 


I  .Mclntiisli   as  ai 


Ik 

til 


luiialjur,  aiiil   says   tlicy  weiv  (U'taiucd  ■")  days.     Strcetcr  went  with  tliciii  t  ) 


'•lUU'fs  i;aiii|),  alii 


I  wh 


K'li  (HU'stiiiiii'd  L'l'catlv  (,'\a'_'''crat(.'(l  tlic  d 


Ull,'l'l'S  (1 


f  at- 


tael  ill;.;  Cist  ro.      Ill  sjiite  of  ( 'ajit.  (JailU's  ciitlt 


.'{.">  men  Ijesiiles  tlie  jvi- 


Ill.SOll 


tin.111.     iSmter, 


ers  decided  to  leave  tlie  cnni[iaiiy,  tlie  writer  eiiining  nurtli  witli 


P> 


MS. 


that  C'lates  and    liis  men  at'ti  r  iv 


:il)seiiee   came  liaek   with  a  stmy  that  tliev  liad  liieii  eaptiired 


isCiI  iiu  ]iarole,  and  lie,  nut  witlimit  .^iisine'.on:; 


let  t 


Md.iors,  .MS.,  14-'_'l),  names  SlieMi 


W 


vman,  am 


II  ni  L't>. 
I  MiCDon 


iberh. 


lipt:' 


Xidover,  Ailiriilnns,  MS.,  Ill, 


the  men  had   Ijeell  w 


as  anion:/ 


iruei 


I  at 


;a]'iailiara  that  they  would  lie  ea]itured  it'  not  i 


ifiil.      'I'lie  news  of  the 


litiiie  and  relea.<e  was  received  at  S.  1\  Ik  fore  March  lid.    \'iil/<  u),  JJnr     MS 


xu. 


1.1. 


\uiliUe 


U 'astro,  /,•(/.( 


wlure  the  .\mei icans  were  taken. 


MS.,  IlM-I),  names  Los  I'itos  as  the  plaeu 


Mr 


MS.,  ll-K 


,1. 

tlk'  Aiaericaiis  into  an.'imluish,  Ilico  himself  hei 


tails  nf  the  capture,  whieh  he  says  was  eU'eeted  hy  retreati 


I,  !;ives  some 
ts  lead  in'' 


11''  in  coinmam 


Scon 
1.     Os 


//;  ^ 


'■"'.,  MS.,  -l.'iO-l,  has  it  that  'M)  foreiL;nei.i  met  and  retreated  licforo  Castro's 
i'<rcj,  uhereiipoii  JosiJ  ('astro  marched  out  alone  to  iqpet  them  and  persiiadij 
tlicin  that  they  were  on  the  wrong  .side.     Larios,  Cuiirii!tiioiii:--<,  MS.,  "Jl-t, 


d  iid 


that  Murphy,  after  the  capture,  promised  Castro  to  go  hack  to  i 


lice  most  ot  (lantt  s  • 


tlOll  : 


I  111 


Vail. 


milKiiiy 


to  le 


cave  tlic  service,  an< 


n;.-<f.  Cfi/.,  Ms.,iv.  4:iO- 


1  did  so.     M( 

,/iia,yittits,  MS..  5-8:  Ph 


l'■'"(^,  -MS..  (11.     Larkin  in  letti 


t'iii;i:;iii  IS  and  so 


if  till'   .Mexieai 


if  the  time  states  that  at  least  li.ilf  of  tho 
deserted  lieforu  the  buttle  of  CaliUenga. 


(.1  ^ays  that  only  'M  of  the  rilleinen  were  left. 


602 


EXPULSION  OF  GOVERNOR  MICIIELTOUEXA. 


flee,  and  there  is  some  evidence  that  a  few  cniiiKin- 
balls  were  sent  after  Castros'  army  as  it  disajipi'  ivi  ij 
in  the  distance.^  The  adverse  action  of  the  An^•l■lil,(,^ 
seems  not  to  have  l)een  known  at  this  time;  hut  mi 
the  contrary  there  was  a  report  crt;dited  by  Mirlnl- 
torcna,  and  by  the  people  of  Santa  Barbara,  tliat  (!ir 
Picos  had  raised  a  foi-ee  and  were  marching  to  tlii. 
<^*'enerars  snjtport.'""  Alvarado  and  Vallejo,  vagiiily 
supported  by  a  few  other  CalifoiTiians,  talk  of  ;i  p(  r- 
Honal  interview  l)etween  Castro  and  Micheltotvua  ,it 
San  ]3uenavcntura,  at  which,  in  continuation  of  I  heir 
f(jrmer  agreement,  the  final  arrangements  for  a  sham- 
battle  and  treaty  were  made.  I  have  no  reason  t^ 
believe  that  any  such  interview  took  place.'"' 


Micheltorena  remained  a  day  or  two  at  San  TjUi  na- 
ventura,  and  then  i-esumed  his  advance,  spciidiii.;'  a 
liiiifht  cither  at  YA  Triunfo  or  Las  Vin>'eii<'s,  an. I 
arriving  at  the  I'^ncino  in  San  Fernando  Vallry  ;tt 
jiightfall  on  Fol)i'u;iry  19th.  ^Feanwhilc!  Castro  had 
retired  to  Los  Angeles,  where  he  had  been  joincil  \>y 
Alvarado  with  reenforcements.     The  two   had  auain 


'''Sutter,  in.  hia  Personal  Iieminh.,  MS.,  affirms  th::t  lie  led  tliu  advaiiri' 
vitli  (lOl)  iiion,  by  tlic  nioiuituins,  while  the  general  \vM\  the  rest  of  the  unuy 
( !)  iiinl  the  artillery  came  next  morning  i)y  the  beach  roail.  Sutter  (  imss.  1 
the  hills  in  the  night  in  a  heavy  r.iin,  ami  at  ilaybrcak  was  in  si^jlit  nf  tin' 
mission,  half  his  force  having  loitereil  behind.  Sutter  made  a  chiiive.  :ui^l 
the  foe  tied  to  form  again  in  line  of  battle  half  a  mile  away.  Biduell  \v:is 
sent  back  to  get  permission  to  attack  them,  but  Micheltorena  refiisicil.  He 
could  easily  have  routed  Castro's  army,  he  thinks.  He  mentions  no  tiring  nf 
cannon.  Castro,  J'llarlon,  MS.,  r24-7,  says  the  long  rains  had  ciaiii:i,'ol 
their  jiowder,  and  that  .M.  with  his  artillery  conpelled  a  retreat.  (ioiiAiliz. 
McHiorki.'i,  MS.,  1I^-'J4,  Wiggins,  Itnnin.,  MS.,  S-11,  and  Arnaz,  n<'':mnlv-:', 
"MS.,  70-1,  say  that  two  or  tlu'ce  cannon  shots  were  lired  at  long  range. 

'•"  Feb.  10th,  J.  C.  Jones  to  Larkin.  Announces  the  occupation  of  S.  Ilnoiia- 
Ventura,  Castro's  I'etreat,  and  tiie  reports  from  Angeles.  He  thinks  M.  knew 
of  I'ieo's  approach  l)efore  ho  advanced.  'There  is  no  doubt  that  this  news  is 
irue,  which  has  put  a  death-stroke  to  the  hopes  of  Castro  and  his  party.  The 
Californians  must  now  submit  to  be  governed  by  Mexicans,  .-'iidwith  a  lOil  i.f 
iron.'  Lnrkiu'n  Doc,  flS.,  iii.  SO.  Vallejo,  Hint.  Cal.,  MS.,  iv.  ■ilT-'^.  re- 
ceived from  M.  a  letter  written  at  this  time,  in  which  he  announceii  llir;  goo'l 
news  from  Angeles  and  his  confidence  in  success. 

^"Almrmlo,  llisl.  Cul,  MS.,  v.  -IS.-^^,  4S-,-,:{;  Vallojo,  f/i^f.  O,!..  MS.,  v. 
?.-3.  (lon/.alez,  J/i  ;»(i/7r(,s,  MS.,  •J.V-1,  .".peaks  of  M.  having  receivi.i  1.  tters 
from  Alvaradi)  and  Castro,  the  former  read  to  the  men  and  containin  '  iii.sult.s 
V  hile  the  latter  was  read  privately.  Otiiers  say  something  of  the  r.'.'.'ipt  of 
ktiers,  but  nobody  cluiius  to  have  aeeu  the  interview. 


IJf?'lflltf 


BATTLE  OF  CAIIUENCA. 


503 


<!    .    f 


\v  caiiiinn- 


ailv.iiicod  throuu'li  tlio  Caliiioiiga  Pas.s  witli  284  iiK'ii, 
tii(a:i)|)in_i;"  on  the  IStli  iu  the  southern  edge  ol"  8aii 
Frinniido  V^allry  .seven  or  eiglit  miles  li\)iu  ]']ncino. 
]'iu  l*ico  proliably  came  u\)  Irom  the  city  next  day 
wiiii  additional  reiinforcemeiits,  since  there  is  a  i^eii- 
(.lal  a'-reement  amoii*''  authorities   that  the  Calil'or- 


iiiaii- 


had  in  all  nearly  400  men. 


Friday  morning,  the  "JOth,  the  rival  armies  advanced 
fiKiii  JMicino  aiul  Cahu(;nga  respectively — that  ot 
Miiiieltorena  down,  and  that  (jf  Castro  up,  the  geiit'ial 


CDlll-SC 


)f'   the   Los   Anueles   River 


-un 


til   tl 


u 


y   ap- 


j)iii;iclied  within  shooting-dist.'uice,  at  very  long  can- 
iiMii-iange  of  each  other.  ]3oth  parties,  ov  at  least 
.s  uiic  portions  of  each,  sought  protection  under  the 
liaiilvs  of  the  rivei',  or  of  the  dry  gulches  conunuui- 
raliag  therewith.  The  Califoriiians  had  two  small 
cannon,  the  Mexicans  three,  including  the  one  hi'ought 
IVoni  New  ][elvetia.  It  was  j)rol)ahly  noon  belbre 
tlir  liring  began,  and  it  was  kept  up  all  the  afternoon 
(Ml  I II it h  sides,  ^licheltorena's  s>'unners  usimj;  otuixj 
ami  filing  o\er  a   hundretl   times;    while  the   others 


I'Ci 


1 1 


CSS  s 


hot 


s,  usm<*' 


ball 


and  HI   some  cases  |)eriiai)s 


nail  ston 


•h 


es. 


The  result  was  that  a  horse  on  the 
))ittiot  side  had  his  head  blown  olF — some  say  two 
lii)is"s  fell;  while  I  am  impelled  by  a  spirit  of  histori- 
lirncss  to  record  a  rumor,  not  very  well  autlien- 


cal 


ticali'd,   that   a  mule  on  the  side  of  the  chol 


OS  was 


sli'i'itly  injurcil.     Not  a  dro])  of  human   blood  was 
.'<|iill''d  on  tlie  battle-lield  of  C  ahucn''a,  or  ol'  Alamo, 


as 


it  is  calletl  by  several  writers  familiar  with  tin; 
I't'Lii  111.^-  Just  before  night  Micheltorena  moved  his 
I'orcu  eastward  across   the   plain,   with   the  ap[)arent 


intention  ot    executin<jf  a 


Hank 


movement,   strdun'. 


IF.tli,   Alvarailo  anil  Castro  to   Pi 


H; 


division  of  '2'>0  iiifii,  iucivas'il  liy  'M  lillcmiii  at  rafiuijn;4a. 
ciiciiiv  vi't.  An  interview  with  i'icD  is  dosired.  JJ(/,I.  >>'.  I 
Feb,  •jo'th.  alcalde  of  S.  Di 


I VI!  arrived,   w  i 


X 


to  l": 


it!i   the: 
)  si'^ns  (if  t!i 

,  MS.,  vi.  i; 


l'eo])le  hero  lukewaiiu  jdiont  ])oIi- 
tics,  yet  a  Jiaity  of  volunteens  .start  to-day  to  join  -Vlvaiad  >  and  Ca.stro.  /./., 
B'lt.  I'rif.  y  Juzij.,  ii.  114-15.  Tlieso  volimteera,  aa  usual  for  the  S.  Diegan.j, 
Wui'e  too  late. 

•"-  .Such  are  Forster,  Valle,  Botello,  etc. 


'jii  i 


.(■!•■■': 


''m  m 


•.  I'l  IT      I 


C04 


ExruLsiox  OF  (;ovi:::\oR  micfi'iltoiifaa. 


the  liver  at  its  IxmkI,  and  iMlowiiiLC  it  do.vn  t.i  t'lo 
city.  Acctd'diiii^ly  a  lai;L,'c  jtart  of  tlio  Calitnini.ui 
army  withdrew  tlirt)UL;'h  tlu'  Caliiienga  Pass.  Tin  u 
till'}'  proceeded  to  the  left  until  they  reached  ili.' 
river,  and  after  ascundi  111^  its  course  lor  a  lew  mil.s, 
encamped  for  the  ni'^lit.  Thus  when  the  sun  iino 
on  the  2 1st  it  found  the  two  ai'mies  a'^ain  facing'  r.nh 
other  on  the  Vordui^o  rancho,  some  ten  or  turlvi,' 
miles  from  the  battle-lield  of  Fi'iday.  There  sicms 
to  have  l)een  more  camion  lirin,i^  for  an  hour  or  iw. 
on  this  Saturday  morning,  thouijfh  this  is  not  (|itlt(.' 
certain.  Then  Michel torena,  raising  a  white  il;i.;', 
propose(l  a  ('ajiitulation. 

Thus  ended  the  hattlo  of  Cahucnga — accompaiiiiil 
hy  a  war  of  the  elements,  one  of  the  sand-^lnnn; 
lieculiar  to  this  I'egicMi — the  second  of  the  naiur  iii 
which  a  Mexican  governor  was  defeated  hy  the  ( '.lii- 
fornians.  I  have  hrielly  described  its  general  I'l.it- 
ures,  with  as  much  accuracy  as  is  deducible  from  tli" 
mass  of  confused,  contradictory,  and  often  false  testi- 
mony extant  on  the  suh/iect.  I  append  in  a  dmI" 
some  items  from  this  testimony,  and  proceed  to  tako 
u]-)  an  im])ortaiit  feature  of  the  conlhct,  tlu;  ji.irt 
taken  therein  hy  foreigners,  not  noticed  before.^' 

''The  iKU'ivitivc  of  ]5.  D.  Wilson,  Oh.<''r)Yi/innn  on  Enrlif  T>rn/if,y\>>.,  V<-':'], 
uho  was  .'111  cy.> witness  of  all  that  oemn'rcd,  is  on  tiic  wliolo  the  I'ii.ifw:, 
most  consistent,  and  l)est  .sujijinrteil  stati'niunt  of  tiio  whole iillair,  thoiijli  tlio 
suiilior  (Iocs  not  i^'o  very  luinnti-iy  into  ilotails  uxecpt  on  tlio  part  takni  liy 
f')ri'iu;ncrs.  'i'lio  editor  of  liiu  /,:i.-<  Aniji  li  ■■<  ('n.  Ilisl.,  A\,  a|p])earH  to  liavn  .-tMl 
a  copy  <'f  Wilson's  n^iiT(iti\(!  whieh  was  made  from  my  ori;,'iiial  liy  a  lui'iiiljir 
of  liis  family.  Tin;  letters  of  John  C  Jones  from  Sta  l'i;irl)ara  to  'i'lioin;is  C. 
J.iukiu  on  Fcl).  -J.'id,  LMtli,  T.'irk'in.^  J>n,:,  MS.,  ii.  (m;  iii.  .'!7,  and  of  J.,  tot'io 
U.  S.  .see.  stiito  on  March  'J.M,  '.'Uh,  Id.,  Off.  Corr^sp.,  .MS.,  i.  -J-'  ■_'!;  li.  IH- 
'_M,  contain  the  i.'arliest  ae<'onnts,  agreeing; substantially  w  itli  Wilson  and  with 
my  te.xt.  Jones  savs  'unhirtunately  notiiinj^  living  was  killed  exceiit  a  few 
hoisos;'  and  he  attrihntes  the  general'.s  defeat  to  his  slow  movements,  (K'lieiul- 
enee  on  camion,  the  oniiageoiis  plunJeiiny;  of  private  property  liy  Ins  nun 
0:1  tlu)  mareii,  and  to  Sutter's  liluster.  In  his  first  letter  ho  mention,  d  the 
rumored  killing  of  1 1  oholos  and  one  foreigner.  I.arkin  also  nienlioiud  iv- 
corded  nimors  of  several  men  lii.'ing  killed,  llotll  .statothat  tllocamii'n:iil:iii; 
continued  on  Saturday  morning.  Mareh  '_'d,  reports  of  the  defeat  re.u  in  1 S. 
F. ;  1"J  cholos,  one  foreigner,  one  Indian,  and  one  ollicer  killed  !  VaUcji',  I'oi:., 
MS.,  xii.   ir.'t. 

Sutter,  /'')•.'!.  Urmini-;.,  MS.,  says  they  saw  tin;  enemy  on  the  night  lnf(ire 
the  hattle  (I'.lth).  .Vdvanced  at  sunrise,  Mieheltorena  commanding  ;!!•  .n't:!- 
lery  and  infantry,  Sutter  the  cavalry.     The  tirst  shot  broke  the  wheel  jI  uue 


M.'\^W 


.llllnniia!! 
S.  I  111  !1 
(.•lu'tl  til  ' 
.'W  lllil.->. 
SUil     I'li-i' 

21'0    sr('lii'< 

ir  Of  twM 
not  (|niii' 
■liitii   il;i--, 

'oni|KiniL'(l 
,!i(l->loi'in~; 

IKUIU'    ill 

tho  Caii- 

K'l'ul    i'lal- 

iVom  the 

"also  tcsti- 

iii  a  nil'" 

1 1  to  take 

tin;    part 

s,  Ms.,i';-.r), 

t'lie  cli.ii'cst, 
,  thoir.'li  tlio 
iiirt  takrii  liy 
■stoliavi-MMi 
liy  :i  iuiiiili~l' 
td  'riiniii:is(A 
.l,)f  J.,  t.itlio 
:-2  •1-i;  li.  I'.'- 
Isoii  iiiiJ  with 
(■XCt'l't  :i.  iV'.v 
cuts,  ill  111  Hit- 
y  liy  liis  i!i>:i 
ii-nti'iH.  '\  the 

llUUli'illr.l  )•> 

lcailli":i  I'l-'-i 

latrea.  Mil^- 

\-allcj-,  !''":■< 

1  nielli  l"-f"ro 

i„..l,„rt:!- 

IwinH  1  .ii  one 


DEFi:cTiox  OF  8UTTi:?v's  :mi:>:. 


no,- 


?iiii']R'lt,oroiKi  Jiad  Uiss  than  fifty  ol'lr.-;  foroi;;-!!  rillo- 
iii;  11  loft  Nvlion  tliu  buttle  Ui'gau,  and  tlu-so  left,  him 
v.iiiiout   Hriiiii"  a    shot,  belii'j^    so    iJcrsiiavKnl    hv    tin; 

of  till'  ciiciny's  puns,  ami  scared  away  tlic  jnmncr-'..     Then  was  tlu'  tiuio  to 


Imt  wu  hail  lial  lilcic.     .Soinc  of  the  M'/xican  ili'a:,'(i  ln^^ 


c'.iari,'!', 

vi  r  and  Home  of  tlicin  (le.-;cr!e(l 

rilLiiiiii.'     ^^.  ;.'iiineil  a  |iiisition  cm  a  « 


■h, 
hill 


K"'aii  ti)  \\a- 
1,, 


■A  hill  ami  (Irfciulnl  liimsrlf  till 
iiiLiht  ami  ciicauiiieil.  Next  inurnin:,',  heiii;;  eatucly  sanoiunleil  ami  ilfjirivcil 
I'f  ^1l|l;■lies,  lie  Muriemlered.  S.  was,  however,  eaiituied  the  liist  day  ajiil 
kiRW  lilt  little  of  what  occurred  suhsequeutly.  lu  his  hhirti,  ,"i-(l,  Sutier 
sivrf:  '  Near  Sau  I'Viiianilo  the  enemy  occmiied  a  line  (Kisitioii,  and  aii:ie.iiel 
ia  full  strciiLjlh,  joined  hy  a  eompaiiy  of  Aiuei'icaii  ti'aders  e.ihiiu','  f,.iuiSo. 
li'ira  and  auotlier  cunijiany  of  the  same  consisting,' of  Traders  an  1 'r:a])]i(  is 
ami  llie  wliolo  force  of  the  enemy  was  over  tlumsind  men  ( 1)  will  jirovided 
villi  iverythin.',  and  our  force  has  heen  no  more  asali.mt  ;i.")')or  l!7''  Men, ami 
liming' the  liattlu  of  ( "avmiga  near  Sau  fernamlo  t'.ie  halance  of  tin;  mounted 
ri.liia  11  and  the  Artilleiii;  deserted,  and  myself  fell  in  the  hands  of  tlieca- 
n;iy. .  .A  few  days  after  this,  the  general,  surrounded  liy  the  enemy  so  that 
liu  could  get  notliin;,'  more  toeat,  capitulated.'  \Vi_;gins,  li'ininix  i-.iri:-:,  MS., 
.S  11,  ulio  was  present  iliiring  p.irt  of  the  battle,  s;iys  .M.  had  several  iior.ses 
killed  and  jiu  Indian  woumled;  the  loss  on  the  other  .side  hein.'proli.ilily  twico 
lis  great.  IJavis,  (I'tiiii/K-tia  o/  the  J'aM,  MS.,  117-"JI>,  was  at  Aii.;cles  during 
tiiis  iai)ipai_;n,  having  charge  of  Dell's  store  while  tiie  owner  was  alisentat 
(',iinKiiL;a.  He  gives  a  vivid  and  interestiii';  account  of  the  iion.coniliat.-nit  in- 
li.iliitiuita  of  the  city  erowdingon  the  hill  listenin;;  to  t!ie  Loom  of  distantcan- 
liiiii,  wiiiiiag  fornews,  and  praying  fur  the  safety  of  relativcsaml  fiicuds.  Uo 
iilio  devotes  some  space  to  praise  of  M..  .Tud  to  a  development  of  the  ahsurd 
tlioory  that  he  mi.udit  with  his  superior  arms  and  disciplined  trnopj  Iiavo 
flunglitiTcd  the  Californiaiis,  hut  was  restr;iined  liy  feelings  of  humanitj',  or- 
ikini:g  his  men,  as  the  writer  was  told,  to  lire  o\er  tin;  enemy's  iica  1.  I'ho 
Y' Jo  i ').  lli^l.,  1 1-1-,  contains  a  fair  account,  of  the  campaign,  drawn  mainly 
from  r.ird  and  I'orhes,  though  the  latter  in  a  letter  falls  into  some  r.lisuril 
cii'oi-s  icspecting  tlie  liattle,  as  will  be  noted  later.  Sic  ul  o  ChninUn-l  I'nt's 
J/r(/(ii/V.<,  M.S.,  14-'_'0;  letters  ill  Nilcs'  L'ti/.,  Iwiii.  ili.l-lj;  Xi/(  n  r'.-i  .Idri  n- 
'".vv,  MS.,  Ill;  S.  F.  r/irciiirl.',  Feb.  i:!,  bSTi;;  II..  .rniie  l,"!,  1S7!)— this  ar- 
tirle  cuMiing  from  the  Sniioma  Imlcr,  and  being  \\-holly  false,  if  not  intended 
us  a  liurlesipie,  of  which  tlieie  is  no  indication;  Ti'ilitU's  J/!sf.  <  'nf.,  l.")0;  AV/;- 
I '-'iii'.i  l.'/f  i)i  ('-(/.,  "J I •_'-!. 'i;  lfn}tohilii  I'Vicml,  in.  (W;  Lot  AiK/ch.-i  Jli.t/.,  1."; 
H'l'lni'si/i.^t.  StatciiH'iif,  MS., ;{!);  Jor--fi  r'.i  Ph^mf  Dd'ti,  .MS.,  '2:)-7;  Temjdr'.'i 
I'.cr.M..  MS.,  fl-7;  Str<'<f,r:<i  Urml/.,  MS.,  ;;r)-."il;  .">>•, cr'.-!  Xo/< ■■>,  MS.,  '2,)'2; 
lUnj.:  Kn,i<i.  Notrx,  '21  t-l."i;  JMi:^  nr:niii.,  l.'l-ll.  Xono  of  the.su  add  any- 
tliiiigdcliiiito  to  what  I  have  presented. 

Till  Tico,  /n.if.  CnL,  MS.,  ll'2-l!),  gives  a  good  general  account  of  tho 
little,  and  adds  many  d(!tails,  some  of  which  I  drnbt  not  may  b  .■  irate, 
th'jiigli  I  have  no  means  of  determining  which.  Aecordin;,'  to  hiiv:,  ■  :,'■  letion 
!c:::iii  at !)  .v.  M.  Alvarado  fired  the  first  gun  wit'i  his  own  hand.  Ah.  Luis 
.V'.taiiiiiaiio  and  Capt.  llico  were  in  chni;,e  of  the  two  guns.  I'ieo  himsLlf 
I'.'^cd  as  e.imin;inder-in-chicf.  Michcltorcna  sent  two  reipiests  for  a  cessation 
't  lijiiig,  hut  I'ico  insisted  on  a  surrender.  Worhm:iii  and  McKinley  wcra 
!  pi'iniiiuilcil  on  tho  field  for  trying  to  open  relation.s  with  tiio  foe.  .losj 
''.i^tro  was  found  sliulUing  in  disguise  out  of  danger.  Pico  commanded  in 
i'lTson  the  company  that  prevented  M.".s  iianking  movement,  but  Castr.j 
t:uiio  u[)  later,  niid  liy  morning  the  foe  was  entirely  surrounded.  Alv.ar.ido, 
//i-t  ('((/.,  .M.S.,  V.  Gl)-7o,  tells  us  that  on  the  .second  day  he  ordered  his  men 
not  to  waste  their  powder  l)y  re]ieating  the  eaiinonad(  of  t!ie  day  bcf.ire. 
I '■-■11.  en  ;i  hiU  out  (if  r:ui  ;e,  summoned  tiie  writer  andor-lcred  him  in  ;i:i  .'dry 
tune  te  coiiiinue  the  buttle.     A.  went  straight  back  tu  his  guns,  and  on  opcn- 


irv" 


n 

'1 

iv 

] 

l*? 

\ 

it- 

■ 

FJpi 


500 


KXfULSION  OF  (lOVKIINOIl  MiCHELTOI!' 


m 


iil'ty  forri^iKi's  on  ilu;  otlu-i-  side,  ai^aiiist  wIkhu 
they  \V(Hil(l  not  Hj^'lit,  knowin;^  iii;iiiy  of  ilinii  |Hr>(iii- 
jilly.  'I'lHjy  had  Ihtii  \va\crin!^^  IjuIoil',  and  wcii-  imt 
sorry  foi'  an  uxcnsi;  lo  witlidiaw  fVotn  a  had  c-aiiM'; 
))iit  tlu'V  went  tliroiijj^li  tliL'  I'oi'nis  of  lisk'ninu,^  toiiinii- 
nionts  IVoin  their  eonipati  iots  of  tiio  sontli.  Wliilr 
]»ostod  in  tiiu  bud  of  tlid  crock,  afrui-  the  fn'ini;-  h;rl  li.- 
c'un,  they  were  visited  l)y  ^^cKinl(y  and  Wilson.  wIim 
came  as  representatives  of  their  coinjiany,  )»osted  in  iIm 
same  _i,niich  about  a  mile  below,  ami  who  laitored  [> 
show  tl>."t  it  was  neither  tlie  ihity  noi-  the  interest  n( 
ibi't;i;4'n  I'esidents  t(»  iii;'ht  for  the  [)ar|iose  of  kee|iIiiM 
Micheltorena's  rabble  in  ( 'alifoinia.  (.'attain  (iaiitt 
and  other  i)rominent  mendxi's  of'  his  com|iany,  ulm 
liad  come  out  to  meet  the  otluirs  at  a  little  dist.UMj 
from  theii'  camp,  admitted  the  foi'ci;  of  Wilson's  na- 
.soninn',  but  replied  that  their  men  wci'e  afraid  of  !o>ii|H' 
the  lands  which  M ichi'ltoreiia  had  granted  or  |>r'.iiii-.(  :| 
them.  To  remove  this  dilliculty,  I'io  I?i  A'asseiit  I'^r 
and  came  in  |»ei'son — so  say  Wilson,  Hi  ,  and  I'irn 

liimself-  explainiiiLj  to  the  ibivio-ners  mat  Mielirl- 
toi'eiia's  grants  and  j)romisi's  wer-c;  worthless,  b,'',iii>i' 
lauds  could  not  be  granted  legally  to  any  but  .M(  xl- 


II 


iiiL,'  tiix'  had  tlie  pooil  luck  to  kill  three  eliulos  ami  mortally  wouml  ;in(itlnr, 
V  iiercuiMin  M,  at  once  riiiscd  a  white  tlai;  over  his  larriagi^  IK' ai^i  iiav, 
rales  that  'Iriuichul  Es])ino.sa  rode  out  het'ore  the  foe,  ehalleuf^iiiLr  iriiiMi.t. 
when  a  caiinoii-liall  killed  his  hor.se  iiiidi  r  him.  Vallcjo.  lJi.-<t.  CaL,  MS.,  v- 
U-IT),  agrees  with  Alvarado,  and  l)olh  insist  that  the  hattlc  was  a  sham.  a< 
jier  agreement  lietween  M.  and  (^'astro.  ".lanuel  ''asti'o,  Urhirwn,  MS.,  I'.',- 
.'it,  gives  11  Very  eorieet  gener.il  acei>niit  of  the  wlujle  allair.  I'ien,  , !"<«'.. 
Ms.,  (it  -.'t,  learned  from  eliolos  who  remaini'd  in  the  country  that  SMimnI 
their  nundier  were  killeit.  Ciareia,  //k/kj.s',  MS.,  SI  5,  .says  the  ('alili'iiii.iii^ 
had  three  guns,  one  of  ^^  hieh  wa:i  in  his  charge,  llico's  gun  was  disai'Miiiti'l 
«luring  the  hglit.  iJoleUo.  ,!/(«/(.>■,  M.S.,  II-J-IS,  witncs.sed  the  lir-l  duy's 
light  from  aMJistanee  with  I'ico.  Ue  thinks  there  was  no  intention  ..|  liurt- 
ing  anyhody.  (ionzale/,  .'Iciii'irian,  M.S.,  :!:!-.■)(),  who  served  under  .M..  ui*'" 
boine  iiarlicidar.s  of  no  es|ieeial  imiwrtance.  Jle  represents  the  si>l.iici's  ai 
having  heen  anxious  to  light,  while  the  general  was  backward,  ;ind  s  ly-  t.i.u 
the  Californiaiis  tirst  ))roj)osed  a  truce.  Tiie  u.nraiive  of  lluelna,  Ae'''-,  ■M'^- 
D-ICi,  is  one  of  the  best  e.\tant  on  this  matter,  though  hy  no  means  ■..  en  all 
sutijeets.  See  also,  as  containing  no  delinite  information  of  any  'al'iclit 
already  jtresented,  iifrniito,  A/nniti'/i,  MS.,  !)0-S;  Tvrir,  Hcm'ui.,  Ms  .  l:.'i  ■■; 
A,--e,  'Mtiii.,  .MS.,  4-_'-(i;  Amador,  Mi  in.,  MS.,  l.Vi-ll;  (Mn,  IliH.  '  ■  '.,  M"- 
43-J-4;  IJctii'liiii,  llUl.  CaL,  MS.,  lOO-lL';  Ord,  (),;,rrci,rki.<.  M-.,  hi''-''; 
)'«//<■,  Lo  J'(i-<ado,  Ms.,  [H-o;  Jaiiistiaus,  I'ida,  MS.,  Iti-A-.j;  Feriauul:,  f.MiMii 
Cal.,  Mti.,  Il'l-IT. 


FOREIGXERS  REFL'SE  TO  FIGHT. 


no: 


c;iii  citizens;  yet  he  assurcl  them  that  they  woulil 
ill  II' I  way  ho  oppressed,  that  their  present  occupation 
(4"  I  Hills  would  n(jt  he  disturl)e(h  aiiil  that  as  soon  as 
tiny  chose  to  heeome citizens  lie  would  ^'ive  them  Ic^al 
tir!-s.  This  heing  Katislactory,  all  agreed  to  leave 
tilt;  general's  service,  though  they  would  not  consult 
til  jniu  the  other  side,  and  helore  night  tliey  with(h't'W 
tViiiii  the  field.  It  was  re|)or'ted  at  tlu;  tiini'  in  the 
f  .Fones  and    Fjai'kin,  printed  a  little   latii*  in 


'tU 


•s  o 


Allied  Kohiiison's  hook,  repeated  hy  Tiitliill  and  oth- 
ers, and  has  hecome  the  current  version,  that  the  two 
Ixidjcs  of  t'oi'eigners  mutually  agreed  to  with<h'a.w  and 
lca\etlie  Calitbrnians  and  Arexicans  to  tight  oiil  (heii- 


own  iia 
was  11(1 


ttl 
t  tl 


es. 


It 


IS  nearly  certain,  liowt 


le  case,  an( 


Acr,  that  thi.- 
I  that  the  southerners  made  no 


such  promise.  Tliere  is  little  evidence  that  they  did 
\\l!li:liaw  from  the  Calit'oinian  ranks,  and  they  eoiild 
iiet  ceiisisteiitly  and  honoral)ly  give  a  p!'omise  which 
Mniild  ])i'event  tlieiin  from  defending  Los  AngeU'saiid 
its  raiichos  against  Micheltoreiia's  convicts.  'i'hey 
iiiav  iinssil)ly  liave  promised  not  to  use  their  ritles — as 
tliev  had  no  occasion  to  use  them  later — except  it 
.slioiild  be  necessaiy  to  check  the  Mexicans'  advance 
vn  theii-  homes.-''* 

'' M'lst  writers  state  that  the  foreigners  on  botli  siilcs  withch'ew  nut  of 
niiij,'!' I  if  111.'  j;iins.  Hell  says  tlicy  'went  on  a  picnic,' witli  a  niiitu:il  a„'ri'c- 
iiu'iit  t.i  [iciiiiit  no  sacking  or  foi-ccil  hians.  Strcetcr  says  also  tliat  Miciiclto- 
roiiii  \v,is  nut  to  !)('  allowed  to  enter  tlu;  town.  Jones  heard  from  one  of  ( i:intt's 
liuii  th.it  liotli  parties  met  in  (Jastro's  eani[),  and  that  Castro  not  (jnly  prom- 
isiil  tluiii  kind  treatment,  hut  proposed  to  join  thi'iii  in  ilcelarini;  Calit'oinia 
iiilcjiiinliiit  of  .Mexico!  Alvarado  ami  \'allejo  talk  of  (u'ahain  and  Mi  Iviulcy 
liiaivhiii;,'(iiit  in  aclvanct;  of  their  respective  eom|ianies  to  make  an  aLrrcenunt 
I'ywiiii'li  hoth  parties  withdi'ew,  representing  (iraiiani  as  having  taken  tlie 
iiiiti.itive,  and  ^IcKinIey  as  ])eing  very  reluctant.  Torre  anil  Serrano  tell  us 
that  (ii.iliani  was  eai)tured  hy  .loaiiuin  de  la  Torre.  Jv^sus  I'ico  and  JSotcllo 
state  tliat  the  northerners  went  to  S.  Fernando,  the  foinier  atliiining  tiiat 
''a>trn  furnished  them  horses,  and  the  latter  that  tile  Indian  cunipan}'  went 
with  theiii.  Sutter  and  Bidwell  re[iresent  that  the  .agreement  to  withdraw 
Mas  mutual,  and  that  the  southerners  hroke  their  promise,  thus  causing  defeat. 
Tliis  is  supported  l)y  Wiggins  and  Galindo.  A/niiifc",  MS  ,  4!t.  .1.  A.  Forhes, 
111  a  ieftrr  in  Yolo  Co.  Hint.,  12,  gives  tiie  follo\"'ing  vivid  hut  imaginary  pic- 
ture of  tlie  hattle:  'Wild  firing  began  hy  tlie  Mexicans  with  gnipo  ami  can- 
ister, witliDiit  elleet,  and  soon  the  rille-shots  from  MeKiiilcy's  men  lie,'aii  to 
full  iipiiii  the  Mexican  urtillerynien,  hut  not  a  shot  was  tired  against  Sutter's 
iinii.  McKinley  had  staked  his  all  on  the  issue,  having  delivered  his  sioro 
ol:  giiuds  of  all  kiud».  worth  more  than  §o,000,  to  the  California  party  gratis, 


nfHiawil 

'I 

A  ■ 


■  w 


fi\ 


m 


*  i' 


508 


EXPULSION  OF  GOYEnXOll  MICIIFLTOnF.XA. 


.J-    ■, 


Sutter  was  not  In  the  ravine  witli  tlio  ritlcium,  ]>\\t 
caniu  there  wliile  the  negotiations  were  in  prn'ii(<s 
to  learn  why  they  were  not  ohoyinii,'  ordeis.  ![i^ 
eh>(|iieiu'e  was  of  no  avail;  liis  old  ar^iunents  had  1  i.i 
tlieii'  force.  On  his  way  hai.-k  to  the  L,''eni;i'ars  |».i>i- 
tion,  he  and  Bidwell,  his  aid,  were  surroiUKJed  an  1 
{•ajitured  by  a  party  of  Califoi'niiins.  They  v.-eiv  I 
before  Castro,  kindly  received  by  him  and  AKaia 
and  after  a  brief  detention  at  the  r'liicho  of  C'ahuciiuM, 
were  sent  under  paroU;,  Rowland  beln^'  their  siuvty, 
to  Los  Angeles,  where  they  were  lodged  at  the  hotis.' 
of  Abel  Stearns.  There  is  room  for  susj)icion,  thwu_;'; 
there  is  no  proof  of  the  fact,  thai  Sutter's  capture  was 
not  altogether  against  his  will,  being  merely  a  juv- 
ai'ran<''ed  method  of  'honorably'  desertinn'  ^Miehellnre- 
ria's  cause.  It  was  evident  from  which  quarttT  t'li,' 
Avinds  were  soon  to  blow,  and  it  was  high  time  fur  tlic 
wily  Swiss  to  trim  his  sails  accordingly.  J  hit  l"ii'  a 
jnvvious  stipulation  with  hnn  or  his  nu;n,  the  ("ali- 
fornians  woukl  have  been  amjiiy  justihed  in  shnwin.^' 
him  little  mercy.  His  head  v:as  all,  and  |)erliaiN  a 
little  more  than,  he  could  reasonably  have  ho[ie(l  to 


S3 


save. 


and  ii.;'\'  ho  hail  como  on  that  fichl  to  ofTor  his  life  in  tlicir  cause.  Tin'  Mi  \"- 
ioiiii  infantry  i\i.'|)t  up  a  (ire  of  musketry  at  M.  Kinloy'n  liarty,  and  he,  iinp.:- 
tient  of  delay,  desiring;  to  speak  to  many  of  1  is  friends  in  Suctei"«  pai  tv,  k':t 
his  own  men,  and  rusliiuL;  out  km  tiie  ]>kun  with  his  riMe  in  one  Iiand  aiul  \v,;v- 
iiiL;  lii.s  hat  with  the  otlier,  i)assi'ii  at  a,  run  under  a  storm  of  nui.-iket-lialis.  an  1 
nnhurt,  was  received  hy  his  friends  in  Suttei'"s  J'arty,  wliere  ids  cu.^'eiil  layi- 
ments  soon  eauscd  their  defection  from  the  Mexicans,  anil  tlie  result  "us  thi) 
eaiiituhition'! 

^'  In  liis  Prr^oii'il  lii'mhiitf.,  MS.,  S.  saya  that  wlicn  he  went  to  tiie  nviiie 
lie  found  his  men  l)aliotinf,'  to  deeide  whether  to  desei't  or  nut,  Mai^ii's  iti- 
(pienee  Iteing  very  ell'eetive,  and  tiie  eoniin;;  of  tiie  southein'Ms  to  the  ea:iiii 
scltlin;.;  tiie  ijuestion;  tiiat  wliile  .Mvaradoand  Castro  treated  him  wit'i  u.iat 
kindness,  there  was  a  large  pai'ty  liotii  on  tiie  tield  and  at  Angeles  in  l.oi'i' 
of  shnoliiig  him;  and  that  diii'ing  the  tirst  night  of  hisea[)ture  \w  w,i>  Suil 
to  write  advising  M.  to  surrender,  though  he  wrote  in  Kieneh  and  in  -uli  a 
way  as  to  let  tlie  general  know  ho  WPte  under  eiiiiipiilsio:i.  15idwe!l  lu  i.ir- 
ryiiig  "rders  had  before  lieen  taktn  hy  Castro's  men,  Imt  had  escaii'  I.  it' 
implies  that  Sutter's  visit  to  the  men  was  after  they  had  made  the  a_'ii'  iiuiit 
and  left  the  ravine.  Maurieio  (ion/ale/  testilies  that  S.  joined  tin  un'iiiy 
V  ith  his  foreigners  and  Indians.  Manuel  Castro  says  S.  surrendered  lii:ii>i..t 
Voluntarily,  linelna  tells  a  similar  story.  Osio  has  it  that  S.  \\;ived  :i  «liito 
Hag  and  gave  himself  up,  liegging  Alvarado's  favor.  .loiies  wroti'  nt  tin;  liiao 
that  8.  uud  Graham  went  to  Castro's  camp  aud  surrcudered  themseh  i  ■.    ^ii^- 


llKil,  I'Ut 

jtl-HM-l-CvS. 

rs.  !li< 
i  liad  1  i-t 
■al's  |t. wi- 
iidi'd  ;iii  1 
iM'(^  l;iki  :i 
Vlx'arailn, 

'aliucii'it, 
ir  siuvty, 
tlu'  liin;>r 

11,  tlluU,;'; 

Ay  a  ]»x- 
iclu'llnre- 
lartcr  \\u; 

m"  fill'  1  !:(-■ 
hill    I'll'  ;i 

tho  ("ali- 
1    .^ll'.>\vili'4' 

)L'vli;ijN  d 

llOpl'll    to 


|in.l  111',  III"!'.-- 
I's  |i:irtv,  k'lt 
niil  lui'l  \v.:v- 

Ik.  t-luiUs.  aii'l 

jsult  w;n  th(! 

I  to  the  r:vi:ie 
Mirsli's  i\>- 
to  till'  I'limii 
■iji  with  great 
li'K's  ill  fa^'W 
III'  was  toroC'l 
liicl  in  siK'h  n 
IhvcU  ill  oai- 
Lea  II' "1.  H« 
|u'  a:,'ii"'ii"-'iit 
tlu'  1  iii'i'i>| 
I'i'iii  hiawvf 
liviJ  .1  vvliito 
nl  iii<j  liiat) 
■sch.-.    ^i-- 


TllEATY  OF  SAN  FIUJXANDO. 


.-.03 


^[';  lu'ltoroiia  liad  never  any  idea  that  lie  eoiild  de- 
\\:-d{  the  Calil'dniiaiis  with  his  cholos  of  the  hatalloii 
;i!n!i '.  The  i'oi-iner  were  not  very  good  soldiers,  Imt 
iiiiiiiilely  superior  to  tho  latter  in  every  way.  Tiie 
.;-(.nt'!,il  I'eared  that  if  he  sent  away  the  convict  ai'iny, 
a^  li  '  in'oinised  at  Santa  Teresa,  the  ^[evican  i-'DVern- 
iiit'iii  wouKI  not  aj)prove  his  action.  Therel'oi'e  lie 
]i:i.!  decided  to  break  tlic  treaty,  and  trust  to  Sutter's 
i'nrci',;!!  ritlemen  to  defeat  tho  [leople.  Should  Sutter 
Jail,  !i'  niiirht  yet  succeed  in  •'cttiiiix  himself  and  men 
si'iit  ,i\vay  undei'  some  ari'angemeiit  that  would  at 
]  a-l  look  as  well  in  ^Mexico  as  th(.^  tornu'r  treaty. 
Sulti'i'  had  failed;  there  was  no  tliouu;ht  of  continu- 
ii!"'  t!io  contest:  and  tho  ufeneral  theivfore  iviised  a 
white llag  and  proposed  a  capitulation  on  the  nioi'uin^' 
if  ]''c!)ruary  21st.  Of  the  ne^'otiations  that  took 
lilarr  durinir  the  ivst  of  tho  day  we  kiiow  litlK;  or 
1!  >tl:iii'4\  Jose  M.  Castanares  to»»k  the  initiative  on 
I'h;  'general's  side.  V\o  Pico  and  Jose  Castro  had 
lai'li  a,  personal  interview  with  ^Micheltorciia,  and 
liiially  coniir.issioners  were  appointed — ^"al(les  and 
Castafiares  for  the  ^lexicans,  Jose  Antonit*  Carrlllo 
aii'l  Manuel  Castro  for  the  Californians — who  [)ro- 
r  I'  !•  d  to  arrange  tlie  terms  of  a  treaty,'"' 

The  treaty  signed  on  the  Canij)o  d(>  San  Fernando 
na  Siuidav  the  22d,  by  the  comisioiiados  that  have 
ii'Vii  named  and  by  ^ndieltoreiia  and  Castro  as  piin- 
•  ilKils.  was  in  substance  as  follows:  Ai't.  1.  ^[irliel- 
t'liTiia,  not  having  received  iVoni  the  supi'eiiii'  govern- 
iiieii!  ihe  order  asked  ibr  through  TelK'/  ti>  retire  with 

tn'  'lia-i  fallun,  an  1 1  tiiiiik,  liko  Lucifor,  lu'vor  to  visa  iiiiuiii;  it  is  tliouL,'lit  in; 

will  i.clullislllHl.' 

'''OiiRMjil  .TL'i'Dunts  of  tlio  iiogotiiitioiia,  coiitniiiiiij,'  littlo  tliat  is  reliiililc,  in 
!'i'-r>,  li:.J.  l'„l.,  MS.,  ll't  •_';);  'Mnn-t'h,  lli^'.  Cal.,  .MS.  v,  Uli-SI;  [\iii.j,,, 
lli.li.  I'  if.,  Mr^,.,  V,  I'-'JI;  CoifM/r'.,  Mf„i.,  MS., -JS-;}!);  biisiJcs  many  iiiuii- 
tioii.iiif  tin-  tri>aty.  It  is  saiil  that  ILiinliiii  was  sccrutary  uf  tiie  coiiiiiiis-iou, 
"Uil  tliat  Castro  si'lit  food  to  ^^"s  ciiiii)  lor  liis  liu'li.  I'ii.'o.iftfr  iiis  iiiliTV  icw 
v'ith  tin-  L'l  iii'ial,  ill  which  iio  sa\  ;  llic  l.ittrr  warinil  liim  not  to  ti'ii.U  Castro, 
I'l'tiirihl  lo  .AiiL't'lcs,  wiiriiL'i,',  uiiilrr  (i.ito  I  f  l'\l).  "Jlst,  ho  wnti's  to  sonn'  ono 
''11  till' li"li|,  siij,'i;L'stili;,' that  M.  .sliouKl  ho  lilaih'  to  at'kiiowh'ilgo  tlio  luts  uf 
till.' assiiiilily  jiiiil  I'iro's  apiioiiitiiu'ut  (is  ;,'ov.;  ami  al^'i  ri'i'oiiiiiK'iiiiiii,' cuu- 
t:  m  to  |Mi  Vint  him  from  hivakiii:;  tlii.s  treaty  ai  ho  did  tho  lormof  om.'.  l>i  pt, 
•V.  r,(;.,,  Ms.,  vi.  tiS-70. 


< 

liiiiii! 

11 

1  ]|||||; 

i  Mmtm 

if 

HI 

;io 


EXL'ULSIOX  OF  GOVERNOR  MICHKLTORENA. 


liis  men,  tlio  revolt  of  the  Californians  boint^  a'^';(iii>t 
tlio  latter,  and  being  no  longer  able,  with  his  siuall 
force  and  resources,  to  cheek  the  conflagration  \\  liir'u 
has  become  general  throughout  the  country,  agrees 
to  march  with  his  troops  to  San  Pedro,  where  Castro 
will  furnish  a  vessel  to  carry  him  to  Monterey.  Art. 
2.  At  San  Pedro  those  who  wish  to  remain  in  tlio 
country  will  give  up  their  arms,  and  the  authorities 
are  bound  to  protect  them  as  citizens.  Art.  3.  TIkisj 
who  wish  to  follow  the  geneial  will  embark  for  ]\ruiite- 
rey,  whence,  with  those  of  tliat  garrison,  they  will  >;iil 
in  the  same  vessel,  or  another  if  that  will  not  ImM 
them,  for  whatever  port  of  the  interior  they  ni.iy 
choose,  taking  their  arms  with  them.  Art.  4.  ( )\n' 
cers  wisliing  to  remain  will  be  consitleredas  belonging' 
to  the  Mexican  army,  and  will  be  ])aid  from  the  ]iult- 
lic  funds,  their  lives  and  property  being  guaranteed. 
Art.  .1.  The  same  privileges  will  be  accortied  to  .Jl 
citizens  who  hav(!  aided  Micheltorena.  Art.  (!.  All 
tile  armament  and  war-stores  in  the  armory  at  M la- 
tere}' arc  to  be  delivered  to  the  connnander  of  the  le- 
volted  firces,  in  order  that  with  them  he  niav  tlet'iu.] 
the  departmental  and  national  integrity  whieh  the 
genei'al  intrusts  to  him.  Art.  7.  From  this  date  (ho 
political  command  is  turned  over  to  the  first  vo  >!  nf 
the  assembly,  as  that  corporation  has  provided  in  ae- 
coi'danee  with  the  laws,  to  wliitdi  end  tlie  ofeneral  wlil 
at  once  issue  a  (^ircular  order  for  i)ublication.  Art. 
8.  lie  will  also  issue  another  order  that  Lieutenant- 
colonel  J(^sc  Castro  bo  recognized  as  comand.into 
general  ef  the  department.  Art.  0.  ]\Ii.rheltoi' nas 
division  will  mai-cli  with  all  the  honors  of  war.  v.itli 
nmsie,  Hying  colors,  and  three  pieces  of  artillery  wltli 
lighted  mateln^s,  the  Hag  to  bo  saluted  l)y  C;t-!i'e'i 
drununers,  but  the  guns  and  appurtenances  t'>  l^J 
given  up  at  San  Pedro. 


37 


•''"  Toiivi'iiins  cchOn'ados  iMi  ol  Campn  dc  Siiu  Fernando  cntri'  Vi*  S  •  s  (I-n, 
do  Brigadii  y  Ciiiniiiidante  (tt'iioral  do  csto  Dcjiartamoiito  1).  M:uuk1  Mi'lul- 
toroua,  y  el  Teiiicuto  Colonel  do  KjOrcito  D.  Josl'  Castro,  couiauduiur  I'w  l.u 


THE  GENERAL'S  DEPARTURE. 


511 


Tlic  ox-Gfoveriior  seems  to  liave  boon  allowc*.!  to 
dictate  the  terms  of  this  romarkal»le,  not  t(^  say  ab- 
surd, treaty,  according  to  his  own  fancies  of  what 
w.'iiJtl  nialvo  the  best  impression  in  ^Mexico,  tlio  (^ali- 
t'oiidans  being  willing  to  indulge  his  idiosyncrasies 
witliniit  limit,  if  they  could  only  get  rid  of  the  bata- 
I'oii  as  a  military  ori>"anization.  On  the  23d  Governor 
ricu  issued  a  proclamation,  congratulating  the  [)eo[)lo 
(Ml  the  peace  of  Caliucnga,  and  setting  forth  in  some- 
wliat  llowery  language  the  blessings  that  were  to  bo 
slii)\vt>red  upon  the  country  under  the  new  regime. 
Xrxt  day  the  treaty  and  the  changes  of  governnient 
iv-^idting  from  it  were  officially  circulated  by  Juan 
I'aiiilini,  who  had  accepted  the  position  of  govern- 
nii'iit  secretary  under  Pico.^^ 

Little  is  known  in  detail  of  ]\Iicheltorena's  subse- 
(junit  experience  in  California.  Xot  more  than  a  day 
or  two  after  the  treaty,  perhaps  on  tlie  same  day,  he 
stalled  with,  his  batallon,  enjoying  all  the  military 
lioiinis  that  had  been  promised  him,  for  the  coast,  and 
(•ii('ain])cd  for  more  than  two  weeks  at  the  Palos  Vei'- 
i\r^  I'aiicho  near  San  Pedro.^'     ^[eanwhile  Pico  and 

fiKi'zas  iironunci;iil;i3  en  ol  inisino.'  S.  ./o.sV,  Arch..  MS.,  i.  5-0.  Copies  in 
Ah;t,-'ido,  llisl.  Cat.,  .MS.,  V.  7.')-(J;  Val/ijo,  lli^l.  Cal.,  MS.,  v.  l.'i-lS;  ;il.^o 
pvliitiil  ill  Mlchdlor-  net,  Krjx i/icnt'',  no.  I'J;  tniiislntioa  by  •\.  A.  Forhps  in 
Ynhii',,,  /list.,  PJ.  Till)  (irst  >S  articlos  arc  .siL;iicil  l)y  tlio  four  coniisiDiiadciM 
iisMiU  :is  tlio  principals;  the  'additional  article,'  which  1  have  called  art.  S), 
I'V  M.  and  C.  only. 

■'•I'.l).  '2:id,  rico's  proclamation.  Vall'jo,  Doc.,  MS.,  67;  Dejit.  St.  Pap., 
\  ./...- ,  MS.,  V.  t)S-t)l;  /(/.,  Aihj.,  X.  55.  Fob.  'J4th,  Jiandini  to  to\ra  nu- 
tliiM'itics.  .S'.  ,/o*',  Ari'h.,  MS. ,  i.  -J,  5,  ().  I  Ikuo  not  found  tlio  cironliir  oidcis 
;'''i'.iiis(  il  by  M.  in  tlio  treaty;  but  Fol).  '25111  tlio  bishop  sends  to  P.  l)uian 
tliat  (iiiit  auiiounciiig  i'ico  as  gov.   I)< pf.  St.  t'lij'.,  IMS.,  vi.  11 1. 

"'  III  Jones'  letter  of  Feb.  'Jtth  we  road:  '  .Melvinley  writes  that  the  LTonoral 
shed  tiai's  like  an  infant  at  Angeles,  and  publicly  tnUl  the  people  that  ho 
tlioii^'lit  111!  liad  doiu!  wrong  in  tjiking  np  arms  against  tlio  citizens  of  (Jalifo;'- 
Ilia.'  l.iirkiiCii  Doc,  MS.,  iii.  .'{7.  But  [  do  not  think  ho  passed  tliroUL^h  the  city 
atall.  (ioinoz,  Lo  (Jm'  Snlic,  M.S.,  l.">(i-',(,  speaks  of  the  noble  and  frank  iioar- 
iiia'iit'  .M.  in  contrast  with  I'ico's  downcast  oyesaiid  staiiiinerlngs|ioeeh  i>ti  this 
('■vasinii  of  tlio  fiirnial  transfer  of  the  command;  but  I  liavo  no  reasnn  to  sup- 
liusc  tlaio  was  any  such  occasion.  Uavis,  (llimittox,  MS.,  125,  calh'd  on  M. 
sivoiid  times  at  Falos  V'ordes.  Mauricio  (loii/aloz,  Mrmorini,  MS.,  ;{()  ,'J, 
Was  with  tho  force,  and  suliaeipiently  returned  to  Angeles  to  deliver  the  ar- 
tilluiy.  Ho  speaks  of  si>mo  insults  oU'eroil  to  tho  cliolos  by  tlio  iieople,  and 
ivliitis  that  Josi5  Liniantour  camo  to  S.  I'cdi'o  and  had  business  interviews 
witli  M.  Coronel,  Cona-i  dc  Cnl.,  MS.,  (id,  also  had  an  interview  with  M. 
Alvaiado,   Hi4.  Cal.,  MS.,  v.  «G-9,  and  yallejo,  Jlist.  Cal.,  MS.,  v.  18-20, 


I* 


1    ''  1 

.:     .( 


IS 


1 


I 


f 


Ll-2  i:Xl'ULSIOX  OF  GOVEn::OH  MICIIELTOnEXA. 

liis  associates  made  a  contrac't  with  Joliii  Patv  i  > 
trans|)()rt  Miclu'ltoi'ciia  and  his  troops,  200  iu  uuimIh  i', 
to  ^Iiintercy,  and  thciico  t(j  San  JJlas,  in  the  />/,, 
Quixote,  for  the  .sum  of  $11,000  in  siKer,  oi-  itse(|ii'i\. 
alent."*"  The  vessel  left  San  Pcch'o  ahoiit  ]\[areh  li^ili 
and  arrived  at  ^[(^nterey  ahout  the  19th.  ]Ja\is,  wIid 
was  on  hoard  the  Dun  Quixote,  describes  liinisL'li'nn.l 
Patv  as  !iavini>'  been  charnied  with  the  heariu"'  di 
Micheltorena,  and  with  the  deportment  of  his  soldii  is. 
So  impressed  wore  these  gentlemen  with  the  gencial'^ 
allable  manners  that  they  aecej)ted  his  explanations  ot 
])ast  alfairs  with  entire  credulity,  and  seem  to  lia\  • 
honestly  believed  that  this  kind-hearted  man  IuhI 
spar<,Hl  his  beloved  Californians  fi'om  a  terrible  slaugh- 
ter.'^  At  Monterey  the  vessel  lay  at  anchor  t'oi'  a 
week,  the  soldiers  not  being  allowed  to  land,  and  (hi  ir 
comrades  of  the  irarrison  joining  them  on  bd.nd. 
Seven  or  ei-dit  ollicers  of  the  batalloii  remainf(l  ju 
California  under  the  tei-ms  of  the  treaty,  as  did  a  fi  w 
soldiers,  besides  lifteen  or  twenty  who  had  })re\  inti^Iv 
left  tlie  service  and  had  been  scattered  through  the 
country.  Miche'torena  was  permitted  to  goon  shniv, 
where  ho  held  interviews  with  leading  citizens,  ami 
obtained  some  staten;ents  to  bo  used  in  his  di  Iiikv. 
Ho  was  joined  l)y  his  wife,  and  hnally  sailed  in  \\\r 
last  davs  of  March,  receiving;  a  salute  from  the  ''iiii-; 
of  the  ibrt  as  the  Don  Quixote  left  the  haibor.'"     if' 

talk  of  M.  stoaling  cattle,  offorins^p-antsof  iiiissioii  estates  to  frieiiils,  spikiii^ 
the  gun-i  lii't'iiru  !>c'iiiliiii;  tluiu  liacU,  etc.  March  (lili,  llusoii  (?)  coiuiiliaiis 
of  the  Holiliirs  spuiliuj^  liis  wall  ami  tiireatciiiu;,'  to  shout  liiiii  if  lir  ilul  nut 
sell  them  lirainly.    lU/.t.  St.  I',ip.,  MS.,  vi.  II-J.  ' 

'"lull.  "J.Ttli,  I'i.ty  t)  J^arkin.  Ivxpeets  to  itct  tlie  contract.  Siq'iiliis  ti 
lie  gatliircil.  Lurl.i  i'k  Doc,  MS.,  iii.  ,'il).  Muich  7th,  /'.  (Juixnte  iv:iJy  for 
sea.  J)iji/.  St.  rup.,  MS.,  vi.  '20.  Mai'cli  Sth,  contract  b.twecu  Ti.' >  aiul 
I'aty.  .S|,(HK)  payahle  at  S.  IVdro;  81,t")()  at  Montaey;  S'.I.CUO  in '.i  i  diiy,. 
I'ico,  l'"i;;\uT(ia,  and  hnu'o -uirctien  for  the  ."?,(,()!)().  'i'lie  govt  also  to  p^'y  I 'i' 
fond.  The  Kiini  was  jiaid  in  July.  Id.,  vi.  llO-l.  March  iStli,  no  incuivat 
.Monterey  to  pay  the  (<l, ().;().    /(/.,  Ihn.,  iii.  (!(>. 

*^  J)'iri.'>,  O'liin/i.11.1  of  t'lC  I'axl,  M>>.^,  I'JT-'.K  Davi.s  did  n'>t  make  tiif  trip 
to  S.  I'.hi.-i,  hilt  says  tliat  I'aty  \\:\  i  dcli.^dited  to  the  l.ist  wiLh  hi^  jiass^  li^or-. 
])otli  Miclu  Itorena  and  I'aty  are  said  to  liave  hien  masons  of  hi.;h  di  -ivr.aiil 
the  uiinv  intimate  on  tiiat  act  onnt. 

^-' March  "JOtli,  M.  at  Monterey  to  Vallejo,  mentioning  Castro's  .'i|iiioint- 
ment.  Will  stum  sail.  T^/Z/r/'o,  /i..-. ,  MS.,  xii.  1)0.  March  L'lst,  L.okia  lo 
^i.,  a  frieiuily  letter  e.iprcoji.ig  ^ym^^atay  for  I.i.j  misforUiiics,  due  tJ  lacx- 


rARi:wi:LL  to  thk  general. 


513 


wro'o  from  S;iu  Bias  on  A])ril  19th,  sondiiij^  to  Pico 
smii''  (locniiieiits,  iiicludiiin'  his  own  (M.'s)  appointment 
a^  (■■  institutional  govcrnoi'  in  accordance  with  the  tcrn-i 
Mill  l)y  the  junta  in  1844;  and  he  next  appears  in  the 
iiriiids  on  Julv  9th,  when  he  had  an  interview  with 
]'r(>;dent  llerrera,  hy  whom  it  is  said  he  was  not 
wry  warndy  received.*'^  I  have  not  lounrl  his  repoi't 
to  l!ie  <2^overnment,  whose  action  in  conse<juence  ot 
liis  (  \[)ulsion  will  be  noted  later.  It  seems,  however, 
tliat  he  tried  to  advance  his  own  cause  and  throw  dis- 
cnijit  on  Ids  opponents  hy  creatinjj^  the  false  iinpres- 
siuii  that  he  had  been  ovtM'thrown  l)y  the  aid  of  Amer- 
jiaii^  and  by  a  party  which  favored  annexation  to  the 
Uiii;t'(l  States. 

Ill  taking  leave  of  !Micheltorena,  I  need  not  repeat,- 
vvrw  in  brief  resume,  what  has  been  said  in  former 
iliaptcrs  of  his  life  in  California,  and  bcf  )re  he  came: 
iK'itliiT  is  their  anything  more;  to  be  said  of  his  char- 
inti  r.  The  readi.'r  has  found  him  a  strange  mixture 
of  Hiiod  and  bad;  a  most  ftiscinating  and  popular 
uviillcinan;  honest,  skilful,  and  efficient  as  an  oiKcial 
in  iiiiiKir  matters;  utterly  weak,  unreliable,  and  even 
tli-liniiorable  in  all  emergenc'ies.  In  person  he  was 
tall,  •light,  and  straight;  with  agreeable  features, 
cl  an-sliaven  face,  light  comi)lexion,  and  brown  hair. 
A  |M)i'trait,  copied  I'rom  a  painting  in  ^Mexico,  was 
pi'cx'nteil  to  (lovernor  l^ooth  in  1873  for  the  state 
ca[>ital,  where  it   is  still   to  be   seen.^*      The  general 

ccsiivr  kiiiiliicss  and  aversion  to  slicddiiiL;  lilnod.  Lark'ni\<  Of.  CorrPK]).,  M.S., 
i. -1  '-'.  .M:ir.  •2Uh,  the  vessel  still  at  Jiiiclior.  M.  alloweil  (i  days  ti)  settle 
liisaCiiirs.  /(/,,  ii.  -JO.  Aire,  Mmi.,  .MS.,  4t-7,  tells  us  that  M"  expn'^sed 
iiiiuh  uiiilitude  ti)  himself  and  a  few  others  who  had  taken  no  ]iart  a'^ain.st 
liiiii.  As  lie  walked  down  to  the  boat,  dressed  in  lilack  vith  only  his  gener- 
al's sasli,  with  his  wife  on  his  arm,  l>jth  were  eheerfnl,  saln;in>;  :iU  t!iey  wet. 
SiMTiiiiM,  A/iiiii/i'.-i,  MS.,  !IS--!),  mentions  as  the  otlieers  who  remained  t'ol. 
Si'^'viv.i,  ('ai)t.  Flores,  lieuts  Villa  and  I'adilla,  alls  Duefias,  (iariias,  Servin, 
aiiil  s.:ni''iez. 

^''  Mi  liil/nrrim's  Admin.,  28;  Dcpt.  Si.  Pap.,  MS.,  vi.  82;  Bmtamnnif, 
^l'i:i.  Hit.  Jl,x.,  MS.,  ii.  170. 

'*  C'lll/onila  Jounial  of  AsKfmftli/,  1873-4,1).  14.'t;  ll(t'i<'n'  .SVrrt/w,  Ti'. 
.iVo^^,  V.  10;  Taitlor's  Di'^rov.  aii'l  Fmnvlrrs,  i.,  no.  11;  set;  also  a  lithoLrraphie 
j'urtrai!,  in /,'a;;(,sr'y',>t  TV/fi  O/Arr  (S/'»A  ,  p.  114.  His  wife  Dofia  Josef;i  lnien.es 
i^  s^pin;.  11  of  na  a  bright,  intelligent,  pleasiug,  and  generous  wumun,  who 
vaa  lii.My  respceted  by  the  Califomiaua. 
'Uisr.  Cal.,  Vul.  IV.    ii 


frti 


:| 


i 

^  *  I 
'  •  1 


M 


m 

m 


.  1} 


'••I 


n  I 


'If] 
I  '    ft 

';^l 

„  1     ' 

^    •  ■»,    1  i-ii 


f.  i- 


i  ! 


t 


IS 


.-14 


KXl'ULSION  OF  OON'HRXOR  MICIIRLTORKNA. 


was  a  mail  of  good  education  wlio  inad(^  some  litctaiv 
j)retonsioiis;  and  wlio  on  tlio  evening  of  Septeiiil)i  r 
'27,  1845,  a  few  months  after  his  return  from  Calitiir- 
nia,  read  in  a  public  celebration  at  the  University  nf 
Mexi<'o  a  literary  i>roduction,  which,  if  we  may  credit 
the  bitter  criticism  of  Carlos  Maria  l^ustamantt',  |mt 
all  his  hearers  to  sleep.'*''  In  Feliruary  1847  Mifln]- 
torena  served  as  adjutant-general  under  Santa  Aimi 
at  the  battle  of  Uuena  Vista,  or  Angostura.'"'  In 
October  1847  he  was  appointed  comandante  gciinal 
of  Oajaca,  but  the  ai)pointment  was  revoked  bcciitisc 
his  presence  was  deemed  necessary  at  Queretaro  as  ,i 
member  of  congress.'*^  In  April  1849  he  writes  t'lnm 
Mexico  to  Manuel  Jimeno.*"  In  1850-1  he  w:;, 
comandante  general  of  Yucatan;*''  and  in  1854  his 
name  no  longer  a|)])ears  in  the  list  of  officers  belong- 
ing to  the  Mexican  ariny."" 

Diiring  his  absence  in  the  south  ]\Iicheltoreii,'i.  as 
we  have  seen,  had  left  Ca[)tain  Abella  with  about  titty 
men  of  the  batallon  to  protect  ^Monterey.  It  is  not 
easy  to  form  a  deiinite  idea  of  what  occurred  at  thu 
capital  tluring  the  period;  but  it  a})pears  that  a  j'arty 

*'•  nHKinmniitr,  ^[rm.  /fiif.  ^^('r.,  iii.  4G.  'Esto  pcdiintcsco  niilitjir  ti^ne 
totla  la  auiliKjia  y  ovgnllo  i[\w.  da  la  ii,'iii)ram;i.a,  y  (]uo  h>  ooustitnyeii  uiiirto  ilu 
Imi'lii  on  tiiila  liiioa.  I'oi-  iK'sgracia  c-t  mi  paysano,  y  sin  duda  es  ol  ()a  j;i  i'.ku.) 
mas  orgulloso  y  tonto  nuc  ha  visto  Mexico'!  In  May  IS.'{.'{,  outlic  ()i.c:i-<;iiii  nt 
tlic  removal  of  iivn.  Vicoiitu  (Jiiciix'i-o's  remains  to  Oajaca,  Cul.  Micliclt'irt'iii 
took  a  iiidminent  part  in  the  exorci.ses,  coutrihutim;  a  eulogiitic  oriiii  m,  ;i 
Latin  disticli,  and  a  poem.  OiKmro,  Sain  rain)  EkIwIo  iIc  O'l^'ffrf,  O.ijaL'a, 
I8;j;{,  Svo,  i;i  p.  in  J)oi:  Hi^t.  Cdl.,  Ms.,  a.  -ill,  I  have  anuiiglnal  iloc.i- 
ment  entitled  <  'hronoloijin,  l\<m'itido,  a  treatise  on  chronology,  astinnniny, 
do'uinical  letters,  etc.,  illustrated  l)y  a  iniman  hand,  tlio  lingers  iii.iilctl 
with  letter.-s  and  ligures  in  a  mysterious  and  complicated  manner.  10  liaves, 
and  tallies.      Dodicuted  to  the  hi-llo  wxi,  and  signed  Manuel  Micheltoii  iia. 

*"l''el(.  "J.Sd,  he  is.sucd  an  orilcr  of  thaidis  to  the  army  for  gidlanii 
From  Hol'tiii  id'  la  J)emorraii<i,  in  A"/  Soiiorrnxc,  April . "J,  1847;  from 
I'irdi/iiiic,  ill  S.  F.  Californiuii,  Oct.  'J7,  1S47.  See  also  Jiamnci/'ii  Tin- 
Slilr'.  114,  etc. 

*'  Oiijdiyi,  I:JiipO'<i''i<m,  IS.'fS,  p.  7.  M.  was  at  the  time  lirigadici-i 
and  ayudaute  general.   Ca.itro,  J>u\,  MS.,  ii.  'iO.'l. 

^''Dof.  HlM.  Cut.,  M8. ,  i.  olKJ.  It  is  a  brief  note  containing  no  in 
tion. 

*"  J/c.r/Vo,  Mini.  Giiorrn,  1S.')1,  p.  11. 

'•"^'  Taylor,  (),l:U  and  I-Jmls,  no.  1 1,  p.  .W,  nays  that  he  died  in  Micliuacan 
about  l6oU,  uuniing  no  uuthurity,  and  presumably  having  none. 


',■.  oto. 
X.  ". 

I  !ut:J 
'i  'Miia- 


lie  litt'vurv 
SeptciiilxT 
iin  Califor- 
liversity  nf 
may  crrdit 
numto,  put 
47  Mi.-h.l- 
anta  Anna 
tura/''     In 

lie  ^'clliT;!! 
0(1  ln'c;Hi>i,' 
retaro  as  a 

A'ritcS   tVnlll 

-I  lie  \v;;> 
1  1854  his 
ers  beloii'-'- 


eltorenn,  as 
L  about  lit'ry 

It   is  lint 

•rod  at  the 
Kit  a  1  tarty 

CO  niilitiir  tione 
Ituyou  iiliii'io  ih 
lo.s  i'IOmj;!  I'l-i'ii 
I  the  ofiM>:i'ii  I't 
1,1.  Mirhrll'>lfli:l 
^i-itio  oiati  111.  :i 
\hijii'-ii.  Ojiaca, 
li  ui-igiii:il  il'K':i- 
L'y,  iistri'n"i>iy' 
llinyers   inailii'l 

lor.     10  l'''^*^'*- 
liclu'ltnrri;;i. 


j^aluiii: 


i?ti'. 


17;  tn.1,1  .v.". 
my'x   Th'    I  "Iff 

ligadier'-;' ninJ 
i,r  lit)  iii'^niui- 


AFFAIRS  AT  MONTEREY. 


6i: 


Mi 


.  .aciu 


di'  ( 'aliforiiians  was  (organized  outside  the  town,  with 
a  \ii\v  of  atteniptiiig  its  ca[)tiire,  which  was  prevented 
iimir  l)y  the  iiifiuence  of  citizens  and  ibi'eigiiers  than 
li\  tiif  strciii^th  of  the  u'arrison.  At  the  end  of  Feh- 
lu.iiv.  after  a  series  of  hostile  demonstrations  con- 
fusedly recorded,  on  receipt  of  rumors  that  Alvarado 
aiiil  ( 'astro  had  been  def<'ated,  (labriel  de  la  Torre,  in 
coiiiiiiand  of  the  force  mentioned,  summoned  Abella 
tn  siirrciider.  The  captain  refused,  and  Torre  made 
1111  attempt  to  enforce  his  demand,  yielding,  as  ho 
stated,  to  the  solicitations  of  S[)i:nce,  Jlartnell,  and 
I'alilo  de  la  Guerra,  who  came  out  as  re|)resentatives 
lit'  tlic  townsi)eoplc,  and  because  news  soon  arrived  of 
what  had  really  ha})j)ened  in  the  south. "^^  Imniedi- 
iitely  after  the  surreiuler  at  Cahuenga,  General  Castro, 
It  aiiii*>'  that  ]\Iicheltorena  niioht  break  this  treatv  as 
I'.r  had  the  former  one  if  allowed  to  land  at  Monterey, 
dispatched  Andres  Pico  with  a  small  i)arty  to  go  to 
Monterey  by  forced  marches  and  assume  command. 
Ill'  left  Los  Anueles  on  Februarv  24th,  and  arrived 
at  Monterey  before  ^larch  5th.  Torre  ])ut  his  men 
at  Pico's  disposal;  and  Abella  made  no  objection  to 
giving  up  the  coinniand.     Thus  Micheltorena's  men 

■'' Miurh  1,  1S4."),  Abella  to  Torrn.  Refuses  to  surreiuler  the  town  with- 
(iiituiiiii-(ler  from  Mielieltorciiii.  Dor.  IfiM.  ('a/., 'SlH.,ii.  ll{.  March  "itli, 'I'ihto 
1 1  (' istio,  expliiiiiiiig  tiio  re;i;«)ua  for  ninkiu^'  the  deniaiiil  iiiid  for  not  having 
t;:fiii<iil  it.  lie  had  (J'J  men.  A/.,  ii.  14.  I  suspect  that  Torre  may  have 
r.Kul;' tlu' second  demand  after  he  heard  of  I'ico's  a|>proach,  with  a  view  to 
gain  ocilit  M'itli  the  new  govt.  Josiah  Helden,  Ilisf.  Slcd'nieiit,  MS.,  'MiA), 
says  tlic  Californians  marched  on  Monterey  ami  (Kiiianded  its  surrender  soon 
aiwv  the  govei-nor's  departure.  Mrs  .Miclieltorena  v.as  not  sure  of  her  own 
stihUi'rs,  and  JJeldcn  at  Larkin's  rei|iiest  orj,'anized  a  guard  of  (i  American 
litliiiieii.  who  thereafter  kept  guard  at  her  house.  Aliella  and  his  othcers 
Mcif  at  tirst  inclined  to  surrender,  Imt  Mrs  .M.  protested  and  carried  Ikt 
I'liint.  J.ater  came  a  second  demand  (that  of  'i'orie  already  noted),  and  coni- 
lai-sioiK  IS  were  sent  out,  who  made  an  arrangement  hy  which  the  Californi- 
iiii'  were  to  hold  the  fort,  and  tlie  garrison  the  town,  one  party  or  the  other 
1 1  yii-lil  later  according  to  the  issue  of  the  struggle  in  the  south.  Swan,  ///•/. 
>'.''■ /('>■,  .MS.,  ;}-4,  says  tiie  foreigners  stood  guard  under  the  diiectiou  of 
S|icinc  and  l)r  Stokes.  Feb.  4tli,  news  of  tlie  troubles  at  Monterey  had 
I'tMohid  S.  V.  Torre  was  said  to  have  won  over  most  of  the  garrison,  and 
cMii  to  have  occupied  the  town,  VtiUcjo,  Doc,  MS.,  xii.  i;{4.  (iarcia,  A/iioiff, 
M'^'. ,  U,  says  that  some  of  the  garrison  went  over  to  the  Califomian.s.  (iomcz, 
/. .  ','"■  >■""'"',  ^IS.,  190-4,  and  (iarnica  del  Castillo,  Itecufrdo-s  MS.,  4-7,  Uilk 
HI  vaiimis  movements  of  defence  and  oll'ence,  of  spies,  of  shots  lired,  of 
t'll■e.lt.^  to  blow  up  the  govt  house,  etc.  Felipe  Butrouuud  Santiago  Estrada 
M\-  nai'iLil  as  leaders  a:  "^ng  the  Californians. 


IPUr  w 

■Ml,  <«'  flit  ^ 

H  !•  ]  -i 


Mr. 


1  ji 

If 


!fff   : 


m 
1 


i8iii 


)l; 


l! 


f.lO 


KXITLSION  OF  GOVERXOR  MICMEI.TORKNA. 


t  n 


wcro  not  periiiitted  to  land,  and  tlu^pun-ly  inuv/inniv 
dau'ji'cr  of  new  troul)li;s  with  liini  was  avcitrd.''- 

TIkti!  was  an  alarm  at  Sonoma  that  Sutler  <m  liis 
niari'h  s(»uthward  had  dctachud  a  jjart  t»l'  his  t'orif  id 
rt^tui'n  and  ravau^o  tho  northern  frontier.  Colonel  \';i- 
llcjo  so  far  credited  the;  report  that  he  issueil  a  Htiniii„' 
appeal  to  the  [x'ople  to  rally  in  di'fenee  of  their  Ikhmis: 
hilt  ( )sio  soon  wrote  from  Yerha  liJiiena  that  th(>  iv|i(.it 
was  founded  on  nothimif  nioi'e  terrible  than  Suttti's 
boasting  of  what  he  would  do  on  his  return/''  ?\Ii;iii- 
while  Sutter  was  detained  f<jr  some  days  under  iinnii- 
nal  arrest  at  Ijos  An^jeles;  but  finallv  the  iiew  iiutliiui- 
ties  j)retendi'(l  to  accept  his  explanation  that  he  h  nl 
aided  Alieheltorena  merely  as  a  subordinate  otlicei  in 
obedience  to  orders,and  not  only  released  him, as  indcc  I 
they  were  bound  to  do  by  the  treaty,  but  also  allewt ;! 
him  to  retain  all  his  old  jxiwers  on  the  Sacraiiieiit*. 
In  ^farch  he  started  with  l^idwell,  Townsend,  \';ii;i, 
his  kanaka  servants,  and  j)art  (tf  his  Indian  waiiii'is, 
returned  northward  by  way  of  the  Tejon  l*ass  .uid 
Tulares  Valley,  and  arrivetl  at  New  Helvetia  the  i-t 
of  April.'*  The  foreigners  of  the  rille  company  <!i.l 
not  return  in  a  body,  but  most  of  them  were;  |>r(ili;ilily 
at  their  homes  bi'fore  the  enil  of  March.  (Jaiilt  ;iiiil 
!Marsh  before  leavim^  the  south  made;  a  contract  with 
Pico  to  attack  the  Indian  horse-thieves  for  a  sh.ii.  ni 
the  live-stock  they  might  recovpr.      None  of  the  imm- 


'''Fel).  2.3(1,  C.istro'a  instructions  to  Pico.    Pico,  Dor.,  MS.,  ii.  -2'  s     Al 
varado,  J/inl.  Cnl.,  MS.,  v.  S!l-!(.'{,  tiiiuhs  M.  hail  noidcaof  inakiiii;:i  mw  >U\nA. 
M()i^t  ( 'aliforiiiaii  writiM-.s  merely  nientii)n  I'ico'a  taking  comniantl  at  Moiiii  n\ ; 
*  tlieri:  is  no  m'eil  to  rei)eat  the  references. 

•■■»  Fei).  Ist,  V.'.s  eiirular.  Vnlhjo,  Doc,  MS.,  xii.  VA'l.  Feb.  4th,  (itii,  Mil, 
Osio  to  V.   A/.,  xii.  l.'tl,  i:t(i-7. 

•■'Sutter,  /'criioiial  l!i  niiiiin.,  MS.,  claims  that  many  wore  in  favor  nf  >hHot- 
inj^  liiin,  whioii  is  likely  enouj^h,  and  that  the  di.scuvery  of  M.'s  ovder  njiiiii.' 
liis  papers  was  all  tliat  saved  liim.  But  of  couiso  h<!  was  protected  Iv  ilic 
treaty,  and  pndmlily  also  hy  promises  made  to  him  at  tlie  time  of  iii.s  i  :i|  tiiir 
and  previously  to  his  companions,  to  say  notiiing  of  tiie  fact  that  hv.  jin  nnsid 
his  hearty  support  to  tiie  new  govt.  Feh.  '2(>th,  S.  to  I'ieo,  assertinir  tli  it  lu' 
iiad  acted  merely  hy  M.'s  orders,  antl  askinj;  to  he  released.  J^i'/)/.  S\  I'lif-, 
MS.,  V.  li'l-4.  Arrival  home  on  April  1st,  after  liavin^  been  'reijuitt.  i  "itli 
all  honors.'  Sutter's  JHary,  (5.  Before  April  (tth  \w  had  made  an  Indum  <  iiiii- 
paign  and  killed  2*2  of  the  savages  who  had  killed  Thomas  Lindsay.  l>' :'.  ■>'• 
Pnp.,  MS.,  vi.  173. 


rKTURX  OF  GANTT'S  COMPANY. 


817 


M' 


UiV/lll.'ll-V 

•r  till  liis 

;  loi'cr  til 
iOih'l  \'a- 
i  stiri'iii'^ 

lie  Vpi'lt 

Sllttcl''s 

:  jiutli'ifi- 
t  h.'  Iii4 
uHicfi'  ill 
asiiiil'T  1 
o  alliiwiil 
•raiiii'iit*. 
ixl,  \':ii'a. 
wanii'i's, 
[l*ass  ami 
i;i  tlif  l>t 
any  <iiil 
(I'olialily 
iiitt  ami 
act  w  itli 
sliai  !■  "i 
lu.'  llUlll- 


_>7  s.  Al- 
;i  iii'W  .-taliii. 
it  Moiitiivy; 

4tll,  titii,  Mil, 

tvor  111  ^lioot- 

(inter  aiiioiij; 

iH'tcil  l'>  tlie 

if  lii3i':i|'tiliv 

lui  jiri'iiiist'il 

King  tliat  lin 

j)l.  S>.  !'"]'■> 

.,|uittri  with 

IikII.'iii  ''I'll'- 


ll.'l 

tlin 
1. 


lost  anvtliiii!^  l)ut  tluMr  titno,  or  sufferod  any  op- 

-.-;i(in  In'causc  of  tlicif  iinwisi-  ineddliiit^  in  politics, 

I'^li  tilt;  most  of'tlicin,  not  l)u"mg  citizens,  were  not 


v* 


l.-ally  protected  by  the  treaty.''^ 


'  I'd).  27tli,  ci^ntract  lictwcon  gov.  uml  finntt.  Dcitt.  Si.  Pnp.,  MS.,  vi. 
171  J:  V.  /•ii/i.,  Sur.,  MS.,  xix.  '20-2.  Maivli  1st,  (iaiitt  t<>  .1.  A.  t'lirrillo. 
Ill  •  lues  tlu't  iliiiigf.>iiis;aiiif;t  liiiiisclf,  Maish,  llciu-lcy,  uihI  1  >i(  key,  in  a  li'ttcr 
iVi'hi  (anilli),  arc  iiiitomnlLil  iiiiil  vury  istiaiigi'.  ('//•/•/  1 1  (liaiii.),  Jhic,  M.S., 
Idl.  llo  was  then  at  S.  l-'ruu'i.-R'o  ranulio.  April  I'JtIi,  C 'u.sti')  to  \V<  lit r. 
.'^uftl■l•'s  men  wishing  to  settlo  may  lio  otieml  guarantie.s;  liosidcs,  they  are  pro- 
tiiti  il  l>y  the  treaty.  Letter  in  JJall'-cL'ii  M(.c.  Laittl  Lutvs,  M.S. 


iSfrt 


I    V' 


!  ■  t  i 


1 

5 

If 

Sf 

f\ 

'  -i 

)    y 

\ '  1 

m 

^  1 

M 

H 

# 


CHAPTER  XXII. 

RULE  OF  riCO  AND  CASTRO— POLITICAL  ANNALS. 

184"). 
Pico  an'h  Castro  in  Command— Lus  Axuklks  tiik  Capital— Skssion-j  of 

ASSKMIII.Y — Kxi'KUlKNTKAtlAI.NST  M  K.'IIKLTOKK.NA  —  PuiSONKUs' Rl.Vcil.T    - 

■Ir.NTA  j)K  (iri;ui!A  at  Montkuky — Acts  oy  ^NIkxican  (iuvKiiSMKNi  — 
Ei'iciuis  OF  Castanauf.s— I.NiKSTiiA'.s  ExrKDiTioN— A  Fiasco— 111.) \i:'s 
Mission— J.  M.  ("astanauks  Sknt  to  Mexico— Pkoposals  roi;<ln\  i:i;- 

Noli-  SiT'UDMK  CnCHT — CoNSTITITIONAL  KkFOIJMS — PllKFKCTCUKS  Ki:- 
.STOKEl)  \'0TK  FOU  I'liliSIIiENT — JoNES  ANIJ  LaKKIN — CasTILLKUh's  MIS- 
SION—MlLIl  All  Y     OUCANIZATION — SkPTEMIIEK    ReVoLT     AT     Ancki.!,-; 

El  kctioss — Ai.VAKAUo  FOK  CoNOKEss — Vai;ei.a  Revolt  AT  Ani;i;i.i.s— 
CAintii.i.o  IvxiLEO— l'"i,uKi:s  J!kvoi.t  at  Santa    JJAUiiAUA— Lndian  Ai'- 

AlilS— CoNlltACT   WITH   (.lANTT   ANU   MaKSII— LoCAL   ItEMS. 

TnK  rule  of  l^io  Pico  as  jLjfovcrnor,  and  of  .Iw>c 
Castro  as  coiiiaiulantL'  general,  both  holding  olHcr  ml 
interim  under  Micheltorena's  enforced  acknow  inl;^- 
nient,  and  Pico  also  legally  as  senior  vocal  nl"  ili' 
assenihlv,  dates  from  the  treaty  of  Cahuenc>;a  on  tlu' 
2:1(1  of  Fehruary,  184.").  Neither  had  any  special 
<juali(ications  for  his  j)osition;  neither  would  have  !)■  en 
chosen  by  the  leading  citizens,  or  even  by  a  jxiiiuhir 
vote,  perlia})s,  in  his  own  section;  and  neither  wniihl 
luive  selected  the  other  as  his  associate.  Castro  lia.! 
earned  his  place  by  his  services  in  the  revolution;  ai;tl 
Pico,  in  addititjn  t(-)  his  leual  claims  aiul  his  claiiii>  a-^ 
a  southern  man,  had  also  the  sup[)ort,  politically,  dt 
Alvarado.  Don  Juan  J^autista,  if,  as  many  helii w, 
he  had  ho])ed  to  secure  the  governorship  for  him-'ll". 
had  been  forcetl  to  make  this  concession  as  an  altiiiia- 
tive  of  lailure;  and  wlien  the  danger  was  past,  he  was 

(518  I 


LOS  ANCKLES  THK  CAPITAL 


610 


not  :i  mail  t(»  lnvak  liis  word,  ii(»r  did  In-  dcsiic  to 
j  la<'  liiiusclf  in  opfii  r('i)L'irK)ii  Jii^aiiist  Moxico,  or  to 
stii  iil»  til*'  old  sectional  aniniositics,' 

It  is  not  known  wlietlicr  there  had  heen  any  posi- 
ti\(stii»iilation  that  Los  Ani^eles  was  to  he  the  capital, 
lis  |iai'tot'tlie  prict!  paid  lor  sontlu;rn  coo[)ei'ation;  hut 
the  silenc(;  ot"  northern  politicians  on  the  suhject  durinL? 
tlii>  year  indicates  that  such  was  the  case.-  At  any 
late,  w  ith  a  southern  jjfovernor  and  a  southnii  major- 
ity ill  the  assend)ly,  there  wasn«»  ht»[te  t'oi-  Monterey; 
and  to  Los  AiiLjeles  the  capital  went  and  I'euiained 
tlieii'  without  othcial  pr(ttest,  the  sessions  of  the  as- 
stiiihly  heiiiL,'  held  there,  lor  the  most  part  without 
the  attendance  of  noi'thern  niend)ers.  J?ico  made  tl  nan 
JJaiiiliui  his  seci-etary  (jf  state  at  iirst,  and  a  littli'  later 
JdM'  M.  C'ovarruhias.  lie  was  unsuccessful  in  his  ef- 
foits  to  brin^'  the  treasury  als<j  to  the  south,  and  to 
(stahlish  a  custom-house  at  San  DieL';o;  hut  he  made 
luiKicio  del  Valle  a  kind  of  treasurer  to  have  ••harLi^e 
ul'that.  ])oi'ti()n  of  the  ri'veiiuys  heloiiniiiL;'  to  tlie  civil 
ij'ovoinment.      Alvarado  was  made  administrat(jr  of 


.1  ^'''i 


^ 


i7  i 


iipll 


I 
I 


'  Alvanulo,  TfiM.  Cal,  MS.,  i.  231;  iv.  17-18;  v.  ")9-(;0,  G-»-.">,  72,  says  ho 
Was  iiiL'uil  by  Casti'o  nml  l)y  utliers  to  iiiakf  liinisclf  p)Voni<)r,  on  tlii'  li',i,'iil 
gidiiiiil  or  ])rotoxt  that  ho  liad  not  serveilout  liis  tiTin  wlicu  MichcltDrciia  had 
oiiiK'  to  itlifvc  him;  hut  lie  rcfuHod,  hi'iiij,'  ilutoriiiiiiod  imt  to  isct  an  I'xaiiiiilu 
(if  vi  .latiiiLT  the  laws.  1  suspect  tliat  a  utill  sticini;er  iiiotivi'  was  his  ]iii)iiiise 
til  I'ii'oaiid  his  Irieiiils;  hut  it  must  hi;  adiiiitti'd  that  .Mvaiado,  thioii^^hoiit  liis 
(.aieii',  was  rarely  if  ever  found  takiu;,'  a  position  airainst  tlu!  letter  of  til  ; 

law.     I'iio,  //;.,/.  r,(/.,  .MS.,  Vl\   2,  tells  us  that  he  distrusted  (astro  fi i  the 

tiist,  iiiakiuL;  an  ell'ort  to  have  Vallejo  eliosen  us  {.'eiieral.  .Many  olii;cis  aitreed 
wi;h  hiai,  lint  it  was  feared  that  if  the  matter  were  pressed  ( '.istro  would  eom- 
liiit  smne  aet  of  violence.  March  "Jlst,  .1.  (".  .loiies,  wrifin;.,'  to  J.arkiu  in 
appiiival  of  the  general  result  of  tlie  revolution,  says:  '  lint  as  to  our  new 
u'l.iiMor.  Vo  gods!  Tlie  iilea  of  I'io  I'ico  l)cin'.,' cliiinilied  w  ith  the  title  of 
rA.ellcncy  I  It  is  almost  too  ridiculous  to  ludieve,  lint  still  I'io  I'ico  \\  ill  lie 
a  more  ellieient  goveriKir  than  Micheltoiena,  and  if  he  errs,  it  will  he  throu;^h 
i-iiiirance  and  li:id  advice.  1  do  not  helicve,  howc\ti-,  tli[it  his  rci;,'ii  will  he 
liiii.;;  there  will  he  a  tlare-up  no  donlit  liefore  many  mouths  liitwfcn  the  ( 'ali- 
fiinii;iiis  themselves.  The  great  hugs  of  Sonoma  ai'e  to  lie  crushed;  there  will 
h.'  im  oliice  ai'signed  to  any  one  of  that  great  family.'  l.nrLiii\-<  /)iic.,  .M.S.,  iii. 
7"i.  March  4th,  l.arkiii  sends  his  respects,  etc..  to  I'ici,  and  asks  for  infornia- 
tim  .iliout  the  changes  of  govt.  /'/.,  (>//'.  < 'orn.yj.,  MS.,  i.  •_'!».  Feii.  L'Ttli, 
liisliip  Garcia  Diego  congratulates  I'ico  on  his  accession.  J>'i"'.  N/.  Paji.,  .MS., 
vi.  111. 

'"  Private  iiidividuals  in  the  north  coni]>lained  freipieiitly  of  the  inoonvcn- 
itiid'  .if  so  distant  a  capital.  Vallejo  in  lii.s  letter  to  IJiistanuiutc  recoin- 
iiicii.j.  d  Sta  Clara  as  a  central  and  altogether  suitahle  place. 


CJO        HULK  OF  I'ICO  AND  CASTRO -POLITICAL  ANNALS. 


li'i. 


the  custoin-lioiisc  at  ^^otlton'y,  wlicrc  Abrc^'o  ret  liinvl 
til"'  treasury,  and  where  ( 'ast  ri>  eslal)li.>lie(|  his  iiiiH'n  y 
liea(!(|l|;irlers,  with  I'^raiiriscD  Arce  as  seeretai'V.  ('is- 
tro's  iiiihtai'v  authority  in  tlie  south  was  dclej^aliii  to 
Josu  A.  Carrillo,  wlu*  was  an  enemy  to  .Pi(!o,  and  ulio 
((eeiipied  a  )M>sition  as  coniandante  of  the  soutln  in 
hue  similar  to  that  of  N'aliejo  in  the  nortli. 

'I'hus  the  ('(MKhtions  were  not  I'avorahle  to  liar- 
mony.  With  tlio  governor,  eapitah  and  assemhiv  ,it 
Jjos  Ani^('ios,  and  the  eivil  otiiees  aU  in  the  h.iinh  nf 
the  ahajehos,  whih;  the  military  li(!ad(]uai(e!s,  cusdiin. 
Iionse,  and  Ireasnry  wer((  at  Montei-ty,  undei'  the  mn- 

trol  of  {irribeho  politicians,  a  renewal  of  tlie  ol  1   - 

tional  quarrels,  as  well  as  of  those  between  mililaiv 
and  civil  authorities,  mii^ht  safi-ly  hv.  pi'edictrd.  \>  \. 
perhaps  l»ecaus(;  the  spoils  and  advantages  wen^  iikhi! 
evenly  divided  between  th(3  north  and  south  than  in 
former  years,  the  (jUan-el  was  not  in  18i5  so  bitterer 
so  disastrous  in  its  elfects  as  might  hav(^  been  ex- 
pected, '^i'he  troubles  were,  moreover,  not  so  much 
between  the  two  s  L'tions  of  the  departnu-nt,  as  lu 
tween  the  general  and  governor;  and  in  niosi  ,  v ;, 
the  ]>etty  conilicts  were  waged  on  southern  soil,  In- 
tween  the  Pico  element  and  ceitain  soutlu.'rn  nic:)  wlio 
represented,  and  were  perhaps  abetted  I)y,  the  ( '  i-iro 
cli(pic  at  ^Monterey. 

Outside  of  the  personal  and  official  jealousies  r>v 
ferred  to,  the  reader  will  hnd  but  little  to  condenin  in 
the  acts  of  this  administration;  that  is,  in  com[)ail^o:i 
with  the  average  of  preceding  ones,  and  before'  lli;' 
outbreak  of  the  iinal  and  inevitable  st(jrm  that  brought 
it  to  an  end.  Particularly  will  there  be  f  )und  niiir!i 
to  be  mildly  praised  in  Pico's  general  policy  duriiij: 
the  3''car  1845.  He  was  not  a  brilliant  man,  anJ  't- 
fectod  no  radical  reforms;  but  he  displayed  a  crcilita- 
ble  degree  of  <;ood  sense  and  moderation  in  his  i  i an- 
agement  of  public  affairs,  and  was  far  from  dest  r\  lii;^' 
the  ridicule  that  has  been  heaped  Uj^on  him  bv  his 
countrymen  and  others.       This  will  be    particululy 


SKSSIOX  OF  TIIK  JUNTA. 


CJl 


;i|ip;U'('ni  iVoJIl    tllO    tlll'cc    rolIi»\vi|i<^r    clunitcl's,  devoted 

te  the   iiiijiortaiit    }.>»'iu'j'al    t(t|)irs   ol'   misNioii    airair^, 
ti;i(le,  liiiant'L',  iuiiiii^i'utioii,  and  l«)rt.'ii,qi  relations. 

Tilt'  asaniMca,  or  junta,  wlioso  sessions  ot"  January 
jiiid  I'V'Inuary  liave  aliti'.dy  \>vv\\  recorded  in  roniiec- 
tjnii  with  tlnj  i'e\rilulion,''  met  aLjain  at  Ijos  Ani^flcs 
ill  regular  .session  on  tlie  I'd  of'  Mai'cli,  and  Iield  iVe- 
(|iii  lit  nieetinn's  until  ( )etolK'i',  the  nortliein  nienihei's, 
.S|.(  nee,  Munras,  and  l']stiada,  heini;"  ahseiit,  hut  se\ - 
t  i;il  southern  suplentes  heiniL,^  called  in  at  vai'ious  times 
In  I  ike  their  |>laees.*  J*ico,  J^oti'Uo,  I'^i^ueroa,  ( Virlos 
Caiiillo,  and  lL,niaeio  del  V^alle  were  the  niend)ers  and 
>uiilci.*^es  wh(»  Were  present  i'roin  Man-h  to  May. 
Till'  tiist  matter  that  came  up  lor  consideration — and 
tlie  only  imp(»rtant  one  e\<x'pt  those  connected  with 
cniiinierce  and  missions,  as  noted  elsewhere — was  tlm 
|iiv|iai'ation  of  an  cxpci/lrHfr  on  the  late  pi'oceedin^s 
ii'^ainst  ^lieheltoreiia,  to  he  sent  to  Mexico  as  a  de- 
I'liicc  of  the  Californians.  l*ieo  and  Castro,  three 
d;!\  s  after  the  treaty  of  Cahiien^a,  had  written  U)  the 

•'Sio  ('Imp.  xxi.  of  this  vol. 

'Srssions  of  M)ii'i'li,  April,  .•uul  Mnv.  reconlcil  in  7V/)^  f>t.  Pap..  MS.,  x. 
77.  s7;  /.(';/.  I'rc  ,  MS.,  iv.  W'-M.  ■_'.")(»  ill,  •-'(Id;  Ihi^t.  St.  l'(ip.,S.  .I„»>.  MS., 
Y.  ill!;  /'/.,  Hi  II.,  ii.  101.  Many  minor  imitiiiu  iiKittir.-),  iiuludiiii,'  hind  ^.'ivints. 
I  Kill  runiplaints,  day.s  of  niiH'tiiiL.',  ic.^'nlations  of  voting  and  diliatc.  icjjoit.s 
nl'  iciiiiinitt(-'i.'.s,  I'Xcilsos  of  inuiiilnjis  lor  nonutti'iidanco,  ftc,  ivi'i'lvi;  no 
fiirtlii  r  notice.  I  amy  note,  liowtviT,  the  following  itonis  not  pcrtainin.;  to 
tlir  tiipics  treated  in  my  text.  March  "JStii,  lour  law.s  iiro|ioscd  and  snit  to 
Mi\!r.if(ii-apj)n>viil,  Lstand'Jd,  on  trade,  opening  the  port  of  .S.  Oiego,  ,'ind  pro- 
l.iliiiiiiL;  the  introdiu'tion  of  lic)iiors;  ,'!d,  on  thi'  ap|)oiiitnu  nt  of  gov,,  ihep.e.s- 
i'l  11'  to  appoint  him  for  .">  year.s  from  a  list  proposeil  Ky  tiie  assi  luldy  aeroid- 
iii.' to  art.  l.'lt!-"  of  the  ha.ses  organi^•a^^,  the  'Jd  ]iai't  of  faeiillad  xvii.  of  art. 
h'il  giving  the  pre.s.  authority  to  disregard  tiie  list  in  tiu'  ea.se  of  finnlier 
ili-ji.utiiniit.s — not  to  have  etleet  in  Cal. ;  and  4th,  Alta  Cal.  to  extenil  soutli  to 
S.  Fiiiiandoou  the  liaja  (.'al.  frontier.  April  ISth,  I'lst,  action  on  ndssinns. 
.\prii  S.V\,  educational  /irijcrto  dr  li'i/.  A|iii!  •.!.")th,  disiiission  on  conlii  niation 
of  hiinl  grunts.  April 'JSth,  pro().  to  estal)lisii  a  mercantile  triliunal  at  .Mon- 
tcn  y;  also  secret  .session  to  })ropose  candidates  for  gov.,  with  no  result  gi\tii. 
.■\liiil  .'foth.  May  7tli,  land  grants.  May  !Hli,  I'Jtii,"  Uth,  \arious  minor  mat- 
tcis.  V,  itliout  results.  May  Kith,  a  forest  law  passed,  proiiiliitnig  t!ie  cutting 
(iftiiiiheron  private  lamls  iind  regulating  it  on  p'.iljlic  lands,  .^lay  I'.lth,  tin; 
■<(v.,  Oivera,  to  have  an  assistant  as  .soon  as  the  assemhly  canatlonl  the  funds; 
iiaiii  IS  (if  war  with  the  U.  S.  May  iMst,  mission  matters.  May  '2M,  local 
tiniihlcs  between  judges  at  S.  Francisco.  May  'Jdth,  trouliles  caused  hy  the 
iili^Liu  I'  of  memliers  without  legal  excuses.  May  "JSlli,  decree  on  the  renting 
uikI  :-ale  of  niiasiuiis. 


r'l. 


■■  'hi 


.:  ^'  -.i 


■*^ 


,  :-  *i 


' 


.,   !  ;;. 


I 


W' 


Urn 


it-J 


f! 


m  ■ 


522        RULE  OF  PICO  AND  CASTRO— rOLITICAL  ANNALS. 

])n'si(l('Mt,  aslviiiuf  tliat  tlio  ox-^-ovonioi-'s  rcjxji-ts  In'  not 
«-rt'(lit(Ml,  and  that  judLjiiK'Mt  he  defl'iTcd  until  full  r\- 
planatinus  could  be  I'ccfivod  tVom  a  couiniissioucr  w  ho 
would  soon  l)e  sent  lor  that  |)ur|)osc.'^  The  assomlilv 
iiaiuo(l  Spc'iu'c  and  Ahrcij^o  at  Monteivv,  OIvimm  at 
Ann'flcs,  and  Fi-ancisco  di;  la,  (xucrra  in  Santa  l!;u- 
hara  to  colK-ct  I'vidcncc  on  the  suhject,  indicatni:,'  in 
instiMictions  issued  some  ot"  the  sourot'S  IVom  which 
and  points  upon  which  evidcnco  was  to  be  sought. 
At  the  saint'  time  ]\IiL,nicl  IV'dron^na  and  .1.  A.  ( 'ai- 
rillo  wcio  a|tpointcd  to  visit  Mexico  and  pr^^sent  the 
char'n'es.  Both  di'clined  the  servi(M%  and  Pico  was 
authorized  to  aj)point  sid)stitutes;  hut  nothing-  niuiv 
is  recorded  in  the  matter  at'tiT  the  end  ot"  April.''  On 
the  'JSth  of  ^[arch,  however,  Pico  had  sent  a  r(  pi  rt 
and  defence  to  ATexico,  \\  itii  a  collection  of  twehc  (h'l  - 
uments  in  support  of  his  statements.  The  doctnin  nts 
have  heen  alread}'  cited;  and  the  only  jHH'uliarity  nt' 
]Mco's  defence  is  the  fact  that  he  re]»i-esente<l  Micjni- 
torena's  i\'fusal  to  convt'ue  the  asse:nl>ly  as  one  ot  his 
chief  otfences,  alludini;"  to  the  ilK'^al  si'ssion  at  Mmu 
terey  in  the  spring'  of  1S44.  This  [)hase  of  the  >iih- 
ject  was  lather  weak." 

M«'an\\hile  there  were  disturbances  at  the  mw 
capital,  more  or  less  political  in  their  si^'nilicaiKv, 
In  Mairh  Siuiplicit*  Valdes  was  ai'j'ested  on  a  cliai.:'' 
of  ha\inn"  conspired  to  seize  the  public  fuiuU  aiiil 
]»roclaiin  .Miclieltorena  !4"overnor  and  general.'  At 
the  same  time  AFatias  Moreno,  afterward  a  soiiievhat 
prominent  man,  was  j)rosecuted  for  iiuh'corous  ixpirs- 

^  I'Vl).  2.')tli,  P.  ami  ('.  to  pri's.    liifit.  St.  /'t/..,  ..IS.,  vi.  IS. 

'■'M:ir.  Itli.  aiiiMiiiitiiuiits.  /,.;/.  /;'-■..  .MS.,  iv.  .'17  14,  ;UM>  S.  I'i.'oto  |Hncp, 
Alvariidi),  iiiiil  ( 'asti'D.  /'<//'.  A'l'.,  .MS.,  \i\ .  (i,  I'ii",  ti>  Olvcia  with  m-tnu'. 
]>•  j'l.Sl.  I'liii.  .MS..vi.  71  ■">.  .\piil!ltli,  .\l>r«j:u'>iii,striii'.  t  >tak«'statiiiir:it-iit 
."xii'li  )il'iiniiiiiit  liirii,  .scaiili  fill' (li)i\.  .'tc.  V.  J'ii]>.,  Siir.,  M.S.,  .\ix.  I  '_'.  .V|'iil 
1  I  til,  .MiaMc  Mscciliai'  ]ii'i  uaifil  'JO  p.  of  iiiattif  iiiidci'  .Miri'jio's  iustiii.  .  /.•;/. 
;.'.'■.,  .MS,,  iv.  .'Ill  r_'.  Aiail  -SM,  (.'anilloan.!  IVdiorciia  .Icdiiic.  /';■'.>'. 
J'lt/:,  MS.,  vii.  :VM. 

'•  Mil-Ill  llii  ■nil,  /Crpi'ilii  ntf  riiiitfii  il  (irmnd,  JSj.'i.  In  Mimilur  ('■m'ti!., 
Misy  •-'7  s,  1,S4.-);  Mhiin-ri,  .May  •-'!•  :tl,   isi,-.. 

*■  .March  "Jtitli,  .\;,'a]iito  Itainiicz  was  tlirai'cii.-^cr.  An  iiivcsti^'atioii  f  1<  ri'l. 
Ni>  i-f.siili.s  rcconl  ■il.  Jh/il.  iSl.  i'(ii>-,  Ms.,  vi.  •2';  nl.,  lii  ii.  /'c/'.  i/'  ;  .  li- 
54;  Jtipl.  I,':,.,  MS.,  .xiv.  -11. 


n 


TUMULTS  AT  TilK  CAPITAL. 


523 


•  ions  aijjain^t  tlu>  jj^ovorninont  in  wrltiiiij^.  There  was 
;;ii  ,<\\U'Y  issued  to  biuiisli  Moreno  across  the  iVoiitier, 
hut  lir  was  set  free  a  few  nlonth^(  hiter.'''  In  the  niirht 
dl'  A|)i'il  8th,  some  twenty  criminals  confined  in  the 
jiill.  '>y  ^'uardl  louse,  overiiowered  their  n'uards,  seized 
thi  ii  anus,  and  stationed  themselves  before  the  cluii'ch, 
win  'V  they  kindled  a  bonhie  and  ojiened  lii'e  with 
raiiiH'ii  and  muskets  U[>  and  down  the  street,  shoutiuL'' 
"D.iwi  with  Pico,  Carrillo,  and  Sanchez!"  As  the 
citi/.iiis  bej^an  to  assemble  in  arms,  the  enthusiasm 
(iI'Uk'  rci)i.ls  cooled,  and  most  of  them  surrendered  to 
l!ir  autho;;ties.  Three  or  four  of  tht;  riuLrleaders 
(ilitaini'd  hoises  and  escaped,  to  be  retaken  later  and 
MiitciK-ed  to  six  years  of  convict  liie  at  Ara|)ulco."^ 
At  tlif  beniiming  of  ^lay,  for  reasons  not  explained, 
Carrillo  was  tem|)oraiily  relieved  of  his  conuuand  in 
t',i\i>i-  (tf  Andres  Pico,  by  Castro's  ordt-r."  .John  (■. 
Juiiis  wrote  to  Lai'kiu  as  follows:  "I  have  just 
irliiiiird  from  the  pueblo;  th(>viire  all  at  lo<;n'erl leads 
tlitic  l*io  Pico  is  most  unpojiulai',  and  .lose  Antonio 
Caiiillo,  in  my  opinion,  is  endea\'orinn'  to  sup|>lant 
liiiii.  'i^he  present  j^overnment  of  (/alifornia  cannot 
(\i-t    six    mttnths;  it   will    explode    by    spontaneous 

riilllhiistion."'- 


■  iM 


I 


"M.inli  ■2(5tli.  r>lst,  .luno  KUli.  Sr.tli.    A7-/.  /.'-'•.,  MS.,  xiv.  -JS-O. 

".\|Mil  !ltli,  CiulnsCairillu  toCjipt.  (Jucri'a.  'I'ncrnt,  Dnr..  MS.,  iv.  'J.VJ  :i. 
.\pnl  KUli,  .r.  .\.  Ciinillo  to  com.  i>f  SU  Jlailiani.  hi.,  v.  HIS  !l.  Jli.anlo 
I'rilir.  IlitiUo  X'aliiicia.  ainl  Coi-dcro  arn  iiaiiud  as  IcacliTs.  .Inly,  4  iii'.ii 
liiiiiliiiim.i.  ( 'astro  \vi.slns  flicni  sfiit.  away  on  i\ir  Sn/dlivl.  /)</il.  Sf.  J'hji., 
M-;..  \\.  Ki.  I'io  I'i.o,  //isf.  I'„l.,  .MS.,  i;!S  !»,  ill  tilliiii,' til.' story,  states  Uiat 
till'  jirisoiH'rs  wi'ri'  (I  or  S  'ri's])L'L'tal)K'  iiicii  '  who  were  i'xas|H'rato(l  at  .NIayor 
•  hii.  Carrillo's  ill  trcatiiii'iit,  ;iiitl  lind  tiuir  camion  at  his  house.  A  fcwday.s 
later  they  sent  for  I'ico,  ami  l>y  his  ail\  ict  ^ave  themselves  up  lor  trial,  ami 
Wt'iv  aei|uitte(I.  Jose  Arnaz,  /i'ir»(  ;•(/(«.  MS.,  711  >>l,  K'^"^'^  "'"'0'  liart iculars 
I'f  tile  I  tlorls  of  till' citixeiis  umler  Covarnihias  aiul  I'alom.ires  to  reia|>luii; 
the  I'lisoners.  He  .says  their  leader  was  one  I'aiisliiio,  a  Spanish  larptliter, 
wli'ijuid  heen  unjustly  imprisoned  liy  .Alcalde  Sanehe/.  They  were  not  sent 
t'l  .\.M]Milco,  hut  take<«  north  liy  Castroand  linally  released.  .M.niuel  C'astro, 
llil'i' (till,  M.S.,  I4J  ."i.  says  the  |irisoneis  were  Inilians. 

"May  1st,  commuiid  of  the  pla/a  .surrendered.  J)'jit.  St.  /'up.,  Aih/., 
Ms.,  \iii".  44. 

'  M.iy  1st,  J.  to  L.  L<irkii,'.i  Dor.,  MS.,  iii.  i;)!».  In  a  letter  of  May  -J.'Jd  \w. 
i'"i!tiiuies,  III.,  iii,  |(!,'{:  'I  am  niorciind  more  "onNinccd  that  the  new  ^ioverii- 
liiiiil  will  he  of  short  life.  His  I'Acelhiicy  has  tew  or  no  friends,  and  every  day 
I' 1" '"lunij:  more  iinjioiiular.  Siin'e  the  arrival  of  |)oii  .\ndres  and  Ins  takiii'.; 
"iiiiiuiiid  over  Don  Joso  A.itouio,  wliu  loiids  a  powerful  party,  tlio  governor 


iiii' 


■I      1   ! 


m 


524        RULE  OF  ViCO  AND  CASTRO-POLITICAL  ANNALS. 

It  was  in  May  tliat  tho  Marki  Teresa  bimmlit  a 
rc[)()rt  of  war  with  tho  United  States.  "J  'ic  in.ittri' 
was  nientidned  in  the  assembly,  exciting  Init  litu.'  ,it- 
tention;  hut  at  ^Monterey  it  was  deemed  sulliii,  ntlv 
imj)<)rtant  to  justify  the  holding  of  a  junta  tli,"  gii.  iia, 
at  wliieli  about  thirty  officers  were  present,  the  ^4111 
of  ]\ray.  Patriotic  speeches  were  made  by  ('.i  tin, 
Ahai'ado,  and  others;  but  the  oidy  j^actical  i.^plt 
was  to  autliorize  the  general  to  despatch  a  \(ssi4  c 
Acaj)ulco  in  cjuest  of  tlefinite  news,  ajul  material  n- 
soui'ces  for  defence,  as  well  as  to  give  assuiaiuc  i,[ 
California's  loyalty  and  iletermination  to  resist  inva- 
sion.^"' It  does  not  api)ear  that  any  vessel  was  (hal- 
tered ;  but  (Jastahares  was  subse(]uently  sent  to  Mrxico 
by  the  general. 


!l  ^Wiitii 


n 


m 


Tho  aj'rival  in  June  of  a  comisionado  from  tlic 
supreme  government,  and  the  sending  of  a  miliiarv 
comisionado  to  re|»resent  tlie  department  at  the  na- 
tional capital,  as  will  be  recorded  a  little  latei',  r.  ndir 
this  a  convenient  (Opportunity  to  turn  our  attention  tn 
Mexico,  and  to  what  was  vlono  there  in  ist.)  with 
reference  to  Californiau  ali'airs.  During  the  hiM 
three  months  of  th"!  year  no  later  news  reached  Mex- 
ico fi'om  ]\lont(M"ey  than  that  contained  in  Mi'hih 
torena's  reports  of  ]^ecember  12,  14,  184-t,  \\\\\r\i 
arrived  in  January.  Over  and  over  again  diil  ( "as- 
tahares  I'cpresent  the  O'itical  contlitiou  of  his  (hpait- 
uient,  declaring  that  if  relief  were  not  pioiii]ttly 
alforded,  not  only  would  Micheltorena  be  I'mv,,!  t  > 
leave  the  countiy,  but  that  within  a  few  inenths 
Caliibrnia  w'ould  share  the  fate  of  Texas,  ami  h<  le-t 
forever  to  Mexico.  The  aduiinistration  wa>  -  iniL- 
what  alarmed,  suunnoned  Castahares  to  a  confeieuir. 
and  prt)[)osed  to  send  him  as  governor  and  g'  lu  ral 

.111(1  Carrillo  liiivc  been  at  swords'  points.  Tlioy  have  (Icaccildeil  i  '  p  i'S'i:i:il 
laid  si'ui'ii lulls  iilmsi',  ami  laiii  ■  ulinost  to  blows.'  Junes  was  a  iim!.  ;  I'lio  l< 
l-,)!d  <'\M',",'<'ratt'd  vii.'Ms  in  tiicso  days. 

"May'.'ltli,  lull  report  of  tlio"  iiifotinf,'  liy  -L  M.  Castanaies.  i-..  a"'' 
signi'd  by  all  tliu  otlicxTs  parlieipatini,',  in  Amiijo  lUt  I'luUo,  Aug.  '■'<'<■  \'>i^- 


AI.>!. 

>i'«)iiL;!it  a 

ic  iiiatti  r 

.  litll.'  at- 

lltliiMilitlv 

If  LlUiTl'a. 
tllr    -JUll 

V  (  'a>t!'w, 
cal   I'oi''' 

I  vrs^cl.  [(( 

atfiial  rc- 

■;m'niii-r  n[ 

3sist  iiiva- 

was  (1  un- 

to Mr\ii'u 

CASTANARKS  IX  MKXICO. 


5'Jo 


to  i.-t'>r(^  order  and  save  the  country.  Don  Manuel 
was  willing  to  accept  the  position  tcinj)()!'ai'ily,  l»ut 
he  ivt'used  to  start  unless  he  could  carry  with  him  not 
(iiily  a^sui'ancesand  ;  ti mises,  with  definite  instructions 
to  M  nd  away  the  worst  of  the  cholos  and  to  convoke 
\hr  a-si')nl)ly,  but  also  200  cavalrymen  perfectly  armed 
ainl  diuipped,  a  coni[»lete  equipment  for  loO  iiifantry- 
iaci>  of  the  hatallon,  some  (;annon  and  200  muskets 
willi  the  proper  immiti<jns,  and  ahove  all,  some  !?l-^000 
ill  I'ady  money,  with  positive  orders  for  promjtt  quar- 
ts 1\  payments  in  advance  of  the  .$8,000  per  month 
;;livaily  assisfucd!  He  did  not  propose  to  *i,'o  to  Cali- 
t'liiiii  1  on  a  fruitless  mission,  to  be  ridiculed  and  driven 
out  hy  his  constituents;  but  his  conditions  did  not  suit 
tin  ',;ip\-ernment,  and  noinore  was  heard  of  the  apjxtint- 
iiKiii.  This  was  on  February  1st;  after  keeping'  silent 
t'ur  two  months  froiu  motives  of  delicacy,  J  )o?i  Manuel 
ii  111  wed  his  supplications,  and  was  assured  on  March 
•^7tli  that  the  jiresident  had  ordered  the  sending  of 
ti'i'ips  to  California." 

Ministers  Cuevas  and  Garcia  Conde  in  their  reports 
(it'Mai'ch  l)oth  alluded  to  the  lamentable  condition  of 
allaiis  in  California  and  to  the  probable  exptdsion  of 
)Ii(li(  Itorena.  They  regarded  the  defence  ol'thatde- 
liintiiieiit  as  of  the  highest  importance,  recognized  the 
iva!  -auses  that  had  led  to  the  late  governor's  over- 
tliiiiu.  regretted  past  neglect  on  the  part  of  Mexico, 
and  aiinoimced  the  purpose  of  the  government  to  avert 
till'  (•oiise<|uences  of  tliat  neglect  by  promt)t  action. 


L-  t 


t"  ,% 


1 


"Currcsp.  of  Castjinares  with  the  j:;i)vt,  .fun.-Manli  1845,  in  C(i.--t,trrirf'<i, 
Cil.  Ii'"\.  .Vr  To.  Ill  his  letttT  of  Miiirli  .'idth  \w  scoiiis  not  to  :ip|)ro\i'  the 
pi'ii'liiij  of  troops  that  liail  liccn  annimnccil,  without  otlicriu'cossaiy  nicusiin's, 
ti:ii'i' tlnir  (.oniing  was  liivL'ly  to  ahiini  rather  tlian  relieve  tlir  ( 'alifornians. 
Tlifii:il\  httcrof  latorchito  than  Manh  was  one  of  . July  ITtli,  in  which  he  I'x- 
rissv'l  ills  fuars  tliat  it  was  now  too  late  to  save  (lil.  He  wrote  no  inoi-e,  as 
lie  states  in  a  final  note,  hocause  the  govt  in  8ul)se(iacnt  measures  iliil  not  con- 
sult liHii  at  all.  The  preface  to  his  printeil  collection  is  dated  Oct.  Idth,  and 
lit'  I'linrjiKles  with:  'Quicra  Dios  alejar  de  nosotrod  los  males  ijue  traeria  ;i  la 
iiui'Idii  la  perdida  dc  la  i  Californias!'  lliistamante,  Xiicvo  licriial  JJiiiz,  i.  4S, 
rcpriseiits  ('astafiart's  ns  makin;r  himself  intrusive,  in  the  hope  of  aucceetling 
Miili(  horeiia.  The  deputies  sitting  near  him  complain  that  he  k<'ei)s  tlu-m 
''iiii/nni'i'uio.i,  talking  of  nothing  else.  The  zealous  deputy  never  returned  to 
Cal. 


520        RULE  OF  PICO  AND  CASTRO— POLITICAL  ANNALS. 


M 


"The  govornniont  is  busy  with  inuasiires  wliich  will 
assiiro  the  iiitej^rity  of  our  territory  in  that  uiost  \n-v- 
cious  part  of  our  repuhhc.  A  purely  niihtary  e\pi di- 
tiou  would  bo  impolitic  in  the  actual  state  of  (  ali- 
fornias,  since  the  people  were  jy^roaniiig  under  tiic 
ominous  yoke  of  soUliery,  which  never  })ernii{tcd  ;i 
meetinu^  of  the  assend)ly  or  of  nmnicipal  bodies,  hut 
made  them  feel  all  the  weight  of  brutal  power.  Tluir- 
fore  the  government  has  to  emjjloy  force,  but  alv.avs 
combined  with  political  measures  expected  to  piixliicc 
the  most  happy  results.  The  executive  i-egrets  tliat 
he  cannot  amiounce  his  plans  on  this  subject;  liut  it- 
])eats  that  he  hopes  for  a  favorable  and  pcrmautiit  n- 
sult,"  said  (nircia  Conde;  while  Cuevas  added,  "This 
administration  dcsii-es — and  may  its  measures  lie  mic- 
ccssful ! — to  supply  resources  in  men,  mone}',  and  arma- 
ment, on  the  point  of  starting  under  tlie  conuuand  nf 
a  new  chief,  who  by  his  wise  conduct  may  be  alilr  to 
conjure    the    evils  with  which    California   is   thrcat- 

Early  in  April  there  came  the  news  of  ^[iclicttnic- 
na's  actual  overthrow — news  by  no  means  unexpcctcij; 
whereuj)on  Jose  Maria  llijar,  a  person  not  uiilsiniwii 
to  my  readers,  was  at  once  sent  as  a  comisioimdo  to 
Califoi'nia,  with  instructions  dated  April  lltii,  whiilt 
were  virtually  an  approval  of  all  that  had  been  ilmv. 
There  was  in  them  no  word  of  blame;  there  was.ia 
exhortation  to  peace,  a  request  that  the  assembly  w mild 
j)ro|)().se  the  nuui  desired  for  governor,  and  an  a»ui- 
ance  that  tl'.e  military  foice  to  be  sent  for  the  inau- 
try's  defence  would  be  composed  of  good  men  umlrr  a 
carefully  selected  leader."* 

Early  in  May,  the  tidings  came  to  ]\Iexico  tli;it,  (K- 

'■' J/r.r;<'o,  ^f,'m.  lieL,  1S4.'),  p.  2:)-7;  LI.  Mem.  Giorra,  ISt."),  |>  !MiV 
Jan.  Ot!>.  ilodanitioii  of  ToUu/ imd  Mcjui — Miclu'ltorcnii's  itt^oiits  tlml  tlicy 
adhi-re  to  ( Jen.  I'juedeH' proniiiicianiiL'nto.  Miiroro  i/i' Si)in!oa,  .Inn.  "Jii,  I^J'i. 
.Fan.  IStli,  ileoroo  .suhjcctiiig  Cal.  to  art.  l.'U,  fac.  17  of  Ikksis  ori,'.iiiii  ,i.<  -tli.it 
is,  allowing  the  prcs.  tu  appoint  a  gov.  without  regarding  tiui  li.stot  laiKiulat.s 
sent  \>y  tiie  assenihly.   Mixiro,  Col.  de  Liijik  {Palacio),  lS44-(}.  p.  ^Sl. 

'"  l/ij'ir,  Inytrncck'iif.f  (ht  GohUrno  Sitpremo  nl  Conuitioiinilo  /"'/■■(  ' We 
fornin,  IS.fO,  MS.     Later  in  this  chapter  I  speak  again  of  Hijar'a  nu    urn. 


VLS. 

hk-!i  will 

Host    pl'c- 

V  i'X|i< di- 
of  Cali- 

IkIlT    tilt' 

■iiiitt<'(l  a 
xlics.  I  lilt 

.  Tllriv- 
Llt  ;ilv,;iys 
)  jirinhn'c 
fVvls  t'.iat 
b;  lu'.t  IV- 

lillUllt    tv- 

0(1,  -This 

OS  lie  ^ll(•- 

fiiid  aniKi- 
:iiniaii<l  nf 
)e  alilr  to 
is    tluvat- 

ic!  it 'It  I  •)'(■- 

CXjicctrij; 

unkiniwii 

li<Mi;|i!ii    tn 

til,  wiiii'li 

It'Cll   iJiMR'. 

\'  w  as  an 

|l)lv  Wdlllll 

all  a»ur- 

U'   I'liUll- 

1  niidi'i'  a 


that.d 


0- 


M.'>.  1'  i'-l'^' 

tba.  thi'y 

liiii.  'Jn.  iNt.'i. 

liil'i:iiiiilil:itJS 
si. 

I„i--'i  I'ali- 
nil    :"U- 


A  MILITARY  EXPEDITION. 


0-J( 


spiff  ^Ilclioltorcna's  downfall,  order  luid  l)c;"n  restored 
ill  Calilornia,  wliich  was  by  no  means  disloyal  to  the 
n;itioii;  iuul  on  May  "J.jtli  was  ]>i'inted  in  the  official 
newspaper  Pio  Pico's  report  of  ^rarch  L'Hth,  in  which 
lie  uave  a  correct  version  of  the  late  tronhles,  with 
as^iuances  that  his  countrymen  were  law-ahidini^'  peo- 
ple.'"  In  reply,  a  comnumication  was  despatched  to 
j*ii()  on  ^[ay  'iSlth,  virtually  i-i'cogniziiiL?  the  Icujality 
(if  his  j)osition  as  governor,  askiii'j^  his  cooperation  for 
llic  welfare  of  the  country,  rejicatin^  the  sjiirit  of  lli- 
jai  s  instructions,  demanding  California's  vote  for  pres- 
i,j(  lit.  and  renewijig  the  promise'  of  a  nulitary  force. '^ 
In  .iiiiie  and  later,  several  orders  were  sent  to  the 
north  heai'ing  on  the  imminence  of  war  with  the 
United  States,  as  will  he  noted  later,'"and  in  .fuly,  as 
we  have  seen,  Micheltoi-ena  arrived  and  was  not  very 
cordially  received.  With  one  exception,  there  is  no 
otlit  r  topic  to  be  noticed  in  this  connection.^' 

The  military  expedition  determined  on  by  the  gov- 
('riiiiMiit  as  early  as  April  was  long  enshrouded  in  a 
kind  of  mystery,  for  reasons  not  ver}'  a[)i)arent.  I 
liavr  already  noted  several  allusions  to  the  matter. 
As  late  as  July  18th,  the  minister  of  war  assured 
coiin'iess  that  there  was  being  fitted  out  'a  most  bril- 
liant cxpcnlitioi^,'  the  success  of  which  de[)ende(l  on  a 
st'(  ivt  which  he  had  no  authority  to  reveal.'^  It  was 
ill  August  that  the  veil  of  st'crecy  was  lifted,  and  it 
Ix'iaine  known  that  a  fully  etpiipped  force  of  at  least 
(jOu  men,  veteran  troopts,  was  to  be  sent  from  Mexico 

"  I'inria  ihl  Gnhirriio,  May  2."),  1.S45.  containinir  Pico's  report  of  March  28tli, 
eopiiii  ill  sniistaiice  next  (lay  ill  lUislnwniiti ,  Mini.  /iiy'.  M(.r.,  MS.,  ii.  lo;!- 
ti,  \m;!i  inovioiis  lueiitiiiu  of  the  siilijcct  in  /i/.,  ii.  !('J,  ivtO.  Mustaiiiiuite  ilia- 
liki'.l  Mh'iicltorena,  anil  was  very  ready  to  liclieve  that  tlie  I'alifornians  iiad 
liiiii  jiistilieil.  1'he  report  of  I'ico  has  lueii  iioteil  in  conuectii.n  with  tlio 
Mil  h'hiiriiid,  JC.r/iiil.,  printeil  in  other  Mex.  new  sjiapern. 

'■Mav'-M>th,  Cuevasto  I'ico.  .SV.  l'itj,..S,i,-.,  MS.,  xvi.  17-1!);  O'lun-ft,  Doc, 
.MS.,  \ii".  I'm. 

'''\iille.io,  //(V.  '"'((/.,  MS.,  V.  «4-!),  quites  a  letter  of  ,lnne  .Id  from  (am- 
tilliiD  to  Castro,  announcing  tliat  the  latter  wan  to  he  conlii-ineil  as  coinau- 
liiUite  general.      'The  pill  =    .i  hitter  one,  hnt  they  will  have  to  .swallow  it'I 

•"1m  Nov.  there  wa.s  n,  report  of  a  union  of  some  kind  between  Cal.  and 
Sonni;i.   /^l/,^•^(;H(l)/^',  Mrm.  ///'.•(/.  Mi.r.,  iii.  loS. 

'^  Uiiatamuiik,  A'wtro  lieruul  Diaz,  i.  46. 


•liltlti 


I 


:«.. 


1  ^ 


'1^  • 

i 


\   I 


.''  ■* 


^^-     1 


m^ 


'  ; 

r.2s      nvLi:  of  rico  and  castho— political  a:;:,'als. 

by  Acapiilco,  liiider  the  coiiiinMiul  of  Colonel  I^naiio 
Iiiit'stia,  an  al)l(>  oliiccr  educated  in  tlu;  militurv 
schools  of  France.  Salvador  ]\[.  Tturliide  was  the 
a'4'ent,  or  coniisario,  who,  under  Iiiiestra,  supciin- 
tended  the  oiitlit  of  this  army.  Largo  quantities  n\ 
stores  were  [)urchased  at  the  capital  and  sent  nn 
mules  to  the  coast;  four  vessels  were  chartered  ;it 
Acapuico  to  transpoi't  the  troops  under  two  nieii-di- 
war  as  convoys,  and  the  troops  themselves,  inchidin^f 
Ihi'ct!  hundred  iidantrv  irnder  Colonel  ])aneneli. 
maiched  from  ]\rexico  in  detachments,  which  in  ( )r- 
tolx'r  v,(M'e  scattered  alonuj  the  route  to  Acapuico. 
!Mi'an\vliile  Anihx's  (^istillero  had  been  sent  to  ( 'ali- 
fornia  to  suiH'tintend  pr(>parations  for  the  rccejilion 
of  the  force,"  and  a  controversv  had  broken  out  at 
the  cai)ital.  It  was  charij^ed  that  there  had  hicii 
waste,  extra vao'ance,  and  even  dishonest  manau^eiiient 
in  fitting'  out  the  expedition,  so  that  the  funds  liKir- 
ally  but  carelessly  provided  by  tlic  <jfovermnent  lial 
been  exhausted  at  the  beijjinninLj,  and  before  tin:  end 
of  September  great  difficulty  was  experienced  in  su|)- 
porting  the  troo[)S  already  en  route.  Iniestra  aiiil 
Iturbide  denied  the  ehar<>es  (jf  mismanasjfement,  and 
threw  the  bl'.une  for  present  difficulties  on  otlior 
shoulders.  In  the  details  of  the  scantlal  we  an'  imt 
interested,^  and  the  results  are  not  very   detinitely 

^'Xo  (late,  ("astillero'a  instructions  from  Gen.  Iniestra.  Dcpt.  St.  Pitfi., 
^18.,  vii.  ."{T -8.  It  was  probably  in  July  or  Aiii,'ust  tliat  he  left  Mcxiin,  and 
the  expedition  was  then  expected  to  sail  fi-oni  Aeapnlco  about  Sept.  'JlKli, 

'•'^  liiiislra,  Expcdicwn  <!>•  ('(ili/urHins,  L'-.'/.'i,  a  series  of  lonjj;  cditoi'ials,  «itli 
letters  from  Iniestra,  Iturbide,  and  others,  in  the  Ami/o  del  I'm'J)h\  ^ijit. 
2.  '.>,  IH,  '27.  Oct.  4,  '23,  IV),  »),  Nov.  l,".,  i"),  27,  Dec.  4,  184,").  it  wis 
cliarjj;ed  that  tent-poles  were  sent  from  Mexico  on  nuiles;  tliat  'hard  tuck' 
was  liUewiso  transported,  its  cost  in  Mexico  bein;;;  about  the  sanir  as  at 
Acapuico;  and  that  the  charter  oi  one  of  the  vessels  at  least  cost  as  niuch 
as  tiie  vessel  was  worth.  Much  ridicule  was  also  directed  to  the  ciiiplnv- 
nient  of  a  large  number  of  nuiaicians;  it  being  suggested  that  Califonii  i.  liko 
Jericho,  was  to  bo  taken  by  the  sound  of  trumpets  miraculously,  l'\'  tliis 
'expedicion  nuisico-niilitar.'  The  transports  ehnrtered  and  lying ut  Aiiimlco 
for  months  at  great  expense  were  the  Mircario,  ( 'ntnUmr,  ( 'onro  (fe  A'  'ijni^''", 
and  i'rimavt'ra;  and  the  convoys  tIh^;  A  Mac  and  Corrco  dc  ('ali/'onii-'i.  hi 
many  numhera  of  the  Amiiio  from  Sept.  to  Nov.  appeared  a  series  oi  '[in'- 
guntas  sudtaa,'  one  of  which  was,  'La  cspedicion  A  Californias,  por  lin,  va  n 
no?  llerros  visto  al  Coronel  Iniestra  miiy  despaeio  en  un  eafi^,  y  nui\  con- 
tciito  al  purcccr,  niieutrus  que  los  buquca  cstaugauaudocstadiaseii  A'  i['iili;o, 


IXIESTRA  AND  lIlJAR. 


->'20 


I'lc  rdotl.  It  seems,  liowever,  that  before  tlio  end  of 
t!ir  year  the  arms,  ammunition,  and  sarious  ctliei' 
>tn|is  belongiuL,^  to  tlio  expedition  reached  Aca|tal('o, 
as  (lid  ;i  larijfo  ])art  of  the  ti'oops;  hut  tlie  men  j(.ined 
(itihi'al  Alvarez  in  tiie  revohition  of  Deeemhei- against 
JVcsident  Herrera,  and  all  tlie  stores,  to^^ether  with 
tlir  >Iii|)s,  fell  into  the  himds  of  the  revolutionists, 
wliiK;  California  was  lei't  to  del'end  herself.-* 


L<'t  us  retui'U  to  California  and  to  the  month  of 
JuiK'.  Jose  ^lari'a  lli'jar,  Mexican  eomisionado  and 
I'niniri'ly  director  of  the  I'amous  llijar  and  Padres 
(N)l'iiiy  of  ].s;]4,  arrived  at  Santa  iJai'hara  on  Juno 
sill,  lie  announced  his  arrival,  presenting-  his 
iiisti  actions  next  day,  and  was  welcomed  by  Govei'iior 
V\rn  on  the  11th,  Ijy  the  asstMuhly  on  the  13th,  and 
ly  ('astro  and  Alvarado  a  little  later,  no  secret  heln<^ 
iiiadc  of  the  nature  of  his  mission.-'  lli'jar  had  been 
s,  Icf-ied  because  of  his  knowledn'e  of  Caliiornia,  where 
liis  unpopularity,  arisin<4  from  the  colony  affair,  was 
suppoxMl  to  have  died  out.  ]Jad  there  been  any 
ifitiiculties  in  his  way,  his  mission  would  doubtless 
lijivc  been  a  failui'e;  but  as  he  really  had  nothliiL^'  t;) 

y  se  ost.i  apolill.iiiilo  la  gallota  <|uc  so  Ucvo  allA  ili;sil(!  esta  capital.     Y.stn  no 
03  (.■al'-iil;ir  li /a  /iiirsfrrt,  .'^iiii  A  la  ••-(/(/('>■//•«.' 

•' I'lc'.^iili'iit  Taivtli's  in  his  inUlrcss  of  .lime  (»,  1S4!),  to  coiif^rcss.  (jiialiilcs 
t'.io  fiviiit  lit'  this  I'xijcdiliiiii  ns  '  iiorril)lo  ;in  1  |i,iniri  lal.'  M'.iirn,  Mii:i. 
Jl'lwiDiii.'i,  1S47,  aiincN'.,  p.  !)t.  (li'ii.  M.iiiiiil  .M;iri|iu'z  dc  IjOOU  writer  to  lliu 
','■0  lit'  ihi-uiriii'  (Gnai/iiias),  Sept.  '2'>,  KsT'^,  tli.it  lio  was  a  iiu'iiilicr  of  Uio 

.■.,,..1:.:    1    1.1 '.  ii i...  ii.  .  t 1   :i  .     l i i    .  i...  .    i       l 


I'spcilitinii,  and  blame  i  tlio  |).'irty  tli;it  prr\i:iitri|  its  (!c|i^'.rtiiio  and  lliiis  lost, 

CaliKiniia.     The  news  tli.it  tlio  tixpfditinn  \v:is  in  uiiruulty  and  nnoiiM  |ii'oli;i- 

Illy  lint  I'oino  rcMi'hcd  (.'alifovnia  on  tlio   llniuitih,  <Va\\.    17.   ISKi.    Iiijii.  ■~l. 

I''^l>.,  Urn.   I'ref.  y  JiiZ'/.,  .MS.,  ii.  IK!.     Siu  also  lia.-.ininaitU',  A'^co  l!:i\"if 

I'i'i-.,  ii.  14,  58" 

'■''•liily   1st,  Pico  to  uiin.  of  rul..  .TnuonTininir  Ilijnr's  arrival  iiinl  ti'ciptio:! 

at  .Aiiirlis;  likcwiso  tlu;  '  incxiiliivilil  ■  iilcisuro  iii  my  hi-art'  with  \\Iiiili  lo 
(.r,1..i-.,. I  .  I, 1.1  ;....>.- I  1.:  .  :..  .t i : i ;.i  ....1,..'. .  ..t  ....»;  11......    ..:..,:....  .  .• 


,      -  .  I  'ijt.,  Jleii.,  .>!.■>  ,  HI.  (l)-l.     .luiu!  Uotli,  lno  to  i^irliiii,  (Icsciilun,!,' 
llijar's  iiii-i.sion.    i'dltijn,  l)vi\,  MS.,  xx.xiv.  V.V.).     .Juno  I'Jth.  I'ico  announoos 
1 1  tlic  |niiiilo,  that  tlio  Slip.  j.'ovt  is  snkiiiL;  to  iinnnoto  tlio  wolfaro  of  Cal. 
l^fft.  S-.  /'a/,.,  .-(//;/.,  .MS..  X.  77;  al.soin  Avila,  JJuc,  .MS.,  143-8. 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vol..  IV.    Ul 


'^lil 


fir 


C30 


RULE  OF  PICO  AND  CASTRO -POLITICAL  ANNALS. 


do  l)ut  to  iinnoiuicc  tlu;  avcIcouic  news  thai  llic 
revolutionists  had  iiotliiiiL^  to  fear  from  ^[exicti.  1|,. 
met  with  iio  o|)|»ositiou  whidoviT.  Ifc  was  .n, 
educated  i^^enth-iuan,  who  j>layed  the  i^uitai'  and  inailc 
liiniseir  a!L;reeal)Ie.  J le  <lid  not  meddle  in  |)ohiirs 
bt'yond  writing  a  few  routine  conununieations,  and  hf 
died  at  Ijos  Angel(>s  on  l)e(*end)ei-  IDth,  prohaMv 
before  he  luul  spent  all  the  advance  of  .salary  reciixcil 
in  !Mexieo.'-° 

At  about  the  time  of  llijar's  arrival,  Castro  snt 
Jose  ^faria  Castanares  to  Mexico,  })resunial)]y  in  loii- 
se(juence  of  the  ]\ront(M'ey  meetinjjf  of  ^Iny  'Jlin.tu 
explain  California's  needs  in  connection  with  tlic  ru- 
mors of  coming  war.  Of  his  instructions,  or  what  \\r 
tried  to  acct)m[»lisl  in  Mexico,  nothing  is  known,  ami 
nothing  was  known  at  the  time;  but  Pico  and  thras- 
sembly  suspected  that  the  mission  might  not  h"  t'l- 
vorable  to  their  intei'ests,  and  re(piested  the  suprtinr 
gov']'nment  to  jiayno  heed  to  Castanares'  reprcsrnta- 
tions  on  matters  pertaining  to  the  civil  adniini>t ra- 
tion."'  On  June  27th,  in  accordance  with  the  lonm. 
mendation  brought  by][ijar,  the  assembly  hallotid 
for  a  (ju'nito'ha  of  candidates  for  governor,  scKctin^' 
the  following  five  names  given  in  tlu;  order  of  jnvfi  r- 
cnee:  Pio  Pico,  Juan  ]:)andini,  M.  (jI.  A'allejo,  Jd^.' 
de  la  Guerra  y  Noriega,  and  Antonio  ]M.  Osio.'      In 


II 

llf 

1 

i 

Is 

2«Dec.  ]9th-20th,  death  and  Inirial  of  JTijar.  ncpt.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  vi.  |:i';; 
Arch.  Sla  11..  MS.,  x.  'lAl.  Aniaz,  liWiirnlo'',  MS..  H-l-:\,  says  that  llij;.!' 
tdld  liiiii  lio  had  autlioi'itv  to  declare  himiu'lf  jioveriior  or  ficiicral  if  lir  -hnii!'l 
deem  it  best.  Alvara.h),  I/l.-<t.  Cut.,  MS.,  v.  !)G-10<»,  1  lO-'J.'},  aii.l  \  allcjo, 
Hi,"/.  Cal.,  .MS.,  V.  ',ir>-4'\.  ilevote  eoii.si(h'ral)le  space  to  Hijar's  mission,  wlii.li 
th(  y  ridicule,  lilamiiiji;  Picoalso  for  dividgint,'  the  iiatiircof  hi.s  secret  iii^tiuc- 
tidiis.  They  state  that  H.,  rinding  ho  cotdd  aeeoniidish  iiothiuL',  r.  ^i;.'IH'll. 
They  say  also  that  ho  was  coldly  reccivecl  liy  all  hut  Paiidini  and  snnie  ot'tlii; 
old  colony  men,  speakinu  of  inipolite  toast.s  and  speeche.s  made  .'it  a  h.iiifiMc: 
given  him  hy  JJandini.  I  lind,  however,  no  contemporary  evidence  that  the 
old  trouhles  were  remend)ered,  or  that  Hijar  ha<l  any  diliiculties  wliatrvcr. 

-'  /.(■>/.  /'re,  MS.,  iv.  -JJC-T;  iJejit.  St.  /'(iji.,MS.,  vi.S-I;  viii.  8-:i;  <''i.^tro, 
IMiifioii.  .MS.,  14:)-!». 

■■'"dune 'JTtli,  Pico's  proclamation  of  the  result.  Dar.  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  M: 
D»i>t.  SI.  J'<(/).,  MS.,  viii.  SO-.*?;  /-/.,  .S'.  ,/.««■,  v.  <».")-(!;  /.,,;.  !!(,■..  :M>..iv.  71, 
70;  July  '-"Jth,  Celis  to  VaHcjo.  V(dl,jn,  J>o<:,  MS.,  xii".  U").  'Wliatiisi- 
lection  I' writes  Jones.  'This  I  will  wager,  however,  that  fOiould  the  piisiik'iit 
select  from  that  number — a  thing  most  improbable — Baiidiid  will  be  iheiM::ii; 
and  ill  my  opinion,  of  the  live  he  is  the  man  most  fit  to  fill  the  otliee;  he  wouW, 


!i 


\LS. 

that    tlic 

exicii.  Ill' 

was     ;iii 

mil  iiiaili' 

I       |M)liticS 

IS,  iilid  he 
prolialiiV 

iistl'o  S    lit 

)1y  ill  fiiii- 
v'-Jltii.  to 
h  thf  rii- 
V  what  lit' 
Down,  and 
iiid  thi'as- 
Hdt  he  t'a- 
0   SUlU'fllM' 

vpi'fsiiita- 
(hniiii-li'a- 

\\w   ivculll- 

-   hnllotiMi 

selecting 

of  |iit  t'cr- 

Irjd,    .hN>' 
l)sin.'        Ill 

MS.,  vi.  i:i'l; 
jvs  tii:it  IH,j;.r 
tl  if  li.'  >!i"ul.l 
;ui<l  Vallir, 
luissidii,  ulii.'.i 
sciTL't  in^ti'iii'- 
liiiL',  n  >i,:^"'''t- 
Id  SDUii'  i>t  the 
,t  :\  li.-niqiU'; 
UiiM-  thiit  tlic 
Is  wli.'itrvcr. 
\,  S-Ii;  ''•i.<'''0, 

,  MS.,  ii.  40; 

'Ms..iv.:t. 

'What  a  St- 

Itlu'  I'll  siilout 

]ll,flluM:i::li; 

L'c;  iu'woulil, 


SUPRi:>[E  COURT. 


rm 


tlir  saiiK^  iiionlli  there  wore  fears  at  tlic  capital  that 
tli(  re  was  t(»  he  aiiotiier  revolt  of  tlu.'  pli.soliel's,  .losij 
Aii'i'iiio  Carj'illo  ha\iiin'  in  the  mean  time  heeii  i-e- 
sttnvd  to  (.'ommaiid.-'  I  ai»[)en(l  an  outline  of  the  as- 
Miiil'lv's  ))r()CL't'din<'s  for  June  and  Jul  v.'"' 

The  thrcc^  •,n'eat  matters  that  oocupied  the  atten- 
tjdii  of  Ihe  U'j^'islators  at  Los  Anu'eles  in  July  were 
the  I'eorLfanization  of  tlu'  suju'tinie  court,  consf,'',i- 
tieiial  I'efonii,  and  a  I'cstoration  of  the  |ii'efec(ure.s. 
T!ie  1iil)unal  superior,  accordinn-  to  the  act,  of  th(^  as- 
x'liihlv  on  July  2d  and  Pico's  proclamation  ol'  the 
4th,  was  to  consist  provisionally  of  twi>  juslii'es,  (<>  al- 
triiiat.e  as  presidents,  and  a  fiscal,  each  l•eeeivin^•  a, 
>alaiy  of  S'J^OOO  and  hein^*  appointed  hy  the  ^ovci'iior 
iVeiii  candidates  named  \)y  X\\v.  as,->end)ly.  The  ti'ihu- 
iial  was  to  ap|toiiit  a  seci'etai'V,  lirst  oficial,  ami  clerk; 
was  to  he  divided  into  two  chamhers  to  c(»nsidci' cases 
lit'  Mcond  and  third  instanci'  respijctivt'ly :  and  was  to 
lir  -(i\erne(l  hy  the  law  of  IS.'!?.  ^^en  leanu'd  in  Hk; 
liw  were  to  he  ohtained  lor  justices  as  soon   as  j)os.-.i- 

liiAM'vrr,  never  go  tliiwn  fur  govoriior  in  Califoniiii.'  LitrLii)\'<  JJoc,  MS,,  iii. 
■-'!■.'. 

•■'.(lino  Kith,  Carrillo  in  I'ico,  nml  govcrnni's  dnlciv.  l>tpl.  SI.  I'ltji.,  MS., 
vi.  ■♦•.'  ;t;  1,1.,  An;/.,  xi.  rHI-."il. 

^".Sc-isi(ins  (if  ji.'-sciiilily,  ■liinc  IS1.">.     .Tunc  1  Uli.  laml  grants;  C(iini)l:iints  df 

pi'ivatf  iiiilivicliialsagainst  lncal  autlioritii's;  aliscni f  incnilu'is.    .Iiuu:  l.'ltli. 

(liicn'.i  cii'  Sta  iJarliara  takes  liis  .«eat;  lanil  gnmts;  Hi'jar'.s  insti'iii-ticiiis.  .lime 
liitii,  l^tli.  lanils;  liijarH  niis.sion.  .Iiine  "Jillli,  lamls;  liamliiii  retires  from 
.siirrt:nvslii[)  ill  favor  nf  ("uvarruliias.  ,Iiiiie  li.'til.  lamls;  eoniniittee  on  polit- 
iral  iii\  isiiii  of  tlie  il(  iLirtiiiciit  urged  to  make  lia.ste;  V'alie  not  }i(  rmitled  to 
ri-'tir.'.  .111110  "J.")!!!,  lands;  petty  loeul  afl'airs;  eomniittee  woi-k.  .Iiiiu.'  "Jlth, 
liiiil-;  S.  hiegans  want  a  trilmiial  mereantil;  report  on  cimrts;  (|iiiiiteiii.i  for 
L''Viiiior.  ,liine  .'{Otii,  lands;  I'onrts.  Uotello  ami  Valle  geniraily  m.iuoiio- 
li«"l  tlie  disenssioiis  in  tiiesi!  days.    J.i'/.  1,'ir.,  M.S.,  iv.  (it  77. 

S('.;~ion  (if  .Inly  "Jd,  organization  of  eonrts.  .Inly  4tli,  ditto;  and  divi  ion 
'■!  ilcjit  into  distriets  and  p.'irtidos.  .Inly  7tli,  rejily  to  eritirisin;  jilpsent  m;'iM- 
i"ls;  \ot(!  to  pnlilish  I'orresp.,  sliowinii  tliat  due  eilorts  Im.l  In  en  iiiaiK'  to  si'- 
•iniittcnda  .ee.  .Inly  !)tii,  lands;  sn]ireme  court.  .luly  I  I  tli,  l.'inds;  elections; 
nistitiil' .nal  reform;  V,i!l<;  Jillouod  to  retire;  alsot  lucira  for  l.'tdays.  .luly 
Mill.  Illtli.  IStli,  eonstitiition;il  reform;  Spcncc  and  .Miiiirasstill  "sick."  .I:dy 
-l^t,  s.iMip  topic;  long  discussion  on  jiarli.'imentarv  rules;  IJotcllo  vs  I'ico; 
.'IV.  lint  .allowed  to  decide  a  tic  by  liis  vole  (/.  rnliilinl.  .Inly 'J.-itli.  llotello 
!iil  lift  the  asseinlily  in  disgust,  lint  now  returned  to  liis  dutii's;  dcclaratioa 
"1  favi.i-  of  the  federal  system  of  IS'24;  ( 'astro  s  representation  to  tlie  sup. 
i^'Vt  ic.id.  /,';/.  A'-r.,  .MS.,  iv.  77-104.  The  more  important  topics  are  fur- 
ihir  iiotii'cd  in  mv  te.\t. 


>i>h»  ■ 


,,>P*;' 


m 


i 


1    !■ 


Is;    .^ 


it 


f  I  ■! 


r,r,-2      TA'u:  of  rico  and  castro   pomticai,  A\\.\r.=!. 

Itlc,  Mild  xm  to  ri'<M'Ivo  ;hi  iiifronscd  sal;iry.  A--  tin- 
rDurtsucMs  iicvisr  to  liuvc  pci'lornicd  any  ik'  itsdinii<. 
it.  does  iKtt,  npjxiar  iitvcssary  to  sprcily  t  lost'  diitii  ■; 
inoH!  fully.'"''  Oil  .Inly  Dtli  tli<'  ass('iiil)ly  siivr^c^tc;! 
tlii'ft!  candidatos  lor  each  ol'  the  Icadiii-^  ]»ositi<iiis,  iukI 
two  for  cacli  of  the  siihstitiitc  jiistici's;  and  mu  t!,,. 
I'JIli  llic  lollo\viii|4-ai»|)iiiiitiii<'ii(-s  wiTf  made:  ls(  nmi- 
i--1  To.  J.  A.  I 'arrillo;  I'd.  Mam;  1  lu'(|U('iia  ;  lisfal,  M,i- 
I'iaiio  Uonilla;  iiiiiiislros  siij)Ionti's,  |';-iiai'iit  Curoiiil, 
>Saiitia;nt  Ai'i^iii'llo,  Kaiinniido  ('arrilln,  .lost'  AluvMd. 
S;d\  io  1  *aclicco,  and  ( Juill<'riiiM  ( 'astfd.^'  (  'a  nil  In  i  In- 
clined tlie  a|)]»ointii»eiit  iiiiiuediately.  and  IJouilla  l.iti  r. 
as  did    IJaiidiiii   appointeil    in    ("arrillo's  jtlaci'.     .ln.iii 

]M.daiiii, }  •resident  <i|'ll Id  t  i'ilinnal.|irit1r^ted  ;ri-;iiii-r 

a  eliaiiL;-!'  wliieli  di'|ifi\'e(|  liim  of  his  |ii)siti(>ii,  Imt  lii^ 
]>l'i)test    was  not  lieeded.        Ill  Sejit  cinl  );■!■,  nild  lat  •!■.  ;iii 

a1teiii]tt  was  made  to  (irn'ani/-e  tin iiit  liv  ealiiii'^  in 

the  siipleiites,  hut  ait|iarcn1  Iv  without  siu-eess.'* 

In  the  matter  of  cinistitutional  I'rfdnii.  sifj^'^'cstimi- 
had  heeii  received  iVoin  Ili'jai"  on  eliaii^'es  alfertiii-' 
( 'a!if(»rnia  alone;   while  (Ui  those  atfeetiiii^' tic  ii.it iMii.i! 

system,    propositions  were    i'ecei\-ed    from    Mie!iM;ic:i|i. 

I'uehia,  and  ( "liiapas.  ( )n  the  iirst  point,  the  deci^i..!! 
reached  hy  the  assemhly,  .luiu^  1-ltli,  to  he  siihniittcil 
to  the  su[)reine  ujox'ernmeiit  for  a]>pro\"al,  was  t!i,it  I'l 
( 'alifornia  there  should  hi;  e"rante(l  exception'il  \-\w<. 
•jiviiie-  to  the  u'ovenior,  asseiiihlv,  and  miiiiieiiialii i(> 
H'reater  powers  than  were  held  in  ot  liei"  states,  ami 
also  that  duties  on  forei'.,ni  l^ooiIs  should  Ixn'ediiccd  ;;t 
least  leu  per  cunt,  no  class  of  yoods  beiiiLj  prohi'  :Utl. 

3'Jn!y  i.l-ltli.  Le;,.  /?cc.,  MS.,  iv.  T.VS,-);  /V,-'.  //,V.  f,;/.,  MS,  ii.  il; 
I>r/,f.  S'l  I'<'i>.,  Aiii}..  SlS.,  X.  (U-T. 

•'-  /..,/.  /■'.-•..  MS.,  iv  n;-!':  K'f.  Il>^l.  r.il.,  MS.,  ii.  :A--2:  I><I'>.S'.  /'■'./■., 
MS  ,  vi.  .S"i;  /,/.,  Aiiii<l<:i.  \.  (i7  !). 

•".I  Illy  l;U!i.  C.iriilli)  .IcdiiKS.  />r/>t.  S/.  /•,i/i.,  Ihn.  Pnf.  yJir.i.  \\<  .  iv. 
41,  .pi  ■/".  .Inly  •-•1st,  Hciinciia  ui'ci'iUs.  /-/.,  iv.  (7.  Au.tr.  .Stii,  Sijit  ll;;i. 
('•iiiiicl  iiiul  I'.imill.i  ilocliiic.  /'/.,  iv.  4t, -Ki.  Auj.'.  -Otli,  Mahaiu  c'i'iii|liiins. 
//.,  iv.  47.  ScpK  '-Vpili,  •J7tli,  l>.iiiiliiii  (Iccliiirs.  Id.,  iv.  4.V((.  \\vj.  iMlit'i 
Ol  t.  I:it,  .-iL'tioii  of  iissi'iiilily  iiiiil  cIliMts to  ()r.,'aiii/i!  tli<'  cnurt.  /,"/,  /,'•■.  .M>.i 
iv.  Il.;-|,-.,  •J27-S,  •_>:{7  S, '•JSI-_'.  SM-'M  J>r/,t.  S/.  r'i/>.,  MS.,  viii.  J'.i;  /'•. 
-!/(;/.,  X.  7.'!;  xi.  I(!l.  M:il;Miii  li.iil  liccii  siiuMicd  l)y  tlio  as-suiiilily,  Imt  hcslili 
pir.-ciituil  hi.s  iLiini.s  mi  lire.  'M  \i.    l>i [■>.  Si.  I'liji.,  MS.,  vi.  1;}7-S. 


ill  I  ; ' 


1.=!. 


ri:i;i  IK  TUi;i:s  nr.sToni-n. 


:stliitirs, 
e  (lutii> 

iiiii<,  ;niil 
il    mi  til'' 

1st  miii- 
sral,  M:i- 

(  'nl'iill'l, 

'•  A '»!■' "_;'"• 
tl'lill'l  'l'- 

lillallltrl-. 
•c.  .|r,;ili 
ril  H''':iili-' 
11.  liUt  lii- 
il  lat'T,  an 
(■aliili'4'  ill 

SS. 

Ilil'o'CSt  li  III'" 

alVi'i'linu' 

i..  ii;iti"ii;il 

liclmai-in. 

ic  (li'ci>ii'n 

suliiiiitti'il 

1^^  t!iat  I'i 

licipaliin"' 
tat.s,  a:iil 
(•(1ncH'(l;;t 

rolii'  itL'il. 

[,,  MS.,  ii.  -l- 
Ipt.S;.  P-'!'-' 
nr./.-M'^''^'' 

.,  si'j.t  ii;'.i. 

liii  ci.nii'laiiii. 
.  Mvj.  IMhM 

L,. /,•..•,.  >1>- 
Iviii.  •^'.';  /'•• 

ly.lnr.hosiui 
-S. 


;i!i'l  trade  ill  iialloiial  i^^oods  Ixiu'^' tiitii'clv  iVce.  Sd 
|;ii'  1-  iiali'iiial  atlairs  wi'i'c  »'(Hict'i'iii-»l.  the  assiiiiMy 
\  iti(|  liiially,  nil  July  LTttli,  in  I'avnr  of  tin- li'dfcal  sys- 
r  ISJI,  with  souu'  UKMliticatioiis  to  i>ri'Vriit  ciii- 


tfiii  " 


traii/.atiuii  tit    |MiU(  r,  and  to  insure  individual  ri^!it>. 
third  |ii'o)ec|,  and    lip'    only    one    of  tlic    three 


lie 


a!   was  |(iael  icaily  carried  into  eil'eet,   was  a    di\i.--ioii 
the    de|)artnieiit    into  districts,  an  I   a    I'esloratiou 


roinier    SNstelll     ol      |ire|ectui 


! 


)\       tile 


pI"  .Inly  Ith,  lailiHshed  hy  I'ico  July  a.'li.  Alta  ( 'al- 
ii', iiiiia  was  <livided  into  two  districts — the  |>t,thal; 
lit'  L'ls  Anu'eles,  iVoni  San  Luis  t/hispo  south,  with 
tliii''  |iaitiilos,    I.    Ijos   Aii,L;"eles,    'J.    Santa    iJai'hara. 


an 


1) 


ii"io;   a 


lid   lh'>   Lid,   that,  oi'  Moiitei.  V,  i"i 


•oiu 


Siii    Miguel   north,  with    two   partidos,   I.    Monterey 


e    was    to    no 


^  elha     lliieiia.       At    Monterey    tllel 
liivt'ect,  ami   in  every  other   pariido  a  suli-|ii'ercct. 


.\i 


Liis    Aii'i-eles   and    Moiitci'ev    the   avuntaiiiieiit 


OS 


v.i iv  to  remain ;  and  in  eai 

I 


•h  oth 


P 


tl 


lai'lKlo    there    was 


t'l  !i>'  a  Junta  iiiunicipal,  consisting;'   ot    t  le  justice   ot 


ihr  lieace  and  two    citizens,  presided  oNci 


l.v  tl 


It.'  sUli- 


ll'l 


t'ect.       Ill   i]\c    1st  district   the   suh-prel'ect 


S     we 


■rcisL'  the  jiowers  ot'  the  jiidects,  excejit  cii- 
t;iiii  ones  reserved  lor  the  L,^o\'eriior.  ,V1I  the  new 
itiicials  wen^  to  be   utiveriied  hy    the    iornier   re<;aila- 


iiii--  II 


I'  1  S;)7,  except  st>  far  as  they  niiejit  coiitlict 
\Mih  tht^  constitution  and  with  the  jiresent  decree;'^ 
.Manuel  Castro,  i)e|)jiew  ol"  I'ict),  cousin  ot'  tln!  u'eii- 
ri'ai,  and  ;i  j)r()iniiient  man  in  tht.'  jirst  ino\-einiiit 
auain-t  .Miclieltt)rena,  was  matle  prefect  of  the  :l\ 
ili>triit,   and  assumed   the  ofKce  .Vun'ust    '2A."''     'I'lie 

•"•liKiu  i:!tii,  llijar  to  I'ico.    Ocpf.  SV.  /V(/..,  MS.,  vi.  ;i.">-7.     Acfion  .if  .is- 
■  i'il\\  .luiy  lltli,  Ulli,  llltli,  -Jlst, 'J.'.tli.   L';i.   /.'.'•.,  MS.,  iv.   '.»l-li>:t,  •.'7n-:t; 
J>ii'\,  M.S.,  S.");  ('((rrillo,  JJv.,   Ms.,  ;{-l;  Vdrrillo  (./.),  Jj<.r.,  MS., 


ll-'.i. 


■'iilv  4tli,  "(til,   (lecivu  of  !i.'<sfiiililv 


iiiis.  I>,.<:  litnt.  ('«/..  MS.,  ii.47;  A-;/.  A'"'.,  -NiS 


ii-o's  IkhkIk  nstiiriiiu'  iird'co. 


IV.  ,\)-s;\ 


Jh  i.f.  St.  /' 


•'"•"•,  MS.,  V.  !)S-10|;  /'/.,  .1////.,  x.  CO  :!;  St,i  Cniz,  Arr/i.,  .MS.,  :i(l.  Ilii; 
!iif.rt  liml  ;i  .siilary  nf  .s|.."i(M»,  Witii  a  wr.  at  .S<i<MI;  sult-pictVits  liail  .<iai), 
'  >ci[)tat  Alij,'i'li'.s,  .SiKKI — all  to  jiay  tliiir  own  ollicc  ixjiins's.  .Ml  .ipiiuiiiiol 
1  y  till' j_'.i\-.  except  tlio  siili-prcfcet  of  VctIki  lliuiia,  «  ho  wa.s  appoiiil(il  liy 
'■ill' Jill  f.  it  with  tlio  govt'nioi-".s  ajipioval. 

"''July    12th,    Castro's    ui)poiutim.'iit;   July    iMh,    lutttr  of    acceptance; 


rM 


it-  -ii'J 


I*  ■ 


1:'  '  ' 


li 


Cn4        Rl'LK  or  I'iro  AXD  (Wsnto     I'OLITIf'AL  ANNALS. 

n|)|H)iiitii)('Mts  of  sul>-|>r»T('cts  will  Ik;  yiwii  in  ((.iiih,' 
tinii  with  local  annals. 

Mailv  in  .Inly  (uiit'j'al   Castro  went  down   to   |,i 


Ann'cli 


Alioiitthf  saiiK'  time  llir  Sulfilinl  ludii  'lit 


('a|>tain    I'Moivs   with   the    Mfxic.n  ilrspatch   <it'  .\I;i\ 
L'Kth,  alicady  nicntioiKid  as  including  a  virtual  a|i]ir(.\,il 


() 


r  all   thut   tin    ( 'alit'oriiiaiis  had  done,  an  assin 


llM'i- 


that  a  larn'c  military  t'orrr  would  soon  ai'ii\f,  .m,!  ,i 

l'c(|U(st   lol'  the    presidential   Vtite  of   Ihe   de|iai'tuie||t. 

( 'a.sti'o's  husiness  at  the  capital  was  chielly  eonnectcl 
M'ith    the   division    of  the    luivenues    hetweeli    the  civil 
and   military  hranclies,  on  which   topic  the  ^uNriiinr 
and  n'ciieral  soon  came  to  an  a'^reeincnt .  as  will  \u-  v< 
lated  in  the  m-xt  chaptei'."'"     'IMiei-c   is   hut  sli^^lil  i\i 
dtn<'e   of  controversy  at  this  tinu!  hetween   tin    tui 
factions,    except    in    the    letters   of  .Fones,    who    ir|i|', 
scntecl  ( 'asti'o  as  haviuL;'  come  south  lull  ol"  w  ratii  ;i;iil 
dttei'inined  to  have  ven^•cance,  though   his  toi 


If  \\,i- 


somewhat  moditied  hy  the  news  iVom    Mexico.      It   i 
evident  that  Jones'  statements  on  this  suhject 


(.X;>i4;^fera 


ted.. 


.lones   and    l^arkin    also  IMI    ini^ 


I    ;ili 


eri'or  respecting'    the  news  IVom     Mexico,   repres(  iitili^- 

the  coming;'  expedition  as  intended  to  |)unish  the  ( '.ili- 
f'orniaiis  and  tlieii'  foreign  allies  a'^ainst  MicheltiUviiM, 
all  of  whom  were  in  ureat  terroi",  hut  resolvrd  t" 
resist  to  the  death,  and  to  that  end  were  cnLia-'cd  iit 


VUL'. 


2.1, 


in.    Dor.    IIUI.  C'lK,   MS.,   i.  4!»l:  ii.  St;  (' 


i.s'ni,  I),- 


i.  I ;{■.',  i:t7:  /'fi>'.  /."' 


MS. 


dv.  tM-(i;  Jhjit.  S'.   J 


(i,  :{(U-'>;  /(/.,  Aiii/ilii,  \.  (iS-!». 


'(/'.,    />'  /(. 


.MS, 


.liilv'.ltli,ani\i.!  ,<i  [UvSnlnhnl  nt  S.  IVili 


.l\i:y  I  Itli,  I'JtIi.  iniKli.-iiti"ii 


(if    llic  .li.s]iiiti'll   of    .MmV  --".tth.    /h/./.  S/.  Pii/>.,  .MS.,   viii.    I    •_>;    A/.,    .!»;/., 


]:i(i  S;  Si.  ir 


'}'■ 


Siif 


MS.,  xvi.  17-1!);  X.  ./-..v(,   .l/v//..  MS.,  iii.  •_':  Shi  ( >; 


J/v7(..  .MS.,  !M -.•{;  (;<:n'i,    />,„:.   .MS.,  iv.    ISS-!».     .Inly    ll'ili,  McKiJile.v  t' 
Liiikiii  I'll  tlif  ;iii-i\iil.   J^uiL:n'.i  lhii\,  .MS.,  iii.  -Jls. 

iliiriii.' 
•uoli  al 


.liiiK'  "Jlst,  Ciistio  Iciivts  iliu  L'ciimiaiiil  at  .Mnntci'i'v  tn  Alvaiv 


IIS  ahsciii'i' 


1 

AnLT'Oi-; 


111   citlllT 


/>./'/.    SI.    I' 


'!'■ 


.M. 


. I  line  ."{(Itli.  < '.  (Mi.vti'l 


it  not  vet  arrived.    I)i,-.  //isl.  (',,/.,  MS.,  ii.   J 4. 


rtli,.l< 


t..  I., 


r/.i 


/>.. 


.MS.,  iii.  -.M-J,  .iiiil  siiuilii-i'lia- 


leltt 


III  liis  ietteis  (if  .liilv  -dtli  lie  sav.s:    '  l-'lniii  al 


iiiiit.<.  till 


ital  i.s  ill  a  must  i-eliellii 
Millies  ami  lleil  fi'iim  that  |> 


il  .1 


■11 


isoiiK  rly  state.      .Iiisti 


ei'   lias  I iusi'il  111! 


1)V  111 


iv"  (^iivcnujr  IS  must  iiii 


|ii>|iiili 


r;   In-  i.s 


liy  till-  new  serretary  (( '(ivavrnbias),  who  is  plaianleil  ahii'i>t  I'Vi  r;. 


•  lay.      The    lloMoialile   .Vs.seniiily  are  at  log^'cllieails,  ami  eoiuiisioii  i- tiiuoruc' 
of  the  ilay.'     It  is  iil.-io  saiil  that  Castro  uiul  llijar  hail  nuaircUcil, 


voTK  roil  i'iii:sii»i:\T, 


r!ii>iii''  forces 


41 


or 


niurst'  this  was  all  wroii 


I-  ^r 


cXlco 


inl  iiM  iiitt'iitioii   to  avt;iiLfi'   Mu'lu'lturi'iia's  (liiwiiliil 


iiml  tlif 


Calif 


)niiaiis  had  in*  I'cai"  of  such  a  iiiowiiii"'iit 


111 


ii|iist;ii»('lM:^^  pcrtV-ct  I\-  that  tluM'\|n'(|itioii  uastodc 


{riitl   I  li«'  (•(Hiiitiy  aLfaiii; 


.t   A 


nuricaii   iiisadfr 


It 


iii'i   I  asv  to  (h'tiTiimio  whotiior    Ijarkiii   iiitcMtioiiallv 


I. 


iiii-i<'|> 


i\'st.'iitf(l   tlu'sc  inattiTs   [\ty  cUbct  011  new  jv  ai-- 


livrl  iiniiii^Taiits  and  at  WashinL;toii,  oi*  whrtlirr  ju" 
\v;i->  misled  hy  (lasti'w  and  Alvaradu,  wlio  \vi>h('il  to 
(•  iiiii  al  ihi.'  j»r'c'[)ai'atloiiS  bL-iiin"  made  against  the 
riiiti'(l  States. 

(';ilit(»iiiia's  V(»ti'  was  cast  on  Aiin'iist  1st  l)y  the  as- 
MiiiMy  I'"!'  I  Icri'tTa  as  pi-csidciit  ol'thc  i'r|)ui)n«',  thftii^h 
<iuiiu'Z  i''aii'as  e(»t  two  of  tilt'  five  votes — those  nt"  iJi;- 
ti'llii  and  Carrillo.*^  Later  in  the  inDiith  eaiiie  riiinnis 
I't"  iiiipendinjjf  wai",  duly  puhlished  with  a|t|)eals  to  |)o|t- 
ular  patriotism,  and  orders  lor  military  or^aiii/cat  ion  - 
all  to  he  repeated  and  redouhled  in  Se|)tenil>ir,  wlum 


d 


eame    trom    .Mexico    more   (leiimte    re|)orts   alH 
,  hrou_iL;'ht  hy   Andivs  ('astilleid,  who   came   to 
co-comisionado  with    Ui'jai'.  and   esj)ecially  to 


Ind 


ee 


tiicl'c 

(irdcr- 

art    ;e 

I'l'.  pare  tor  the  reception  ot"  Iniestra's  ariiiv 

tills  e.\|)et'tation  of  war  with  the  United   States,  with 

iTsiiltiiijL^  acts  and   corresjxmdence,  iiichidiii;^'  the   re- 

iTptjoii  of  overland  immigrants  and  (.'astilU'io's  iieufo- 

tiatiniis   tor  till'  j)urchase   of  Sutter's  Fort,  was   the 

piiiHipal  mattei'  to  he  noticed  in  the  last  half  of  this 

Viar;  hut  it  is  also  a  toj)ie  to   he  treated   in   a    later 


'■■h¥'*'^>'-\ 


*".liilv7tli,  'JiUii,  J.  to  L.    .Iiilv  Kttli,  L.  to  SIT.  .stilt.' aiK 


/.iirki 


/>«; 


M.^ 


.ii.i  .1.1, 


li;  AV-s"  A'.;/.,  Ixix.  •-'():{. 


11;  A/.,  O//;   (' 


Ito.V.  )'../„ 

./•yv-y..,    .Ms. 


(/  ol' 


J'l 


Ami'  Ist,  vote  fur  lltTicni 


iinnouiio'i 


MS. 


A.;/.    /.'. 


M- 


l  l.v  I' 
lot 


/>n 


to  mill,  of  rcl.    /></'>.  St, 
■    //is/.   I  'ill.,  MS.,  ii.  71 


/>'.-■.,  MS.,  x.\x.  147.     Vail. 


//('-/.  fill..  MS.,  V.  4;!  4.(iv.lit.s  I'ico 


Mith  li:i\iiiL;  iiiiiiiage.l  tlii.s  all'air  very  .skilfully  to  ;.;.•(  tli..'  vnt.;  throvMi  for  H. 
lira,  wlio  wa.s  not  p.»i)ular,  while  ( 'astroaii.l  Alva 


r.ulo  Wfii;al)siii 


it;  liiit  tl 


H  iju  toiiM. latum 


f..r  tl 


ii.s  \  ii'\N-  ot  till'  matter. 


I).>iilitless  tlu-  lieiirei'df  tile  .le 


^piiti'li  ot  May -!Hli  lia.l  iiistnietioii.s  a.s  to  wlio  w.i.s  t.>  reeeivi;  tlie  vote,  aiul  the 
t  nHl.irniaii.s  were  |;la;l  t.i  .ili.'V  or.lers,  not  cai  in,' who  was  pre.-iiteut.  Iiixerii, 
//'>^  ./'iliijut,  iii.  70."(,  .states  that  ( 'al.  did  not  v.ite.  l'eihai)S  the  vote  .li.l 
lint  arrive  in  time.  On  Aiiril  "Jlst  lleirera's  aeees.sion  to  the  ])reni(leiiey  hail 
1k''1i  iiiitilishe.l  in  Cal.    /fr/i/.  S/.  I'tii,.,  /Sni.  I',"/',  ifjir.j.,  MS.,  v.  .'{It.     On 


I't. 


OJUlt.      /.' 


IKli,  a  vote  wa.s  also  thrown  for  Castillo  as  justice  of  the  Me."{ie;ili 


MS.,  IV.  I'Jl 


M.   ' 


o.)C, 


UVIA-]  OF  !•!(  I)  AXi>  CA.sTIK)     rOLITU.'AL  A\\.\l,-<. 


cllMptcr''  "Oiilyolic  (tf  its  |»Ii;isi'S,  tiiC  colltrnvcixy  !|,,.^ 
to  soiiu'  (xtciit  Ljrow  out  of  it,  ivquiriui^  Jittt'iitioii  In  ti . 
Pico  chiiim'd  tlic  cxcliisivr  ii_>iit  to  of^'jini/i  i!,,' 
iniliiia  accoidiii^'  (o  Mexican  dccivt'S  ot'Jmic;  an. I  1,'^ 
icalousv  (tt'all  iiiiliti'.rv  iiitci'lci^'iuH)  was  .sliarc<l  !)\  i',',.. 
I'cct  (  as(  I'o,  tin;  rcpi-csciitativc  of  civil  ant  lioi'ity  in  tli.' 
iiort  li.  Tlu'i'c  resulted  a  controversy  i)et  v/een  t  Im  ji|v- 
I'eet  and  ( 'oldiiel  Alvaivido  (III  (lie  matter  of  enlist  iinnl  -. 
11  (juaiTel  w  liicli  was  tlioui^iit  to  he  healed  on  tlh'  l;(1i- 
erahs  return  to  Monterey. ■*•*  It  was  l-e\i\-ed  a^;iiii, 
however,  when  I*ico  declared  that  no  niilitai'v  /'•'«/■,, 
could  he  recoi>-nize(l  except  In  (»Mic(.'rs  of  tin.'  re'4iil,ir 
army,  and  called  uj)on  (Jeiiei-al  Castro  to  put  allotli(i' 
ollie.i's,  includiu;^  Alvarado  ol"  course,  at  the  di-jnisi- 
tion  of  the  ci\il  authoi'itii  s.'*    This  the  L;'eneral  deeim,! 

■■-Si'c  clia|i.  XXV.,  tlii(  vol.  Sept.  Idtli,  Jlij.-ii'  V>  I'ico,  jiii'.umnciii;;  Casii- 
lU;ri<'H  iiii|H)iiitiiicut,  ;iii'l  rci:vipt (if  .Vl  (K^  '  inr  ti:i vi.llri;;c\j(iur<o.-'.  Sept.  lillii, 
C.'h  iiisaucioiis  piililislicd.  J)(j:l.  SI.  l''ij,..  MS.,  vi.  .!7-!l.  Sept.  •_'l);h,  .Ion.-, 
viitcrt  tn  Jjiirkiii:  'Vim  will  hiivt^  l-'iirut  Uk;  iicwsfruiii  (.'asUytircs  (('iisliikid', 
wild,  liy  t!u'  \\;iy,  is  tlic  must  <mUiiL;('(uis  liar  1  cvir  oiicmiiti'ivil.  Uo  iint  In- 
lieve  !i  word  lie  tflls  you.  lie  liiis  no  coiiiiiiissiDii  wli;iU'\('r,  only  !i  Icttrr  l"i<i;!i 
tlu!  now  ^'overnor  to  lulvise  liiin  of  Uic  statu  of  tlie  ccuut  when  lie  inivr... 
lie  i:j  ii  spy,  notliiii;,'  iiioiv.'    L'irLiii'x  J)oi'.,  MS.,  iii.  'JTS. 

(Sessions  of  (lie  asseiiilily  .Vuu'.-Oel. ;  Aui.'.  1st,  election  of  ju'esidnit  m|' tlio 
repuMii'.  Aii^'.  4lli,  I'lotello  sick;  jiL'titioii  of  ii  su!)-|)i'efeet  for  iuen;i.-M' (.tMl- 
ii'v,  retuseil;  laiiil  ^riuits.  AuLT.  <i',  ii,  uothini.,' (lone.  Aiil;.  Ttli,  seenl  s  .-.-I  .;i 
to  ilelilienite  on  war.  Aiii,'.  Stli.  Illli,  llltli,  sanu' snlijeet,  anil  lands.  A;:;. 
ISt'.i,  "Jiliii.  "J'Jd,  lands;  siipreiiie  eoiirt.  .\ii..'.  '-'.'uli,  "JTlli,  -".Uli,  com.  mi  illu- 
sions; prop,  to  ;h1  joiiin  at  end  of  i.iontli  eai'ried,  and  nienil)eis  not  ri'sidiii;:  ;;t 
.inueles  jxrnutted  to  retire — hut  t lie  sessions  w ent  (Jii  just  tlie  same.  Sijit. 
.'td,  il(  pt  treasurer;  lands.  Sept.  olli,  rep  irt  of  Com.  on  missions.  Sept.  Dtii, 
vote  for  iiia'.'istrate  of  su[(re;iie  eonrt  in  .Mexico.  Sept.  lOth,  niissioiiM  ili!> 
tions,  niiiilaiy  nr^'uni/ation;  eeleinationof  tiuMlestaof  the  lU'.li.  Sept.  I'.'tli, 
forms  of  eeleliiation;  ( 'airillo  ahseiit  on  aecount  of  siekness;  ( 'astiliei.iV  :i,i- 
pointnirnt.  Sejit.  lIUli,  foini  of  ceremonial  at  tlio  liesta.  Sv'pt.  I'.Hli,  el  i.- 
tioi's;  niilitary  <'i'j.'ani/atinn;  l>otello  ohjeets  to  a  ])ioelamatio  i  will'  li  Pico 
p"Mposea  to  )nililisli,  Sept.  '_'2d,  preliiiiiiiary  re]M(rts  of  coin.iiitte.s;  mi(p. 
e  I'lrt.  (Si'pt.  "Jkli,  re,%'ii!al  ions  for  militia  in  11!  articl(>s;  a  treasu'cr  to  ln'iiji- 
poiiiled;  lands.  Sept.  "Jdtli,  lands.  Oct.  1st,  lands;  cattlesteali.ii.';  s'''.  to 
jM't  liis  salary  notw  itlislaiidini.'  the  adjournment;  sup  idurt;  rci'T.  lur  to 
election  of  senators  of  tin;  repulilie.  Oct.  ltd,  land  j,'rai  ts.  Oct.  Stl,  i'','iil:i- 
tions  for  the  .sale  of  hides;  land  grants;  sessions  suspended  for  the  w  ■  uii'vx 
year,  heciuise  inaliilitv  to  ]iay  .salar'  -s  makes  it  necessary  to  allow  i  inIhts 
ion  tire.  Lnj.  J!,,-.,  S|S.,  iv.  lOl-iUl;  (Jtr,m,  Doc,  MS.,  S7-S.  O  '.  Htli, 
i'ico's  jiroelaiiiation  elosini.;  the  sessions. 

*''An,i;ust.  Jh„-.  Ili.^t.  ('fit.,  MS.,ii.  100,  ll'J-l."?,  llS-10.  Sept.  -i.  TieJ 
c:dls  for  infori.iation  ahout  rumors  of  distiri  mces  at  Monterey,  /■/  ii.  I'-': 
Mid  i.^  assured  Seiit.  I'Jth  l>y  Castro  that  ■  il  is  (piiet  now,  tlion'.;h  t  .■  re  had 
li.'en  \iiieasiness  in  conscfpieneo  of  rumors  ihat  tlie  |irefect  and  citizen-  v.oui'l 
attack  the  soldiers,  y>^/-^  Si.  Pen      J!.,.     .MS.,  v.  W-i-i. 

"Sept.  idtiK  1".  tot'.  Due.  iii>^i.  cuL,  :ds.,  ii.  MS-y. 


GKXiXiAL  A\i»  rn::F;:cT. 


yJ7 


i 


f-,\; 

!:,.t 

oil 

IrlT. 

11/.' 

tl,.- 

lilt 

1    l,i> 

l.V 

i\v- 

t\    ill  lli.' 

tin 

I.IT- 

stii 

I'llts, 

th. 

n.,.,!- 

■<l   : 

-■am, 

irv 

/  "r/'i; 

•  It 
all 

'4\il;ir 
•  pIIicI' 

•di 

-jKOl- 

.M. 

■Cllll'il 

uncii 

Sr 

pt.  i::Ui, 

t.'Jil 

ll,.lnUJS 

•s  l(  ■: 
1.      I 

stiili-ro), 

1)  11' it  In- 

•1.  l- 

ttt'i'  ifii^i 

.„   h. 

•■illlVl'S. 

I'siclciit  iif  t'.ie 


all  iniwanvm 


aii.l  i~-su(_!( 


tal.lc 


iiiti'i' 


(^■rciu'c  wit 


h   li 


|>1\  :i'<)'.r 


:ilivi 


I  a  L^'i 


nu'ral  oiiKt  aiiinillii!;;'  the  ^oxcnioi'  s  di.'- 
•i'.  r  nil  the  iL;ri)Uii(l  tliat  tli(>  oliiccrs  in  (jiu-stioii  watc  in 


ac'i  IN .'  service  am 


I   tl 


urelMrc  uiKie 


his  own  cDiiiiiiauu 


Till'  prelect  tle.'a  issued  a    proelaiiiatioii  in  deleiici^  id' 
ri;<i's  rii^jits,  aii<l  declafed   thai  dissensions  hetween 


till'  <  a 


ief  aiitliofities  should  not  l»e  allowed  (o  intei- 


e  win 


tiie\'    Wi'l'i 


with  the  inilitaiy  ofnani/,at ion,  siii< 
(jUaiieUiiiL;'  he  would   [>ux.  hiinsidl'at  llu-  head  ot'  thu 
■  d  - 


lis  and   .save  1 


anirv!     ( Jeneral   ( 'astro  r^ 
].!ii  .1.  i>rai>iii!4'  I  )on  ManuiTs  jiatriot  ie  /eal,  hut  reinind- 

ce  was  a  dutv  helon;,;'- 
he   tloulile 


liil 


111-- 
ill'"'  Ml) 


11  that  the  eountrv's del'eii 


Iv  to  th 


le  foinaiKlaneia    LieliflMl 


ciilirnilled  to  some  extent  in  Oetoher,  the  oiilv  deiiliitc 
ivsldt  heili'.;'  to  pr.  Vellt  the  enlist  lut'lit  of  det'eiisores, 
and  to  lav  the  roimdations  of  a  still  more  Mttei'  eon- 
re\i'!>\  for  I84(!.      So  far  as  t  he  iioitli  was  eoncetned, 


t 


Casiillero's  visit  and  his  tour  with   Castro  to  Soiiouia 
and  XeW  lleK'etia  tended  somewhat  to  allay  [»elsonal 


(listens 


ions  in  the  last  months  of  1845 


-  .iij 


S.  ])t.  'JIMli-nOtli,  prtfi'cfs  )ifo(>laiii;iti'iii;  (":'.<tro  to  .Cico  ;ii!'l  tn  iirofict; 


Ah 


do's  proti'st.    J)n-.   Ilif.   Cil.,   MS.,  ii.    IDS;    Aril-I    J.to 


M> 


\  CI:  /Ay/.  St.  I'll/).,  .MS.,  vi.  .")(i.     Laikiii,  Oil'.  ( 


S.  ht.  -.Vlth  tli;it  lUMttui 


(;•/■'  ■■/' 


MS.. 


.ill-- 
ii.  '27,  w  iit<'-j 


•Vi'.   f.'1't.!  Ill','    Will 


s(^  illld   Worse  lii'UVciIl    the  tWO 


pvi-tic.-:,  S()t!i.it  till'  iK'diili!  liiiiilly  carcil  wiiat  llau'  was  fXcliaii'/eil  forTiicir'iNMi. 
'lit.  1st,  (."a.stri»  t)  prc'tVct,  CNiirissiir,' sur|ii  isc,  c'ti\,  at  iii*  priirlaniatinn. 


Dor,  Uis'.  Cdl..  .MS.,  i 


Oct.  ;M,  D.ii  .M.i 


I'l  iln' 


I'lnl-s  Iiini 


Mf  at  : 


KiiL't! 


a  Utter  to  l>Mil  .lose,  usili',' 
itil 


aiiil  fori'ilili'  1 


ii.<  !•  -ii.'iiatiDii,  Imt  iiiitil  ixliived  jiroposes  to  iltsi'liar:,'( 


uif^'iiaL,'!'. 
faiti 


Hu  has 
I 


liullv  am 


f':irli  vsly  tlie    lutie.sot'   his  otlic 


M: 


iinicl  was  a  nun 


li  al 


iler  lii-MI  I  li::n 


.1, 


oiiil  was  c  •iiloiilly  not  so  iiiaiiai,'(!alile  as  the  latter  liail  e\pceteil  to  liiiil 


r 


\: 


Oct.  l.st,  a  fiiciiil  of  till'  aullior  vroto  to  lloliiiis 


f.!h' 


(•'!>. 


irivi:!','a  filuoniy  ]iijtiire  of  tlio  country  s  imsei 


alile  and  disoi  drrlv 


tioii,  ai'isiii;:  from  internal  disseTi.'ions;  Init  .'dl  foi'(i,,'ncr.s  gro>!sly  ''.sau'L'civit.'d 
till!  ililiiijukics  ill  these  days,     'J'lii.s  wiitef. states  that  I'ico  liad  Jkcii  arresteil 


ii'.nl  imnn.sonei 


1.    Oct.  loth,  A.  .^r.  1' 


ICO  a 


t  S.   .lose  to  ])refect.      A\'aiit>i 


ili't.iilcd  noconiit  of  the  trouhlos;  thiiii;s  there  should  he  no  revolt  .s.ive  for 
i-.ri'.:'s  caiisi'S.  Jh„-.  /f;.<f.  Ctif.,  MS.,  ii.  UL'.  Oct.  'JStli,  Alvaiailo  t  •  I'iiito, 
lii  |ii(>paratioiis  for  Castro'.s  trip  to 'h- northern  frontier.  I'iiifo,  l>ii>\,  .MS., 
ii. 'J  IS.  Dec,  lOtli,  (ten.  ("astro  to  (irefuct  and  toCastillero,  Jii  i'oiisei|iieiieu 
n:'  inus  just  received,  .iesirea  to  see  them  ia  ^Monterey  to  take  steii.s  to  ,a\  1 1 1 
I'ivil  war,  Cnslro,  Due,  MS.,  i.  •J;t!».  l»ee.  "J.HIi,  ( 'astro  is  gniiii,' south  ixwA 
iiiianil  at   .Monterey.    Dw.    Hist.  Cat.,   .MS.,    ii.  •J.'i."i. 


\v 


X 


irvaez  in  con 


V.'Hejo,  Hist.    Cal.,  .MS.,  V.    41)  S,  Manios   Pico  for  all   tlio  t.-ouhles.     0-i 


'  ill.,  MS.,  l.').")-!),  thinks  Castro  at  first  tried  to  act  in  I 


I'ii-ii,  hilt  was  iiifhi 


\! 


IV  Castillero  to  turn  a^ains 


t  hin; 


iirinony  witii 
llotello,  A  null  .•', 


^■.  l".'(l,  thinks  the  ol  1  triumvirate, 


Al 


Tii-uiii''   to  overtiii'iiw   I'ii-o  and  recov 


vavado,  (^.istro,  and  \'alU  jo,  wero 
r  the   cajiiial.     .Mo.=(t  ( 'aliiorniaii.^j 


liiin  Iv  1 


cl'cr  to  the  oontrovor.sy  of  lS4ii  (J  us  a  goicral  matter,  w  ith  a  gcni'ial 


■J 


538        RULK  OF  PICO  AM)  CASTRO-POLITICAL  AXXALS. 


IS 


At  (lie  caj/ital  ill  tilt'  inean  tiiin'  tlie  ali;tjcn()>  not 
oiilv  cii'ciilatcd  e\a;4'L,^e rated  ruiiiors  of  iiortlicni  Iroii- 
l>k's,  l)ut  iiiadi;  .soiiut  j)r<)L,a"('ss  in  tlirir  (twM  |i]ias(>  ,,t' 
the  ciiri'ciit  (|uaiTcl.'"  Ill  tlio  iiij^flit  of  SeptuiulnT  I  Jt  h 
IGtIi,  the  j^arrisou  rtjvolted,  l)iit  next  day  I'l'turiic  1  t  i 
duty,  siiiiic  cliaiiLji,'-;  lu'iii'^  made  l»y  the  n'oveni  ir  an.l 
asseliiMy  ill  tlie  oilicel's  coiiHiiaildill^.  Jose  .V.  ( ',ir- 
I'illo  aee;ise<l  Pico  of  ]ia\  ill^'  iiisti^'ated  the  tronps  i|,,t 
to  ree()'4!ii/e  his  authority;  while  the  n'overiiMr',  \,.i'- 
.sioii    was   that   the  troops  had  risen  because  uiiahjc  \n 

endure   the   comaiidante's    oppression,    but    had    I a 

jiersuaded  to  siihiuit.  C'arriilo  was  temporarily  I'l - 
lieved  (it  tlie  eoniiiiaiid,  or  at  least  a  recomnieiidal  i.iii 
to  th.it  ellecl  was  sent  to  (jlelieral  ('astro.'*'  I'iiu";. 
llies,-«eli'_;crs  hearing"  despatelies  i'or  Castro  respeitiii_i- 
tlie  late  occurrences  Were  overtaken  north  ot'  Sanl;i 
]);irl»ai\i  liy  a  jiartyseiit  in  pursuit  l»y  Cari'illo  to  seize 
the  dopatches  and  carry  others  to  Castro,  \<i  w  !;irli 
they  were  successrul;  while  another  j)arty  seiii, :  .  the 
alcalde  of  Santa  IJiirhara  to  eu[)turc  Carrillo's  nics^in- 
j^'ers  failed.  Xeither  were  those  messengers  arivstrd 
in  the  north  as  ordered,  but  soon  came  back  with 
])asses  from  Castro,  niiicli  to  the  disn'Ust  of  l*ico,  ulm 
with  reasmi  looked  u[)oii  the  proceeding  as  aiioiitrago 


ii; 


m 


ex|ir(ssiim  of  n|iini(in  that  ;.'(ivonior  mid  ^enural  wislicil  to  '^vt  r'ul  cadi  I'i  tin' 
(jtliur.  iidi  li  :uo  iuciist'il  of  I'avoiiiig  their  I'riuuiU  without  iiiucli  i'i.';,'ai'l  Xn  tlie 
jiulilic  AM'l.an'. 

•'  .IiiiK's.  iKiw  that  the  troulilcs  were  no  loni,'or  quite  imaginary,  wmtu  on 
Sept.  .'ill:  '  Ilia  lv;oelleiioy  still  continues  ti  Inlil  the  reins,  anil  ruli'<  witli 
cveu-lKUuled  jiistiee.  I  he;j;in  to  think  the  chair  of  state  niii'lit  lia.i:  1"  i  ii 
liileil  l.y  a  niuih  less  worthy  citizen.'  Larhiii'i  ]>i)i\,  MS.,  iii.  JT!!. 

'■"Seiit.  ITlli,  I'ieo  to  Castro,  llilario  V'arehi,  Jose  Carrillo,  and  lacil"! 
Sanclie.',  seemeil  to  lie  riui,'leader.s.  .V  junta  de  Liuona  called  by  the  as--riiiMy 
on  the  lijtii  put  Lieut  Soumza  in  eoiinnaiid,  ,i:id  left  the  chief  i  niiiiiiainl  — 
Carriilo's  ])lac( — for  the  ,u';'ii(ral  to  ihi  iile  iiiioii.  I>i)<\  JJi.i/.  Ctil.,  MS.,  ii.  l.'iO. 
Sept.  ITtli,  Soino/a  to  rico.  All  is  tra:ii|ail,  the  men  regretting  tlieir  in.'ts. 
nipt.  St.  /'(I]'.,  MS,,  vi.  ."tl.  Scjit.  IStli,  I'icoordersapro-iccutionof  Caiiillo 
fill-  saying  that  he  could  prove  I'ico  to  liave  reduced  the  troojis.   Id.,  vi.  "i4. 

Sejit.  IS,h,    to  Castro.    Protests  against  ( 'anilio's  restoration  to  tin;  cum- 

HMiid.  /<!..  viii.  11.  .lone.s  on  Sept.  Itith  sent  iiii  inaccurate  lepnrt  of  tlio 
maUcr  to  Laridn,  to  the  cH'cct  that  Pico  and  liisfriemls  iiad  tried  ti]iiit  ilnvii 
Carrillo,  failed,  and  lieen  ariested.  LnrLiii'.i  Dor.,  MS.,  iii.  -JTS,  -iw'.  The 
1  li -111 ip'.i  prayers  haiihceu  invoked  to  r.'store  traiupiiility.  ])i  I'l.  S>.  I'm/  .  M^., 
vi.  14;).  Sept.  .'Mtli.  ))refcct  pulilishes  Pico"s  report  at  Monterey:  and  (ion. 
Castro  tcl!)  I',  that  he  has  oi-dcrcd  the  dishaiidinent  of  the  reliclli'ni- ti'u(.>;i3 
as  a  ijuni.sliment!  7>^>^  St,  I'lqi.,  MS.,  vi.  J7;  /(/.,  Moidvrij,  iii.  lUU. 


l!    !! 


GOVERNOR  AND  ASSEMBLY. 


639 


Uliiii  lii.s  autlioritv.*''  The  n'ovcnior  protesti'd  that 
th(!«-'  was  no  fouiidation  in  the  current  reports  that  lio 
Av.i'-  disposed  to  ignore  the  niihtai'v  authority;  and  he 
urged  u[)on  Castro  the  necessity  of  uiiiti'd  cirorls,  so 
that  tlic  cliiefs  ot"  tile  d('[)artineiit  niiglit  no  longer  Ije 
(ihjccts  of  ridicuK'.  J>ut  a  little  later,  in  a  i-eport  to 
]\Ie\ico  ui'ging  the  sending  of  inilit;iiv  foi'ccs  under  a 
iieu  '4'encral,  he  accused  C'asti'oand  AKarado  uotonly 
el'  crejiting  dissensions  which  endangered  th<'  territo- 
rial integrity,  hut  also  of  squandei'ing  the  puMic 
funds.'"' 

The  assembly   adjou.rned   on    <he    Sth    of  Oetohei', 


fissignuig  as  a  reason  the  nec< 


^1<V 


toi'   ci»untr\'  ineni- 


i>  to  e'o  home  and  eju'u   a  li\  in 


li 


as 


tl 


lere     W  a 


iiiniiey  with    which    to   pay   their  salar 


i)i 


no 
u  in'i 


ions  the  nojthern  mendjei's  ha<l   not  heen   in 
ihlv 


the  >css 

attend; 

realitv   because    thev    were   nnwilline-   to   ser\ 


xncc,  ostensibly  on  accoiuit  of  sickue-ss,  but  in 


;is    a 


mine 


I'itv  and  at  a  southern  cai>ita 


'1^ 


Wo  (lavs  helore 


tiie  ;idjoui'nment,  (October  ath  (Ith,  a  genei'al  eh'ction 
wa->  held,  the  last  un<ler  Mexican  rule,  at  which 
Juan  1).  Alvarado  was  chosen  diputado  to  ci in- 
gress,   with    ]M.anui'l    lie(piena  as   substitute,  though 


kiu'.^Jh, 


'Sil>t.  •_Mst-'J!)tli.  J)t/>i.  .S/.  /'.'/-.,  /;.//.  I'll/.  ;i  .iiiy.'!.,  MS.,  ii.  i; 


MS.,  iii.  "J'JT.     I'ica's  in-'ssciii'iTs  wrix'.Iu.in  Siiiiiilvcil.i  timl  Li'ipiiarcla 


C'otii;  ('anillo'.s,  Cant.  .Tciso  Can  illo,  .J( 


(ISC  hii''i),  am 


i.l 


'I' 
uv)Ihi  Saiu'lit'/,  w  lid  ro- 


tuiiiril  ill  Xi)V.     Cajit.  Valfiitiii  C<ita  hail  iilsu  ln",ii   .suiiiiuDiiiil   \>y  Canilic; 


iuiil  \\.\A  iiitiiisteil  witli  a 
CW«f,  /A"'.,  MS.,  17- IS. 


I'Diuiniun  /•('■«/■('(((, 


id  tij  Sta  Dull) 


ii'a  oil  .Scj)t. 


il. 


•:"Oft.  -.M,  I'ieotu  Castro.  J)i  f/.  Sf.  I'lj,.,  MS.,  viii.  17-21.  i)<l.  !»tli,  P. 
to  .Vliii'ifo.  /(/,,  vi.  !tl-'J.  O't.  'JUii,  I'.  iir;;aiii/c.s  a  s|ii'i;ial  force  mi  li.T(J.i|it. 
JiKiii  <  iallafilo  ami  Liiut  Lciiiiardo  ( 'uta,  to  |ii(s»;i-vc  or.liT.  ()lirr<i,  />>■•.,  MS. , 
51.  Nov.  ."Id,  .loiK's  writes:  'Tlio  civil  aiiil  military  aiitlioritiis  arc  at  oijcu 
War  ill  tiic  caj)ital.  'i'lio  j^ovcrimr  ami  iipii|)lc  li.iV'  rct'ilscl  to  allow  the  can- 
non to  l)p  iciiKJVcd  to  tlii.s  ]>laci^  iu  coiii[iliaiicc  witli  Castro  ",s  onlcr,  aul  iI.  A. 


(\n 


nilo  IS  on   Ins  niarcn 


to  pstalilisli  his  head 


/i"'.<  l>oi\,  MS.,  iii.  ;}i)4.     \ov.  lith,  1'.  to 
vi.  !))l-7. 


JUII 


I'tcr.s  iu  Sta  Jlarhai 
jf  ivl.    /-"(///.  SI.  I 


MS. 


'"^Lcj.  n,r.,  MS.,  iv.  iJ^IM. 

■'■Oil  .Tnlv  'Jiitli,  in  accordance  with  a  vote  of  the  as 


111.] 


semhiv,  ami  in  conse 


quelle 


liuMi>licd  111  a 


>f  son 
I 


U' current  cliarjj'es  tliat  that  liudy  «a.s  not  acliii'_'  le;,'al!y,  I 


iiilkv 


ilociiinent  hi.<  corrcs|i.  \v 


ith  S] 


>ence  am 


1  Ml 


leo 

show- 


in;-' that  they  had  been  lcL,'ally  siiiiimoiicd  ami  re|pcatedly  \iri;ed  to  attend  he- 


fine  I 


ijilent 


es  were  (.a Neil  in 


/' 


•(),    (    DCi 


jKiiiiliii'i'i Clin  (c.t  riif  III  ■■<  I'li'ii 


a'r'iiilM  (!</  Sorh',  JS.}-',  MS.     ISotello,  A.Ktli.t,  .MS.,  i-_'(),  has  also  Momethin'' 


to  sav  on  this  tl 


in. 


.Ml 


IS  claimed   that  he    hail  n>>   horses   to  iiiaku   tin 


jumiiey,     Siieiiijo  had  sure  eyes,  and  learcd  the  An^^ele.i  cliinalo. 


-•V!? 


51  J  ;i 


m§  u 


I-      rilf- 


C40 


RULE  OF  PICO  AND  CASTRO-rOLTTICAL  ANXALS. 


noitlier  cvor  wt'iit  to  ^Mexico  to  tal  o  his  scat.'''  At 
the  siuno  time  thero  wore  chosen  th/co  vocali  s  I'i.r 
the  assembly,  to  take  the  places  of  S[)cnco,  ?»ru!ir as, 
and  Estrada,  whose  terms  had  expired.  Tin;  ,-;ic- 
cessful  caiiditlates  were  Juan  JJandini,  Jose  Ahri'-o, 
and  Santia'.ifo  Arn'iicllo,  Icaviii;;'  one  norlln'ni  iikiu- 
bcr  aL,''ainst  six  southerners,  with  .Joa(|uin  (  'anilli, 
Abel  Stearns,  Santia^'o  E.  Ari;iiello,  A;4-ustiii  <  )!v(r,!, 
lL,niaclo  Paloniares,  Antonic^  3.1.  l*ico,  and  J.ia  j.iiii 
Ortej^a  as  su[)lentes.''* 

At  thi>  end  (jf  Xovembor  there  were  some  n-'W  de- 
velopments in  tlie  ])i)litico-mHitary  (juarrel  ;i(  L  .> 
Ani^'eles  and  Santa  IJarbara.  Jose  Antonio  ( '.niillM. 
with  the  Varela  brothers,  Serbulo  and  llilai'io,  luiin.  1 
a  cons])iracy  to  depose  the  L'(n'ernor  and  M'i/.e  iils 
pei'son.  An  attack  was  to  bo  made  u[)on  his  1imii>.j 
ill  the  ni^'ht  <»t"  Xovend)er  2Sth;  but  .Pico  \v;is  in- 
formcvl  ot"  the  plot,  j)ut  Carrillo  under  arrest,  aul 
called  upon  his  i'riends  in  the  city  and  i-am-liM.  |".i- 
assistance.  Tho  Varelas  i-an  away,  and  even  >iir- 
oecnled  (»n  the  LM){h  in  cai)turinL5-  the  horses  o("  a  p.uty 
of  I'ancheros  who  had  come  in  at  the  !j;'overn<ii'',s  cill; 
but  they  were  [)romptly  pursued  and  taken  pri>'iii(is. 
Al'ter  an  investigation  belbre  the  alcalde,  it  w;!s  t\r- 
cided  to  banish  Carrillo  and  Ililario  A^arela,  wiio 
Were  [)ut  on  board  the  Clan'la  and  sailed   (bi-  .M;!z:i- 

"Oi't.  r>tli,  election.  Olnra,  Dor.,  MS.,  .^7;  i>/>'.  Sf.  Pup.,  MS.,  \i.  :.\ 
•'*()(t,  <i,  lS7."i,  oloetioii  of  iiK'nil)cr.i  of  assaiiibly.  D:pt.  67.  I'dp.,  .M'\, 
viii.  .']7-S,  l"_'.')-(!.  Tlicro  wjid  a  tic  Iictwocu  Ikuulini  ami  A.  ."\I.  Osin,  which 
■was  (h'ciiU'il  iiy  lot  in  faviii"  of  tlio  fonui.n'.  I'rulimiiiarv  cono.sp.  ami  ipriliri 
as  follow.^:  LiuH  of  .June  IDtli,  Mexican,  in  Jjur.  Hist,  dt/.,  MS.,  ii.  ;i.l. 
July  1  nil,  IJth,  (Iccrco  of  gov.  and  a.ssi'nilily  on  ik't.iils  of  t!io  elccti m.  /.';/. 
A'"-'.,  :MS.,  iv.  ,S!»-!ll;  Ih'j,'.  St  /'up.,  MS.,  "viii.  ;{r.-7;  S.  Jii^r,  ,|/-/,.,  M-;., 
i.  4'-';  ('ii4ro.  Dm'.,  MS.,  i.  Kil.  Loral,  jirinKirv,  au.l  scconil,-irv  clectiuiH  ia 
An;,'.-Sei)t.  7>(>r'.  //;>■/.  (Jal.,  MS.,  ii.  70,  SS,  'Jl.'lOS,  lJ(i-7,  Lid,  110,  lM;iv. 
1101;  ( '((,s'/;v),  Dor.,  MS.,  i.  It'.);  S.  Jo.-«U  Arc/i.,  MS.,  iji.  (i;  Drpf.  St.  I'lii;., 
MS.,  vi.  4!)-."i'J.  I'lio  S.  F.  doctor  wa.s  not  clioscn  hccauso  tlio  voiiipi-niiii-'ifhi 
from  Sonoma  ami  ("ontr;i  Co.sta  fiiilcd  to  appciu'.  Tlioso  a\1io  went  to  Aul'cIcj 
were  Xai'eiso  ISotello,  IVdro  Carrillo,  an:l  Antonio  ]•".  Coroncl  for  An,!  Ifs; 
Juan  ..M.  ^Lirroil  for  S.  l»ii\L,'o;  Fianeiseo  do  l.i  (lueri'a  and  1!;iiniuii  1  )L'.iiTil!o 
for  Sia  Ji.irhara;  and  I'aWo  du  la  (iuerr.i  and  Joai[uin  l".se;iniill;i  for  Mmitcny, 
y.i;/.  /i'"'.,  MS.,  iv.  '-'S'J,  'JS7.  Liconijilelc  reroi'd  of  iireliniinary  org;iii -aojU 
of  liic  electoral  junta  on  Sept.  liSLli,  iu  Corond,  Due,  MS.,  llo-17. 


IIEVOLT  AT  AXf;i:LES  AXD  SANTA  BATITIARA. 


Ml 


0.:[]\  (]uj  5t!i  of  Docoinber  fnmi  San  l)'u'«jfo.  Scrltiilo 
A'.ircl.i  was  detained  in  ]>ris(in,  l)ut,  (••^'■.•tjicd  lid'oi'i'  tin.' 
(11(1  of  tlio  voar;  wliilo  tlio  o\ilo.s  i'ouiid  their  wav 
iMc'k  cai'lv  in  184G,  Carrillo  not  dcMMiiin'r  himself  safe 
;U  Any'oles,  but  joininu^  Casti'oin  the  north/'' 

The  onthrealc  at  Santa  ]>.irl)aia,  presumably  ;is  a 
]irt  of  the  same  i.!jeneral  plan,  occurred  on  XoxciiiluT 
•J'.tih.  one  day  later  than  the  |»ro|)osed  movement  at 
ilic  capital.  A  lari^e  I'umber  of  citi/.ens  under  (  'aptaiu 
(liimcsindo  Floi'es,  Jos(j  Antonio  dt;  la  (luerra,  and 
Jm-,.'  IjU^'o  arrested  the  sub-prefc-t  and  alcalde,  de- 
daiin'L;"  their  purpose  to  ignore  the  authority  not  only 
(f  those  officials  but  of  the  govei'iior  also,  and  to  rec- 
(•;nize  only  Clener;d  Castro.  Th(^  al!c\'4'eil  !4ri( 'Nances 
wciv  that  the  civil  authoi'itie.s  bad  disi-cM-arded  a  [)eti- 
li  HI  of  the  citi^^ens  to  bo  relieved  iVom  u,'iiard  duty,  atid 
t'lat  at  the  ca[»ital  nnlltary  officers  had  heen  op[)resse(l 
iiv  t'.K!  !>:()vei'noi'.  Idorcs,  the  comaudante  at  Santa 
.bbbai'a,  was  tlu-  chief  insti'^'ator,  and  doubtK'ss  had  an 
riii(!ci'standin;j,'  with  Carriilo.  At  a  nuM'tin^-  held  on 
t'lc  :!Oth  it  was  proposed  to  march  on  Aurj^eles;  but  the 
ii'V,  ;  beiuL;'  uidavorable,  this  project  was  abandoned. 
Hii  Ducendjer  I  Ith  the  jironunciados  hetil  amtlher 
i;ic-iin;j,',  at  wbich  it  was  d(>cided  to  send  for  th(>  snb- 
I'ltfcet  and  submit  to  the  civil  autlntritv.  IJv  Pico's 
<>r  Icr  thi're  was  a  later  attenii)t  at  le^al  invest Il^mI  ion, 
] Miling  to  no  practical  results;  as  it  soon  became  ap- 
li.iient  that  a  bu'e-e  majority  of  tht>  people  had  direct  ly 
"1' indirectly  favored   tln'  revolt,  and  that  tliey  would 

'Nov.  notli,  alcalde's  investiu'if  i"io.  Xd  i1rt;iils  i  \('0)it  (hit  .I.-/'  A. 
T:iiii;i,  Aga'>iti)  Eamiivz,  Diiloics  lIi,-.'U"ra,  Casiiniio  Ituliii),  a.nl  I!  >,w  i\>  \nt\' 
ir-.vAr.l  as  ac(;i)ni]ilicL'-!.  Jhpf.  iSV.  /'<(/).,  JJci.  I'r<i'.  ij  J)/-./.,  MS.,  ii.  \:f2, 
l:i '.  I  tO-l,  i:..'.  Nov.  .SOlh,  I'ico  t  .  sdl.prit'tvt  of  S.  \)\v^o.  />'■;.'.  .v.  /'fi/i., 
M<..  vi.  !)■;)  102.  V.  tn  (Mis  aiil  t.>  ('apt.  Vi^.-i't  of  tin;  f  7,„-;''c  /./.,  vi. 
'.'-;•:  viii.  -J-J.  Siiiliii^r  ,,f  tlKTxik's.  /-/..  vi.  G:!;  A/.,  /.'ni.  I',</.  <i  Jir:/.,  ii. 
I-.  !•  '•.  '2i\,  r. ';(  rcpiii't  cf  llic  wliiilo  nH'air  liiviilatiil  l>v  Sci'.  ( '  )Va(  iiiliiaa 
:i:i'l  ih.'  subpivftvt.s.  /).>,:  l/i^t.  C'.,  Ms,,  ii.  -J.'.-J,  '2.i\\  '.'all.  jn,  />.„•.,  MS., 
>.\\iv.  170.  J)oL-.  'JUh,  (sraiie  cf  S  rl.ulo  V.iiila.  I)<i't.  .S7.  /•,',  ,,,  /;,.,.  /',;/. 
;'•/■':/.,  MS.,  ii.  10'.).  Some  i^irii  iilar.s  arofjiveu  l)y  I'ico,  J/ixf.  f'll..  Ms., 
Itl-Ci,  aiil  a  gpiii'ial  ftccodiit  is  fodud  also  in  \'n'lijn,  His'.  Cnl.,  .MS.,  v.  r,» 
M;  .l^•,»n^^J,  //«/.  f.'n/.,  Ms.,  v.  KO-U.  1!  >it'llo,  Amih-idd.Sii,:  MS., 
I'-iJ-  \  t(jlla  us  that  nil  oiithivak  of  soiiio  ])risi>ii<i(  in  tlic  jail  uiulor  uiio  Hi- 
Caikle  I'rioi'i  blaiU'i.l  the  iiive.-^liij'atioii  whi^h  imiilio.itcd  (JaiiiUo. 


:?': 


m 


el 


§n 


jiiim-^. 


54': 


RULi;  OF  PICO  AND  CA.STUO— POLITICAL  AXNALS. 


not  j»orinit  tlio  governor  to  .select  a  few  iiulivivl/.als 
toi-  vengeance.''" 

Castr(/>s  [)art  in  the  disturbances  just  descrilx d  is 
not  brought  to  liglit  l)y  the  evidence.  Friends  of  I'i,(j 
in  the  soutli  helievi'd  that  Gastro  and  Carj'illo  wciu 
acting  in  jierfect  accord  to  overthrow  the  govi  rimi'. 
Su«'h  was  j)rohahly  the  ca.se,  thougli  it  is  jxi.ssibl.,  as 
Vallejo  and  Alvarado  insist,  that  CarriUo  may  have 
acted  inde[)endently  so  I'ar  as  the  details  td"  tlii>  par- 
ticular revolt  were  concernt;(_l.  At  any  rate,  Ca>t  lo  ja 
his  comnuniications,  while  he  ui'ged  the  peoj)le  i^  jnv- 
scrvo  harnionv  and  sul)niit  to  the  lawful  authorities, 
had  no  l)laine  for  Flora's,  and  acce|>ti'd  that  nllir(i'"s 
the(jry  that  the  revolt  had  resulted  from  l*ico"s  ar- 
bitrary acts."'  1  have  also  a  j)iivatc  letter  from  I  lihi- 
rio  Varela  to  Castro,  which  shows  not  oidy  that  the 
latter  was  in  secret  comnumication  with  the  had'  is 
of  the  .southern  revolt,  but  that  I?ico,  with  the  sii|i|i(iit 
of  the  northern  jjrefeet,  was  believed  to  be  preparing 
for  a  (joipe  de  c.stado  against  the  general.'''^  Thi  de- 
velopment of  this  quarrel  will  form  a  prominent  tnpie 
in  the  earlier  annals  of  the  next  year. 


''T>ec.  2(1,  Siil)-iirtfect  A.  C.inilli)  to  Pico,  aimounLing  his  arrest  ami  that 
of  tlio  1st  aliiilik  (:ilip:irciitly  Xi-liolas  I)iii)aii(l  Antonio  Itci'liiu'iic/,  l>/jil. 
,Sf.  /'(!)>.,  ]l(')i.  J'nf.  1/ J ir:;/'. ,  .MS.,  ii.  KiS.  Nov.  ;{()tli,  .Jones  to  Laikin,  do- 
scril.iuL,'  tlic  all'air  as  tlio  work  of  a  j,''"'o  "f  outlaws,  wiio  now  have  im--.  s^iuu 
of  the  town.  JIojk-s  ttiat  Castro  \\\\\  sustain  (lie  uov.  L(irl:iii'-<  Jtnc,  MS.,  iii, 
3S(i.  I>e('.  mil,  reeoi'd  of  sulmiission  and  iHdiiii.seil  ]iarilon.  Jji /il  .^■'.  /'i<//., 
All;/.,  MS.,  xi.  lOS-il;  J, I.,  JJci.  I'fif.  1/  ./irji.,  ii.  KiS.  Di'c.  •-•;M-;;(ttli,  in- 
vestigations. III. ,  Bni  ,  iv.  •27-I>.").  Jan.  Htli,  prefect  still  in  quest  of  eviil'Miif. 
iJipt.  St.  I'lij).,  MS.,  vii.  iis. 

''''l>ee.  I.")!!),  Castro  to  l'"lorcs,  Pieo,  and  to  the  people.  r>c/i/.  St.  /''/'i 
MS.,  vi.  (i.'i  4;  /(/.,  Jim.  JUL,  Iwxvi.  !)-!!.  Tlic  general  announced  lii>  [im- 
pose to  eonie  in  |ier.son  to  the  .south. 

■'^Oct.  "J."!,  i.S-i.'),  N'arela  to  (astro,  nsirvritla.  8ays  tii.'it  Castro's  orders  tn 
him  Iia\i'  i)een  olieycd;  and  that  i'ieo  istryinu,  hy  oilers  of  good  places  ir  tho 
custoni-iiouso  when  it  shall  li  removed  to  the  soiUli,  to  gain  support  .-iMni];,' 
the  ]ieopIe  against  Castro,  though  not  with  much  success.  He  continni  >;  '1 
will  also  tell  you  that  coniniunicutioiis  fi'uiii  SeiKjr  Manuelotu' — Maniii'lt  '.i-^tr", 
the  i)refeot -  'have  been  shown  me,  in  which  ]w  tells  tho  gov.  to  make  lin 
<jri/o  when  ho  chooses;  that  ho  will  tie  them  hero.  Tliis  is  true,  my  friiii'l. 
All  thi.s  has  liooii  laid  hefore  me,  pr()l)al)ly  to  induce  mo  to  take  ])art  with 
them,  luit  I  Would  never  do  it.  I  therefore  await  yoii  without  fail  for  Nov, 
Stli.  Be  not  afraid  — We  will  die  togi  ther — and  let  mo  know  in  time  <'i  ;.' "r.r 
coming,  that  wo  may  ho  ]iri'[iared.  .  .Don't  fail  to  come  at  tho  time  1  tell  yo;i, 
para  f regar  6  ipie  nus  frieguen.'  Jhc.  Jl'iM.  ('«/.,  .MS.,  ii,  204. 


H't' 


.■"i*l:'.als 


■llic   ll    IS 

hi  wrro 
vi'i'iiiir. 
•il-l.'.  as 
V  have 
li'-  par- 
a>lr"  ill 

til   jilV- 

liorit'us, 
(»llii-cr  s 
ici  I  >  ar- 
iiii  1  lila- 
.hat  llii.' 
I  Icadi'TS 
sllplMiit 
iV('liariiig 

Tl.r    .li- 
L'llt  t'>|iic 


st  iiu'l  i!wt 
mz.  Jiii't. 
Liii'Uiii,  cle- 

•  ,  MS.,ia, 

l-;;oih.  .11- 

^  >V.  /'■';'•. 

IiccmI  his  pnr- 

)'s  ol'dfl's  t'l 
j.liiccs  ii!  t!io 
ipovt  iiianui; 
oiitinni>;  'I 
mnuH  ^i>a", 

to  uwk<'  1"^ 
,  my  tiii'ii'l. 
,0  ]i"iirt  witii 
•aill"i-  N'^v, 
Liiiii-'  ni"  y.'ur 
,0  1  t'  11  yuu, 


IXDI.\N  AFFAIRS. 


")4;) 


Till'  Tiuliiins  wci'c  slill  troiiM'-soiiic,  tlioii'^li   tlicir 


tM\  a'4'c 


sav 

-    Ui 


-wi 


111  tl 


IV  ('X('( 


'|)tl()ll 


I   (I!     Kllllll 


Hi 


T\ 


KtKias 


Liiul- 


III  the  spciiiL,^  iuid 


Willi 


J 


lain  JjraiKli  r  in  A<»\n'nii)ei 


X 


It'  (•(iniiiK'd  ior  tlu;  most  part  to  tliu  stcalinu;'  of 
liiiiscs  and  cattlt'.  ( )iic  of  Pico's  lirst  acts  was  to  try  a 
!i(  w  cxj)ciinK'nt  in  Inilian  policy,  hy  luttiiiL;' a,  contract 
\n  |iiiiiisli  the  savai^'cs.      Captain  (janttand  J)r  Marsli, 


Willi   Ihcir 


foil 


owt 


rs  who  had   marched  south   uiidt-r 


Mi  ■hcltorena  and  Sutter,  a<^ree(l  to  undertaki!  an  ex- 
|ir  lition,  and  to  free  the  country  from  its  Indian  ])ests 
at  iheir  own  expense.  'I'heir  compensation  was  to  he 
j(ii)  cattle,  and  one   half  of  all  liv(!-stock  that  they 


liil'_;hl     recover 


'oin 


tl 


le  roohers. 


T\ 


us  raid  was  to 


iic'-un  apparen 


I'l' 


itlv 


in   I'oiiiiection   with   the   return 


iiiaivh  of  Oantt's  company  to  the  north;  hut  1  find  no 
iiilwiiiiation  respectiniL;'  its  j-esults,  (^('eiit  that  in  .Juno 
( 'apiain  Sutter  declared  jiis  helief  that  the  contractors 
t  he  ahle  to  acc(»inplisli  any  of  the  i^reat  thiiiL^s 
|i!itiiiiscd,  hecause  the  men  were  not  willinn'  to  accom- 


WMllld  IK  I 


aiiv  tliem 


01 


SiMii  aftt'r  makiiiLT  this  contract  for  the  country 
iiMiili  (if  the  capital.  Pico  made  an  eflort  to  organize 
a  raiiipaign  against  sduthern  horse-t liieves.  From 
April  to  J  uneacti\c']in']»aratioiis  were  made,  on  j)a[)er 
;ii  least,  for  a  Lirand  cfuiihlned  mo\cmeiit  tif  volunteer 


irom  a 


11  t 


le  southern  towii> 


'f  he  1 


"orce  was  to 


anil  from  San   Fernando  on  .luiu'  lath;   hut  alxmt 
hi'fore  that  date  all  communications  cease,  and 


are  left  to  conjecture  that  the  Indi; 


ms 


^>1 


)eratioim 


'■•  r.iainlor  wiis  killt.'.!  on  Nov.  ."iOtli,  ;it  AiiU'Sti's  nini'lio.  Dnr.  IHkI.  C"'., 
M--.,  11,  •Jl'.i,  -J.VJ. 

'"111).  '27,  ls4."i,  loutruct  hftwot'u  IMl-o  ami  .rnlm  Marsh  ami  .lohu  Uaiitt 
f'lr  an  I'xpoili.imi  against  the  Indians.  .Mso  (ion.  Ciistrn's  insti  uitions  ti) 
tlaiitt.  I>i'i,r  S'.  Pn/i..  .MS.,  vi.  l(i!)-71:  /'/..  AiiijpI'.i,  \i.  14()--_>.  A!s  ect'cnvd 
til  in  N/'t  lidrhani,  Arr/i.,  .MS.,  4.");  h'slinllllo.  l>or.,  MS.,  ii.  s,").  .\ci,iiiilin>.; 
t"  th'^  CI  Ultra  I't,  any  men  \i  ho  joincil  tlu!  jiarty  niiu'lit  talic  their  ow  n  animals 
iiciu  icl  lict'orc  the  division  was  made  In  tho  instructinns  certain  liimidly 
tiilies  wure  named  %vhieh  must  lie  respected,  an<l  ethers  wlm  weic  ni.torinns 
I'lililieis.  Men  mi;;litl)C  killed  it  they  resisted;  hut  women  and  ehildren  were 
t'j  111  |iut  at  the  dispDsal  u!  guvt;  aiul  no  inhiniianity  was  tu  ho  shown  tu  those 
who  Miiuld  sulimit. 

"Juno  14tli,  Sutlers II aol  Correnp.,  MS.,  20. 


I      i,; 


{(■■'V 


m 


rl;. 


f" 


'/!  |! 


'T  m 


5,-t  ■  ^'  ■ 


CM        HULK  OF  riCO  A.VD  CASTllO-I'OUTICAL  AXX.\L>. 


H    ' 


v.H'i-c  not  scfinusly  iiii,('i'i'n]>tf(l  ;i1  this  lime."'  in  t'n' 
(Sail  .fose  r('n'i"ii  at  tlm  iioi'tli  ('Miiijilaiiits  nl"  ''I'ltrc  |,i- 
tiolis  seem  Id  have  heeli  solliewlint  le>s  rri'(|ilt'iit  tii;i;i 
in  loriiief  years.  In  Juiio  ( 'olonel  Alvai'adoaiuK.niKvJ 
that  lie  had  tal;».'n  eonnnand  of  the  lorci's  imd  was 
ul)out  to  niarcli  a'^'ainst  th(.'  Indians,  niakiiiL;-  ;il  the 
same  time  some  e\tend(.'d  explorations;  hut  his;icliic\r- 
nients  are  not  of  rijcord."''  Noi1h  ol'  tli<'  hay  uc  rcid 
of  a  I'aid  from  Sonoma  to  tlic^  I'e^ion  of  ]toss,  niadi'  l>v 
ranc'heros  with  a  view  to  obtain  Indian  laborers,  ;\:;^ 
biought  to  ]ii;lit  in  tlu^  local  eonrfs  on  accoimt  i^f.i 
({Uai-rel  about  the  division  of  the  spoil.^.'''  At  New 
][elv(!tia  Sutter's  men  made  a  few  sneressfid  raids  i<\\ 
lioslih;  I'aneherias,  ha\in;^  also  .'i  de^'ree  of  sncci'-s  i.i 
mnkiiiL;'  treaties  with  several  chieftains.  Th"  caiital:! 
still  sold  Indian  children  and  the  laboi- of  ol  It  r  ciiji- 
iivcs  to  his  creditor's  aroimd  the  bay.''"'  A  Walla  Wall  i 
chief  I'rom  Oi'Cj^'on  was  killed  at  S!itb'i''s  Fort  carlv 
this  year,  oi'  at  tin;  end  oi'  Is  I  i,  by  (  Iimxc  Cook,  fini!! 
Vvhom  he  had  stolen  a  nnde;  and  hi-  tribe  were  iiiiirli 
e\cite(l  about  thi^  matter,  proposin'j;  to  send  I. jit!) 
wari'ini's  to  .'iveiin'e  the  act.  I^lijah  W'liit^',  misauuniy 
and  Indian  a;jfent  in  tin;  Walainet  A'alley,  i'c|iiiin',l 
the  matter  to  Consul  Ijarkiii  and  Gin'ornoi'  Pico,  ur '- 


t 


''■'April  IDtli  to  Juno  7t!i,  orders iiikI  corrcsp.  on  tlio  proposod  pxpoilitiim. 

1'  III.  i.'rr.,  MS.,  xiv.  ;!i, :;;  s:  j)ci,i.  .V.  j'n/,.,  .\,i<i..  MS..  K.  :>[-■:.  \i.  ir.- 

(5;  /(/.,  lUii.Pnf.  i/./ir.:i.,  ii.  1(U,  1();»-1(>,  I  W:  .SV  /  /;./,7r-/-.r,  .l,v/,..  MS.,  U 
•••;)-."););  (I'mrni,  'l>n,\,  ;MS.,  iv.  rsS-!l,  July  1st,  l>.  1).  Wilson  h\m\  .hm\\y\ 
Bund.'i  a  diary  of  lii.s  ivi'ciit  expedition  atrainst  Ww  Indians,  w  lio  arc  still  troll- 
l>ksom(>.  Jhjil.SI.  /V(y(.,MS.,  vi.  4;',-4.  An.u  .  furtiicr  u'.ai'nis.  /./..  .1,.;/.,  xi. 
1".!);  /./..  IS'  II.  Piif.  !/  ■fir.;/.,  ii.  I.'J'J.  (\'t.,  alarm  can-oil  \>y  tlio  iDiiiiii;,'  of 
\Vak,  a  Vuta  t'liirf,  wilii  ISO  jioT.son.s  toS.  IVrnardiiKi;  hut  lii.s  pui'iiis^'provcl 
to  ill)  fficndly  and  connucivial.    Drpt.  S/.  I'Kp  ,  MS.,  vi.  177;  /'/. ,  - 1, /'/'■'(•.,  .\i. 

hv.ui 

"I  Jnno  'ilst,  Alvaralo  to  I'ico.  Vd'frjo,  Do<:,  MS.,  xx-xiv.  1 13.  .\u-.  '.M, 
iiroiiortod  attack  ou  Sta  (,'laia,  in  wi.icli  two  nun  wiM-e  UilU'd.  A'«/i'  /.'■  ;■■'  '  (•, 
Aii.i;.  10,  ls7-.  Oct.  I'.ltli,  coMipliints  of  dpp'.'cdations  on  the  raucli'i  d  1  Ii.  ■ 
tWio.  JJoc.  Hinf.  ('ill.,  MS.,  ii.  1!)!1.  Doo  (nil,  ]>.il«if  at  Sta  Cr.i/  asks  ji.r- 
juissiou  to  scud  out  '2'>  men  every  fi)r{:ni,;lic.  /'/.,  ii.  '2.~t'2. 

''^  .\ugnst,  proeiH-din.ns  licf^iro  I'lc  ,ji;d,:re.  P'/ii.  S/.  P  •[>.,  Brj.,  MS.,.-. 
."•s-'J-OL  Sevcial  Indians  were  Idlli'd  ;ind  l.)0  woi'o  captnred.  Aiitimii Castro 
mid  llafarl  ( 'arefa  .■ifc  named  as  the  leadori^.  Win  iSeiiitz  complaiiicd  uf  out- 
rage-; eominitteil  at  Ids  ranelio.     Two  women  were  outraged  there. 

".s»//rf  s'«)7o/  Conr-p.,  MS.,  •27-:5l;  J'']''-  '■>''•  i''ij'-i  -^l-'^-.  ^''-  '""i  ■'''/''• 
Jkc,  MS.,  ;.iv.  10. 


m 


VvWLI.A  WALLAS. 


St.- 


in:  lliiit  Cook  if  guilty  slioiild  ho  broii^lit  to  justice. 
A;i  iii\  t'sl  i^'iitioii  \v;is  ordered,  hut  (»t'  the  results  we 
kiiiiw  only  that  Suttei-  deelaretl  th(i  ehief — ;i  trouhlc- 
siiiie  fillow  nuMied  Leieei' — to  liave  heen  killed  hy 
( '  .  L  ill  seli-detenee ;  and  that  the  Walla  Wallas  vv- 
liMihtd  nioic  or  less  hostile,  their  eoiidllet  H'ivili;^^  rise, 
II,-  \\c  shall  see,  to  some  sensational   rumors  in  1S4('».''" 

'■M,iv<i,  ISl.'i,  White  to  I'ico,  and  Scjit.  -Jkli,  Pico's  rcjily.    I)< i^l.SL  /'•'il, 
M  .,  \]."  ITS  !i.     .Inly  'Jlst.  Suttuf  tu  Liirliin.    Lmk'uis  Doc,  M.S.,  iii.  '-'j;. 
.>^L•l■il^o  Hiiiiii/iihi  /■'riiiiil,  iv.  "JK. 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  IV.    Ua 


I 


'l? 


h      \      :\ 


!i 


p     I 


1 1' 


f  y 


1'^  '^ 


11    .M 


E'  \' 


nm 


'im  1' 


CHAPTER  XXTIT. 

THE  MI8.SI0XS-C0M.MERCI-:  AND  FIN^VXCE. 
1845. 
Skctlarizatiov  to  bk  CoMrLKiKD— Pico's  Polioy— CiinosnuK^ifM,  Id  vir. 

OI'.MKSTS      VlKWS   (iK    l'i:i;si  liKST   DpRAN  —  IIaNDoS   ok  Al'l.'ll..   M.W.  .\\l> 
001()ilKI!-~ri;KPAi;ATIoNS    AM>     In  VKVIoUIKS — DkIITS  -  I'iCi  I's     Itli.l  \.\ 
TIONS  KOK  SaLK  ANI>  IiKNTINIi  OF  Till;  M  ISSloNS  — TiIKKK  KsTA  1'.LI>IIM1.\  I - 

Sold — l"\)i'R    Kentki) — Ecclksiastioal    Afkaiks— I'loi  s    Fish— Com 

MF.IU'K— KoRKKiN    (ioODS-A    Nf.W    ClasS    OF    SMr(i(;i,IN(;- WllAI.KIO- 

CrsToM-iiorsF. — Ai.VARADo  as  Ad.ministuaior — Misiiu  Pout-;- Tki  A  • 
URY — Abreoo  and  Vali.k— Financial  Difkmtltif.s  and  Stati>ii(  s 
Castro  and  Pico  — Tiif,  'Star  of  tiif.  Wkst'  Wreckfd — DisTuiiii  tiov 

OF  VliV.i  and  IvKVliNLlC — LiST  OF  N'kSSKLS,   l.S-ll    5. 

The  niission  cstat(\s  occupied  Pico's  atteii<i<>n  t'l  'm 
till!  tirst  iiKinths  of  his  rule.  It  was  cIcsiraMt'  li'im 
rvery  point  of  view  that  the  process  of  soculaii/.it'hin 
should  bc!  coui[)lctc(l.  As  was  evident  to  every  iiri>nii 
in  California,  the  old  system  was  dead,  past  all  1i"]m' 
of  I'ecovery.  No  step  short  of  complete  seculari/.ation 
coukl  have  l)een  more  henelicial  than  ^lichelton  na'- 
of  1843;  but  under  the  administration  of  the  p.-idiis 
there  was  no  restoration  of  prt)sperity.^  The  reniii.iiit-' 
of  property  were  small  and  unequally  distrihuhij; 
many  of  the  estates  were  burdened  with  ever  iiutvas- 
int;'  debts;  the  Indians  lit  for  work  were  few  and  un- 
manageable;   and  the  friars  were   old,  worn-out,  i!is- 

'Gleeson,  //(V.  ('nth.  Church,  ii.  l.")(i-7,  thinks  tlio  missions  wiii  >1  iwly 
but  surely  uaiiiiii^i,' wlicu  Pico  iluiilt  tlio  I)1()W  that  foinplotcJ  tlieir  inin;  liiit 
tliL'iv  is  no  ovidcnco  tiiiit  tliis  was  so,  or  that  tht'  friars  theiHsi'lvos  tlii'iirlit  so. 
'\'\w\  soiiK'timi's  coiuplaiut'd  of  tin;  acts  (if  govcrmni'iit,  lecalloil  thi'  I'.i-t  glo- 
ries of  \.\w  iiiis;;ions.  and  pointtvl  out  tho  ruin  that  socnlarization  lia.!  c.ui.seil; 
huu  I  lind  no  expression  ot  a  belief  that  jinjsperity  could  be  restored  -  -ive,  nl 
course,  by  a  ci,niplete  return  to  the  original  system  witii  many  alisui'lly  im- 
possible conditions — though  Duraa  and  others  expressed  the  contra i\  li'.-lnl. 


riro-S  MISSION  roLK'V. 


.-47 


fiMiruLfed  men,  uttrrlv  iiicoinpitcnt  ti»  ovcrcoinr  the 
iil-t;K*los  tliat  l)L's»'t  tlii'ir  putli  jis  jnliuiiiisti'atois.  'I'lic 
(-1  iti's  wci't."  (Idoiiicd  tt»  int'iiu'(lial)K'  ruin  iit  an  early 
(lilf.  llllluss  tin-  values  they  re|)reseiite(l  eollld  l»e  real- 
i/,.  I  and  |ir(»i)erly  invested  without  delay.  Ci-editors 
til  1, landed  a  ehan^e  which  should  eualile  them  to  lol- 
|.  (I  their  thies.  Thor(!  were  some,  indeed,  who  desired 
t(i  M't  possession  of  the  mission  lands.  The;  tTovernor 
\v,i>  in  duty  hound  to  proti-et  national  property,  and 
\\.i>  wilhuLi;  to  help  his  I'rieiids  anioULj  the  two  classes 
jii-l  mentioned.  Further  than  this,  he  was  anxious, 
III  ns  ho[>e,  to  deal  justly  with  tln^  e\-ni'opliytes,  and 
111  ^;i\v  in  the  nussion  estates  a  source  ofiMtssiltle  I'ev- 
1  ::ni'  to  he  utilized  hy  the  n'ovei'inneiit  in  emerL;'encies; 
While  till'  j)adres,  repi'esentinj^  the  Indians,  oj)])osed  a 
(■li;iiiL;'e,  it'at  all,  only  hecausi,'  of  tear  that  their  wards 
iiii^lit  ho  choatod  out  of  theii'  riu,dits.  That  indi\  id- 
ii,il>  were  actuated  l»y  sellish  motives,  and  thai  hi>;'li 
niiiciiils  were  likely  to  misap[)ly  i\\v  net  jtroceeds,  ai'e 
Ill's  thai  do  not  aU'ect  the  soundness  ot'  the  views 
111  III  hy  l*ico  and  others  ivspcctin''"  the  necessitv  of 
liii.il  secularization.  It  was  ini])ortant  that  the  estates 
>li!i;ild  he  saved  from  ruin  and  made  to  yield  a  reve- 
nue. That  revenue  helonL,'ed  to  the  i^overnnient;  if 
til  ■  authorities  did  not  intend  to  spend  it  wisely,  they 
;ii  to  he  hlamed.  Their  announced  intentions  and 
tli'ii'  proposed  methods  were  altoi^'cther  praisewoiiiiy. 
Pii'o  sent  Carlos  Cai'rillo  an<l  I^niacii  >  del  A'alle  to  t  he 
!iii>>i<)nai-y  prelates  with  an  e\[)lanation  of  his  views, 
tn  the  elfeet  that  the  mission  estates  nmst  pa?^s  into 
liii\,itL' hands  if  any  part  of  the  pro|»erty  was  to  he 
Nivi(|  for  the  neophytes.  He  desired  advice  from  tlie 
pailres  as  to  the  host  methods  of  earryinn'  out  his  plans, 
at  (lie  .same  time  suj^j^esting  a  sale  of  tlu;  smaller  <'s- 
taMislnnents  and  a  I'entinu*  of  the  lari^er  ones,  the 
liroceeds  to  be  devoted  e.Kclusivelv  to  the  benefit  of 
till    Indians.^     Duran  refused  llally  to  take  any  share 

■  M  iivh  ISth,  r.  to  C.  ami  V.   Arr/,.  Arzob.,  MS.,  v.  pt  ii.  45-8;  ,«.  Pap. 
Hi-'.,  MS.,  xi.  50-8. 


1 15 


1   I 


\    ^: 


' 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


V 


// 


// 


m. 


i?- 


y 


1.0 

f  la  iiM 

■"   IIIIM       2.2 

I.I 

.'   m     2.0 

nil  1  ft 

1.25 

1.4 

1.6 

p 


7i 


<^ 


/^ 


^? 


■c^l 


i'^ 
^'5' 


^/ 


y 


>^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  W^T  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


,  '^^ 


/* 


m^ 


i/i 


548 


THE  MISr-IONS-COMMERCE  AND  FINANCE. 


i;l 


!     -^ 


i!i 


1 1 J , 


11  di 


in  "tlic  tremendous  responsibility  about  to  Ijo  incuiir*! 
before  (xod  and  man."  He  was  sui'})ri.'^ed  that  a  l;iiv- 
ernor  ad  intei'ini  sliould  dare  to  undertake  sueli  inno- 
vations, and  declared  the  real  motive  to  be  clcai' — 
"the  master-key  which  opens  all  windows  to  see,  not 
through  a  screen  but  the  clearest  crystal,  the  mystciv 
lurking  behind  the  absolute  liberty  of  the  Indians.' 
Their  ideas  of  liberty  were  those  of  school-boys  oLul 
when  tlie  master  is  sick  and  school  closed.  The  'in\v 
masters'  will  luive  use  only  for  the  strong  and  well; 
Vvdiat  is  to  become  of  the  rest?  He  would  never  cuii- 
sont  to  a  sale  of  the  missions,  Vvhicli  belong  not  to 
the  nation,  but  to  the  Indians.  A  'supreme  injustice' 
was  about  to  be  pei'petrated  in  the  interests  of  nun 
v.ho  wished  to  ufet  the  estates  at  less  than  their  real 
value.^  The  governor  did  not,  however,  abandon  his 
project,  u[)on  which  Duran  was  soon  induced  to  luiik 
more  favorably  than  at  first. 

In  April  Pico  issued  a  bando,  in  accordance  with  a 
resolution  of  the  junta,  which  called  for  detailed  ac- 
counts of  debts  and  assets  from  all  in  charge  of  mis- 
sions. He  suspend(  '  ''  e  granting  of  lands  neai-  the 
missions,  as  they  mi^  be  required  as  Cijidos  for  mw 
towns.  He  sus[)ended  also  the  granting  of  freedom 
papers  to  neophytes,  and  enjoined  u[»on  the  [tadiis  tn 
abstain  from  selling  movable  property.*  The  call  I'or 
re])orts  and  the  injunction  respecting  sales  were  cir- 
culated by  the  prelates  to  the  })adres.  The  re|)lics 
of  the  latter,  so  far  as  I  can  judge  by  the  sp-ccinicui 
before  me.  contained  little  iidbrmation  ab«)ut  tin' 
financial  status  of  their  respective  estal)lishnjeiits: 
but  to  the  injunction  most  replied,  some  indignantly 

8 March  2()tli,  Duran  to  Pico.   Anh.  Arzob.,  MS.,  v.  pt  ii.  4S-.")I. 

'  April  IStli  I'.Jtli,  ri'poi'tot'coni.  of  junta.  St.  J'(ij>.,  J/'/.s.s.  um/  Cd/oii.,  ^\^., 
ii.  .TJS-'.t;  Lnj.  l!,r.,  MS.,  iv.  A-l'.i.  April  '_Mst,  Pico's  banilo,  identical  v.r.h 
tl.o  report.  Di lit.  HI.  /'up.,  S.  Jost',  MS.,  v.  !J4;  iSVa  Cruz,  An./t.,  MS.,  4,'i; 
JIiirlnKtii'.i  Jlrif'f,  17;  llaffmaiiK  Opinions,  .'W. 

''.Sta  Inc.s,  (Id it  1?1,I.")1;  Sta  IJiirbara,  .*!2,705;  i\>.'  assets  mentioned  in  ritlur 
except  iiniall  (pmntitie.*  of  tallow  and  hides.  Air/i.  Ar.uh.,  MS.,  v.  pt  ii. 
.■/..-:!.  S.  Pernando,  nodebt,  a  few  cattle.  Arrh.  Stit  B.,  MS.,  x.  187.  S.  iiiogs 
a  little  ])roperty,  no  debt  mentioned.  /  /.,  x.  ISS-i).  S.  <jlabricl,  liassulilIaiiJ 
to  Dulton  for  '^MO.   Dipt.  St.  I'ap.,  Ben.  I'lrf.  yjazij.,  M.S.,  ii.  U'J. 


■m 


i  IS  , 


TvEXTIXG  OF  THE  MISSIONS. 


349 


:f  ;  ■ 


r.' 


!•( -H  iiting  the  iin[)utation  as  an  insult,  tliat  tliey  liad 
,sol;l  no  ]>ro|)orty  at  all,  except  in  the  case  of  nseless 
articles,  with  the  governor's  permission.  Dnran  sul>- 
Siijuently  aihnitted,  however,  that  J-jstenega  at  San 
(Iiihriel  and  Jinicno  at  Santa  Incs  had  been  at  fault 
ill  iliis  matter." 

On  May  28th  the  junta,  following  to  a  great  extent 
{il^parently  the  suggestions  of  Padre  J)uran  hiiiisc^li', 
wli;)  had  heen  won  over  by  the  eloquence  of  Juan  l>an- 
(liiii/  passed  the  following  resolution,  j>ublished  as  a 
(Iccree  by  Pico  on  June  5th:  1.  The  Indians  of  San 
Iiai'ael,  Dolores,  Soledad,  San  ^liguel,  and  Puri'sima 
arc  warned  to  re-unit(.;  and  occu}>v  tliose  missions  within 
a  month,  or  they  will  be  declared  )n<i'<freiie(is  and  dis- 
posed of  for  the  general  good  of  the  de})artment.  2. 
Carmelo,  San  Juan  Bautista,  San  Juan  (.'apistrano, 
and  Solano  are  to  be  considered  [)ueblosasat  ])resent; 
and  alter  reserving  a  curate's  house,  chui'ch,  and  court- 
house, remaining  [)roperty  shall  be  sold  at  auction  for 
tlic  payment  of  debts,  the  surplus  being  devoted  to 
till'  support  of  divine  worship.  ,'}.  The  rest  of  the 
missions  may  be  rented  at  the  option  of  the  govern- 
niciit;  and  the  Indians  shall  be  free  to  work  for  the 
renters,  on  tlie  lands  to  be  assigned  them,  or  for  other 
persons.  4.  The  ])rinci[)al  building  of  Santa  J  Jai'bara 
is  reserved  for  the  bishop  and  the  padres,  and  the  rent 
ct'  this  mission  is  to  be  ecpially  divideil  between  the 
cliinch  and  the  Indians,      5.    The  product  of  the  rents 

Mn7(.  Arr.oh.,  MS.,  v.  pt  ii.  .V_'-.".;  Anh.  Sfii  /.'..  MS.,  x.  ISl-S;  Pico, 
Dor.,  MS.,  ii.  ')l-'A,  iV,l-0O.  Jinu'iio  ami  Iti^il  wen;  t!i(^  iiuliinaiit  (hu'h,  tlio  tor- 
liicr  lU'iiomicing  tlio  order  as  pui't  of  a  scliwiio  to  liml  uxcii.';us  for  a  cliango 
of  ailiiiiiiistrators;  while  the  latter  dcnmndud  pur.sonal  sati.sfaction  for  the 
iii.siilt. 

"May  IGth,  Diiraii  to  Pio,  in  iTjdy  to  IMco's  of  Sth  (ii()t  oxlaiit),  iiiai.sing 
tile  ,L;ovcriU)r'.s  patriotism  and  willin'.,Mii!sa  to  Kock  a(l\  iuo.  Armiinj,'  in  favor 
of  Icisinij;  rathur  than  selling  the  missions.  The  sale  wmild  put  thi;  lie.st  niis- 
siuiis  ill  foreign  hands,  and  wonld  be  moie  likely  to  re.sult  in  malversation  of 
the  inocceds.  The  plan  of  renting  should  bo  limited  to  those  cstabli.shmenta 
not  pruiitably  worked  by  the  neophytes  ineomuninity.  Aljandoucil  mis.siuns 
ini^lit  properly  be  sold  as  bieins  mostreiicos  after  a  warning  to  tlie  Indians  to 
ooiupy  them.  All  steps  should  licapproved  by  tlie  assembly.  '  AVe  are  grow- 
in;;  old;  there  is  no  possibility  of  our  being  replaced;  the  abandonment  of  tho 
missions  is  but  a  question  of  time,'  Translation  in  Piro,  I)0'\,  MS.,  ii.  ,'}l— 17. 
Mil}  Jlst,  thanks  voted  to  Bandiui  and  Durau.  Laj.  live,  MS.,  iv.  u7-S. 


'■1:' 


I'  7s  ►  ' 


( i 


I         1 


V  1  i 


\U\t, 


i  I  III 


i  1 


*.  i 


ii 
11 


5")0 


THE  .MISSIONS— CO:.IMERCE  AXD  FINANCE. 


sliall  bo  divided  into  tlireo  equal  parts,  one  for  the 
Kupjiort  oC  the  uiinistei'  and  of  worship,  one  for  the 
Indians,  and  one  lor  the  government  to  bo  devoted  io 
education  and  the  pubhe  welfare,  after  the  payment 
of  debts.  (').  The  lii'st  part  shall  be  |)laced  at  the  (hs- 
[){)sal  of  the  jirelates  lor  equital)le  distribution.  7  s. 
Tliis  to  be  duly  published;  and  d(.'bts  due  the  missions 
to  be  strictl}'  exacted  and  the  proceeds  used  for  the 
purposes  named  in  the  third  part  of  article  3.^ 

In  June,  also  at  Duran's  sugs^estion,''  the  gov- 
ernor apjiointod  Andres  Pico  and  Juan  Manso  as 
commissioners  to  visit  each  mission  for  the  purpose;  of 
making  inventories  of  property,  with  a  view  to  eanv- 
ing  into  elfect  tlie  decree  of  June.^"  The  ajipoiiitcrs 
Ijcrlbi-med  the  iluty  assigned  them  in  July  and  August, 
ai)uarently  to  the  satisfaction  of  most  concernofl, 
though  there  was  a  little  trouble  at  the  start  witli 
Padre  Estonega  of  San  Gal)riel,  and  tliough  seveial 
})adi'es  held  themselves  aloof  and  would  take  no  jinrt 
in  the  proceedings.'^  Among  the  papers  of  An(h\'s 
Pico,  I  iind  the  inventories  made  during  this  toui-  for 
ten  estal)lishnients:  Santa  Ines  and  Santa  Burhara 
in   the  south  with    pi-o])erty  valued  at  $20,288  aiid 

*  May  28,  Juno  5,  184"),  Pico's  bando  and  tlecree  of  the  junta.  Do'-.  11 '.s'. 
f'ai,  Ms.,  ii.  S;?;  Castro,  Dor.,  MS.,  i.  \Ti\  D' pt.  St.  Pa]).,  An;/.,  MS.,  .\. 
40;  fl.tiidni}.  Do,-.,  MS.,  01,  04;  Ary.  Her.,  MS,,  iv.  0;!-4;  Jfnr<'r/S.-i  J!<'ir„i, 
appen.  'JO,  p.  102-.'};  Jonei''  licporl,  ~tl;  I.  Urtckwill,  A'l  1 ;  jMrincl'c'.i  <  'olon.  Ill  I. , 
aiUl.,  88;  J/ai/(.i'  Mi.i.tioii  JJook;  i.  'M2;  Id.,  Lri/ul  liht.  S.  JJi';/j,i.  iJ,\)-  I'Jo- 
II;  llar/maii'.s  JJrir/',  17-18;  Jloj/'./iau's  Opinions,  [i'S;  lIuWs  lltnt.  S.  ,/ow, 
430-.'?;   Tai/l.ri  El  horaifo,  i.  184. 

».Iu!io'_':M,  ]).  to  Pico.   Piro,  Doc,  MS.,  ii.  50-02. 

'".Juiij  SDtli,  July  1st,  Pico  to  Duraii,  amiourciny  the  appointineiit.  anil 
asking  that  conespoiiding  in.itnictiona  lie  sent  to  the  imdrcs.  J)c/)t.  Per.,  .M.-!., 
xiv.  5;>-4;  .SV.  /\tp.,  Mi'is.  ami  Colon.,  MS.,  ii.  4K'>-10;  Arch.  iSla  B.,  .MS., 
X.  '2.'}.")-8.     .July  .'M,  Duran  to  padre;^.   Pko,  Dor..,  .MS.,  ii.  4». 

"S.  (Jabricl.  Dept.  Pic,  MS.,  xiv.  "i;  Arch.  Arrjtb.,  MS.,  v.  pt  ii.  '<'^, 
Tw.  StaCruzand  S.  .Josi''.  /(^,  v.  pt  ii.  04-5.  Stiiluus.  Sta  Invn,  I/ih.  Mishm, 
JIS.,  .'W.  Something  in  the  proceedings  at  S.  Gabriel  Hecnis  to  have  oilciiilcil 
P.  Dunui,  who  again  refused  to  have  anything  to  do  with  the  matter.  Arrh. 
Arz:tl>.,  M.'\,  V.  pt  ii.  50.  Tlu  old  man,  however,  soon  changed  his  tuiiul, 
and  on  July  21.st  v.iote  to  thank  the  gov.  for  the  good  judgment  he  luiJ 
sihov.n  in  appointing  the  commissioiiers,  who  had  acted  with  the  grcitijt 
Kioderation  and  prudence.  Pico,  J)oc.,  MS.,  ii.  51-3.  Don  and  HiU  :iru 
rocommended  as  worthy  persons,  who  wish  to  rent  Sia  Bdrbara,  July  l-'lli, 
McKinlcy  to  Larkin,  on  the  a^)poinUnent  of  Pico  and  Manso,  Lark'ins  I'ljc.y 
Mo.,  iii,"218. 


I'tlBi^l^^i 


DURAN'S  VIEWS. 


5ol 


S'2r).84r)  respectively;  and  nil  those  from  San  Miguel 
iiorlliward,  except  San  Curios,  San  Francisco,  and 
,S;iii  Jose,  aggregating  §58,870;  with  San  Rafael  and 
S;uita  Clara  at  817,230  and  §10,173  respectively,  and 
Si'lano  at  zero.*^ 

1  'iulre  Duran  proposed  in  August  some  regulations 
(1(  -i.4iK'(l  to  secure  i'or  the  padres  under  the  new  ad- 
niiiiistration  a  certain  control  in  the  matter  of  com- 
]ii;l>(>ry  worshi])  and  of  personal  service;  but  it  does 
iidl  a[ii>ear  that  any  action  was  taken  on  the  sub- 
ject.'' The  debts  that  encumbered  some  of  the  mis- 
>i(ms  were  found  to  be  serious  obstacles  to  the  secur- 
iii'i-  ot*  i'avorable  leases;  and  Pico,  at  the  susTfijestion 
of  the  junta,  consulted  Duran  on  the  practicability  of 
] living  the  debts  out  of  the  pious  fund  recently  re- 
stored to  the  bishop's  management,'*  The  prelate's 
iTsjiouse  was  prompt,  to  the  elfect  that  the  fund  could 
liut  bo  used  fov  the  purpose,  and  that  the  encumbered 
establishments  must  be  sold  to  pay  the  debts.  In  tiie 
lii'-t  ]>lacc,  argued  the  friar,  though  the  remnant  of 
tlu'  fund  had  been  restored,  on  pa[»er,  to  the  bisliop, 
it  was  far  from  certain  that  any  })roperty  would  be 
struied;  secondly,  the  fund,  if  entire,  could  not  justly 
hr  used  to  pay  debts  which  the  missionaries  had  not 
ciiiitracted,  or  if  they  had,  had  also  left  abundant  assets 
for  iiuvinLr;  and  tinallv,  if  consent  should  be  given,  the 
ailiiiiiiis.trators  of  the  fund  might  deduct  the  amount 
ii([iiired  from  the  sinotlos  of  the  friars — a  manifest  in- 
justice.^'' There  had  probably  been  no  hope  of  ob- 
taining the  friar's  consent  to  a  use  of  the  pious  fund, 
luit  only  to  the  sale,  which  he  had  hitherto  opposed. 

'-/'/■•o,  PnppJrs  de  3ns!o»,  ^IS.,  7-1 1,  '20-4'2,  SO-00,  ll,-)-4n,  147,  1.V2. 
Tlir  land  of  S.  liafat'l  was  valued  at  $S,000,  which  accounts  for  its  high 
ivhitivc  ligiire. 

"  Aug.  1st,  D.  to  Pico,  with  a  reglainento  in  Garticles.  Arch.  Arzof>.,  MS., 
V.  pt  ii.  57-8;  Pico,  Doc,  MS.,  ii.  U3-4. 

"Sept.  10th,  rcsolutiou  of  the  junta.  Le^f.  /.Vr.,  MS.,  iv.  114,  Vl'l-X 
8cpt.  lltli,  Pico  to  Diiran.  Arch.  Sla  B.,  M.S.,  x.  '2;j'J-4'2;  67.  Pap.,  Miss,  and 
Coii.ii..  MS.,  ii.  417-18. 

''Sept.  I'ltii,  D.  to  P.  Pico,  Doc,  MS.,  ii.  05-8.  lie  suggests  that  tho 
missiims  in  deht  be  ollercd  to  the  creditors  at  ii  valuation  fixed  by  appraisers. 
Ui  t.  Till.  1).  suggests  that  the  Indians  sliould  be  allowed  to  retain  their  littlo 
gaiiiriis  on  couditiou  of  not  selling  them.    Arch.  Arzob.,  MS.,  v.  pt  ii.  5S-G0. 


'if 


I 


.lii 


I 


i' 


."': 


rrfl' 


032 


Tlir.  MISSIONS— COMMERCE  AND  FINANCE. 


i  I: 


r  i 


ill  '^'i- 


Mmi 


:  !■    1  J 


Pico's  rcLi^ulations  for  tlio  sale  and  renting  of  tlie 
missions  were  issued  Octobcir  28tli.  This  decree  |)ii»- 
vided  for  the  sale  at  jiuhlic  auction  of  the  abandoned 
San  Ilafael,  Dolores,  Soledad,  San  Migui^l,  and  I'li- 
ri'sinia,  and  of  the  mission  j)ueblos  of  San  Luis  ()his|).., 
Carmelo,  San  .Tuan  Bautista,  and  San  Juan  Cnpis- 
trano.  From  each  of  the  pueblos  were  to  be  rcsrivud 
the  church  and  buildings  for  a  curate's  house,  town 
house,  and  school;  and  from  all  the  establishnicnts 
disposed  of  by  sahi  or  rent,  such  produce  and  i^nmU 
as  were  necessary  to  su|)port  the  padre  and  Indians 
till  the  next  harvest.  The  product  of  the  sale  w.is 
to  be  paid  into  tlie  treasury  and  used  for  the  |),iv- 
ment  of  the;  debts  of  each  establishment,  tlu;  suijikis 
going  to  the  prelates  for  the  support  of  public  woi- 
ship.  ]^ids  were  to  be  received  from  date;  San  Luis, 
Purisima,  and  San  Juan  Ca[)istrano  were  to  l)e  sold 
on  Decend)er  lst-4th,  and  the  others  on  Jainiarv 
2d-4th.  Santa  Cruz  and  Solano  \\ere  not  named  in 
the  decree.  The  remaining  ten  missions  were;  to  he 
rented  to  the  hisjchest  bidder  for  a  term  of  nine  ycais; 
San  Fernando,  San  Buenaventura,  Santa  Bui  barn, 
and  Santa  Ines  on  December  5th,  and  the  I'cst  as 
.soon  as  obstacles  arising  irom  their  debts  could  W 
removed.  There  were  reserved  the  churches  and 
public  buildings  already  indicated,  all  of  the  princijial 
editice  at  Santa  Barbara,  and  some  small  pieces  el 
land  occupied  by  the  Indians.  The  renters  were  to 
take  all  other  property  by  inventory,  giving  bonds 
for  its  return  in  good  condition,  and  for  the  payment 
of  rent  quarterly.  The  government  reserved  tlic 
right  of  watching  over  the  property  and  of  preveiit- 
injv  its  destruction  or  waste.  The  Indians  were  tol)c 
entirely  free  to  remain  in  the  service  of  the  renters 
or  to  settle  elsewhere;  and  they  were  to  receive  tilks 
to  their  lands  on  application.  Each  ex-mission  <'iiii- 
numity  was  to  be  governed  under  the  laws  by  I'nur 
cclailores,  chosen  monthly  from  among  the  Indians, 
and  subject  to  the  juez  de  paz.     Ten  or  a  dozen  Ind- 


IH; 


SOLD  AND  RENTED. 


553 


iaiis  were  to  be  furnislied  l)y  each  community  for  tlic 
|i;nlre's  service  and  that  ot"  the  churcli.^" 

hi  Xoveml)er  an  order  was  issued  in  ^Mexico  that 
;ill  id'ocei^chngs  connected  witli  the  sah:;  of  missions 
lie  >usj)entled;  hut  this  document  beh)ngs  pro])eriy  to 
llir  annals  of  the  next  year,  when  it  reached  Cahfor- 
iii;i.  ^Nfeanwliile,  bchjre  the  end  of  1845,  the  three 
iiii>si()iis  were  sold  and  the  four  rented,  nceordinn"  to 
tlir  I'cgliunento.  ])ecember  4th  wei'e  sold  San  duan 
( '.ipistrano  to  John  Forster  and  James  ^NfcKinley  for 
yJU):  La  Purisima  to  John  Temple  for  61,110;  and 
S;iu  Luis  Obispo  to  Scott,  Wilson,  and  ]\lcKinley  for 
,s;,  10 — tli,>  titles  being  issued  on  the  (Uh,  though  the 
])ire  was  not  in  all  cases  paid,  or  full  [)ossession  given, 
luilil  tlie  next  year."  On  the  oth  were  leased  Santa 
]).iil)ara  to  Nicholas  A.  J)en  and  ])aniel  Hill  for 
!rl.-00  per  year;  San  IJuenaventura  to  Jose  Arnaz 
aiiil  Xarciso  Botello  for  .*31,r)oO;  Santa  Ines  to  Jose 
^l.in'a  Covarrubias  and  Joa(]uin  Carrillo  for  8580; 
ill II I  San  Fernando  to  xVndres  Pico  and  Juan  !Manso 
i'ni'  .'^1,1 20,  the  executinu"  of  bonds  and  formal  ufiving 
nf  possession  not  being  completed  in  all  cases  until 
the  next  year.^** 

(!F  general  mission  matters  outside  of  those  con- 
ih'iti'd  with  the  disposal  of  estates,  a  bare  mention 
will  suffice.  The  presidency  was  held  by  JJuran  in 
tilt'  south  and  Anzar  in  the  north.  Two  friars — Jose 
M.  (Uitierrez  and  IVIiguel  ]\Iui'o — left  the  country 
during  this  year;  and  one,  Juan  Moreno,  died — all  be- 

"'/**'''o,  Itfiilamiiifn  para  la  cnnfjcvarioii  y  (irrlrndn  (If  Ia.t  Misioiic<,  ^S  (h, 
<:><•'.,  /,s',;.;,  >is.  Tr.anslation  in  I'/alhrlSi  I'l/iorf,  appen.,  '21;  T.  Ilnrkinll, 
47J:  .A,»r.-('  Ihpor!,  ITv,  DinniUc'.f  C'nlon.  J  list.,  mhl.,  !)0.  Sec  also  Arrfi. 
Si"  /;.,  MS.,  X.  lUO-0;  (llreni,  Due,  .MS.,  T,;  JJar/iiiaii\^  Ih-hf,  IS;  ll,>ff- 
UKii's  Ojiiiiiov'',  .'J3-4.  Nov.  l()tli,  J)nraii  to  Pico.  Says  the  liulians  are  ho 
full  nf  lilicrty  that  there  is  no  such  thiiiy  as  restraining  tlioni.  On  account 
of  the  seareity  of  laborers,  fear  of  roblierie.s,  etc.,  lie  fears  bids  will  lie  very 
luw.  .Much  property  luis  disappeared  since  the  inventories  were  made.  Arch. 
A.-y^',.,  MS.,  V.  ptif.  GO-1. 

'■  Sec  translation  of  all  the  papers  for  the  three  missions  in  U.  S.  ri  liol- 
thii,  Aiiiiolhint'ii  Brief,  U.  S.  Sup.  Court,  append.,  p.  l.w-HO.  Also  .sy.  Pa))., 
-V;  >  .  MS.,  xi.  ().")-t5;  Uiihoiuid  Doc,  MS.,  ;W()-1;  .S".  /.hm  Oh.,  Arch.,  MS.,  II. 

'.v.  I'ltp.,  Mit.'f.,  MS.,  xi.  (J8,  iVS-a;  Anh.  Sla  JJ.,  MS.,  x.  I'W-T;  Arrh. 
Ar.'Ji..  MS.,  V.  pt  ii.  (il-.'j;  Ilat/m'  Miss.  Book,  373-7;  U abound  Doc,  MS., 
331;  Ikpt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  vi.  130. 


;■:■  I 


m 


i'hM ! 


If 


'  %'m 


TT" 


504 


THE  MISSIONS— COMMERCE  AND  FINAXCE. 


ml 


■\'ii 


'II 


It 


•I ' 


inc^  Zacatecanos.  From  ^Mexico  oanic  nows  that  I  lie 
old  college  of  San  Fernando  had  been  almost  iiiiiKd 
by  an  earthquake.^"  Bishop  Garcia  Diego  still  re- 
sided at  Santa  Barbara,  but  was  unable  to  aceoiniilish 
anything  in  behalf  of  his  diocese  so  far  as  1  know, 
except  to  represent  his  difficulties  to  President  llci- 
rera  and  Governor  Pico.^^  In  Mexico  the  form  ol 
assigning  the  bishop's  congrmi  and  the  friars'  siHuih,.'^ 
was  still  kept  up  at  the  treasury  department;-*  tli()iiL;li 
there  is  no  record  that  any  part  of  the  $18, GOO  was 
paid.  By  a  decree  of  April  3,  1845,  whi(tli  seems  tn 
be  the  last  ever  issued  on  the  subject,  all  the  pious 
fund  pro|)erty  not  alnnidy  sold  under  the  law  of  I,s4i.» 
was  restored  to  the  administration  of  the  l)ishop  .is  in 
1 83G."  There  arc  extant,  however,  no  iigures  to  sh'  iw 
what  property  if  any  was  turned  over  to  the  bishop'; 
agents  under  this  decree;  nor  is  there  any  riM-oid  io 
show  additional  payments  in  1845-G  of  interest  duo 
from  the  govermnent  on  the  proceeds  of  past  sales. 

In  1845-G  Consul  Larkin  continued  to  send  his 
government  not  only  current  statistics,  but  cleai-  anl 
comprehensive  descriptions  of  connnercial  methols.-' 
The  methods,  already  uiore  or  less  familiar  to  tlio 
reader,  did  not  change  materially  in  the  last  docahol' 
Mexican  occupation;  and  it  is  only  with  the  hisioiy 
of  commercial  events,  changes,  and  statistics  th  il  I 
have  to  do  in  these  chapters. 


i  1 


^^  Arch.  StaB.,  MS.,  xii.  14G. 

""Jnly4tli,  bisliop  to  I'ico.     lias  no  means  with  which  to  support 
ship.     Will  try  parish  fees,  though  they  will  not  do  much  good.     Wi-li' 
!i  Buccessor  might  be  found  for  him.  J)e))t.  iSl.  Pap.,  MS.,  vi.  142-7. 
*J7tli,  letter  to  President  Ilerrcra  on  the  Linientablc  condition  of  all  n'.i 
interests  in  Cal.     The  only  method  of  relief  he  could  suggest  w,i9  to  \h  i 
new  force  of  priests  and  missionaries  for  old  and  new  cstablisi  ^n\{  ^ 
Europe,  paying  tlic  expense  from  the  pious  fund.     In  Memorial  III ' 
20,  1S40,  cited  as  Nov.  27th  in  Bu-ilaiwiiilc,  Mem.  Ilisf.  Mcx.,  MS  ,  iv. 

'^^  Mexico,  Mem.  Hacienda,  1844,  prcsupueato  7;  /('.,  1845,  p.    W7. 
sinodos  were  .i>12,G00,  and  the  congrua  §0,000. 

'■^'^  An  original  of  the  decree  of  April  3d  in  Pinart,  Col.  Doc.  Son..  ] 
no.  747. 

-■'  LnrHn''.i  Dctcrip.  Cal  1S45,  MS.,  p.  98-100;  letters  of  March  '.'-', 
and  Jan.  4,  1840,  iu  Id.,  Off.  Corresp.,  MS.,  ii.  35,  etc. 


wor- 

;  i:.at 
>c;.t. 

.ijll.S 

■■',  ^ 
'  r.jiii 
•  Ian. 
!:;-t. 
TliO 

lint, 

IS43, 


TRADE  REGULATIONS. 


6J5 


riovornor  Pico  issued,  March  22cl,  a  docrco  revoking 
that  i)i"liis  predecessor  datjd  July  ;30,  1844,  by  wliicli 
till  importation  of  nationalized  foreign  goods  from 
M(  \ican  ports  had  been  prohibited.  I  find,  however, 
11(1  (  vidence  of  complaint  either  against  the  original 
(Pid'T  from  Mexican  traders,  or  from  the  Boston  men 
iij^ainst  its  re[)eal.  A  clause  was  added  to  this  decree, 
rr([!iiring  strict  compliance  with  Mexican  laws  on  the 
coasting  trade,  to  which  of  course  no  attention  was 
paid.'*  In  the  case  of  one  vessel,  the  Star  of  the  Wc^t, 
ati  attempt  was  made  to  reverse  the  former  pro<;ess 
liy  entering  at  Monterey  foreign  goods  intended  to  be 
iislilpped  to  Mazatlan;  but  tlie  loss  of  the  vessel  and 
(■ai;;i»  l)y  wreck  gave  a  dismal  prosjwct  to  the  devel- 
ii]iiiu'nt  of  this  new  commercial  industry. '-^^  Another 
lit' Micheltorena's  refjulations  now  revoked  was  that 
]ila(iiig  restrictions  on  trade  by  whalers.  These  craft 
iiiii;lit  now  sell  goods  to  any  amount  in  exchange  for 
]in»(liicc  by  paj^ing  the  regular  duties.  They  wore  no 
longer  required  to  pay  a  tax  of  thirty  dollars  each, 
and  were  perniitted  to  go  or  send  their  boats  freely  ti> 
Sauzalito  or  any  other  part  of  San  Francisco  Bay." 
I'^acli  vessel  had  to  pay  this  year,  as  in  1844,  a  tax  of 

-'March  22,  1845,  Pico's  decree.  Pinto,  Doc,  MS.,  ii.  12.3-r);  Dfpt.  Si. 
Pup.,  MS.,  vi.  77-9;  /</.,  Anij.,  x.  'A-o;  xi.  141;  Id.,  S.  Jose,  v.  93-4;  /(/., 
Ikii.  JUL,  Ixxxvi.  0-7;  Sin  Cnr:,  Ai-ch.,  MS.,  (5. 

■•''  Sfo  list  of  vessels  under  Sicr  of  the  Wvat. 

2 'Tlio  order  was  dated  Sept.  9th.  Pinto,  Doc,  MS.,  ii.  18,");  Dept.  St.  Pap., 
-MS.,  vi.  88;  Id.,  Dai.  Cnst.-JI.,  viii.  10-11.  Sept.  2,Jtli,2Sth,  iii.struc.  to  re- 
r  ptur  at  S.  Franci.'sco.  Id.,  viii.  12-i:5;  Pinto,  Dor.,  M-;.,  ii.  ls."i-{i,  188. 
Sipt.  'l-.Ydx,  Larkin  to  U.  S.  sec.  state.  Lar/an'.-i  Ojf  Co/n.y.,  MS.,  ii.  2S,  who 
^;iys  'the  Californiaiis  arc  determined  to  exchange  their  jiroduee  with  winders 
iiithiii'  own  way.'  Oct.  10th,  wlialers  to  l)0  well  treated  at  S.  Diei'o,  soa.s  to 
attract  thein  to  that  port.  Drpt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  viii.  10.  Yet  later  there  was 
tr.iuliK:  with  tiic  Ei^padon,  which  wa.s  required  to  pay  a  tax  of  §1)0,  /'/..  viii. 
T')-4,  7S,  so  that  the  order  in  favor  of  whalers  miy  liave  applied  onlj-  to  S. 
Kiaiirisco.  June  and  Nov.,  Antonio  Mencndezof  Lima,  Mexican  vicocon.iul, 
L' implaiiied  to  the  sup.  govt,  and  obtained  a  recommendation  to  tlu^  Cal.  au- 
thwitiLH  in  favor  of  his  business  agents  Cot  and  Pedroreua,  who,  it  was  al- 
lifcil,  found  great  dilliculty  in  collecting  debts  due  for  goods.  Doi'.  Hit. 
'>(/.,  -MS.,  ii.  210;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Aug.,  MS.,  xi.  1G7.  Feb.  22d,  circulated 
iiiL';il.  Sept.  9th,  tax  of  1  per  cent  on  money  transferred  from  one  dept  to 
aiiotlK  r  repealed.  Doc  Hist.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  12;  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  An;/.,  MS., 
is.  ."ili.  Feb.  19th,  circulated  in  Cal.  Sept.  9th,  2  per  cent  of  lines  on  wmug- 
glcrs  to  be  devoted  to  support  of  hospitals  or  to  charitable  works.  Dae  Hint. 
'n'.,  MS.,  ii.  11.  April,  orders  on  introduction  of  cotton  goods.  /(/.,  ii.  17; 
Lcj.H'C,  MS.,  i v.  92. 


■w'H 


i;i  '  I 


c:.o  Tii::  missions-commerce  and  finance. 

iit'ty  dollars  \)vr  inoiitli  lor  a  lict-nsc  to  oiijjfago  in  tin; 
retail  ii-atle.  From  tliis  rcvumio  the  j^uards  kept  >  u 
l)oar(l  wer-o  paid,  and  tlu;  balanco  was  dovoted  to  lln; 
constructiou  of  a  j)ier  at  Monterey."'  The  asscmMy 
ill  March  decided  to  prohibit  the  importation  oC  br.ui- 
dy  and  ordinary  winces,  and  this  resolution  was  si  nt 
to  ^lexico  for  ap[)roval."'^ 

Juan  ]3.  Alvarado,  as  his  share  of  the  revolution- 
ary pi'olits,  was  made  administrator  of  customs,  takin.;- 
possession  of  the  place  on  May  1st,  and  Pahlo  d'  li 
(iuerra,  the  actin^-  administrator,  resuming'  his  pKl- 
tion  of  contad(jr  from  that  date.  There  was  no  malciial 
change  in  the  personnel  of  the  revenue  depai'tiiicut  at 
Monterey  under  Alvarado,  and  his  administratinu  was 
niark(Ml  by  no  special  events  requiring  attention  Imic 
In  June,  being  named  by  Castro  to  connnand  an 
expedition  on  Indian  and  exploring  service,  he  plactd 
his  resignation  at  the  dis[)()sal  of  Pico,  who— in  coiisc- 
(pience  perhajis  of  troubles  between  himself  and  ("as- 
tro, and  somewhat  unexpectedly  I  think  to  Alvaiad  ) 
- — accepted  it  in  July.  The  transfer  of  the  office  in 
(Juerra  was  delayed,  liowever,  on  one  pretext  or  an- 
other, until  December  20th,  Alvarado  having  in  tin; 
mean  time  been  elected  to  congress.^^     At  San  I'ran- 

'-'"  In  Nov.  it  was  proposed  to  abolish  the  guards,  to  whose  prcsi-iici^  incst 
traders  olijected;  but  not  the  tiix  of  iJiiOO  per  year,  wliich  most  were  uiliiii,' 
to  pay.  Jfcpt.  Sf.  Pap.,  Ben.,  MS.,  iii,  »I-4.  There  are  rceords  of  1)  nr  I.' 
vessels  au'reeing  to  pay  the  tiix  in  IS-l.").   Id.,  Cn,:t.-1[.,  MS.,  vi.,  passim. 

-8 .M;n-uh -JOth.  Lv,j.  The,  MS.,  iv.  40-1.  Vallejo,  Doc.  MS.,  xii.  l.-)7,  y.  ■'■  7. 
in  a  letter  to  E.K-president  Busfcimante,  urged  that  tlie  ports  of  Cilii'iiiiia 
sliouM  1)0  made  free;  and  the  expenses  of  the  govt  be  paid  by  a  diriit  V.w  »\\ 
produetivo  property,  with  a  small  allowance  punctually  paid  by  tlic  ii:iti'iii. 
I'ieo's  regulations  on  the  sale  of  hides,  in  ]>oc.  Jliif.  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  I"4;  I  "• 
U(jo.  /he,  MS.,  xxxiv.  1G7;  Fitch,  Doc,  ISIS.,  371;  Leg.  lice,  MS.,  iv.  :2j1)- 
4-J,  .S.").")-G;  Dcpt.  St.  Pap.,  Aug.,  MS.,  x.  7.">-0;  xi.  104. 

-'•'Mavch  IG,  184"),  Alvara(lo's  appointment  by  I'ico.  I W/fy'o, /)"'■.,  •M'^. 
xxxiv.  12'J.  Takes  possession  of  the  ollicc  May  1st;  and  June  'Jlst  leaver 
(Uierra  temporarily  in  charge.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Cuxt.-ll.,  MS.,  vi.  (1  7;  /''•. 
Bin.,  MS.,  iii.  09,  77.  No  date,  Pico,  on  receipt  of  Alvarado's  notcnf  .June 
21st,  I'elicves  him  in  favor  of  Guerra,  deeming  liio  office  incompatilii'  "itliii 
military  command.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  viii.  23-4.  July  17th,  T.  t>)  A.,  to 
Bame  elicct,  but  in  slightly  different  words.  Vallejo,  Doe.,  MS.,  xwiv.  M''; 
Oiurm,  Dnc,  MS.,  iv.  11)1-3.  Sept  5th,  etc.,  A.  still  acts  as  administrator. 
Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xiii.  7.  Sept.  9th,  A.  has  not  yet  surrendered  tlioolfioe, 
on  account  of  difficulties  and  lack  of  orders  respecting  certain  payunoits.  Id., 


CUSTOM-HOUSE  AND  TREASURY. 


637 


•  'iV  «:■'■'>:■[! 


cisio  Rafael  Pintt)  was  by  Alvarado  made  roi'ii)t<jr 
ill  .\.U|L,aist  to  succot'd  Diaz;  tlic  \\v\v  ciistoin-lioiiso 
liiiililiiiL'"  was  |»erlia|)s  (UMiiplotud  hrt'ore  tin;  t'lid  of  Sep- 
tciiilar.^'^  At  Sail  i)ii'i>(),  lliMiry  1).  Fitch  sltvcmI  as 
receptor.  I  iiiid  no  foinmercial  ivcords  ri'spcctiii^' 
citluT  Santa  liiirbaia  or  San  I'cilro.  lOaily  in  tlic 
f^t'ssions  of  the  assenil)ly  at  tlie  new  sonthcrn  <'ai»ital 
ii  |it(i|»osition  was  a(U)i)ted  to  open  San  J  )it'Lfo  as  a  liist- 
(•l;i>s  poi't,  equal  in  cNH-ry  res|)L'et  to  that  of  Monterey. 
Tliis  was  sent  to  Mexieij  fur  a[)proval,  and  notliino- 
iiKirc  was  heard  of  it."^ 

The  treasury  remained  throun'hout  the  year  in  tlio 
ham  Is  of  Jose  Abrego  at  Mt)nterey.  Tiiere  was  an 
attcinpt  to  move  it  with  the  capital  to  Los  Ani^vies, 
hut  Ahresjfo  protested  ajjfainst  the  rit^dit  of  the  dej)ai-t- 
ineiital  authorities  tt)  interfere  in  any  way  in  his  olHce, 
iiiiih  the  supreme  goveriunent  sustaining  liini,  refused 
to  permit  the  change."'"'  Ignacio  del  \^alle  Jiad  been 
apiiointcd  treasurer  in  antici[)ation  of  the  cluugi!,  and 
seems  to  have  acted  in  that  capacity  at  Los  Angeles, 


,  I  ;>'  <t  ii 


|i;+;.j'!' 


vi.  ss!).  Oct.  lltli,  P.  I'cplios,  .sending  tlic  ordc'ra  und  iirginy  liuste.  /'/.,  viii, 
II.  I'cc.  'JOth,  olhco  tiuiiud  over.  /'/.,  Jim.,  iii.  h4;  Jd.,  Ikii.  Cii.tf.-// .,  vi. 
ti-7.  Miii'cii  .">tii,  li.st  of  customs  (ifliL't'i's  at  Monttivy,  witli  salaiios.  /'/. ,  vi. 
4  ."i.  Sept.,  Riifacl  Sancliczaiipointcil  1st  oHiccr.  J)('//I..Sf.  /'rf/).,  MS.,  vi.  li','?. 
July  l.")tli,  Eutiniio  I'rejo  appointed  in  ^lexico  celador  at  Monterey. 

•"'AiiK.  .'Wtli,  Pinto  appointed.  />(/'!.  St.  J'k/l,  lini.  <"iis/.-JJ.,  MS.,  viii.  10. 
Sujit.  -'Ttli,  .laeinto  Kodii^niez  and  Piinlilo  Solieiaiies  ajipoiuted  to  ri'i'nforeo 
tlic  ^'uaid.  /'/.,  viii.  11.  Fel).  "Jlst,  li;t  tile  liouse  reniain  in  its  jnesent  state. 
J'iiilo,  hoc,  ^I.S.,  ii.  1'21.  Sept.  'M)i\\,  total  expeiiditrireson  the  hiiiMiu;,' now 
imiiiileted,  !?2,(J78.  Ikpt.  S/.  Pa/'  .  JJn,.  Cii.^-H.,  MS.  [•_>;{.")  7 1.  J>ee.';!()t!i, 
Cistrci  orders  the  com.  to  let  the  'ceptor  liiive  all  the  tiles  he  may  need. 
/''"'",  Due,  MS.,  ii.  '1\{\.  I'aid  to  J.eidesdortr.s.-)0  I'nr  a  Mexican  llau  for  the 
liiiMiiij,'.  Id.,  ii.  'JO'J.  This  (lag  was  in  later  years  presented  to  the  Suciety  of 
Cai.  rioneers.  Jnly 'JOth,  Pinto  comi)lains  that  the  custoni-lionse  eslalilish- 
iiiiiit  is  a  laughing-stock.  To-day  a  vessel  came  in,  and  lie  went  dnwu  to 
t!i  ■  licach  to  borrow  a  boat  to  go  oil' and  visit  her;  but  no  attention  was  paid 
til  Ills  shouts  by  the  vessels  at  anclmr!  /'/.,  i.  "J!)"). 

■"Session  of  March '2Sth.  J^kj.  I'd-.,  MS.,  iv.  SO-41.  The  new  estalilish- 
iiiciit  was  to  liavo  an  administrator  at  !?l,."i(K),  a  c(jntadorat  .sl,(l(K),  .i  ckrkat 
S4S(1,  and  two  guards  at  iif.M).  The  Monterey  custom-house  was  to  be  put  on 
the  s.iiiie  basis.  Sta  Barbara,  S.  Pedro,  and  S.  Frauei.sco  were  to  lie  /nicrto.^ 
iHi'iHircs  for  coast  trade,  to  have  each  a  receptor  at  .SriUO.  The  aliajei'ios  had 
ln't  something  of  their  old  spirit,  or  they  would  have  closed  the  northern 
l«'rl-  altogether. 

"Aug.  1st,  the  treasurer  announces  this  decision  of  the  pres.  l)<]if.  St. 
P'l]:.  lien.,  ^IS.,  i.  101.  May  ITtli,  Abrcgo  to  Pico.  An  argument  that  the 
ilcpt.  authorities  had  no  power  to  move  the  treasury  or  change  its  oliiciala. 
lJ<it.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xiii.  p_'-13. 


«}4 


rm 


THK  MLSSIONS-COMMKRCK  AND  FINANCE. 


SO  fur  at  least  as  to  take  cliai'^'e  of  that  j)()rti()n  of  tli(; 
revciiiK^s  sent  sou'h  for  the  eivil  hst."^  In  August 
Ahrc'o'o  ivsi^'iied,  assiLjniiiijf  us  his  reasons  his  hdi.  1' 
that  the  treasury  shouhl  he  at  the  t'aj)ital,  and  the  in- 
suflicioncy  of  his  salary  for  the  support  of  his  family;'* 
Imt  wlieu  in  Decumher  Valle  was  sent  north  to  take 
])ossession,  (leneral  Castro  refused  to  permit  a  trans- 
fer of  the  oflieo,  feariuij:  that  there  was  still  a  desj  ni 
to  move  the  treasury,  and  insistinu^  that  such  a  s{v\\ 
would  interfere  with  a  ])ro[)cr  defence  of  the  country 
uj^ainst  foreiL,n)  invaders.'"' 

The  ohlig'ation  to  i)ay  ii^l  1,000  for  the  transpdvta- 
tion  of  the  lute  <4'overnor  and  his  men,  toi^ethei'  uilli 
other  necessary  e>:penses  o'l'owing'  out  of  the  revolii- 
tion,  involved  the  new  adnunistration  in  .some  tinaniial 
ditfiinilties,  which  were,  however,  greatly  les.senc(l  Ity 
the  eaily  arrival  of  the  Tas.so  and  Cdlifovnia,  and  liy 
the  I'act  that  the  customs  revenue  for  this  yeai-  was 
nearly  double  that  of  1844.  One  of  Pico's  first  orders 
in  February  was  to  suspend  the  payment  of  all  di  lits, 
havinij;-  in  uiind  chiefly  the  debts  recently  incurred  ly 
^licheltorena  in  his  etforts  to  defeat  the  Californiaiis. 
There  was  ik^  desire  to  rej)udiate  any  part  of  these 
oblii-ations;  but  it  \  is  deemed  unfair  to  m\Q  tlicin 
the  preference,  by  carrying  out  ^licheltorena's  s|M(i;il 
agreements,  which  he  had  been  led  to  make  so  I'lrily 
in  his  time  of  need.  Larkin  had  advanced  large  sums 
to  the  cK-governor,  to  be  repaid  from  duties  on  the 
iirst  cargoes  thut  should  arrive,  and  ho  protested 
against  the  suspension,  as  perhaps  did  others;  hut 
Pico  in  re|)ly  assured  him  that  the  debts  would  lie 
paid,  the  delay  being  necessary  for  an  cxaminati<  ii  nt' 
resources  and  a  plan  of  distribution  by  which  justice 

^' Juno  19th,  2.jtli,  Valle  addressed  as  treasurer  by  Bandiui  and  Curilld. 
Vdlli',  Doc,  MS.,  OU-70.  Ill  Sept.  the  iissetnb.  considered  tlie  advisiliiiilv  iif 
appointing  a  treasurer  to  taiic  charge  of  govt  funds.  Leg,  lice,  MS.,  iv.  IJO-i. 

^' Aug.  -JTth,  Abn.go  to  I'ico.  Dept.  Si.  Pap.,  MS.,  xiii.  9-10. 

''^Dcc.  30th,  Castro  to  Pico.  Dejit.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  vi.  ()4-5.  Saim- date, 
GuerratoPico.  Id.,  Bi-n.,  iii.  84.  Feb.  loth,  Avce's  letter  in  Vailrjo,  Doc,  MS., 
xii.  184.  See  also  Valle,  Lo  Pasado  de  Cal.,  MS.,  38-9;  JJotello,  Aiiak^,  -MS., 
125-0. 


FIXANTIAL  CONTllOVKRSY. 


■.:>o 


i;ii  ,I:(  1)(!  (l()i»()  to  all.  Liirkiii  was  also  i-ciiiiiidecl  that 
'•  .[u(uIat(Ji's  must  take  I'isUs."  liy  tlio  end  of  Alarcli 
1 .1.  iiK'iit  scoins  to  liavo  Ix^on  rcsuiiKul  on  a  l)asis  tliat 
iJlnidc'il  all  claimants  a  share,  though  a  small  one,  of 
ti:i  levenues;"*^  but  in  September  thcjre  was  another 
susiKiision  of  payment  in  the  case  of  the  Michelto- 
rciia  chiims. 

(^)iiite  natin'aily  there  had  been  disaij^reemont  be- 
tunn  Pico  and  Castro  about  the  distribution  of  public 
I'mids,  especially  as  to  the  shares  of  the  civil  ;iM(1  mil- 
it;ir\'  branches.  ICach  had  a  host  of  friends  to  be  re- 
warded with  pi'otitable  positions;  Imt  (.'asf:r(;  liad  the 
j!(l\antai^e,  because  it  was  easier  to  find  «  ;)rete:vt  iVn- 
iiicivasini^  the  list  of  militai'y  ofHcers  than  that  .if  civil 
('!ii|»l(iv('s.  and  tlio  general  did  his  best  to  give  tvery- 
liiidy  a  connnissiou.  Alter  a  series  of  wf'anijlings,  of 
Ml  h  we  have  no  detailed  record,  the  two  chiefs  maile 
nil  a-j^reoment  to  divide  the  revenues  as  follows:  Act- 
ual iiidebtednessgrov^ini^'out  of  the  late  ])olitical  events 
and  including  the  Micheltorena  claims  were  to  be  paid 
tic  i>i'<j'i'r<'ii<;iij,  with  a  view  to  restore  credit  for  futui'e 
run  rgciicies;  and  these  debts  having  been  paid  direct 
ri'iiiii  the  custom-house,  one  thii'd  t)f  the  balance  was 
ti>  l)c  paid  over  to  the  governor  for  the  civil  list,  and 
i\v<>  thirds  to  the  o-eneral,  thrcjuuh  the  treasurer,  lor 


!!;i;';i 


,  h:.*,.^ 


%Mli 


■"''  March  27 til,  Pico  to  Alvai'ado,  who  is  diroi'tc;!  to  rosf-rve  frnin  tho  diitioH 
of  til'  rr(/;/bn(/a  .S9,000  for  Capt.  I'aty,  and  .SS/JO')  fur  other  payinuiits,  and 
t'limikc  an  C((iiita)ile  distribution  of  tho  hahmco  anioni,' iin|iloyi'.s.  />(•///.  .S7. 
/'";■.,  lirii.  CiH.-H.,  MS.,  vi.  [:$,"):?-.")].  March  5th  to  .April  PJth,  corrcsi).  l)i.'- 
tuf,  ii  Larkin  and  I'ico.  Livkhi'n  Of.  Corrctji.,  MS.,  i.  .SO,  ;{<»;  IiL,  Dn'-.,  MS., 
I"'.  tiJ.  It>7.  May  "JTtii,  I'ico  urges  Alvarado  to  cooperate  in  promoting;  econ- 
oiiiy,  since  full  jiaj'uients  cannot  ho  ni;ido  on  account  of  oliliijation.s  yi'iiwinL,' 
iiiit  lit  tlu!  late  .struggle.  J)ept.  lice,  JIS.,  xiv.  4S  9.  lU'hjre  August  some  of 
-Miilii  Itoi'ena'a  drafts  had  been  paid,  including  !?,"), (100  to  IJniantour.  Ju-jit. 
W.  /V/,.,  MS.,  vi.  l'20-l.  March  18th,  Gucrra  and  Hartnell  certify  that 
Mill'  -Ian.  lS4;i  tho  oustomdiouse  hiis  paid  over  to  Micheltorena  ^s;i,2."i(). 
Mie  .iriiount  of  outstanding  drafts  not  known.  Larkiii's  Doc,  MS.,  iii.  70. 
.Mill-  li  L'Oth,  A))rego  certifies  that  M.  turned  into  *'hc  ti'easury  .*!207,<)S'2  in  re- 
'fiiits  of  cniploye.s,  oHicers,  and  troops.  Id.,  iii.  ',  ',  88.  Sept.  9tli,  ^-.'O.OOO 
.still  unpaid  on  M.'s  drafts  for  horses  and  cattle  weized  by  hitn.  Alvarado 
tliiiiks  actual  employt'-s  should  have  the  preference.  JJi}it.  St.  J'"/>.,  MS.,  vi. 
■^S^'J.  Sept.  llth,  Feliciano  Soberanes  claims  §782  for  live-.stocK.  .SV.  I'a/i., 
J/'«.,  .MS.,  xi.  (J7.  Sept.  18th,  an  order  to  .suspend  payn\ent  of  tho  Michel- 
tuiiu.i  claims  referred  to.  JJq^t.  Hi.  Pap.,  MS.,  viii.  11. 


I  i| 


■ir^^rv: 


i;  -itf 


500 


THE  MISSIONS— COMMEr.CE  AND  FIXAXCE. 


military  expenses,  neither  to  interfere  in  the  distrilra- 
tion  of  the  otlier's  .sliare.^'' 

It  may  seem  strange  that  Pico  and  Castro  should 
have  consented  to  pay  the  whole  indebtedness  in  inv]'- 
ercnee  to  other  expenses,  but  a  eonnnunication  iVoiu 
Castro  to  Abrego  thro\YS  a  flood  of  light  upon  this 
subject.  It  appears  that  the  chiefs  had  reason  to  ex- 
pect the  payment  into  the  treasury,  in  addition  to  tli,.- 
regular  revenues,  of  a  sum  sufficient  to  pay  all  (Khts 
and  leave  a  suq)lus.  ]^ut  the  goose  that  was  to  lay 
this  golden  c<^g — doubtless  John  Parrott's  St(.ir  of  tht> 
Went,  which  was  to  pay  half-duties  on  a  rich  cargo  to 
be  reshipped  to  Mexican  ports — failed  by  a  visitaticii 
of  providence  to  keep  her  contract.  This  being  iho 
case,  the  first  part  of  the  agreement  Ijecame  ot*  coLiise 
a  nullitv;  and  the  creditors  had  to  wait."'^ 

The  total  revenue  paid  into  the  custom-house  in 
1845  was  about  $140,000,  of  which  sum  about  SL4.()i)0 
were  consumed  in  expenses,  leaving  $r2(), 000  foi'  the 
civil  list  estimated  at  $42,000,'"  for  military  expenses 
amounting  to  $34,000  for  officers  alone,  and  i'oi'  the 
payment   of  outstanding   debts,  to   an   cunouut   nut 

^'  No  (late,  agrecincnt  between  P.  and  C.  The  l.itter  wiis  to  pay  fiDin  liii 
share  .*!l'2.")  pernio,  for  seliools  in  the  soiitli.  Dcjit.  St.  Pap..  MS.,  vi.  47-S. 
Jnly'i.Sth,  Aug.  7th,  1'.  to  Abrego,  and  reply,  referring  t(»  the  agreement.  //., 
viii.  4-.");  vi.  lL'0-1.  The  purport  of  tlie  agreement  seenisi  to  liavijbeiii  kiiuv.;! 
as  early  as  June 'J.'ith.  I  Vt/'c,  iVo''.,  MS.,  70.  July  11th,  14th,  a  projinsitiiui 
was  ajiproved  in  the  asseniuly  to  give  to  Cal.  one  half  of  her  revenin -.  t!iL> 
other  half  going  to  the  national  treasury — that  i.s,  for  the  support  of  the  mil- 
itary department,  whieh  in  theory  was  supported  by  the  n.ition.  />';/.  /.'n., 
MS.,  iv.  '24.")-!).  Thi;i  was  a  scheme  to  get  more  for  the  civil  list  than  tlic 
ngrceinent  granted,  but  it  hail  to  be  approved  in  ^lexico.  The  natimud  ;.'ovt 
in  August  gave  Cal,  two  thirds  of  her  revenue — more  than  the  assembly  :i-  !;i  il; 
but  I  lind  no  evidence  of  any  attempt  of  I'ieo  to  enforce  this.  Doc.  lll^f.  <  <('., 
MS.,  ii.  73;  Sup.  GovfSf.  Pa]).,  MS.,  xviii.  1,'). 

'**' Castro  to  Abrego,  copied  to  I'ico  by  the  latter  on  Aug.  '27th.  J'cjit.  Si. 
J'ap.,  MS.,  xiii.  S-'J.  Abrego  at  the  time  of  the  agreement  had  !?;i.(«iit  nii 
hand,  of  which  sum  he  was  ordered  by  I'ieo  to  send  §,"),000  for  urgent,  e\- 
pensc:A  at  Angeles,  and  distribute  $4,000  among  employes.    /(/..  xiii.  10. 

''••  JCstiniatc  of  .Tunc  ;M)th  for  the  yeai',  specifying  all  branches  and  (lliceis, 
$4'2,.V)0.  Li'fi.  Iti'c,  MS.,  iv.  •2(!:)-.").  The  items  were,  assendily  S12,80;»,  ,l,")V- 
i;rnor".s  oHice'Sl«,'200,  tribunal  612,7.")0,  prefecture  !?4,000,  treasury  i^-2,Sr,:\.  A 
partial  list  of  March  foots  np  SI4,!W.").  JJ'pl.  S/.  Pap.,  Bcii.,  MS.,  iii.  IIW. 
Revenue  officers  813,000.  /(/.,  Cuxt.-IL,  MS.,  vi.  4-");  Sup.  Govt  S/.  /''(/'., 
MS.,  xvi.  '2-3.  Cost  of  military  otiicens,  invalido.^,  etc.,  for  a  month,  alo  ar- 
tillery company,  •S'2,S43.  Jhpf.  S/.  Pap.,  MS.,  xiii.  3-o.  Some  fragnunt.iry 
statistics  of  distribution  in  /(/.,  passim. 


DEBTS  AND  MARITIME  LIST. 


561 


];nn\vn.  Existing  accounts  are  too  fragmentary  to 
t;i\('  any  accurate  idea  of  how  the  funds  were  distrib- 
uted among  the  three  classes  of  cLiimants,  none  of 
v.houi  got  all  that  was  due  them,  and  none  of  whom 
sull'ered  much  inconvenience  I'rom  the  loss.  According 
to  ;m  elaborate  statement  [prepared  by  Larldn  for  tlie 
V.  S.  govermnent,  the  total  indebtedness  of  California 
at  the  end  of  1845,  not  all  accrued  in  this  year,  but 
iKiiH'  of  it  dating  bade  more  than  two  or  three  years, 
v/asin  round  numbers  .$158,000.  Of  this  sum  $0:2,000 
was  (hie  to  twenty  private  individuals,  Vallcjo  and 
Laikin  having  the  largest  claims;  $r>2,000  to  twenty- 
li^ht  civil  employes  for  salaries,  Jose  A.  Estndillo 
(III  lie  tribunal  being  entitled  to  the  largest  sum,  $3,000 ; 
S4r),()00  to  fifty  military  ofHcers,  V^allejo  lieading  the 
list  witli  $5, GOO;  and  $19,000  to  the  soldiers  of  dilfer- 
ent  companies.*" 

1  name  sixty  vessels  in  the  Californian  fleet  of  1845, 
tlMMigli  there  are  al)out  a  dozen  doubtful  names,  many 
(ifdicm  resting  only  on  the  statements  of  men  who 
tlaiiii  to  have  come  to  the  coast  on  tlieni;*^  two  are 

'"  LarlhCi^  Off.  Corrrxp.,  MS.,  ii.  ]  1'2-1(5,  with  full  details,  namrs,  etc.  In 
/'/.,  /•'("■.,  MS.,  iii.  <,)8,  is  a  l)alaiico-sliect  of  tlio  ticasurcM-,  showing  the  total 
iiniiiiit  of  iiionoy  diribursed  by  Michcltorciia  in  IS4'2-.").  Tho  sum  was 
.'.M'.I.JIO.  divided  asfollow.s:  prosidial  companies,  SI S,0(X);  artillery,  .S|  l.(KK); 
l'.it.ill(Mi,  Sl'JTjODO;  hospital,  ^J.oOOr  schooner  CaliJ'vrnUi,  !?:{,00'0;  Tidaics 
tM.'i'lisliment,  81-!1;  invalido.'i,  §:Ui,  etc. 

'' Adiiiitfaiicc,  Alfred,  America,  Ar(jn,  Baihtl,  Bajio,  Behj.  Morunn  (?), 
/,'«//,  <  (I'li'oriiia,  California  (sclir),  Clnrda,  Coiistniitiue,  Constifii/ioii.  ('oirlilz, 
I  0,1  (Jni.iole,  J)roiiiio  (?),  Eric,  L\y>aloii,  I'ama  ('!''.],  Fannie  (''.),  (Iwtare,  linn- 
II nh  [''.),  //clve/ia  {'>),  Iferolne,  Iliheriiia,  Jfopeiirll,  John  and  KHznhiih  (''.), 
■hji'iit  Giiipiizenana,  Jnanita,  Jidia,  Julia  Ann,  Levant,  Lion,  Mn'jnuli(t,  Mri' 
i'''i.  Mari  I  'J^cresa,  Jfar/hn,  Matudnr,  Medicin,  Murea,  \asli  dni/:,  Ihijufn, 
P'^'hic,  J'orlnino!/lh,  Primavem,  Hi /ndilirano,  Sarah,  Savannah,  Snlnlad, 
S!arofl!ie  U'l.if,  Sterlinjj,  ?V/.>i.vo,  lluiliil  litidex  (':),  Vandalia,  Vuneonvcr  {':}, 
Yi'iirri,!  (ill,   Wnierhj  {':),  and  Win  Xi/e. 

.Viiordin,''  to  .a  t.dilo  iii  the  l/iuioliiln  Frimd,  ii.  S7,  the  niiniber  of  veascls 
liaviii',^  (hat  port  fm  (.'al.  was  !),  wIilL'  thei'"  a'.'rivi;d  5.  IjMrkin,  Off.  Curriyp., 
MS.,  ii.  3, (-7,  111,  f.::i\es  a  table  of  fihippin'^  at  Montei-ey  for  IS-l.'*  as  t'ollosv.S! 
AiuiMcaii  vessel.i'JT-  Mexican  IS,  l]uf;lish  4,  (Jifniati  ;i,  Fr('U<'!i  Ii,  Ila\\aii'm 
.';,  t  'i.d  ."iS;  incn-of-\var  .",  whider.s  o,  traders  4S,  total  oS;  .shi]is  'Jli,  barks  17, 
l'iij;s  .S,  schooners  10,  total  58;  total  crews,  not  including  men-of-war,  r.So; 
t  I'.id  tonnngo,  14,(170  tons;  cost  of  ear;,'oes,  ,SlS!),,"iOO;  Aalue  in  ( 'al.,  >',^!!7,')■)i); 
'!.ili'  1  jiaid,  Si:>8,;i(i!>.  The  amount  of  the  sums  as  given  for  each  ve;:.sel  in  Iho 
lin  \y  .s|42,:)(iO;  and  a  total  of  .'^^141,!)!;}  is  •,'iven  in  nne  I'ceord  of  the  cus'.oni- 
liuu.  .  Tho  total  receipts  for  the  year  at  8au  Francisco  wore .?!  ,0ii9,  of  wiiicU 
lli^T.  C.vL.,  Vol.  iV.    M 


i!,.$r  («, 


I'f 


I'^l 


■i:  I 


3G2 


THE  MISSIONS— COMMERCE  AXD  FINANCE. 


ii 


Boston  ships  that  liad  wiiitcrecl  on  the  coast;  rifHin 
wei-e  traders  that  brought  new  cargoes  this  yeai-;  twelve 
were  wlialors;  eight  were  men-of-war;  and  thii'tcon 
■jame  on  miscellaneous  or  unknown  business — to  brino' 
despatches,  to  collect  debts,  to  obtain  cattle,  or  to  re- 
pair damages.  The  notable  arrivals,  if  any  may  hu  so 
termed,  were  the  Matador,  which  paid  into  the  treas- 
ury i;^G7,000,  an  amount  far  exceeding  any  cvim-  paid 
before  by  one  vessel;  the  Star  of  the  IFe.s'/',  a  pioiicrf 
in  a  new  class  of  smugglers,  wrecked  near  JMonteroy; 
the  T((ss(),  the  fir.st  to  furnish  revenues  for  Pico's  iu\- 
miiiistration,  and  the  assault  on  whose  cai»taiii  was 
one  of  the  most  prominent  current  themes  of  San 
Fi-ancisco  local  annals;  and  the  llussian  Xas/cdnik, 
whose  supercargo,  Markof,  published  a  narrative  of  his 
visit. 

I  have  given  for  each  year  a  mere  list  of  vessels; 
but  have  reserved  all  details  respecting  each  V(\'^sel  lor 
a  general  list  for  1841-5,  which  I  append  to  this 
chapter.  I  thus  not  oidy  eflect  a  saving  of  space,  hut 
produce  a  result  much  more  satisfactory  to  the  reader 
than  by  a  scattering  and  repetition  of  particulars.*- 


pum  .$'271  w;is  paid  out  for  expenses.  Piiifo,  Dor..  !M8.,  ii.  2i.");  Dcjil.  Sf,  Pop., 
lien.  Mil.,  Ms.,  Ixxxvi.  1,'J.  'J'liuic  iiro  no  other  sUitistics  except  siuli  as  ;iie 
fijigmentjiiy  iuulof  no  value.  Davis,  Oiun/jsci,  MS.,  203-0,  spcak.s  of  astuiuiiur 
j'roni  SilUa  visitiuf;  S.  F.  Bay  this  year  or  in  1844. 

"  List  of  vessels,  1841-5: 

Adiiiiftaiic<\  Anier.  ship,  501  tons;  2:)  men;  Peter  Peterson,  master:  Henry 
Mellu.'?,  sup.  and  eonsiiinec.  Arr.  Jlont.  from  Boston  ^lar.  4,  1S4;!;  taru'H, 
$li),221;  duties.  !?2, 407  (20,407?).  Passed  2  winters  on  the  coast,  touiliiiy 
repeatedly  at  all  the  jiorts.     Sailed  for  Boston  in  autumn  of  1S45. 

.l/oV,  Amer.  ship.  SOS  tons;  W.  D.  1 'helps,  master,  llail  arr.  in  1S40; 
and  nailed  for  Boston  in  Dec.  1S42.  Alfred  l!ol)inson  seems  to  haviMlcpartiil 
in  her.  She  was  the  last  ship  sent  out  hy  Bryant  &  Sturgis.  Her  e\|iliiit  uf 
spikiiii,'  the  San  Dicfio  guns  in  the  'Com.  Jones  War'  is  recounted  ('Kcwhoiv, 

Alcxytiuhr,  or  Alxninlrorlch,  or  Jdtrii  Alejandro,  or  Alcxmiih  r  tlf  Jhir, 
Russ.  hark.  At  S.  F.  from  Sitka  in  spring  of  184.'J  and  antunm  of  |s4f.  Oii 
the  2il  trip  she  had  some  trouble  about  cnterini;  S.  F.  before  goiu'^  to  Mi'iit.; 
alx)Ut  support  of  guard  put  on  board  to  prevent  smuggling;  and  al«nit  Imi- 
n;;ge  dues.  She  came  for  wlieat  from  Sutter;  and  S.  tried  to  pay  tlie  (iiiiiiai;o 
with  !i  draft  on  custom-house,  which  was  not  acceptable.     See  .VovA '/»('/,•. 

Alcvdiidd-  Barclay,  Uernuui  whaler,  at  Sauzalito  in  Dec.  lS4;t.  I'liiiai's 
also  in  IS42. 

Alj'nil,  Hamburg  burk,  at  S.  Pedro  Feb.  1845,  in  ballast  from  Callao. 

Aiiiprira,  ]'>ngl.  man-of-war,  ."()  guns;  John  (lordon,  com.  At  Mont,  nnil 
S.  F.  July  1845,  bound  to  Columbia  Uiv.     At  Honolulu  in  Oct. 


VESSELS  OF  1S41-5. 


111  tills  list  tlioro  are  iiaiiiod  148  vessels,  of  wliicli  a 
doz'ii  or  iiiorc  rest  ou  doubtful  reeords,  18  being  fouud 


ijajy 


J  mil'/ Ilia,  Fr.  whaler,  at  Mont.  1844.  Her  crew  had  a  tiyht  with  soldifis 
of  tilt'  liiitallon. 

J /•;/(-!,  Fr.  wlialer,  at  Mont.  Aug.  1843. 

.l;iiiiiic/io,  Mux.  schr,  1)3  tons;  J.  Blanca,  master;  Jos  Limantoiir,  .sup. 
anil  1  "11.  According  to  Mofra.s  she  now  helonged  to  JJizat  &  Koussell  of  i>or- 
(k',;iix.  Arr.  Mont.  Oct.  1S4I;  cargo, .?!,'), oSO;  dutie.",  .$l."),7-(j.  Sailing  f"r 
.<.  ]■'.  .'•he  was  wrecked  near  J't  Keyes,  the  crew  and  part  of  cargo  being  .saved. 
.Muiiiis  makes  the  date  Sept.  '27th,  but  it  was  at  least  a  month  later. 

JliiiLal,  I'uss.  brig,  180  tons.  At  S.  F.  Oct. -Nov.  184")  for  grain  from 
Sutti  r  ;ai(l  others. 

Iliji.),  b;irk,  on  the  coast  in  May  184.").    Drpt.  St.  Pap.,  M.S.,  viii  4. 

Ili'i-iisf(ili'i\  Aiiier.  ship,  40.'l  tons;  Jaa  H.  Hatch,  master.  An',  from  Bos- 
toiuft  Mont.  .July  7,  IS42;  cargo,  §27,1)  t.'!;  duties,  §2S,.")4S.  Fined  i^^.'.'JO  for 
ailiuitting  a  private  Individ.  Iteforo  the  revenue  olhcers.  Spent  '2  winters  in 
L'al..  iniikiiig  the  round  trip  up  and  down  several  times;  and  sailed  for  Bos- 
ton ill  1  'ec.    1H44. 

Ill  i.'J.  Mori/nii,  whaler,  at  S.  F.  autumn  of  1S44,  and  jierhapsalso  in  ISl.". 

ill liha  mill.  Jcnnij,  Hamburg  brig;  130  tons;  John  .Niein,  master;  A.  M. 
Eicilla.  sup.  Arr.  ^lout.  from  (.'allao  l)ec.  184'J;  cargo, . So, .304;  duties,  §(i, 802. 
.Sailfil  for  Mazatlan  in  ballast  Jan.  1843. 

UnVnia,  Mex.  schr.  Brought  back  1!)  of  the  exiled  foreigners  in  July 
1S41. 

Ilolirar,  Amcr.  brig,  202  or  ISO  tons;  (iorham  H.  Nye,  master.  Said  by 
Poiice  and  Simpson  to  have  been  on  the  coast  Nov.-l>ee.  1841.  At  Sta  B. 
Ike.  .lau.  1842-3.  Back  from  Honolulu  Jiuu?  1843;  John  ('.  Jones,  masler; 
A.  11.  Thompson,  sup.;  cargo,  .S2,3'Ji);  duties,  S3, 121.  At  S.  IVdro  Nov.  1.SJ4; 
iliMlorick,  master.    LarL'iii\<  J)oi\,  MS.,  ii.  241. 

Uni'iitiiza,  whaler;   Waterman,  master.     At  Mont.  Sept.  1841. 

JlriHii'ii,  whaler,  at  S.  F.  Aug.  1843. 

Ih-'iHiir^,  Engl,  bark  from  ('()1.  Biv.  to  Oahn.  At  S.  F.  July  1844.  Re- 
fiisfil  to  pay  tonnage  because  driven  in  liy  weather.  This  view  sustained  by 
(jiiisul  ]''orbes. 

J!''li,  Swedish  brig;  arr.  Honolulu,  Sept.  184r>,  from  Col.  Biv.,  via  Monte- 
rey. 

I'liH/ornia,  Mox.  schr;  Cooper,  master;  arr.  at  Mont.  June  1841,  from  Mex. 
(iia^t,  i>Mying  !?201  and  .S4.')7.  Lay  at  Sauzalito  Sept.-Dec,  and  sailed  for 
.Mont,  J)ec.  31st.  In  1842,  John  lioderiek  was  mate,  crew  of  14,  all  foreign- 
'  iisliut  2.  l';xpensu  this  year  $2,831,  besides  S'>,428  paid  to  I'eirce  &  Brewer 
rn-  I'l'evious  repairs.  See  iSV/xji-'o/^.s  Xarr.,  2S2,  2!I4-."),  .■>.")S,  for  amusing  <le- 
taiis  aliiuit  her  oiitlit  for  a  voyage.  Sailed  .Tan.  20,  1812,  for  .-Xc.'ipuleo,  with 
tlio  eiimisiouados  I'rudfin  and  Castaiiarcis  and  7  <h'  S  other  passenger.-;.  Arr. 
.Vc;i|i.  I'eb.,  Honolidu  March,  Mont.  June  2d;  <luties,  §1.13().  Siiiled  aiain 
June  nth,  arr.  Acap.  July,  S.  Bias  and  ^lazatlan  .\uu'.,  Mont.  Sept.  3ilth. 
Pay  r"Ufortlic2tri|is,  ,?1,842.  Captured  by  U.  S.  witir.Monterey  Oct..  and  re- 
W-id,  Trip  toS.  I'edroand  Sta  B.  and  back  Feb.-April  1843;  in  S.  1'.  Bay 
iiml  iVtaluma  Creek,  A])r.-May,  thence  soutii  with  provisions  from  N'aliejo 
ti  .Miriicltoi-cna;  back  at  Sauzalito  Oct.  Nov.,  and  Mont.  Nov. -Dee.  Sailed 
IVi-.  Kith,  with  'lots  of  ])assengers,' inidudiiig  l.arkin,  .\brego,  Andres  I'ico, 
mill  (apt.  \Volter,  leaving  S.  I'edro  for  Mazathin  Dec.  23d.  IvviK'iises  to 
^-c'lit.,  •'■-2,7">4.  Her  cargo  to  Maz.  included  127  casks  brandy,  2.'!  bblsof  wine, 
Olilils  pisco,  1  bill  olives,  1  can  <bied  fruit,  Ki  hams,  1  12  cheeses.  Came  back 
to  S.  I'cilro  with  the  ])assongers,  including  also  Davis,  Johnson,  tileiii,  and  Dr 
Miiiii,  I'eb.  1844.  Small-pox  among  the  kanaka  crew  on  tliis  voyage.  Cuop- 
''''■•'  A";/.,  MS.,  closes  abruptly  Mar.  8tli  on  the  way  to  Mont.  Swan,  one  of 
tilt' t  it  \v,  says  Cooper  was  ordered  to  sea  by  the  gov.  on  aeioiint  of  sniall-pox, 
Ijut  itpliud  he  would  seo  the  gov.  dannied  iirst.     la  May  the  schr  carried 


;qi. 


J:.    :! 


;:  IN-'- 


rm 


TTIE  MISSIOXS-COMMERCl'-  AXD  FINAXCE. 


also  in  the  list  of  1  8r,G-40.  Of  the  1  fi\,  the  stars aiul 
stripes  were  borne  by  45;  20  .sailed  under  the  }.It'.\ii';iii 

Capt.  Florcs  to  iMazatlan  and  returned  in  Tunc;  arr.  Acapulco  in  .Fuly  and 
liiy  there-  rest  of  year.  Still  at  Acapulco  in  Jan.  184").  Sonic  act'tsei'  <x- 
pcnscH  down  to  .(unt-;  but  1  find  no  evidence  that  she  ever  returinil  ii»  (';d. 

Ca/l/uniia,  .Vniei'.  shiii;  422  tons;  .fas  P.  Arther,  nia.ster;  (.'mtis  < 'Ian, 
.'<u]i. ;  arr.  Mont,  from  IJoston  Feb.  1842;  cargo,  .§21,901;  duties,  $2I,;{JS; 
lip  mill  down  tlie  coa.st;  carried  lumlwr  from  ,S.  F.  to  Mont,  in  Oct.  I  si;;-,  no 
rceord  of  her  <lcp;irture  or  of  her  preacnce  in  1844.  In  spring  of  l^l'i  Ikh.1; 
from  Boston;  llowaril,  .sup.;  earsjo  cost  $.'ij,0()0,  worth  in  Cal.  .'?7(»,lliM).  ap- 
jiiaiseil  at  .'ir'27,r)!l!);  duties,  .SIS, 000,  or .$21,243,  or  §25,129,  ace.  todiiii  rciituc- 
ord.s.     Remained  all  the  year. 

(,'uruliiie,  Aiiier.  whaler;  at  Sauzalito  Oct.  1S43;  0  of  her  men  .stole  the 
boat  and  escaped.  , 

Curiifl'ort,  Killed,  man-of-war,  2(5  guns,  240  men;  Lord  Oeo.  I'aulet,  eoiii. ;  at 
!Mont.  Oct.  14-21,  ISiH,  from  Honolulu  for  Mazatlan.  John  Swan  (le.si.iil);.i 
a  ball  on  sjiore  and  dinner  on  b(jard;  also  some  lights,  in  wliicli  the  .sliij/j 
men  got  the  best  of  the  eludos. 

(Jii/'i/iii(t,  Mex.  bri;4;  (yliiis.  Hansen,  master;  K.  (Jelis,  sup.  At  Mont,  and 
S.  F.  May  and  Nov.  bS41;  clutiis,  i~',<rtS:  h.'ft  coast  in  spring  of  lS-12.  ISatk 
at  Mont,  in  Aug.  1S4.'];  Itobert  Marshall,  master.  And  again  from  Aeapulcu 
in  Aug.-N(iv.  1841. 

('harlf.'t  ir.  Muri/nii,  Amor,  wh.alcr;  Thos  A.  Norton,  master;  at  Mont,  in 
Aug.  1844;  and.  also,  according  to  Dallij's  Xan\,  MS.,  in  autumn  of  l^4:i. 

Chnto.  .\lex.  brig,  paitl  i^'.ku  ilutics  at  Mont,  in  1841.  In  1S42  hnjiiL'ht 
part  of  Michcltorena's  force  to  '3>.  Diego  iu  Sept. 

Clnritd,  .Mex.  bark,  202  tons;  Chas  Wolter,  master.  Paid  §382  in  s]irin; 
of  1811.  On  euast  July,  Oct.,  1842;  detained  for  a  day  by  Com.  .Tones.u  .Ni^i.- 
terey.  Two  trips  in  b'''43from  M;izatlau;  cargo,  .SI, .'{91,  duties,  .S2.'!!l.  Vin;ri  t, 
maiiter  in  18-14-.').     Duties  in  184,"),  §7.")0  on  cargo  of  §U,500. 

Culitmliid,  Engl,  liar!;;  llumpluies,  master;  Wm  Wood,  ynp.  Air.  Muiit. 
.Tan.  1,  1841,  from  Orejron;  ilutics,  .§2,311  on  cargo  of  §1,777.  Jas  l)rm_l,is 
and  a  ])arty  of  hunters  on  board. 

I'ohiinhiin',  Mcx.  .schr,  .").")  tons;  Manuel  Turiucio,  master.  At  Mimt.  .luly 
1841.     Duties,  §:)7;  cargo,  ,§4.(il. 

CoiiHruite,  Chilean  brig;  Francisco  Unamano,  master,  1842.  Dc/it.  St.  /'"/., 
£cii.,  MS  ,  iii.  1.3. 

I'oiixidiitiiic,  or  Grand  Dnkv,  Ru^s.  brig,  220  tons;  formerly  the  Wtillui-p. 
At  S.  F.  Nov. -Dee.  1841.  Carrietl  100  of  the  Ross  culonists  to  Sitka.  ^Via■ 
tcred  at  S.  F.  1S43-4;  and  came  again  for  grain  in  (-)ct.-\ov.  184.'). 

Voii^f(l/it/!oii,  U.  S.  inan-ol-war,  40  guns,  350  men;  Kearney,  cuui.  At 
Mont.  fr.  Honolulu,  Sept.  15-29,  1S43.  From  Chuia,  siiuadroii  linnail  tni 
U.  S. 

Coiistitii/ioii.  (^),  v.  a.  man-of-war;  John  Percival,  com.  Left  llonolulu 
for  Mazatlan  via  Cal.  Dec.  2,  1815;  no  record  of  arrival. 

CorKiiir,  Anier.  brig,  182  tuns;  ^liehacl  Dowd,  master;  Dav.  Spenuc,  con- 
signee.    At  Mont,  from  Callao  May  1841 ;  cargo,  SI  1,944;  duties.  Sl-.-'IT. 

Corn)  (Craw  lish?),  whaler,  at  S.  Fran.  Aug.  1843. 

C'"irlil:,  Ihigl.  barli,  312  or  345  tons;  Wm  Brotchie,  mastci'.  M  Mniit. 
Aug.-Oet.  18tl  from  Col.  Riv.  via  Honolulu;  duties,  §10,905;  R.icaml  llirnio 
passcngci.s.  ])aelv  from  Oreg.  in  Dec.  with  .Sir  (ieo.  Simpson,  Joiiu  .Mcl,ou;;li- 
lin,  and  Diillot  de  Mofriis;  tonnage,  §518;  sailcil  for  Oahu  Jan. 
Mont,  again  in  Aug.  184.3;  and  again  in  .spring  of  1845. 

(!iir<ir'>'i,   luigl.   man-of-war,  28  guns;  .Jones,  com.     At  Mont, 
from  Honolulu  on  business  connected  with  (traliam  aO'air. 

Ci/rirf.  U.  S.  man-of-war,  20  guns,  250  men;  Stribling,  com. 
Ocl.  io-l'ec.  11,  1842;  tlience  to  S.  F.  widi  Com.  Jones  in  Dee. 


isl-j 

NmV. 


.\t 


.\t  .Mont. 
IaI'i  .Mont. 


VESSELS  OF  1841-5. 


n,) : :    11  un;]ei'  liritisli  colors;  8  were  Froncli ;  7  Ger- 
liiii  I    or    Swedish;    5    llusisiaii;    3   South   Auiericaii; 


men  stolo  the 


Lfft  Ikmoliilii 


.hiU 


I,  lS4:i.  anil  S.  I'oilro  Jan.  '2'2d  for  Mazatlan;  l)ack  at  Mont,  and  S.  Fr.m. 
il.iy.  Jji'tl  MdiiL.  Junoll.l  fur  southern  ji  irt.saml  Honolulu.  ]'aek  a^aiii 
ill  Muiit,  Dee.  lOtli-liUli,  and  .sailed  tor  Ma/atlaii.  Lo.stsonie  deserter.'^,  inelud- 
iiiu'  a  ncLj'lo  named  Xorris,  who  was  killed  by  (.^alifornians.  Some  ilis-^ati.s- 
f.i.lji.ji  aliout  the  desertciH  as  tihown  l)y  eofivsp.  Vdllcjo,  l)oc.,  MS.,  xi.  ;!-_', 
;iill,:!il,  'M',\;  ' Kiii(/'.'i(>r/ihaii,'  !'/</<,  7;  /'o/n/v/i'v,  /iccucrdoif,  MS.,  '.\7. 

Ji'i'',  U.  S.  .sloop  of  war,  10  guns,  !(].">  men;  Dornin,  cum.  Arr.  S.  V.  from 
I'aiiani.i,  Dec.  l."i,  IStJ;  at  MiMit.  .Ian.  a-lO,  1S4I},  and  sailed  for  Mazathui. 

l)J/ilios,  whaler,  Sept.  1S14. 

])hiiiiiiii<l,  at  S.  1''.  Aug.  Ks4;J  with  lumber  and  missionaries  from  Col.  \Vw. 
for  (Kiliu.     \V.  Fowler,  master.     Dr  Sandels,  the  scientist,  left  Cal.  on  this 

VLSSrl, 

i  1,111  Qiii.foti',  Ainei'.  liaik,  "270  tons:  .lohii  Paty,  master.  Arr.  ^lont.  Sept. 
IsH  lVoi;i  Hon.;  duties,  !i?i),!)S()  on  cargo  of  .?').. ~)S4.  .\rr.  a'^ain  June  1S4J; 
i:ii:ii,  .'■■•_',(Jol,  duties,  .^.'>,0.")0,  I'erhaps  eamo  back  and  wintered  on  coast. 
l.ilt  .''ill  1j.  I'V'l).  anil  returned  from  Hon.  to  S.  F.  Maj";  cargo,  .i>i,IOS;  dutie;, 
tl,7^"';  tonnage,  .S;!04;  ^\ln  11.  Davis,  !-up.  l>y  connivance  of  guard  .SJO,0.)0 
(.f;;i"'ils  Were  lamled  in  the  night  at  S.  F.  On  the  coast  Nov.-Dec.  1844.  hi 
lili.  |s|."i  carried  Micheltorena  and  his  army  to  S.  lilas,  returning  in  May, 
iiud  sailing  foi'  Hon.  in  Dec. 

Jiri'iiiio,  <loul)tful  name  of  1.S4."). 

JJ'i'jIf,  whaler,  at  S.  Diego,  Sept.  1S44;  Pi^rry,  master. 

r.ldia,  Riiss.  bi'ig,  at  S.  F.  Feb.  1841,  and  came  back  from  Sitka  to  Bodega 
ia  July.     Toaaagc  Jst  trii>,  i^'iyx 

K'~ti,  Fr.  wlialer;  Malheilie,  master.     At  S.  Fran.  Sept.  IS41. 

y.'/v'r,  U.  S.  store-ship;  Lieut  C.  C.  Turner,  com.  At  Mont,  and  S.  F. 
autiiiuu  of  184."),  according  to  Laucey. 

I'.wi niidd,  Mex.  selir,  ()2  tons;  Hugo  Reid,  master.  At  S.  I'edro  May 
IslJ.  .\t  Mont.  Se])t.  from  Hon.;  cargo,  .^1,107;  duties,  $l,;iO.").  At  the 
pnts.hm.  184:!;  tonnage.  .s^-JS.     At  San'l'cdro  Jan.  1844. 

lUl'Wloii,  Fr.  whaler;  Desir(5  ]'>atan,  master.     S.  Diego  Sept.  184.1. 

I'diiiit,  Anier.  ship,  'M'A  or  .'{07  tons;  (,'.  Hoyer,  master.  At  Mont.  .J:m. 
I'^4J  from  Hon.;  car-go,  Sr),.'i."il);  iluties,  .S."),8(iS.  Again  in  Aug.;  cargo,  SSo  i, 
ilatirs,  .SL.lS.'J.  Her  ni;itu  was  consulted  by  Com.  .Jones  before  taking  .Nbiiit. 
ill  Oct.  Wintered,  and  left  Sta  15,  with  horses  for  Oahu  iu  .Ian.  lS4,'i.  Hack 
(iDni  Col.  Riv.,  Xye,  master,  in  June;  cargo,  .^IS.'S;  duties,  S-'-L  Left  Mnut. 
and  St.i  B.  in  Oct.  Nov.,  for  Jlon.  Back  at  Mont.  Juno  1841,  with  cai'go  to 
■J.  ('.  .bines.  Ai'r.  Hon.  from  Cal.  A])ril  184.");  Wni  P.  Reynolds,  mate. 
liajU  at  M(jnt.  June;  cargo,  .S(i,0()0;  duties,  $_',450.  Was  wrecked  on  tho 
cyast  dining  this  voyage,  according  to  statements  of  Larkin  and  Swasey. 

Fdiiif,  whalei-;  ^litcllell,  master'.     S.  F.  184."). 

I'niifa  (?),  Mex.  sclir;  Lin  Mitour,  master.     Spencer's  list  for  184rt. 

'"  //,  Fr.  whaler,  40!)  or  ."1)4  tons;  Duval,  master.  Mont,  and  S.  F.  Xov.- 
1  .  .  •V.i.  Tonnage  iind  duties,  .Sd-Jl  or  .'?.")4().  .Susjiccted  of  smu;rg!iii,ir. 
Aw'n,  Dor.,  M.-^.,  i.^'JCI-G,  ii.  M--2;  L'ltmUlto,  Doc,  MS.,  ii.  G;{.  P'ossil)ly 
ii'isa  in  1815. 

/-■,  (>70,  Mex.  l)ii','.  10.")  tons;  .lose  D.  Yndarte  (?),  master.  Mont.  Oct. 
I'^f.  fr.  Acapulco.     C'argo,  !?.^,000;  duties,  .S()ti7. 

f  ruainln,  Mex.  brig.  At  S.  I'edro  in  .Iuiu3  1S4'2.  (The  FirdUiund  also 
named  ia  1S4.'1.) 

t'''lhnj  Fish,  U.  S.  schr;  Knox,  com.  Tender  to  VinccnnesoiXJ.  S.  Expl. 
Exped.     AtS.  F.  Oct.  1841. 

Ui'inji'  ffi'iir;/,  Amer.  bark,  .'144  tons,  10  men:  .Stephen  Smith,  master  a!id 
"iMier.  Arr.  Mont.  fi\  P.altimor'e  and  Paita  May  184:t;  cargo,  S.j,941;  iluties, 
•-7.711.     Brought  the  1st  steam-engine,  which  was  set  up  at  Bodega;  also  tho 


1      h 


"GG 


THE  -MISSIONS— COMMERCE  AND  FIXAXCE. 


!iil.M,i 


.iji 


•I 


and  ill  the  case  of  20 — inany  of  tliem  wlialorH  and  iii()v;t 
perhaps  American — no  nationality  is  mentioned  in  tho 

Obtained  a  cr'jtlit  of  9  months  for  duties.     At  Sauzalito  in  Jan, 


S.   Die''o  Oct.  1S45. 


Lost  sonic 


KS4'J 


1st  pianos. 
ISU. 

C'eoi-fiin,  whaler;  Hull,  master.     S.  F.  1844. 

(liKiildlitpr,  lighter  on  S.  ¥.  Bay,  !>  tons.     1844-5. 

(Jiistitce,   IJrenieu  bark;   Clement  Norton,  master. 
Proliablya  whaler. 

f/aiiiit/oii,  whaler;  Hand,  master.     Mont.  Sept.  1841, 

Jhuniuh,  doubtful  name  of  1845. 

/Ji'lvclia,  doubtful  name  of  184."). 

Hdroiiic,  Fr.  man-of-war;  Lecomte,  com.     Mont.  July  1845. 
deserters. 

Uihiriiia,  Amer.  whalnr;  .las  Smith,  master.     S.  F.  1844,  1845. 

l/oi/iw,  or  Jlouijue,  Amer.  whaler;  Jos  Hawley,  master.    8.  F.  Aug. 
and  Feb.  1844. 

Jlo/ii'Wfll,  whaler;  Geo.  Littlefield,  master.     S.  Diego  Nov.  1845. 

Index,  Kngl.  bark,  '211  tons;  Wilson,  master;  Seott,  sup.  Mont.  Sept. 
1841.  Cargo,  $'2, 45!);  duties,  §2,770.  Also  seems  to  have  wintered  l,S42-.'i, 
and  left  Sta  15.  for  Valparaiso  Feb.  184.3. 

John  and  Eiiziibntli,  doubtful  name  of  1845. 

John, J  ay,  Amer.  whaler,  400  tons;  Win  J.  Rogers,  master.  !Mont.  .Sept. 
18,  184:$. 

Joxcjita,  lighter,  3  tons,  used  by  Victor  Castro  in  S.  F.  Bay,  1S44. 

JoK'/th  Pffdjodij,  John  Dominis,  master;  doubtful  record  of  1.S42. 

Jdrcii  Candina,  Colond).  sehr,  17'2  tons;  Josi5  Legarda,  niaster;  Mig. 
Roniaua,  sup.     Mont.  Feb.  1841,  fr.  La  Union;  cargo,  §7911;  duties,  8111)2. 

Ji'ivfii  Faiiita.     See  Fanita.     Me.x.  schr,  S.  F.  Nov. -Dec.  1842, 

Jora/d'iiipnzcoanajMvx.  brig,  210  tons;  Snook,  master;  Mig.  I'lHlnircnn, 
cons.;  Aguirre,  owner.  At  Mont.  fr.  Callao  June  1841;  cargo,  §8,427;  <lutii.' , 
$8,740.  In  Jan.  1842  brought  Aguirre  aud  bride  with  tlie  bishop  frcuii  S. 
Diego  to  Sta  U.  Detained  by  Com.  Jones  at  Mont,  in  Oct.  .\t  Sta  11.  in 
Jan.  184.3.  liaek  at  Mont.  fr.  Callao  in  Aug. ;  cargo,  83,5015;  duties,  .St., Vi.'l, 
On  the  coast  in  1844;  Oibell,  master.  At  Mont.  Aug.  1845  from  CiUao; 
cargo,  .slO,5()0;  duties,  $5,314.     Still  on  coast  in  Dee. 

Jidin  JJii'/jo,  sehr,  to  sail  for  Mazatlan  in  Oct.  1841. 

,/uun   Jour,    Colomb.    or   Me.x.    brig,    218   tons;    Thos    Duucnn,    waster. 
Mont.  Oct. -Dec.  1842  to  winter;  duties,  §008  (possibly  also  ia  1S4I).     iiacl; 
from   Mazatlan  Aug. -Dec.   1843;    cargo,  Sl,Gt(G;    duties,  §318.     At 
Nov.  1844. 

Jiiani/ii,  Haw.   (?)  schr,  102  or  12G  tons;  John  Wilson,  master. 
April  1844  from  Mazatlan.     S.  F.  Aug.  184.5. 

Ju/id  Ann,  Amer.  schr,  100  tons;  Wm  A.  Leidesdorff,  master; 
Jones,  cons.  Arr.  Mont.  Juno  22,  1841,  from  N.  Y.;  cargo,  §7.14!1: 
1?(),807.  J.  J.  Warner,  passenger;  also  llobt  G.  Davis  ami  J.  W.  Wici.  iUM 
J.  C.  Jones  from  I'ananiil.  In  Sept.  went  to  Hon.,  A.  B.  Tliomiisoii,  ).a.ss. ; 
and  returned  Nov.  to  Mont.;  cargo,  .§0,445;  duties,  §0,004;  .lohu  Siinlaii, 
pass.  At  Sta  B.  Jan.  and  S.  F.  Dec.  1842.  At  all  the  ports  iu  1843.  .\it. 
Mont.  fr.  Mazatlan  in  May  aud  Aug.  1844.  Arr.  Mont.  fr.  Hon.  Jan.  Ibl."); 
cargo,  §17,000;  duties,  §3,088. 

June,  wl:aler;  Eddy,  master.     S.  Diego  Sept.  1844. 

Luiiraiiije,  Fr.  ship  at  Mont.  Apr.  1844.  In  trouble  for  smu^jgling. 
Caudiuston  and  Peter  Richards  lined  §500  each,  and  goods  eontiscated. 

Lahidna,  whaler,  at  S.  F.  Sept.  1841.  Ndex'  Raj.,  l.xi.  401. 

LaiiKainie,  probably  inaccurate  mention  of  1841. 

Leonidun,  Me.x.  schr;  Stock,  master.  At  S.  Diego  July  1841,  doubtful 
record. 

Leonoi;  doubtful  record  of  Jan.  1841. 


•Stil  ]i 
Mont. 

J.  C. 

ihities. 


VESSELS  OF  1841-5. 


607 


zalito  in  Jan. 


records.     Of  the  134,  again,  43  were  whalers;  22  wore 
national  craft  of  war  or  exploration,  leaving  Gi)  engaged 

I.i'vant,  U.  S.  man-of-war,  20  guns,  2',M  men;  Hugh  N.  Page,  com. 
At  S.  I'',  and  Mont.  July-Aug.  1844.  Back  at  Mont,  in  Oct.  184."),  carrying 
L:iil;in  to  S.  Fran. 

/'.;«,  Fr.  transport;  Bonnet,  master.  At  Mont.  .June  1844  for  cattle,  etc., 
for  Mar(|ueaaa  Isl.  Allowed  to  purciiaae  for  cash  and  drafts.  At  Saii/.alito  iu 
Aii,u.,  lefuscd  to  pay  for  a  guard  to  prevent  trade.  I'robably  wintered  on 
coast.  Sailed  in  April  184;')  with  400  cattle,  losing  .S.')0  ami  her  masts  on 
tile  voyage.  In  Aug.  she  was  back  at  Hon.  on  her  way  to  Cal. ,  wliere  her 
anivMl  i.s  not  recorded. 

Lld/iia,  Amer.  brig,  208  tons;  Jones,  master.  Arr.  Mont,  from  Boston 
viii  lion.  May  i;},  1841;  cargo,  SlJ.OMS;  duties,  S(i,.S.m  At  Hon.  witli  Jolm 
."^inriiiir  as  pas.s.  in  Sept.     Apparently  at  Mont,  in  .luno  1842. 

MdijiioHa,  Amer.  whaler,  400  tons;  B.  Simmons,  master.  Mont.  Aug.- 
Sc'pt.  184."}.     Also  at  S.  F.  in  1844  according  to  Davis. 

Maria,  Hamburg  or  Danish  brig,  lOO  tons;  W.  Holstcin,  master. 
Mciiit.  in  Dec.  184j  fr.  Valparaiso;  cargo,  .^12,000;  duties,  .siy,407. 

M'li-id  Tcri'na,  Mex.  brig,  185  tons;  .lulian  Hanks,  master.  S.  Diego  and 
Mont.  May-June  184.")  fr.  Mazatlan  and  Guaymas;  cargo,  §8,000;  duties, 
ai,i(i4. 

M'lrHin,  Amer.  whaler;  Dav.  R.  Drabe,  master.     S.Diego  Oct.  184,5. 

Mdi-i/ldiid,  Amer.  brig,  100  or  1()0  tons;  Bliun,  master.  At  Mont,  in 
siniiig  of  1841;  tonnage,  !;jl92;  F.  .Jolinson,  sup.  Capt.  Blinu  died  on  a  trip 
to  Kamchatka.  Back  at  .Mont,  in  Nov.;  Henry  A.  Pcirce,  master  and 
(iwner;  tonnage,  §11)2.  Wintered  on  coast  and  sailed  in  .Ian.  1842  for 
M.i/allan.     Capt.  I'eirco  lias  given  nn;  ids  original  diary,  noticed  elsewiiere. 

Mntndor,  Hamburg  brig;  C.  F.  Matcliin,  master.  Mont.  .July  1845  fr. 
Viiliunaiso;  cargo,  S55, 000;  duties,  §07,0."?0  (the  largest  ever  paid  in  Cal.). 

Jlc'liris,  Fr.  bark;  Huguee,  master.  Left  Hon.  June  1845  for  Cal.  No 
record  of  arrival. 

Mnikar,  whaler,  S.  Diego,  Sept.  1844;  Shearman,  master, 

.1/' /-//wac,  whaler.     At  Sauzalito  Sept.  1843. 

Moikste,  Engl,  man-of-war;  Thos  Baillie,  com.  At  S.  F.  and  Mont.  Oct,- 
Kov.  1844. 

Moiiiiioiith,  whaler;  Hedges,  master.     S.  F.  1844. 

Morca,  whaler;  Bcnj.  Cushing,  master.  S.  F.  Nov.  1S45.  Also  men- 
tiuued  on  doubtful  authority  in  1841  and  1844. 

Xaiituckct,  Amer.  whaler;  (ieo.  W.  (Jardner,  master;  !Mont.  Oct.  1844. 

Xa4('diiik,  lluss.  brig;  apparently  tlio  same  a.s  the  Alexamkr.  At  S.  F. 
Oct. -Nov.  1845,  and  went  down  to  Carmen  Isl.  for  salt.  Alex.  Markof,  the 
supercargo,  published  a  narrative. 

iV(  »>  Spriit!/  {':},  schr,  at  S.  F.  Dec.  1842. 

Xi'Wtoii,  whaler;  John  Sawyer,  or  Sanger,  master,  wlio  died  at  S.  Diego 
Nov   .SO,  1844. 

Xin/a,  ^lex.  sciir;  Hen.  D.  Fitch,  master  (and  later  Norton).  Arr.  fr. 
MiU'atlan  April  1841;  cargo,  §4,508,  duties,  .':j240.     On  the  coast  till  Nov. 

Xiiiih  America,  Amer.  whaler,  .'Jl  men;  (leo.  Deston,  master.  .Mont. 
Sept. -Oct.  1843. 

iJajdcn,  Mex.  brig;  A.  ]i.  Thompson,  owner  and  sup,;  at  Sta  B.  Juno 
1814;  cargo,  $1,555  and  §4,075;  duties,  §704  and  §1,913.  Sailed  for  Mazatlan 
ApiMJ  1845. 

Orcjoii,  U.  S.  brig;  Carr,  com.  Formerly  the  Thos  Pvrlcinn;  bought  for 
tlic  U.  S.  Explor.  Exped.     At  S.  F.  Oct.  1841. 

(Jirzd,  whaler;  S.  F.  Aug.  1841. 

(hizaha,  doubtful  record  of  1841. 

I'd'tjii-,  Amer.  whaler.     Mont.  .Aug.  1845, 

Pidatiiia,  at  S.  Diego  Oct. -Nov.  1842. 


!  * 


'  1    If  i; 
-    It' 

■it,]  il     iu 

'rps.  Aim 

'    'I 


5G8 


THE  MISSIONS— COM:Mi:nCE  AXD  FINANCE. 


1 ; 


-r    it 


ill  trade.     Of  that  nuiiibor,  30  came  chiefly  from  A\i'x- 
ican  and  South  American  ports;    8  from  Boston;  7 

Porpoke,  U.  S.  brig;  Riuggokl,  com.  of  U.  S.  Expl.  Exped.  At  S.  r, 
Oct.  ISH.     Touched  at  Mont. 

I'drt-iinouth,  U.  S.  man-of-war;  Johu  B.  Montgomery,  com.  At  Mmit. 
Oct.  IS4.">  fi'inn  Honolulu, 

J'riiiian  rii,  Mcx.  lnig;  Alex.  Cliicncs,  master.  S.  F.  Oct.-Xuv.  IslJ, 
(.'laiiiii'd  damages  on  account  of  Jones'  taking  of  Mont.  At  Mont,  autuimi 
of  ISll;  Clias  ]5aiic,  mabter.  At  S.  Diego  Marcli  1645  fr.  Mazatluii. 
Mont.  June;  cargo,  S."),()0();  duties,  .$.')3S. 

Hiij'id-,  Anier.  whaler,  24!)  tons,  'JO  men;  Henry  S.  West,  master.  Muiit, 
Sept.  1S4;{. 

Iiiliif,  U.  S.  .store-ship;  Isaac  Sterrctt,  com.;  at  Botlega  and  Mont.  .Ian. 
l.S4'J;  and  again  in  J  an. -Feb.  1S43. 

Jt'i  jjiiltlicaiio,  Mex.  transport.  Probably  brought  part  of  Miclicltoiviia's 
army  in  -Aug.  1S4'2.  Xuevo  licjnihlkaiio  named  in  Feb.  Also  at  Mont.  tkt. 
liS4.);  Machudo,  master. 

Hiihi  rt  Loiivn,  whaler;  Sauzalito  Sept.  1843. 

liu-i'ilia,  see  Savannah,  ligliter,  124  tons.  Patent  applied  for  by  Win  .liiliii- 
bou  .\|)ril  1.S44. 

liDxtil'inil,  Engl,  brig;  ITenry  J.  Crouch,  master.  Brought  bisliop  ami 
others  to  S.  Diego  Dec.   1841;  tonnage,  $;{07.     Sailed  in  the  spring  of  IslJ. 

liunxel/,  whaler;  at  Sta  B.  Oct.  1844;  duties,  §30.50. 

Sacrmtuuht,  sclir;  running  ou the  river  and  Itay.  Patent  applied  fur  Ijv 
Flugge  for  Sutter  in  1H44. 

>S'";(  Fraiidaqidto,  lighter,  5  tons.  Patent  applied  for  by  A.  15.  Tliompsun 
in  Aug.  1844. 

St  Lnul.%  U.  S.  man-of-war;  at  Mont,  in  1841,  to  carry  away  Estabrook 
and  protect  Americans,  according  to  Mofras.  No  other  record  of  lier  prm- 
ence;  i)ut  she  was  at  Honolulu  bound  to  Cal. 

t>iijiji/ii)r,  whaler;  Cartwriglit,  master;  at  Mont.  Sept.  1841.  Mofras  s;iys 
she  liaii)ooni'd  3  whales  in  one  day  in  the  harbor. 

Sanih,  whaler;  Myrick,  master;  at  8.  F.  in  1844  and  1S45. 

tS  'Vaiiiid/i,  U.  S.  man-of-war,  50  guns,  010  men;  Arm.stroug,  cum. :  at 
!Mont.  Oct.  3-Dcc.  1844.  Carried  Tellez  and  Mejia  as  Micheltoreiia's  aliens 
to  Ma/.alian.  Surgeon  Wood  published  a  narrative  of  the  voyage.  IWk  at 
S.  Fran.  Oct.  1845  from  Honolulu. 

Soli'dd'l,  Mex.  brig,  105  tons;  Chas  Hubbard,  master;  Henry  Dalton.  sii]). 
On  coast  Oct. -Dec.  1843  fr.  Mazatlan;  cargo,  §3,700,  duties,  Sl,'J7!l.  J"'!]!! 
Swan,  a  well  known  writer  of  pioneer  reminiscences,  was  left  by  this  veshd. 
Back  at  San  Pedro  in  July  1845  with  despatches,  and  Capt.  Flores  as  pas- 
senger. 

Sl(tr  "f  Onyon,  schr,  built  in  Or.;  Jos  Gale,  master.  Came  down  the 
coast  in  1841,  and  was  sold  in  Cal.,  the  men  returning  with  cattle  to  Or.  in 
1842. 

Star  of  the  West,  Eugl.  schr;  Wm  Athcrton,  master;  John  Parrott,  own- 
er. Wrecked  at  Pt  Lobos  near  Monterey  July  27,  1845,  and  all  that  was 
saved  was  sold  to  Belden  and  others  for  §3,000.  The  Star  brought  a  vciy 
valuable  cargo  from  Liverpool,  not  intended  for  Cal.,  but  for  Mexico.  Appar- 
ently the  Califoruian  authorities  had  agreed  to  take  duties  ou  a  nominal  vul- 
r.ation,  a  clean  profit  of  the  whole  amount  for  them;  while  Parrott  would 
t!ien  introduce  the  goods  free  of  duties  at  Mexican  ports  antl  thus  realize  a 
large  profit.  Davis,  Gliiiipsei,  MS.,  1G7-9,  tells  us  that  all  the  MdUteayans 
liec.inie  wreckers  for  tlie  time,  some  making  great  gains;  though  3  nun  were 
drowned.  Swan,  Ill.-it.  Skclchi'S,  MS.,  13,  thinks  the  plan  was  merely  lu  pay 
duties  in  goods  in  Cal.,  while  cash  would  be  recjuired  at  Mazatlan. 

Slcrlinij,  Amer.  ship,  380  tons;  Geo.  W.  Vincent,  master;  Tiios  !'•.  I'aik, 
sup.     Arr.  Mont,  from  lioston  April  1844.     Still  on  coast  in  1845. 

Sumnuah,  schr;  built  in  Napa  Creek  in  1841.     At  Mont,  from  S.  I .  Nov, 


ve3.';i:ls  of  is41-5. 


oca 


1ST)  iri'.'s»MJB\i 


11  ;>rr\-- 

stoii;  7 

At  s.  r. 

At  M.uit. 

N>.v.    is  12. 

lit.  autuiim 

M;iz;illau. 

;er.     Munt. 

Mont.  .Tun. 

clic'ltori'iiii's 
Muiit.  Oct. 

r  Will  .Toliii- 

liislitip  Mini 
ing  (.1    lM.i. 

plied  fnv  hy 

5.  Thompson 

V  Kstiiliroi'k 
of   lifi-  prt'a- 

Moi'ras  s;ivs 


(■oiu. ;  at 
lui'.s  a'.'fii.H 
lliick  at 

Dalton.  .sup. 
•:','.).  .liiliU 
this  vo^^cl. 

ores  as  pas- 

10  down  the 
le  to  Or.  ill 

aiTott,  own- 
11  tliat  was 
it  a  vufy 
CO.  Aiipav- 
loiiiiiuil  val- 
rrott  would 
us  lualizf  a 
dontfifvaiH 
;{  iiR'U  were 
ercly  to  pay 

|os  .!'•.  I'ark, 

S.  I'.  ^' '.>'''• 


fii'Mi  Honolulu;  G  from  the  Columbia  Rivor;  5  lioiii 
Sitka;  7  were  lighter«  oniploycd  on  Calit'orniiin  iiiliuid 

II  I'J,  1S43.  Sailed  for  Maziitlan.  Swan  say?*  .slio  wa.s  loaded  with  potatoes 
« liirli  were  sold  for  §|{,7riO,  and  the  schr  for  ^2,000,  Capt.  Uavi.s  rctuiuing  oa 
tin  (  ■ill/oriiid.     Cooper,  L' ;/  of  thi'  (UiL,  MS.,  call.s  her  the  IIumIki. 

y'a.sso,  Anier.  bark,  .'514  tons;  Sam.  J.  JlastinLts,  master;  .loliii  H.  ICviM'ett, 
pn]i.  Arr.  from  Boston  Juno 'JS,  Is-tj;  earj,'o,  t;l."),!(U(J;  diUiis,  .Slil.tn;.  !;•- 
fncil  to  land  her  goods  unless  permitted  to  (  ngage  in  coasting  trade;  and  iho 
autliiirities  yielded  rather  than  lose  so  largo  an  amount.  Tiiero  was  a  phiJi  to 
sci/t  her  in  1812  at  the  time  of  Com.  .Tones  the  eaptiin  being  arivsted.  Sl:o 
sailed  for  JJoston  lato  in  1S4H.  Came  back  Feb.  I)S4.");  Elliott liibboy,  ma.stir; 
Ihiiiy  Melius,  sup.;  cargo,  §;i"),(K)U;  duties,  jiaid  at  S.  Oiego,  iJKi,  107.  At  S. 
F.  Oct.  lltli  some  of  the  y«.ssv\'  men  on  .slioio  lati'  at  night  were  arrested  by 
a  |i;i(rol,  or  by  a  party  of  men  claiming  to  be  such;  and  ('apt.  J.ilibey  nn  at- 
teip|)tiiig  to  interfere  was  badly  cutand  beaten,  his  companion,  Xatliaii  .S]ieai', 
In  iii,'  also  beaten.  This  all'air  gave  vise  to  much  excitement  and  corresiioiid- 
eiin,  j.arkin  coming  up  from  Mont,  on  the  l.rvnul,  and  (i  of  the  assailaut.s 
l.Liii„' :.eiit  to  iS.  Jose  for  trial.  I>«o  penalty  was  ever  inllicted  s.)  far  as  tlio 
r  .  I. Ills  show.  See  corrcsp.  between  Prefect  Ca.slro,  Larkin,  I'orbes,  sulj-pie- 
Iiet,  judges.  Com.  Page,  etc.,  extending  to  .May  bS4(!,  in  Laikiii\'<  Doc,  M.S., 
iii.  ;i.'.)-:{,  ;!27,  .■i47;  iv.  (iO,  101;  Id.,  ij]!'.  Corrc^j/.,  i.  o;{-(i7,  77,  '.'7;  <'(i--<tr.i, 
/'(»•.,  MS.,  i.  17,-,-7,  1S4-."),  eot-l);  ii.  14,  1!),  ^r^.  70;  Por.  Hist.  Cif.,  iii.  1!2, 
hiO,  •2-22:  Dejit.  S/.  Ai/).,  M.S.,  vi.  07-8;  I'l.Jivii.  I'nf.  i/ Jiiz;/.,  ii.  !i;{;  I'iii/i), 
Jj'ii-.,  MS.,  ii.  'iOo-li;  FcrnadiUz,  Doc,  MS.,  41-3;  Cantru,  ltd.,  MS.,  lolJ-l, 
l(h!;  llm-liin,  Nutax,  MS.,  20-1. 

Thomas  PcrL/ii.^,  Amcr.  brig;  Varney.  master.  At  Mont.  Feb.  1S41  fr. 
Hon.;  Warren  and  ( Iciger,  jiassengers.  Went  to  S.  Diego  to  load  liides  for 
I'eirec  it  Brewer,  but  was  ordered  away,  and  reached  lion,  in  March,  |;{  days 
from  S.  Diego.  .Sailed  in  April  for  N.  W.  coast,  where  she  was  sold  to  U.  8. 
govt.     Si.0  Oregon. 

Trinidad,  ^Icx.  brig,  170  tons,  14  men;  R.  Menchaca,  master;  C.  Eitai- 
llade,  sup.  At  S.  Pedro  July  1842;  iletained  by  Com.  Jones  at  Mont,  in  (.)ct.; 
and  in  \ov.  carried  despatches  from  Micheltorenato.S.  Bias.  At  Mont.  Sept. 
I'dll;  Manuel  Diaz,  master;  cargo,  §.'),Gi)G;  duties,  i?.")17  (?).  Back  again  in  Sept. 
1S44;  .lose  M.  Gamon,  master. 

Tii.scainj,  whaler,  at  Sauzalito  Oct.  1844. 

Uiiiteil  St(ile.<,  U.  S.  nnin-of-war;  Armstrong,  co!n.  Flag-ship  of  Pacific 
sijuadron,  with  Com.  Jones  on  boartl.  At  Mont.  Oct.  1812.  Made  a  trip  to 
Hon.  and  back  in  Nov. -Dec.  Probably  sailed  from  Mont,  with  Dnln  and 
(.'lldiio  .Ian.  10,  1843  (also  doubtful  mention  of  1.S4,")). 

V'dliiijkld,  luigl.  bark,  fr.  Col.  Riv.  At  S.  F.  Sept,  1842,  in  ballast.  Also 
Jan.  March,  1843;  duties  and  tonnage,  $S22. 

Viuicouvcr,  Engl,  bark,  32.1  tons,  30  men;  Alex.  Duncan,  master.  At 
Mont,  and  S.  F.  Feb.  1843  fr.  Col.  Riv.;  duties,  S!'.»33  on  cargo  of  .T.SiiS.  Sho 
left  Col.  Riv.  for  Hon.  via  Cal.  in  l)ec.  1S4.'>.     No  reconl  of  her  touehing. 

Vandalin,  Amcr  ship,  491  tons;  John  C.  Everett,  master;  W.  1).  .M.  How- 
ard, sup.  Arr.  Mont.  fr.  Boston  Feb.  21,  1844;  no  reciiid  of  cargo  or  dutic.-i. 
Still  on  the  coast  in  184.").  Three  sailors  were  arrested  for  a  robbery.  Beiii;' 
Eii_'!i.slinicn,  they  were  claimed  by  Consul  Forbes.  Larkiii  alsointerferecl,  a^id 
t'  liini  the  men  wore  given  up  after  ii,  month's  imprisonment.  The  correspond- 
tiiei.'  on  this  subject  is  somewhat  extensive. 

V incomes,  U.  S.  man-of-war,  cf  U.  S.  Expl.  Exped.;  Wilkes,  com.  At  S. 
F.  fr.  Col.  Riv.  Aug.  14  to  Nov.  1,  1841.     Sailed  for  liouolulu. 

ll''Ow/(,  U.  S.  man-of-war,  24  gun.s,  250  men;  Jos.  B.  Hull,  com.  At 
Mont.  fr.  Hon.  Nov. -Dee.  1843.  Also  on  coast  July-Sept.  184j  fr.  ^lazatlau 
for  Honolulu. 

\V,,n-i,i,  whaler,  S.  F.  Nov   1845. 

Waverlij,  doubtful  name  of  1845. 


4 


■:  m 


870 


THE  MISSIONS-COMMERCE  AND  FINANCE 


waters;  and  0  came  from  variouw  ports  of  Aiiiciica 
and  Europe,  the  exact  business  of  a  few  not  beiiiK- 
known. 

Wm  O.  A'?/'',  whaler;  Budington,  master.  At S.  Fran.  1843.  A^Min  |,St,"; 
Stevi'Hs,  master. 

Y'jrkfoirti,  U.  S.  Tniin-of-Wiir;  J.  H.  AuHck,  com.  At  Mont.  fr.  Hdii.  Ndv. 
2.'J-7i  1841,  TiMik  8oin«  testimony  on  the  Uruliam  utKiir.  A!,'iiiii  at  S.  F. 
Sept.  1842;  Nicholas  (?),  com. 

Yiiha,  lighter,  5  tons;  patent  applied  for  May  184.1  hy  Theo.  Cunhia. 

Tlie  autiiorities  for  tlie  inltn-mation  in  thi.s  li.st  are  chielly  scattciid  docii. 
niontn  in  many  different  urcliives  piil)Iio  and  private;  but  I  muy  nuiitinii  hIsd 
as  valiial)le  general  autliorities  the  Jlonoliilit  Friend;  I'oli/in xifin;  ami  '/''//(. 
viranrc  Adrorutc;  the  eustum-houiie  records  in  Dcpl.  St.  I'a/i.,  Bin.  C/i.ti.-l/., 
MS.,  iii.;  v.-viii.;  L<trkin\^  Dae,  Off.  t'orresp.,  and  Pajitr.ij  Cooiier'n  l.oj; 
Jtobl/ma'  JJiari/;  and  Pin'  ,  Doc. 


^ 


CHAPTER   XXIV. 


IMMIGRANT  COMPANIKS  AND  PIONEERS. 

1845. 

OvKui.ANi)  Immigration — Nkw  Mkxioans— The  McMaiios-Ci.ym.w  C<>m- 

I'ANV  KKO.M  OllKCON  IN  JlLY — Ci-VMAN'S  DiaKV— l^UKIiON  TUAIN  OF  1845 

— Pai-meu's  Joi'UNAL — Cookk's  Scexks— Calikoknian  Aoents  at  Fokt 
}Iai,l — The  Swas?:y-Todu  Company  —  Sublette  and  his  Men — The 
(iiiKiSDY-IuE  Company — Names— Women  and  Ciiildken — Recollec- 
Tioxa  OF  Miss  Iue— Statements  ok  Knight,  GKE(isoN,  Dewell, 
Elliott,   anu   Tl'stin  —  Fuemont's    Thihd    Kxpeihtion  — Ovei:  the 

SlEUIlA    BY    Two    Roi'TES    IN     DECEMBER — A    ]>LUNI)EP>— KlN(!S    RiVEK 

AND  ]vERN  River — Bir  "ograpiiy— The  Hastings-Semple  Company— 
A  Narkuw  Escape — Pioneers  and  Visitors  of  1S45. 

Overland  immigrants  to  California  in  1845  num- 
bered about  150  men,  besides  women  and  children, 
who  may  be  estimated,  for  we  have  no  definite  I'ecords 
oil  tlie  subject,  at  nearly  100.  They  came  from  (jre- 
o'oii  in  the  north  and  over  the  Sierra  from  the  east  in 
six  (!0inpanies;  though  one  of  them  was  not  fitted  out 
oiiLiiiially  as  an  emigrant  party,  and  two  of  the  others 
Were  [)roperly  but  divisions  of  the  same  com[)any. 
Not  more  than  two  thirds  of  the  whole  immigration 
remained  permanently  in  the  country.  I  shall  notice 
tii(!  six  companies  in  the  chronologic  order  of  their  ar- 
rival.^ 

'Ik'sides  those  companies,  Biilwell,  Cal.  IS4I-S,  !MS.,  1'25-G,  and  Sutter, 
Perx.  Iliiinn.,  MS.,  KMi;  JJianj,  o,  say  that  among  tlie  foreigners  ojiposing 
Miclit  itoiena  at  Caluienga  were  30  or  40  niountiiineers  just  arrived.  Croni.se, 
.\||^  Wi'iUk  of  Cal.,  54,  tells  us  that  in  the  spring  of  1.S45  nearly  2,000  Mor- 
iiiuiis  k't't  the  Mia.soiiri  for  California;  andTustin,  I'ecolUctionii,  MS.,  '2,  speaks 
of  ii  .Mormon  conijiany  xnider  Barstow  wliicli  eamc  with  his  party  to  the  .sununit 
(if  tile  mountains  (?).  May  'JUth,  Julian  FoUen  petitions  for  a  traetof  hmd  ia 
tlie  S.  Joaijuin  Valley  for  himself  and  "20  foreign  colonists — about  whom  there 

(571) 


I  t.V: 


W-   :■    iiW 


C72 


IMMI'.JItAN'T  (O.MI'ANIKS  AND  I'lONECRS. 


The  first  c.'uiu'  from  ()r(.\L,^()ii  in  July,  and  ni,i\  hj 
culled  llio  McMalioii-C'lymuii  coiiipany,  the  (Mptaiu 
liaviuLj  1)C'('H  (iretui  MfMalioii,  wIki,  us  tlii?  roudcf  v,  111 
I'cnH'miicr,  hud  liist,  coine  to  Culirovniu  in  IHH  \\it!i 
JjurtK'soii;  and  Jainus  CJyiiiuii,  who  twenty  yeui's  h  - 
lore  had  been  in  the  lloeky  ^lountuins  with  the  I'lii- 
ti'adei's,  havinuj  written  a  diai'y  of  the  tri[>.  ^lost  <i|' 
the  niend)ei's  had  come  overland  to  Oregon  in  Isil. 
Clymun's  diary  describes  the  journey  day  by  day  iVdUi 
May  14th,  when  they  left  Independence,  until  Octohi  r, 
when  tlu'y  reached  the  Willamette  Valley.  Near 
Foi't  Hall  the  California  inmii_L;rants  of  that  year,  (ho 
Stevens  company,  left  the  main  body,  which  at  ono 
time  consisted  of  nearly  one  hundred  wa;^ons,  formini,^ 
with  cattle  and  horses  a  column  about  two  miles  i;i 
lenij;th.  The  details  of  this  journey  do  not  conctiii 
us  here.  Of  the  nineteen  men  in  Clyman's  |)arti(iil;;r 
company,  or  mess,  only  Evcrliart  accompanied  liiia  l;) 
California. 

In  the  spring  of  1845  a  party  was  organi/ccd  of 
such  as  were  dissatisfied  with  Oregon  or  wished  to  sou 
more  of  the  western  country  before  settling  pcinia- 
iiently;  and  they  started  southward  fr()m  the  rciith,;:- 
vous  in  the  upper  Willamette  June  8th,  ibrty-thrco  in 
number,  inclueling  one  woman  and  three  children.  I 
append  a  list  of  their  names  made  by  Sutter  at  tli  ■ 
time  of  their  arrival. '■^     The  march,  though  descrilioi 

is  no  informafon.  Lnj.  Rcc. ,  M.S. ,  iv.  GO.  May  7th,  Jos6  Antonio  ( liinia  asks 
for  lanil  for .'];]  Sew  Mexicans.  Wants  S.  Gal  nicl.  Rcfusotl.  /i/.,  MS,  iv. .'.  i. 
Aug.  IStli,  pc  tion  of  Santiago  Martinez  and  'JO  New  Alcxican  faniiliis  at  >. 
])crnar(lino  fc  '.a  Jaboncra,  as  a  Kite  fora  .settlement.  /</.,  iv.  1 IJ,  .1!  \.  h\ 
June,  Felipe  -itillo  formed  an  itinerary  of  his  journey  from  irciiin'sillo  ti 
Los  Angeles,  j  iug  distances,  geographical  features,  etc.  Tut;d  dislain-e,  -'j1 
leagues.    Cast  it      Iliin  rur'io  dcsde  Sonora  /lastd  C'ali/oi'nia,  IS.'/.',  MS. 

'^McMahon-  yman  immigrant  company  of  lS4r>:  Hiram  Acres,  .lames  (?) 
Barrett,  Wni  13^  ;el,  Martin  lirown,  Buchanan,  Benj.  Carpenter,  S.  U.  I  iia-^o, 
Morris  R.  Chili  is,  James  Clyman,  Thomas  Cochran,  Joseph  Davis,  DiiiK'an, 
St  Vrain  Dura:  ,  John  EUick,  Lazarus  Everhart,  Abner  Frazer,  AVin  Ira- 
zer,  Marion  Gioson,  Hayes,  (Jeo.  Hiblcr,  James  llonck,  Huet,  Lenoir,  Fraiil; 
Lightstouc,  (^irccn  Mc5lahon,  Janiea  W.  Marshall,  Wm  Northgnnis  Kd. 
Owens,  Henry  Owens,  James  Owens,  John  Owens,  Thouiaa  Owens,  K.  K- 
Payne,  Mrs  I'ayno  (a  widow),  J.  D.  Pcrkey,  Al.  Sanders,  Frankliu  Scars, 
Sipp,  Owen  Suumer,  and  Liudy  Tliorp.  John  EUick  seems  to  havi;  lutn  ui 
California  before,  being  called  also  AUick,  Allig,  Ilig,  EUig.  Liglitstom.'.i  name 


Tin:  McMAJION'.riA'MAX  P.MITY. 


".T 


witli 


)i'i'iu;i- 
'  u(  !(■/.- 

Vrr   lil 

11.       .1 

ill   til  ■ 


ai'ri;Liis;;s 
IS.,  IV. .". '. 
uilics  at  "^. 

•Jli     I.       l!l 

•uii.sillo  t) 
itaiiL'i-',  -"-' 

,-nnM  (?) 
U.  Cluiso, 

s,  Dmii-an, 
W'm  I'la- 

oil-,  Fi-aiilv 

■ns,  i:.  K. 
.dill  Scars, 
vo  lii'i'ii  i:i 
om/j  uamo 


i:i  ilotailjia.s  no  spocial  iiii])()rt:iii''i;  or  iiilcri^st,  lli"  a])- 
]  1.  iitly  uiiprovolcL'd  sliootinn'  of  two  1  ndiaiis  t)y  Seal's 
I"  iii'4  the  only  exciting,'  incident.  Crossinjjf  the  Ko'^iU", 
Ivlaniatli,  and  Slia.sta  rivers  succossively,  the  travellers 
struck  tlui  n[»i)er  Sacramento  at  the  end  of  Jnne.  ( )\i 
till-  Dth  of  'luly  tluy  encani[»e(l  ont^'aclie  Creek  nt'ar 
( Joi'don's,  where  they  were  met  l)y  Sumner,  whose 
jallier  was  in  the  party,  and  were  hos[)itably  treated 
hy  Wolfskin,  Knifj^ht,  (ji-ordon,  and  others.  In  a  day 
or  two  the  party  was  broken  ii[).  Some  on  July  l-th 
slaited  ibr  Sutter's   Fori.' 

(lyman  continued  to  record  his  movements  and 
tliose  of  the  men  who  remained  with  him.  llis  lu'st 
trip  was  to  Yount's  and  back.  Then  he  went  bef,)re 
(lie  end  of  July  In'  way  of  New  Helvetia,  Jiiver- 
liiMiv's,  and  San  Juan,  to  ^Foiitercy,^  spent  tlui  lirst 
(lays  of  Auij^ust  with  Isaac  (Iraham,  and  returned  to 
Xapa  by  Santa  Clara.  After  a  hunting,'  tour  with  the 
Ivelseys  he  visited  Yerba  iJuena;  but  he  lost  his  ink- 
i-land,  and  the  daily  i-ecord  was  suspended  for  a  time. 
At  the  beginnin^M)f  ])eceniber  we  iind  him  at  Clear 
].:dce;  a  id  his  diaiy  Ibr  the  winter  is  tilled  chielly 
v.iili  a  record  of  the  weather  and  of  his  huntini^  ad- 
A  ittures.  The  huntiu'*'  was  ufood,  but  CIvman  found 
liitle  else  in  the  countr\'  that  ])leased  him;  and  he 
SMoii  began  to  plan  the  ornani/.ation  of  a  company  in 
spring  to  return  eastward,  while  many  of  his  asso- 


ilu 


V. as  It'll lly  Lichtcnstfin.  In  Ydo  Co.  H i ■•<'.,  Si),  nw  aecoiuit  of  the  ari'iv.-il  is 
fivni  ciii  the  aiitliority  of  S.  U.  Cliasc,  imvliiuli  .J.iiiifa  L'.nvis,  Tlioiiiiis  Smi,li, 
i,;i'!  Xils(jii  McMaliou  at'o  iiainod,  il.mhlk'^H  inaccurately,  us  iiicinl)!:r.s.  ( 'liaso 
f.ivis  ■2\  name:}  correctly,  ami  siiy.-i  t!h'  jiarty  luinilicro  1  .'!!).  f'lyinaii,  in  lii:j 
J'.iir;/,  iilso  says  there  wore  IJO  nieu,  l)Ut  uaaie.^  mily  McM.ihoii,  Scar,<,  l'"i'a/er, 
()v  '  ii-i,  and  Suniner. 

'  III  lii<  letter  of  Je'.y  ir)tl),  Sutter  says:  '.\11  of  this  people  have  a  de- 
s^'Ciit  (!)  appearance,  and  some  very  useful  nn'ii  ai.inii'^'st  Ihein.  Some  of  them 
vill  remain  here,  and  the  majority  will  spread  over  liie  wliole  country  lilio 
r.s;:  ;1.  A  f,'oo<l  many  will  conic  to  Monterey  and  present  theniscUes  to  yon. 
I  I'ivi'  them  passports,  ami  give  notice  to  the  govt.  A  letter  iuforins  me  1 1iat 
i  I  li  iir  S  weeks  another  company  will  arrive.'  Lar/dn'^  Doc,  MS.,  iii,  "iJO. 
}<'o  Mich  company  came. 

'Aug.  'ilth-'JOth,  there  was  a  corrcsp.  between  I  icfcet  Castro  and  .Iud';o 
K-^id'iar  about  a  parly  of  foreigners— doubtless  Olyman's — who  were  to  bo 
re  [Hired  to  show  passports  or  state  their  names  and  liusines-i;  but  it  was 
fniiid  they  had  gone,  and  Consul  Larkin  knew  nothing  about  them.  Culro, 
LW.,  M.S.',  i.  144;  Moikr,}/,  Arch.,  :\1S.,  viii.  IS-l'J. 


tis; 


r,7i 


IMMIGRANT  COMPANIES  AND  TIONELRS. 


ciatos,  oquully  disgusted  \vltli  California,  were  alivady 
talking  of  a  return  to  Oregon.  These  ])lans  wwr  rur- 
I'ied  out  in  184G,  as  we  shall  see.  The  old  mountain- 
eer's remarks  about  men  and  })laces,  as  well  as  his 
descriptions  of  personal  adventure,  are  very  interest- 
ing. The  writer*  returned  to  California,  wliciv  lio 
was  still  living  in  1878."  Comparatively  few  <»l'  the 
McMahon-Clyman  company  bore  names  whidi  be- 
came prominent  in  later  annals  of  the  country;  vet 
Marshall  was  destined  to  be  the  discoverer  of  gnld; 
and  Ciiase,  Sears,  Lightstone,  Cochran,  and  otliers 
were  locally  Avell  known. 

The  Oregon  immigration  of  1845,  like  that  cl' tlio 
preceding  year,  has  been  described  in  a  diaiy,  which, 
ludike  that  of  Clyman,  has  been  ])rinted.  It  was 
written  1)y  Joel  Palmer,  ca|)tain  of  one  of  the  cinii- 
])anies,  whose  journey  Irom  Independence  to  Oi'eg;iii 
lasted  from  May  to  October."  This  company  on  the 
way  passed,  and  was  passed  by,  many  other  siiniLu' 
parties;  Init  it  forms  no  part  of  my  task,  even  if  it 
wei(>  possible,  to  explain  their  movements  or  rehitivo 
])ositi()ns  at  any  i)articular  time.  Colonel  Kearny 
with  some  ;300  U.  S.  dragoons  passed  over  the  mute 
to  the  South  Pass  and  back,  theoretically  perha|)s  to 
})rotect  the  emigrants,  and  practically  to  eat  u[>  ihe 
grass  and  consume  the  water  at  all  the  best  canijiiiig 
s])ots  in  advance  of  them.  One  of  his  officers,  Phih[) 
St  Geoige  Cooke,  saw  fit  to  record  the  tour  in  j»riut; 
and  his  narrative  brims  over  with  philosophical  nllcc- 

^ Dlarii  i\f  Col.  J'n  Chjninuit  Ovvrhtiid  Jonriieii  from  MixHonri  t...  iti-'i/jii 
anil  Citliforu'id  hi  ]S.'/.'/-0,  MS.,  14S  ]i.  Tiiis  is  ii  literal  copy  iumiU;  in  1^71 
liy  R.  1".  Moiit^'unicry.  Tlie  oiigiiial  is  in  the  form  (if  !)  siiiaU  im-iiioiiuiilmu 
l)i)oks.  'J'lio  diary  i'\tc'U(lM  from  May  1S44  to  April  1840,  wliiii  tlio  wiitcr 
Btavteil  on  his  vi'tiirii.  A  tenth  xolunic,  ik'scrihini,'  thu  rrtuni,  has  liccii  list. 
('h/iiiaH'-'<  iXolc  Jlijol:,  MS.,  '21  p.,  is  an  ahrid^nniont  of  the  sanio  ori^'iiial  i.iailo 
l)y  Ivan  IV'tnilFin  1,S78.  It  contains  bL>nio  aiklitiona  which  will  be  iii>tin;i.l 
ii'  the  annals  of  1S4(). 

''' I'lil/iirr'.i  Journal  of  Trnvvlt  over  th'  Rocky  Moiaitalnn  to  the  mun^hof 
thi'  f'oliniiliid  Ji'urr,  etc.  Cinciiniati,  1S.')2.  I'Jnio.  ISi)  p.  'I'liat  puiiuu 
narratin;.^  tin;  trip  from  IniU'pLiKhncc  to  Fort  Hall,  the  only  paTt  beariii,' ia- 
<liro(;tiy  upon  the  CaJiforiiian  innnigrution,  from  J\lay  0th  to  Au;^.  llltii.  uuu 

p.  ij44. 


'  If^l^ 


THE  OnCGOX  TRAIL. 


573 


0  alivady 
\\vi\-  lar- 
louiitiiin- 
.'11  as  his 

intiTust- 
vIk'Ti'  lie 
w  uC  the 
,'l\icli  Itu- 
[iti'v;  yut 

oi'  ;j,iilil; 
,d    otiu'i's 


lat  (if  the 
'V,  which, 
it  was 
the  (■iiiii- 
o  Ojv;4-;iii 
iiy  on  tin) 
pr  similar 
jVLii  it*  it 
I'flativo 
Kearny 

U'   I'dUto 

rliajis  to 

u[)  the 

caiiipiii^^ 

s,  rhiii'i) 

1  |ti'int; 
1  ivll.r- 


it 


a 

liiili;  ill  1^71 
uciiioriiiiiliim 
It  tlio  wiitef 
IS  lu'i'ii  I'wt. 
ri^'iiuil  liuulu 
bu  iiuiicuJ 

thr  )ii"iiihcf 

hat   iinriiuu 

■t  l)o:u'.u,' ii>- 

-    13tli.  IS  on 


tioiis  to  the  entire  exclusion  of  useful  inf  )i'mati()n/ 
Let  it  suffice  to  regard  the  route  to  Fort  Hall  as  a 
great  national  highway  along  which  ox  and  nuilo 
trains  passed  westward  during  the  season,  not  with 
the  frequency  or  regularity'  or  convenience  of  the  more 
modern  railroad  trains,  but  yet  witliout  hardships  and 
dangers  so  excessive  as  to  jorevent  the  travellers  from 
licing  horn  and  married  and  buried  on  the  way. 

A'ery  few,  comparatively,  left  the  ^Missouri  River 
with  the  intention  of  going  to  California;  but  more  were 
tempted  to  swerve  from  the  way  when  tliey  reache<i 
Foit  Hall.  Says  Palmer:  "While  we  remained  in 
this  place  great  eft'orts  were  made  to  induct;  emi- 
grants t(j  ])ursue  the  route  to  California.  '.Flu.'  most 
extiavagant  tales  were  related  respecting  the  dangers 
that  awaited  a  trip  to  Oregon,  and  of  the  ditHculties 
and  trials  to  be  surmounted.  The  perils  of  the  way 
Were  so  magnified  as  to  make  us  suppose  the  journey 
almost  imj>ossible.  .  .On  the  other  hand,  as  an  induce- 
iiiciit  to  })ursue  the  California  route,  we  were  informed 
(•fits  shortness  when  compared  with  that  to  Oregon  ; 
as  also  of  many  other  su[)eri()r  advantages  it  possessed. 
These  tales,  told  and  rehearsed,  were  likely  to  produce 
the  effect  of  turning  the  tide  of  emigration  thither. 
]\[r  Greenwood,  an  old  mountaineer,  well  stocked 
with  falsehoods,  had  been  des])atche(l  from  (.'alifornia 
to  pilot  the  emigrants  through;  and,  assisted  by  a 
y  uiig  mail  by  the  name  of  ]\lcJ)(Higal,  from  Indiana, 
se  far  succeeded  as  to  induce  thirty-tive  or  thii'ty-six 
wagons  to  take  that  trail,"  in  addition  to  thi;  fd'tcen 
v.agons  that  had  l>een  fitted  out  ex[tressly  f)r  Califor- 
nia.'"    Sutter,  who  had  receivetl  h.'tters  Ironi  J  Castings, 

'  <\)ob'\iSri'iii'!i  (tiid  Ailri  iilun  .« //(  t/tf  (inin/;  iir  Hiiiuaiiri'  t,f  Miliftiri/  L[u  . 
I'liil.  I8.">7,  rjino,  p.  'JS2  l!!M),  etc.  'I'lu'V  piissod  tlic  cuiiLrraiits  (in  Miij-  LTitli- 
I'litli,  t!io  ii\itli(ir  notiiij;  a  vodiliiij,'  liy  w  liich  ii  \k\\v  of  liliuikcts  was  iiiiiilf  to 
il"  ilniililo  tliity;  (iiul  iiLjaiii  nut  tli(  in  un  .lulv  Stii  on  the  letuiii  niarili,  \\\\vi\ 
till  iMithor  nii't  ("ajit.  .Ine  Walkor  cm  his  way  to  Cal.  I'alinci',  Jonriud,  p.  IS, 
'A\.  iioticps  the  sanio  uioutiugs. 

"  I'dliner'M  JmiriKtl,  4.'?-  i.  '  Whnt  ttio  n^siilt  of  their  expedition  has  liecn  I 
!i:ivi  not  l)een  al)le  to  k.iin;'  tnit  he  adds  in  a  note  tiiat  tlie  eniii,'rant<, 'not 
lii'lin;^  Californiii  eijnal  in  point  of  soil  to  their  high-\vrou,i;ht  e\iiectation's 
lia\r  made  the  best  of  th«,ir  way  to  Oregon'!     The  same  writer,  p.  10,  speaks 


\^l 


h ' ' 


Uiwt  ill 


C70 


immigra:;!  companies  and  noxEinir-!. 


.'vihI  ('x.})ec'to(l  "a  very  lars^'o  company  of  more  as  l,()(iO 
souls,"  wrote  in  July,  "1  am  very  <^lad  that  tln'v  iiic-jt 
uitli  some  good  ])ilots  at  Fort  Hall,  people  wIkj  went 
over  tliei'e  from  here  to  jilot  emigrants  by  the  ikw 
road,  which  was  found  right  down  JJear  Creek  on  niv 
farm.'"''  ^I<^st  of  those  who  came  to  California  stale, 
in  the  narratives  to  bo  noticed  later,  that  they  started 
oi'iginally  lor  Oregon. 

'I'he  second  company  to  arrive  in  California,  heiii'^- 
the  lii'st  oifshoot  of  the  Oi'egon  innnigration  at  Fort 
]lall,  may  be  called  the  Swasey-Todd  company,  IVdin 
the  names  of  its  latest  survivoi's,  or  it  nii''!it  he 
termed  the  Snyder-Blackburn  j)arty,  from  the  names 
of  its  best  known  members,  as  it  aj)pc!ars  to  liavc  had 
no  regular  captain.  It  was  composed  of  twelvt;  i>v 
thirteen  young  men,  who,  with  their  pack-animals, 
determined  to  press  on  in  advance  of  the  teams.'*  I 
give  their  names  in  a  note,  chieily  on  the  authority  nf 
bwasev,  wlu)  was  in  1884  a  resident  of  San  I'^raii- 
cisco.''^  There  is  a  degree  of  uncertainty  respecting 
the  exact  relations  of  this  advance  party  and  the  main 
com{)any,  since  most  witnesses,  mend)ers  of  the  latter, 
whose  narratives  I  shall  notice  presently,  say  nothii);i' 
of  any  such  division;  but  I  su[)pose  the  truth  to  l>e 
that  a  j)ortion  of  the  teams  managed  to  keep  up  willi 

of  ;i  party  of  CJeriiians  from  St  Louis,  4  iikmi,  2  women,  and  .'}  rhiMicii, 
uitli  •_•  \v:il;oii3  iiiiil  8  imilc.-i,  who  staitcd  for  L'alii'oniia  .aid  tiavtlk'il  witli 
I'alniur'.s  c.iiiipaiiy  to  Ft  Hall.  Soo  IllM.  Or.,  i.  ihrl,  tlii.s  surics,  for  a  piili- 
lij  incotiii.ct  ill  (Jr.  in  .Fiine  ISK!,  at  wliich  lcv-;tiinoiiy  against  Cal.,  iiiiil  tlir 
motlioils  of  turning,'  tliu  stit:un  of  immigration  thither,  was  taken  from  u 
lit  the  victims. 

"  LarHo's  Dor.,  i\IS.,  iii.  220. 

'"  Mr-s  Iffaly,  in  /(/I'.-i  JUoi/.,  33-4,  snyn  'n  party  of  young  men  coticluili'd 
to  "pack  through,"  that  i-j.  to  go  <ui  horsrha.I;  -  [)ack  themselves  and  tlieir 
liaggagc  on  horses;'  and  she  renu'nihers  the  names  of  <I.  I'ahncr,  ■/■  I'^/'ci', 
•H,  na.nes  .McDougal  as  one  of  the  most  active  in  promoting  the  Cahf  iiiii.i, 
movement  at  Ft  Hall. 

"  Memlters  of  the  Swasey  Todl  company  of  1S4"):  William  I!.  ;iif,  Win 
r.'.ackburn,  Wm  I},  (li'.dca,  J''i-aneis  ii'ien,  'i'l'omas  Knight (?),  Jolui  Jifwis 
(ic:iri;o  McDoug.il,  Hiram  liheusaw,  Tliomas  (O  81111111,  Harry  S[iiel,  .huoli  JJ. 
Bnyiler,  Wm  !•".  Sv.asey,  Wm  J;.  Todd. 

iJheusaw  is  also  called  Jleiishiiw  and  llusofT.  Thomas  Kuiglit  m:is  ir't 
ptriclly  a  member  of  this  advauc  party,  havin;;  a  team  with  the  main  body, 
■wliich  he  went  ))aek  to  meet  on  tin;  summit.  Misi  Ide  names  Ivi  yei  as  niio  it 
ll'.is  party,  but  1  think  ho  must  have  been  with  the  teams.  There  i*  alio  ii 
li:i  i.i  t!)o  S\<i^ici  J .'<y,' ;.';,',  .ii:..o  1,  lo7-. 


IS  1,000 

ex  llU'L't 

iio  went 
the  iH'W 
k  <»n  my 
ia  stall,', 
■  started 

a,  \mu'X 
at  Fort 
[ly,  from 
liirht   lie 
ic  names 
lavc  Iwul 
welve'  or 
-animals, 
uns."^     1 
liority  of 
III    l-'ran- 
ispeetiiiij;' 
tlio  main 
10  latteT, 
noihiii;! 
Itli  to  l»o 
up  with 

;}  cliiMri'ii, 
ilU-.l  Willi 


l^r 


I'mm  u 


In  e'i)m. 


:lu.U-,l 
s  Mii'i  t'.ifii- 

1-,  Jniirnrd, 
(';ilitVinU:l 

',.;iir.    Will 


lit  \v;is  iV't- 
IliKiiii  Ixiily., 
;i:i  olio  i^t 


THE  SUBLETTE  PARTY. 


577 


the  liorscmcn  until  they  reached  tlic  mountains."  At 
any  i-ate,  ]McDougal  and  his  men  lel't  Fort  Hall  on  or 
alioiit  Auijust  13tli;  kc[)t  in  advance  of  the  main 
hoily;  crossed  the  Sierra  by  the  Stevens,  or  Truckee, 
I'oi.lo,  without  special  advcntui'es;  and  reached  New 
Ih'lvetia  late  in  Septendjer.'^ 

The  third  company  of  the  year  was  one  rospcctini^ 
wliieli  I  know  only  tlie  fact  of  its  arrival,  and  what  is 
to  Ix'  learned  from  a  letter  of  Sutt(>r  to  Larkin  dated 
Octoher  8th.  He  says:  "Yesterday  Mr  Sublette  of 
St  Louis  arrived  hero  with  his  party  consisting  of 
lii'teeii  men.  Ho  passed  both  of  the  companies  of 
tii:i.;rants,"  who  have;  crossed  the  most  difficult  passes 
ami  are  close  l)y  ^Iv  Sublette  is  a  brother-in-law 
of  .Mr  Grove  Cook,  and  a  man  of  considerable  prop- 
erty. He  intends  U)  establish  liimself  here  wlien  lie 
likes  the  country.  A  oixxl  manv  of  these  emioratits 
have  cash  more  or  less,  some  t)f  them  several  thou- 
sand dollars  in  sjfold.  Xot  one  comiianv  has  arrived 
hefore  in  this  country  which  looked  so  respectable  as 
this.  I  liavc  now  a  great  chance  to  buy  plenty  of 
well  broken  American    oxen   and  wagons    from  the 

'■' JviiiL;lit,  Earhj  Evevt>i,  MS.,  .'5-4,  .saya  tli.it  his  jKirty,  witli  fifteen  w;ig- 
nns.  Went  on  to  tlie  TnicUoe,  from  wliieli  point  lie  witli  .McDoiigiil  iiiul  Siiy- 
ili'i'  went  on  lieforc  to  SutterV,  \rlionoo  lie  returned  to  meet  his  party  on  llio 
suiiiiiiit,  Aviiero  lie  fouiiil  that  hin  wagon  ami  other  property  IkuI  heen  )inni(;il 
I'V  till'  explosion  of  ii  keg  of  powder.  Miss  Jde,  Bio;/.,  40,  mentions  tho 
i'\plii-;inn  near  the  lake,  and  also  the  faet  tiiat  tlie  wagon  hclonged  to  a  niem- 
1  !■  of  tlu- iidvanee  party.  Sua.sey,  Sl'i/t^nicut,  MS.,  i-'i,  Maysnothing  of  tlii.s; 
liiit  ill  conversation  to-day  (April  ■_'.'{,  jSSO)  thinks  that  Knight  may  lie  right. 

'' An'ording  to  the  A'l  »•  lldvilia  IHiiri/,  .MS.,  ,'{  et  se(|.,  the  liest  possi- 
lilc  authority,  CJihlea  with  (IreeiiMOod  and  a  few  other.s  arrived  Se]>teml)er 
'.'T'li,  more  came  on  the  'JStli,  and  1 1  on  the  IJOtli,  having  left  tiieir  w,ig- 
I'Ms  ill  the  mountain.^.  Sept.  HOtli,  preparations  to  send  haek  aid  for  tlio.so  in 
tlic  Siii'ia.  Oet.  'id,  part  of  the  new  arrivals  left  the  fort  on  a  hunting  tour. 
.'^'ittii,  IHani,  (>,  also  has  the  date  of  arriv;il  .Sept.  '27th;  and  says  that  on  tho 
liDl'i  he  s"nt  aid — that  i.'^,  liy  Knight  on  his  return.  Sua.sey  testilie^  that  ae- 
iMiiliiig  to  his  memoranda  ho  arrived  Sept.  '2(ith,  though  .Snyder  always  in- 
Mncl  it  wa.s  on  the  '2M.  Bid  well,  Cnl.  JS.}1-S,  MS.,  ll'-_',  aii.l  Ui'lden, 
Hint.  Siafc.,  MS.,  4'J,  mention  the  arrival,  and  name  some  memhers  of  t'le 
iiiin[iiiiiy. 

'The  allusion  must  bo  to  two  portions  of  the  Crigshy-Tdo  company.  In 
S.  Ill  1 1-.  /)iuri/,  M.S.,  >5-(i,  are  the  following  entries:  'Oet.  7tli,  to-day  a  party 
tiiiii  tlie  U.  S.  arrived,  having  with  them  Mr  Sublette  of  St  Ixmis.  'I'hey 
I'lvirt  (iO  wagons  in  the  mountains.'  Oet.  lOtli,  part  of  Sublette's  party 
suit  fur  S.  F.  Four  of  them  got  passes. 
HiBT.  Cal.,  Vol.  IV,    U7 


^if 

<            ! 

;'i  1 

'  V       » 1  1 

T 

'                     !'  1 

ir 


rii 


n  u 


.^1   1' 


Mt 


il"4 


fi   r 


578 


IMMIGRANT  CO.MPAXIES  AXD  PIONEERS. 


young  men,  wliidi  jircfcr  liorses  so  tluit  tlicv  i  ;m 
travel  in  tlio  country.""'  Xono  of  tlio  firtt'cn  .wo 
known  l)y  name.  Sonic  of  tlicni  arc  pcrli;ij)s  ii;  the 
list  of  tluj  next  company,  and  others  })rol)ab]y  in  tlie 
general  list  for  the  year.  Sublette  and  three  iiun, 
not  of  his  original  coinpan}',  were  met  by  JJi'yant  in 
July  184G  on  their  way  cast. 

1  now  come  to  the  fourth  company  of  immigrants, 
passed  on  tlio  way  ly  Sublette's,  the  main  body  left 
at  l^'ort  ]Iall  by  Sw^iscy  and  his  companions  in 
August.  I  call  it  the  (Jrigsbj'-Idc  company,  .bilm 
(vrii^sbv  havinu!'  been,  accordinijf  to  some  authoiities, 
the  captain,  and  William  ]■>.  Ide  not  only  a  proniiiieiit 
mendjcr  but  also  somewhat  famous  a  little  latrr. 
There  were  about  fifty  men,  whose  names,  so  far  as  I 
can  ascertain  them,  are  given  in  a  uote.^"     ]\lany  of 

'» Oct.  Sth,  S.  to  L.  LaHlirs  Doc. ,  MS.,  iii.  31").  In  Jan.,  Sublitz -pioluljly 
the  same  man  -was  ;it  Vuiba  lluciiawitli  .sonic  of  his  company;  and  nnUvitli- 
standing  Suttcr'.s  juai.so,  luMvas  })ronounccd  hy  Lcidcsdorlla  'great  l'ilag:.'inil.' 
/(/.,  iv.  ().  J  a  IS4(  Clynian  had  met  Ml'  Saljlcttu  on  the  plain.;  wilii  a  p.iity 
Lu'gely  conij)oKed  ol'  inw'iliiLs  travelUng  for  their  liealth.  Knight  spenlis  <if 
ha\  in;;  met  Snhlette  s.miewhero  on  the  phiins.  Ide  met  on  the  .suiinuit  "a 
pack-train  oi:  their  ■\vay  to  .some  fort.' 

'ihe  following  men  are  shown  hy  difierent  records  to  have  licen  in  ('iil,  in 
IS!.",  most  of  them  at  Sntters  Fort;  l)ut  the  exact  circumstances  nf  tlicir 
coming  are  not  known.  Some  doiibtles.s  came  hy  sea,  but  others  |ii-oli;i)ily 
oveiland,  and  the  list  pi'obalily  inchides  most  of  the  Suljlotte  paity.  W  I*. 
Bariy,  A.  J.  I'olan,  I'",lij.  Jhistow,  Abner  JSryan,  t'lemens,  ^Vm  i)i  iKun,  C. 
Dornte,  Kiistis,  Sam.  (iihson,  .lac.  Herman,  Hess,  .Fackson,  Julian,  .hilni  Jl. 
Keiley,  Dan.  Leahy,  McJX)n!diI,  Jas  McDowell  and  family,  McKtn/ie,  Tlios 
Middieton,  .Toiui  Neal,  (i.  U.  Nightengell,  H.  O'Brien,  Wni  O'Connor.  .Ndali 
Peters,  Sanford,  C!uis  Savage,  Felix  Scott,  Wni  Sigler,  Stanley,  Nic.  To- 
inetty,  llun.  Trow,  J.  W;ishl)urn,  IawIs  W'ignian. 

'J'hero  is  a  possibility  that  another  small  party,  an  olTshoot  from  tlieOngnu 
immigration,  an  ived  this  year  in  addition  to  the  six  recorded  in  this  ilKip;ii'. 
In  tlii.s  connection  I  should  note  that  Mrs  Maggie  M.  Hunt,  a  daiiglittn'f 
James  McDowell,  the  McU  known  pioneerof  YoloC'o.,  furnishes  thriiiKih.lnini 
Bidwell  a  ])artial  list  of  the  i)arty  that  came  with  her  father,  as  jin  pun  d  by 
Cieo.  \V.  Bell.  The  list  is  a.s  follows:  (Jeo.  W.  Bell,  Wni  Bennett,  Dr  lloylc, 
Jas  ("anicron,  J.  Colwell,  English  and  family,  Hen.  Everts,  Dolphus  ll.nniali, 
,S;;m  Hawkins,  Dr  Zac.  Hawkins  (died  on  the  way),  Dav.  Ingals  .nid  t.iiii.. 
Jlen.  Marlin,  Wm  McClure,  Thos  B.  Reed,  Simpson,  Jo.s  Smith  (miilnw  ot 
the  Moiinon  prophet,  wliocanie  toCal.),  .Ins  Stevens  .ind  fam.,  Iliil'.  Stevens 
and  fam.,  Dr  Welsh  .indfam.,  Whitaker,  W  hitc  and  family,  andlii'li.  Wyiis. 
In  the  Oiegou  innnigiation  of  184.")— see  Jl't^l.  Omjun,  i.  o-.J  etMip,  tliis 
8ei'ies— the  reader  will  tind  names  resend)ling  many  of  thc.'-^e.  It  i-*  nut  x  i- 
tuin  that  any  one  of  them  came  toCal.,  but  j)ossibly  u  few  did  so. 

"'(irigsby-Me    innnigrant    company    of    184.j:     Anderson   (V). 


Bassham,    j'aivis  liuuaey,    Truman    lionnoy,  Julian   Bradshaw.^    '''""'"'• 
Tliouiaa  H.  Burgess,  Geo.  Carter,  Michael  Coleuian,  Wm  C.  Cwi'' i'.  i"^ 


Will    It. 

i'.iilim  I';). 

U3 


THE  GRIGSBY-IDE  COMPANY. 


-.70 


oy    <nii 

.'(■11  .iVi' 
ii;  llic 
■  ill  I'lc 
.'0  nu'ii, 
yaiit  ill 

iiL;'v:niis, 
oily  1-l't 
lions  in 
y,  .loliii 
,horiti(s, 
•omiiicut 
le  latci'. 
I  far  as  1 
Maiiv  I 'I' 


tz  —  pviibaljly 
niil  uiil\u'ui- 
at  r.l:i.i;:i:ii'l.' 
vitli  :i  I'iiity 
;llt  .-IKak^'.t 
ic  siiiiuiiit  "a 

•ou  ill  t'al.  ill 
Ik'cs  nf  thrir 
UTS  ])rnl':iliiy 
KU'ty.  \\   !>• 

1  DriKnl!,  <'. 
nil.  .lilllU    11- 

l\i  ii/ii',  'Hi"^ 

'nllllHV.  NimIi 

ley,  Nio.  '\''J- 
JiiscluipUM-. 

,,lllU-lltl.T<lf 

jli,,,u.;!i.liilm 
jpii  i«ivi''l  ''>■ 
Ir,  I'l'  I'x'vl^'i 
lliufi  llmiiuili, 

\ls:i;i'l  I:""-, 
(ncfliiw  of 
[irh.  Stevens 
Kieli.  Wyhs. 
rt  .-eil..  ll'is 
lit-  in  M'jt  eer- 

T-i.    Win    I'i. 

I'.iitim  <•>- 

f',..,per,  Tlios 


tllr 

aii'l 
sou 
ill' 


■r  men  brouglit  tlieir  ijiinilics;  and  of  men,  women, 
fliildren,  thcro  wore  doubtless  over  one  liundi'od 

-;  in  tlio  company.      Under   the  guidance,   ot"  tlit; 

iiiwoods,  they  lel'fc  Fort  Hall  about  the  middle  of 
Ai'.uust,  and  proceeded  slowly,  without  other  nusha])S 
tli.iii  the  loss  of  some  cattle  and  the  burning  of  a 
wa-'iii  with  its  load,  down  the  Humboldt,  across  to 
tli>  Truckee,  and  into  the  mountams.  The  work  of 
(■i(i»ing  the  Sierra  with  the  teams  was  of  course  a 
tcdiniis  one;  but  the  winter  snows  had  not  yet  begun  to 
tall,  and  Ide,  bringing  his  Yankee  genius  to  bear  on 
till'  j)roblem,  is  said  to  have  devised  new   methods 

Ciai'tim  (tioy),  Davis  (?),  ]5ciij.  Dowell,  Wm  B.  Elliott,  Sam.  FieM  (V),  Isia;ic 
.\.  i  liiit  ('/),  John  (iil(l)s,  J>.  (Irant  (?),  Calol)  (ii-oouwooil,  .Joliii  ( Ircciiv.ood, 
Jaiii's  (livi,'Kon,  C  V.  (iiitlitii,  .lames  A.  (iritlitii,  Kraiilc  F.  (;i-it;sl)y  {':}, 
(I.  W.  (Iri^sl)V  ('!),  Joliii  Oiij^shv,  llcs.s  (?),  Dav.  lliidsoii,  Wm  JIii(ls'j.'i,  Dan. 
Me  il"\],  .JanicH  Idc  (?),  Loiiiucl  Lie  (hoy),  Wm  ]iU%  Wm  15.  J.lo,  A. 
l\iiiii'\-  [':),  S.  Jviiiiicy  I?),  Koht  ('.  Ivoyo.s,  'i.'hos  Ktii^'lit  (?),  I'at.  .Me(Jlii-i.stia:i, 
II  :ir>'  Marshall,  .lolm  .Marshall,  ]SIcfi'u:<  (?),  (J.  U.  Night('n,i.'oll  (?),  Harvey 
I'Mrteilicltl,  I'ottcr  (?),  Charles  iioothi'i- CO.  Wm  R.  Koulutte,  jioraeo  .Saiiiler.-i, 
]V1:\  Seott  (':),  .John  iSeott,  Wm  W.  Scott,  .John  .Sears,  Eugene  I',  .skinmr, 
(i.  .\l.  Smith  (':},  Thomas  {':),  Foni.  Tustiii  (hoy),  Wm  I.  'I'n.-itiii,  Wilmot  (':), 
iU'K  Williams  (?),  Joseph  Wood,  Wrigiit  (/),  Dav.  York  (l>ov),  .)ohu  York, 
W.  i;,  York  (hoy). 

\"  ii^t  was  made  in  early  times,  so  far  as  l  know.  I'esides  the  lialf-dozeti 
liny-i  ineiiti(>iK'(t  ahovc.  there  were  douhtless  many  others.  Those  m(>n  who 
Were  .ueiimiianieil  iiy  their  families  were,  apparently:  Anderson  (?),  IJonney, 
T.iil'.iu  r.'i,  Davis  {':),  Klliott  (7  children,  inehiding  several  sons,  some  of  them 
p'DUii',  (irillith,  (irigshy,  llndson,  Jde,  Kinney  (?),  .Meeres  (?),  I'otter  ('.'), 
Utailitte,  Scott  (?),  .Skinner,  Thomas  (?),  Tustin,  and  York;  i)Ut  it  will  lie  no- 
'ieid  tiiat  nearly  half  of  these  are  among  tiie  donljtfnl  niemliers.  (Jf  the  ,")(i 
men  iiiiued  in  the  list,  ;{.")  are  named  hy  several  authorities,  anil  there  is  no 
luoiii  f^ir  doubt  about  them,  1.")  of  the  number  giving  bonds  for  good  behavior 
;it  Si.n.iiiia  in  Nov.  Of  the  •_'3  names  marked  as  doubtful,  two,  Fiehl  and 
Flint,  .ilso  gave  bonds,  but  d.o  not  f-i^em  to  have  been  rememl)ered  liy  anybody 
ii'iueiiiliers.  (}.  ,M.  .Smith  is  named  at  the  fort  in  connection  with  the  i>.uty, 
I'litimt  positively  as  belonging  to  it.  These,  with  Felix  Scott  and  the  two 
Kiiiiic  ys,  whote  presence  at  .Sutter's  Fort  is  recorded,  may  therefore  have 
I  line  in  Sill )lette's  or  some  other  party,  though  Miss  Ide  remembers  familiei 
iiaiueil  '  KeiMiy' and  .Scott  in  the  Grigsby-Jdc  company.  Eight  names — An- 
iler  oil,  IJiillin,  ]>avis,  Grant,  Meeres,  I'otter,  Thomas,  and  Wilmot — rest  only 
111!  tllr  memory  of  Miss  Ide  (Mrs  Healy);  and  some  if  not  most  arc  probalily 
irniiieiiii.;,  or  at  least  belong  to  men  who  went  to  Oregon  instead  of  Cal.  The 
twolliigsby.'?  I  suppose  to  have  been  sous  of  ( 'apt.  .John  ( irigsby,  though  I  have 
r.'i  ]iii>itivo  evidence.  It  is  not  clear  that  .James  Ide  caino  to  (,'al.  F()ur^ 
Nidifeiigell,  Koether,  Williams,  and  Wright — are  mentioned  by  newspapers 
or  eouiity  histories  as  having  come  in  this  party  or  with  members  of  it.  Ile.sa 
is  iiaiueil  in  the  X.  lid  v.  J)'inrij,  and  is  remembereil  by  Uidwell.  'i'hos 
Kui,'lit  may  bo  properly  enough  included  in  this  or  in  the  Swascy-Todd 
I'lirty.  The  fact  that  many  Avent  to  Oregon  the  next  year  in  parties  of  which 
lie  lists  .iie  extant  makes  it  diliicult  to  lix  these  names  accurately.  The  mat- 
ter i.s  1)  Avever  clccu'ed  up  as  far  as  posaiblo  iu  the  biographical  sketches  givca 
tlsewhere. 


w  u 


5S0 


D.IMICRANT  COMPANIES  AXD  PIONKER??. 


of 


v/liirli  oreatlv  lessoned  the  difficulties.  It  mm 
tlitt'ervnt  dates  and  in  small  parties  iVoin  the  lOth  ii» 
the  25th  of  October  that  they  came  down  IJear  (  V(m1c 
to  Johnson's,  and  made  their  appearance  at  Sutteis.'' 
Here  the  comj)any  broke  up  in  a  few  days,  siunc 
i^oiiig  south,  but  most  either  remaining  in  the  S;ui,i- 


f'if 


ill  II  i 


'•  III  Xrw  llflvetla  Diary,  MS.,  the  entries  on  the  subject  nre  as  fulldw-;: 
Oct.  JStii,  'X'isitofH  of  tlio  ])iii-ty  from  tlie  U.  S.  came  to  tliofort,  liiiMiiiu;,' \,itli 
tlicm  letters  from  clili'eri'iit  friends  in  the  U.  S.'  These  were  juMlialilv  inrm- 
litiFH  of  the  relief  Jiarty  from  the  fort.  lOth, 'Two  (Muii^'i'iuils  from  the  liia  1 
eomp.  (if  l.*i  wagons  eiimi;  in  to-day  for  provisions,  and  imniediately  hit.iL,'.iiii.' 
lull,  'U.  (Jildeawith  his  party  from  the  wagons.  l)r  Carter  also.'  I_',!i, 
Honney  an<l  family.  14th,  l5onncy  went  Iniek  witli  ii  hor.se.  l.")th,  '(i.  M. 
Sniitii  eami?  in  from  the  mts  with  some  2  or  ,">  more  from  the  wagon.-i  aiid  re- 
port the  wagons  most  oa  to  tlu;  iilain.s.'  17th,  '5  wagons  from  the  nits  arriveil 
last  night  about  \'l  o'clock.'  lUth,  'Last  night  1  more  \\a_on  helonging  to 
Mr  lless;  to-day  "J  more  belonging  to  Mr  Todd  and  Mr  Koiilctte  -  l  or  ."i  wag- 
ons more  are  cNjiected  immediately-.'  'JOth,  5  more  gons.  Sexeral  of  tho 
men  engagi'd  to  woi'k  at  the  fort.  'Jlst,  several  more.  'I'M,  a  (lernian  fam- 
ily from  the  U.  S.  •24th,  ;{  mol'e  wagons.  "J.'ilh,  4  wagons,  those  of  M,  ajiil 
Skinner.  .SOth,  Idc  started  \ip  liver.  ,'Ust,  Skinner  and  Tiistin  sliiMgliii;; 
the  hatter  sliop.  Sutter,  hinnj,  (i,  notes  the  arrival  of  a  large  party  witii  (i!) 
wagons  on  Oct.  7th;  but  there  is  perhaps  an  error,  as  this  was  the  il.ite  i^f 
iSublettc's  ai'rival.  Dewellsay.s  he  readied  Johnson's  on  Oct.  7th;  M.iiMh.iil 
at  Sutter's  on  Oct.  "iOth;  Ide  at  Sutter's  soon  after  Oct.  ^otii;  and  others  late 
in  October,  without  s])ecifving  the  day. 

Idr,  nioi/nip/iiral  S!.rt<'/i  (Claremout.  X.  II.),  ISSO,  lOino,  '240  p.,  is  a  Inuik 
to  be  more  fully  noticed  in  the  annals  of  1S4().     Chapters  iii.   iv.  [i.  2S  ."i!);.io 
devotetl  to  a  description  of  the  overlanil  jouri"'y.  cliielly  from  the  reeolleitii)U:i 
of  Mrs  Sarah  1'].  llealy  (Ide).     Tiie  Ide  parly,  Ki  in  uuml)er— father,  lu.ither, 
daugiiter,  two  grown-up  sous,  two  small  sons,  an  adopted  boy,  and  four  uioii 
who  drove  tiie  teams  for  board  and  passage — with   Km  cattle,  left  h"iii'  in 
Illinois  ill  Ajnil  and  joiui^l  the  train  at  Indejiendence,  bound  like  the  rest  for 
Oregon.     Tlie  crossing  of  the  Sierra  is  somewhat  minutely  deseribeil;  and  at- 
tention is  particularly  given  to  ide's  skill  and  energy  by  which  the  t  aim 
were  lirought  to  the  summit  in  two  days.     They  found  the  spot  wliere  the 
Stevens  company  of  IS44  had  encamped  and  left  their  wagons;  and  then  'i.iir 
emigrants  on  coining  to  this  plain  all  made  a  rush  for  the  long-soiiglit  CaH- 
fornia;  ambitious  to  bo  tirst — iK)t  waiting  much  for  one  anotlier;   the  lust 
teams  leaving  the  rest;  e\ery  one  looking  out  for  himself  only.     Smne  Hiiit 
to  one  jiart  of  the  country  and  some  to  another.'    The  Ides  soon  went  up  tlio 
valley  with  I'eter  Lassen.     Thomas  Knight,  E(irli/  EvitiU  in  Cut.,  MS.,  ciiine 
fioni  St  Louis  with  Burgess,  joining  the  IJatchehler  eo.  for  Oregon  at  liidc- 
pendencc  in  April,    .lames  (ircg.son,  Sfa'cmeiil,  ^IS.,  p.  \,  etc.,  i-.iiae  with  his 
wife,  a  sister  of  the  Marshalls,  from  Illinois,  bound  for  Oregon.     !'«  ujatiiiii 
Dewell,  .\a/ia  Ri'iiiirfrr,  Oct.  12,  1S7'2,  came  from  Indiana  for  Oicl;.'!!.  and 
left  Independence  May  (ith.      John  Brown,  the  captain,  was  succi  i  deil  hy 
(Jiigsby  at  Laramie.     Win  B.  Elliott,  Santa  Jfofi  Democrat,  Feb.  .'>,  |S7(!.  left 
Missouri  with  wife  and  7  childrcu  in  April.     Win  J.  Tustin,  lxi'i-nlli'ih>i:f, 
MS.,  1-2,  came  from  Illinois  in  April  with  wife,  eliihl,  an<l  o\-tcain-<  l<ir  Ore- 
gon.    Henry  Marshall,  S.  Jos:',  J'ioiicr,  Aug.   10,   1S78;  Suuonia  ('/.  ///<'., 
474,  caino  in  the  Welch  eo.  with  Oregson  and  others  to  Ft  Hall,     la  )"/'> 
Co,  /lift.,  '.V2,  this  company  is  incorrectly  represented  as  coining  fn  in  Oivgoii. 
Sec  also  MctJhristian'.i  Narrative,  MS.    All  these  authorities  give  .soiiie  slijht 
details  of  the  journey. 


m\ 


-H" 


FREMONT'S  SECOND  VISIT. 


581 


was  iu 
lOth  1m 

Attci's.'" 
's,  sDine 
0  Saci'ii- 


as  follows: 
riii'jiii:;  \'''''l' 
ilj.-ili'.y  !!>'  "1- 
im  tlir  liiul 
y  lfi't:iL'.iiii.' 
also.'  IJJi, 
r.tli,  '<;.  M. 
iiiiii.-!  mill  If- 
c  lilts  iinivcil 

bflollL'ill'i    to 

—I  oi'  .'i  wirj;- 
fVlTlll  ot  ill''. 
(Icvmaii  fulii- 
:;i.  of   la.'  a-lil 

itiii  sluii,i;li!i:.; 
l):iity  with  lilt 
s  till'  il.itt'  "f 
Ttlr.  M.irslKill 
ml  otlii'vs  lute 

)  |i. ,  is  a  lionk 
.  |,.  -JS  .V.lM-o 

\  ll'ColU'i'ti'lll:! 
tlliT,  IllotlllT, 
Jlllil  folU'  1111.''' 

Uft  Ik'Iii''  ill 

kl'tllC  ITSt  I'of 

il.f.l;  jaiilat- 
,.|,  the  t.'aiii.-i 
,C)t  whiTi^  tiiu 
111(1  tluii  •oiii' 
•soiiirht  Cali- 
,,,,.;  'tho  h<-st 
Soiiio  wilit 
I  wfiit  up  lli'^' 
j/.,  MS.,  I'uiii'- 
;.r,,ii  at  lii'h'- 
siiuc  with  lii^ 
I.  I'm  ajaiiiiii 
(),.,..i..ii,  ami 

UCCrr. It'll   hy 

,'.  ISTii.  h'" 
'/,•,',•,,.//.  .7;.iy;.-'. 
.■uasl'ii'Dro- 
,„  <:,.  //'•»•'■. 
all.     li'  »'"''^ 

(■,■,  Mll'l'l't-'L^"' 
...  SUllll.'  sUi.lh'' 


iiiciito  Vall(\v,  or  j[?<>iii,'Jf  t^"  the  Xapn  and  Sonoma  val- 
li'\  s.  Of  t]\c  latter,  about  tweiitv  a|»])eari!(l  at  Sonoma 
iu  Xoveml»ei-,  wlieii  older  settlei's  siijfMed  iruai'aiilies 
I'di  their  ij^ood  behavior,  GeorLje  Youiit  l)eeomintjf  se- 
oui  ity  tor  most,  but  the  names  ot"  J.  B.  Chiles,  Will- 
jiiiii  Henitz,  and  Manuel  Torres  a|)])earin}jf  on  a  lew  of 
111"  jiapers.''*  Some  of  this  (•omj)any  went  to  Oregon 
ill  I  he  sjiriiiii;";  and  i»f  those  that  remained  many  took  a 
|nnM)inent  part  in  the  troubles  of  1840. 

Ill  December  came  the  fifth  company  of  the  year, 
Fii'iiiont's  exploi'ers,  who  cross(Ml  the  mountains  in 
tui)  iiarties  bv  widely  diifi'rent  routes.  Jnnne(hatelv 
arii'i'  coinpletinuf  his  report  on  the  exploration  of  IH44 
asaheady  noted, '"^  Fremont  had  hastened  to  St  Louis, 
and  or!j;anize(l  a  company  for  a  third  expedition.  Jn 
May  or  June  he  h^ft  tlie  rendezvous,  near  lnde[)end- 
nirc,  with  about  a  hundred  men,  inciudinuf  a  lew  of  his 
(iM  romi)anions,  and  proceeded  to  Hent's  Fort.  From 
tills  point  he  started  in  August  with  about  sixty  men, 
iiiciinhno'  half  a,  dozen  Delaware;  Indians.  He  ascen<led 
till'  AiUansas  lliver  to  its  source,  explored  the  coun- 
tiv  in  ;,  north-westerly  courst;  to  Utah  Lake,  and  spent 
tivi  !•  a  week  at  the  end  of  (October  in  an  exploration 
(it'.lreat  Salt  Lake.  The  lew  (k.'tails  accessible  re- 
sin ctinsjf  these  opei'ations  have  no  direct  bearinjjf  on 
the  history  of  C^alifornia. 

.\t  the  end  of  October  the  explorers  entered  what 
i-;  iiM\v  Nevada,  in  the  region  of  IMlot  Peak;  and  on 
Xn\ ember  5th,  at  a  s[)ot  called  Whitton  Spiing,  near 
tlir  head  waters  of  the  Alary,  oi*  Ogden,  or  JIumboldt, 
llic  company  was  divided.  Fremont  with  a  small  party 
liiiik  a  southei'u  route  through  the  unexi)lored  rcigions 
siiuc  constituting  the  counties  of  Flko,  J'^ureka,  Xye, 
ami  lOsmeralda;  and  reached  Walker  Lake  on  the  "i-'jcl.-" 

'   Nov.  intli-'27th,  the  original  IkhhIs  ill  VuUijo,  Dor.,  MS.,  xii.  l.")'2-7.">. 

'■'S.e  chap.  xix.  of  this  voluino  for  Fri'inoiit'.s  "Jil  e.xpt'ditioii. 

"i  he  stations  aloiii;  this  route  wiicro  ol)servatioiis  of  lat.  ami  Ioiil'.  were 
t.'ikni  were,  W'hittoii  Spring,  Crane  Inaneh  of  the  lIiinilioMt,  lieiid  of  s.  fork 
'il  liniuliohlt,  Connor  Sprin;;,  l>asil  ereek,  15oiIing  spiin;,'s,  Moore  ereek,  So- 
comii  spring,  Sheep  Mt.,  Liiko  \\'alker.  FrtiauiU's  (Jiuij.  Mem.,  oG-7. 


t>E   !i 


If'    *"i 

m 


ns2 


IMMIGRANT  COMPANIES  AND  TIONEERS. 


hii 


I  ht  ! 


TIic  main  i)arty  in  the  iiiean  time — under  the  i^uidaiicc 
of  Walker,  who  liad  heeii  met  soinewliere  on  tin;  wav 
as  he  was  likely  to  he  at  any  time  or  ])laee  in  the  yii  at 
hasin  -followed  the  emigrant  trail  down  the  J  Iniiihiplilt 
to  its  sink,  and  thenoe  turni'd  southward  to  Walker 
Lake,  where  tluy  rejoined  Fremont  on  the  27tli.  ' 

After  two  days  the  parties  again  separated.  v,i(!i 
an  agreein(;nt  to  meet  on  the  other  side  of  the  Siena. 
at  tiie  i'orks  of  the  main  river  flowing  into  Tiilaivs 
i^ake,  ahout  whieh  place  of  rendezvous  I  shall  liavij 
more  to  say  presently.  The  main  hody,  perhaj)s  uiidi  r 
the  connnand  of  Theodore  Talhot,  guided  hy  Wailvri', 
and  aeeoinpanied  by  E.  M.  Kern  as  topogi'aphcr.  (v- 
niained  at  Walker  Lake  to  recruit  their  animals  until 
December  8(h,  when  the  southward  mai'<'h  was  ir- 
sunicd.  \^y  a  route  somewhat  to  the  right,  oi'  west, 
of  Walker's  in  1843,  they  reached  the  head  (tf  ()\V('Us 
liiver — so  nametl  for  a  member  of  che  com[)any  '>n 
the  IGth;  followed  that  stream  down  to  the  lake,  <iii 
the  shores  of  which  they  were  on  the  IDth-'ilsl;  cmh- 
tinued  southward  past  Little  Owens  Lake,  and  riiiiinl 
()wens  IV'ak,  throuuh  the  original  Walker  l*a>>  "I' 
l.s;i4,  and  down  the  south  branch  to  the  forks  ol  Kriii 
Kiver,  so  named  later  for  the  artist  of  the  party,  w  lnic 
tiiey  eiicam{)ed  on  the  2Sth.  This  was  whei-c  they 
e.\})ected  to  meet  Fremont,  and  here  they  waited  lor 
him  three  weeks." 

Meanwhile  Fremont  left  Walker  River  on  Xovetn- 
ber  2ytli  with  iifteen  men,  reached  the  Salmon  TiMiir, 
or  Truckee,  on  ]3ecember  Jst,  crossed  the  suiuiiiit  '*y 
the  emigrant  trial  on  the  5th-Gth,  and  then,  le;iviii'^' 
the  trail  to  the  right,  descended  by  a  more  southern 
route  into  the  valley,'^^  and  on  the  10th  was  welennied 

'■"  A'r;'w',t  Journal,  477-SO.  The  I'ditor  li;is  coufoundeil  tlio  t\M>  inr.iiis, 
rcprosciiting  Frc'iiKnit  as  liiiviuf;  followuil  tlio  liver. 

--  Kcni'n  Joitniul,  4S()-4,  with  ii  full  diary  of  the  march  finm  >\.'\  to  ilsy. 

^•' Martin  fork  ami  Haiiiiltoiicivck  are  named  Due.  Tth-Sth  with  I  ilitiidcs.  I 
suppiise  them  to  have  been  named  for  members  of  the  company;  hat  Mai'tni 
— or  at  least  one  Martin — was  with  theotliLi  party.  /V< ///o/'/'v '/ ".7- -'^""t 
2S-;?;t,  .",  is  the  only  delinite  authority  for  Frcnumts  trip.  Kouti  ■; 'hrnvuoji 
l'reu.«s'  map  of  1848,  U.  S,  (Joct  Doc,  alst  coug.  1st  sesa.,  II.  Lx-  Duo,  li, 
p.  044. 


ruidaiico 
tlu!  way 
lie  Li'i'i  at 

Uiuliiililt 

Walk.T 
7th.' 
■(ul,  with 
e  Sid'i'a, 

Tulaivs 
lall  liavo 
»])s  uiidi  r 

Walk.')', 
iphci'.  r>'- 
nals  until 
i  was  I'c- 

.  (»)•  west, 

of  Owi'iis 
pauy  ^>ii 
J  lak;',  "11 
^Ist;  f'lii- 
u\(l  round 
i-    l':,»of 

•1 V,  where 
here  they 
.-aited  ihr 

|i  X<»veai- 

loll    I  I'llH, 

luniniii  hy 
In.  h'aviii;;' 
Miutk.e'rii 
l^veh'i'iiicd 

two  pnrlii's, 

[x  ,1:'V   t'"l^-y- 
ll!:a'it\l>l"'i-    I 

-•  Imt  .M:ii'tii' 

Is  ^•.  -.;/.  -1^  '"- 

i;^,  D.x'.  IT, 


FREMONT  AND  WALKER. 


583 


af  Sutter's  ]"\)rt,  wliciico  after  a  stay  of  four  davs  lio 
liastened  southward  with  aid  lor  Walker's  party.^^ 
Progress  u[)  the  San  Joa(|uin  Valley  was  slow,  on  •w- 
(Munt  of  the  eattle  that  were  Ix'injj;'  driven  alon<j^;  hut 
(in  December  "22(1  they  renehed  Kin^^s  Hiver,()r  'I'ulares 
Laki'  lliver  as  they  called  it,  or  l\iver  of  the  Jjake  as 
I'reniont  had  called  it  in  1844.  Here  they  ex[)ected 
in  (hid  Walker's  ])artv,  and  on  this  stream  th(\v  wait^-d, 
fellowing  it  meanwhile  far  up  into  the  mountains  and 
hack,  until  the  7tli  of  .January."'' 

The  two  pai'ties  thus  encani])ed  and  waiting"  for  each 
(ither  at  the  end  of  December  lS4a  on  Kings  and 
Kern  river  I'espectively,  iiumbei'ed  al)out  si.\ty  men, 
w  hose  names  I  Lriv(.'  in  a  note;  as  comi»letelv  and  ac- 
cui'utely  as  1  have  been  able  to  obtain  them  from 
miseollaneous  sources.'-'"  They  served  in  California,  as 
wc  siiali  see,  tlnxnigh  the  next  year,  and  nu)st  of  them 


'Dec.  10t!i, . arrival ;  Dec.  l"2tli,  14  iiDilcsfiirnislicil;  D.-c.  llltli,  start  to  join 
W'iilkir.  Siii/ir'.s  /:itiri/.  (»;  AV/»'  llilrditi,  i >hirii,  .MS.,  •J'J-.'i.  Frc'inont,  (li'.ij. 
Jinn.,  K),  f.ay.' liestarloil  on  tiie  l-Kli.  Dcu.  lOtli,  Sutter  to  Vallejo,  aiiiii>iiiic 
ill ;  I'li'inu'.it'.i  ari'ival  v.itii  j'-ait  ol'  liis  cniiipuiiy  to  (jbtaiii  siiiijilic-i  ;.ii<l  :  (loiul 
til"  V,  inter  in  a  inild  elimale.    \'iil/i  in.  JJnf.,  MS.,  xii.  1711.      I>ee.  "Ji'd,  S.  (o 


1:1. 


],i.!l; 


relrni. 


hn-/.; 


ri'iniiiit  has  {^une  to  iiiee 


t  \Vi 


/hi 


iii.  wr,. 


ilkerand  will  visit  Monterey  on  his 

t    Nerlia 


an.  4,    lS4l!,    stili-iu'efeet  a 


llleio  U)  lin.'leet. 


11; 


learil  of  the  arrival  of  coininissioiierri  tu  lix  the  lioiuid- 


iirv  h 

IS.;; 

oft 


Aw 


Mex 


the  U.  S.     ( 


(i.s/r 


MS.,  i.  ■J.-.l.      llidwell,  Cnl. 


le 


.  .M.S.,  I. 

latter's  d: 
1. 


() 


)t 


fitter  s  al).senei'  a 


Uisfaetion  at  ilidweir,- 


lil.il  iiMilfS,  et 


t  the  lime  of  F. "s  arrival  ;uul 
ul  later  Slitters — iuubiiity  tuiur- 


/■'/•rlllitn/'.-i  (I'i'Oi/,    Me 


K) 


'I  reinont's  eonijiany  of   1S1">:  I'lanehs  Allison  (?),  Anirnsto  Archanilicau, 


irant,("has.l.  \V.  I!ri 
:i  ( 1.  ( 'aninlieli,  Kit  (  ar- 


•a,  Tl 
WmCli 


teili  Cm, 


I'hil.  ( 'oiirteau  |''|,  .leronie   ( 


nk.  .1; 

Davi 


ireekeliria; 
lines  ( 'onnor.  Crane 


raiieis  l;ri;_'u.--.  ( 


F.  t ' 


euiz- 

Deiiiiy,  l>neli('iie  (?),  Si(iuuy 

lain.  ( ioldsiiiith  ('.'I,  ( iuth- 


l!.;!;i  ItlCrl,  I'ahhol,  ,1.  ( '.  Fr.'innnt,  Alexis  <; 

lii',  iialerCn,  JIaniilton.  (leo.  llas!itt(?|,  Thos  lli'll.  Ilul;lparil  (?i.  ^\■lll  lln.Ldir 

IM  "vi.  Ivern,  Henry  Kill!,',  l!asil    Lajeiinesse,  Louis  Laiiieire,  .MrCiady,  M; 


iliii  t  I 'a,  'I'hns  S.  Martin,  ljuei< 


.M:i 


liisdon  A.  .M. 


A.  M( 


Rich.  Owens.  Poinsett  (?),  Itajih.  I'raule,  (iiarl's  I'reiiss,  ReddieU  (?), 
Hi.' it  ('/),  Lui,'eue  liussell,  .lohn  Seott  (?),  .las  Seeoiidi,  Win  Sij,der  (''),  Stenp 


•(iiieiifeldt),  Stradsneth,  .lames  Swaiiieii,  Cliari 


Th 


Tal- 


i'li,   i.iii 


\Vi 


ey  (':).  Joseph  R.  Walker,  Wetowah,  White,  ^^'hiLlon,  and   M; 


it  more  than  half  of  these  00 


■.()  of  them  , 


Af 


.'H  can  lie  jiroved  correct,  though 


ire  i>rol)alily  so.     A  tew  are  il''liiiitcly  naiiieil  as  mLiiilie 


itcl\ 


■A 


ilh 


.f 


I'ditioii  ill  I'lu  ,noiit'n  (Iki;/.  Meat,  and  K( 


,l<inri:iil ;  many  are  indi- 


^jientiiiiied   l>y  ]'i\'moiit,  who  apjilied   their  names  to  localities;  and 


si'iii;'  .-ire  reniciidierc 


tioii 


1>V  Martin  and 


ly  newspaper  Viiiter.-i  wiUi  .>uiiie  pi\ 


or  arc^  accredited  to  this  expedi- 
liLy  of  accurac 


'i'M 


WV 


084 


iMMicuAXT  coMi'ANiHs  AND  r:o\;;",ri?;. 


1 


ih 


rotunicd  to  tlio  cnst  in    1847.     All   lui^'lit  pro-ivily 
<r.u)iiLi;'h  1k!  naiiiod  in   my  lists  of  pioiicrrs.     Tlic  mis- 
tako  of  Fruinoiit  .'iiid  Wiilkcr  hy  wliich  tlicy  l-iijcl  h, 
iiiuct  eacli  otiioi",  coni'ouiuliu'jj  the  two  sti'cauis,  wa^ 
not  an  uimatunil  orKMvhcii  tliu  fircuiiistanccs  arc  cnn- 
Hitioro!!;  nor  did  it  involve  any  siicli  df^'rco  of  stupid- 
ity as  partisans  have  sonictinios   iinputi'd  1o  om-  ov 
tho  otliur  explorer.      Walker  had  traversed  tlie  \u\\''\ 
several  times,  and  had  crossed  both  rivers;  Ixit  it  ha:I 
been  his  Ibrtune  to  cross  Kini^^s  Itiver  at  seasons  nud 
places  where  thei'(j  was  little  or  no  water  runniii.;: 
jMid  he  believed  Kern  Iliver,  headinjj;  in  tl)e  uimiih- 
lains  near  his  i)ass,  to  be  tlie  only  lar^'e  atUucMl    i-i' 
Tidares  Lake,  havin;^  no  doubt  ot"  its  identity  wiih 
Fremont's  Iliver  of  the  Lake.^'     Fremont  had  al>n 
crosseil  both   streams,  and  had  found  them  to  he  nf 
considerable  size;  but  he  crossed  Kern  Iliver  far  soiiMi 
of  Lake  Tulares,  of  which  he  did  not  reui'ard  it  as  ;i 
tributary,  but  of  another  lake  at  the  head  of  the  \  al- 
ley;'^' and  he  had  no  doubt  that  Walker's  orii'-inal  ]iass 
was  near  the  head  of  his  own  Iliver  of  the    Lake. 
Both  men  agreed  to  this   theory  at  their  conf('i'ciii'(! 
east  of  the  Sierra.      Xo  other  conclusion  was  consist- 
ent with  Walker's  statement  that  his  river  was  tlic  iii'st 
of  any  size  soutli  of  the  Sail   Joaquin;   and  liaviii'^' 
reached  this  conclusion,  nothing   was  easier  than  to 
name  a  ])lace  of  meeting.^-    Thus  the  error  was  mainly 
Walker's,and  the  result, fortunately  involving  no  loss  of 

-'  His  error  is  proved  l)y  the  fact  that  wlieu  lio  reached  Kind's  Riv.i  in 
Jan.  184(5  he  believed  it  to  he  the  S.  Joaquin.    Kcni'.s  Journal,  4sr)-(i. 

'^^  Frciimiit'.f  /I'l'/iiirf,  '17y2-'.i.     See  also  liis  map. 

-'Tliat  is:  Fremont  iiad  but  to  follow  up  the  first  largo  river  altir  iioss- 
in;^  the  8.  Joaquin;  and  W^alUer  had  but  to  follow  down  the  first  river  ,i!l'.i' 
passing  round  the  point  of  the  mountain.  Frc^mont  in  1841-  had  inti'iidi'd  to 
go  tiirough  Walker  I'ass,  lie  port,  'liH,  '2'A,  and  there  is  nothing  in  his  ii;iini- 
live  to  show  that  ho  did  not  believe  himself  to  have  done  so;  but  it  is  ncus- 
sary  to  conclude  that  the  two  men,  on  comparing  the  notes  and  map  oi  tho 
one  with  the  recollections  of  the  other,  had  decided  not  only  that  {''n  inputs 
pass  of  1844,  which  had  also  been  traversed  by  Walker  probably,  was  tarilier 
south  than  Walker's  original  pass  of  1S;$4  and  184.S— as  was  iiidenl  tnn', 
though  the  ditlcrencn  was  less  than  they  supposed — but  that  the  Kiiu  Kim  r. 
flowing  into  a  lake  distinct  from  the  Tulares,  was  also  south  of  the  (.ni^iiial 
pass.  This  removes  all  difficulties,  and  agrees  substantially  with  Kmi's  uut 
very  clearly  expressed  ideas. 


.     ! 


THE  IIASTINGS-SEMl'LE  PAllTY. 


58.J 


he  luis- 

lis,  \v;ii 
I  re  ciili- 

sliilti>l- 

OllC     1)1' 

r  Villi 'V 
I  it  li;i  1 
olis  niitl 
uiiiiin.;'. 

•  IIIMIIU- 
.lU'!lt    111' 

,ty  wiili 
Kill  ;il>i> 
to  l)i;  I'l 
Ml"  south 
(I  it  as  ;i 
the  val- 
iiKil  |iass 
:>    Lake. 

!ll'cl'cU''i' 
colislst- 

tlirilr-t 

haviiiu' 

than   to 

mainly 

111)  lossol 

.'s  Rivci'  ill 
laftrr  ii'tiss- 

,  l-iviTMllfl' 

iuti'ipl''!  to 
^11  his  iiarnv- 
lit  is  iioccs- 

luiiil)  of  the 
|''i-('i;ioiit's 

[was  t'aitlier 

|i,k-cMl  true, 

1,,.  oiii,''""' 


lii'c,  is  known  to  (lie  iv^iulcr.  I  leave  the  e\|)lorei's  on 
t!:iiTes|)ectiv(;  riviTs  until  needed  i'or  the  annals  of 
I  ■  HI.  Fremont's  (»fHeial  rej)ortof  this  third  expedition 
lias  never  heen  })ul)lislied,  and  thefj^enihsnian  has  never 
s'lii  littof'uHil  his  t'n;qiient  [)roniises  to  furnish  material 
fir  my  use;  theiv'fore  I  liav(3  heen  obliged  to<  I  raw  u[>on 
nlher  sour(;c!S  of  information,  tlu;  niost  im})ortant  of 
V  hieh  I  specify  in  the  a[)penTled  note.''" 

The  sixth  and  last  ])artv  to  enter  California  in  1S45 
V.  IS  that  of  Jjansfoi'd  \V.  Ilastiii'ji's.  'i'liis  man,  as  we 
lia\e  seen,  had  \isited  the  coast  in  IS1;»,  and  return- 
ing' to  the  states,  jiad  delivered  lei;tui'es,  and  wi'itten  a 
hi  i!v  in  which  ho  painted  California  in  ^'lowing  colors, 
a;  a  lield  for  ^Vmerican  settlers  and  con(pierors.  His 
ho  ik  was  not  published  earlv  enouuh  to  have  much 
Ll'i'tet  this  year;  and  his  other  etfoi'ts  do  not  seem  to 
lia\e  been  very  etfective,  as  nearly  all  the  emigrants 
di'  the  year  started  for  Oregon  in  spite  of  his  advice. 
Li  .lulv,  however,  he  had  a  comi>anv  of  tweiitv-two 
nun  bound  for  California  direct,   more  than  half  ot 

•'"  riio  cliicf  iintlioiity  is  the  Jonninl  of  Mr  Edinn-tl  .)f.  Kcni  of  an  rr/ilor- 
•I  III'  Miiri/^'^  or  IJ iiiiilio'ilt  J'inr,  Ciir-iuii  J^ihc,  iiml  < Jin  us  r!ri  rdiid.  Iitkc,  In 
'•.  'I'Ik^  jouri-.al  cxteiuls  froiii  Nov.  ^tli  to  l'"cli.  VXi\\,  iuul  iic'SL'iil.L';t  tint 
tiiuiits  of  tlie  main  jiui'ty.     Tlio  aiUiior  gdvu  liis  iiaiiio  to  Jviru  County 

Kciii  Jiivur.  Xext  ill  iiiqiortauce  is  tlie  <_lrv(jriiiilii'-nl  Mi  mar  hjioh  ('jf/xr 
I'lrni'i,  hi  ill  list  rdt'iiiu  iij' /lis  nuq^nf  >)rr;iiiii  'iml  ( '(ilij'(iniii(,  lii/Jnltii  Chnrlnt 
I'-'iil,  tiililrex^iid  to  the  Sviintc  of  tin'  U.  S.  \Vasiiiii;,'toii,  1S4S,  8vo,  (>' 
I'.  S.  Govt  Doc,  'Mth  cong.  1st  suss.,  Son.  Miscoi.  l)oe.  no.  14S]. 
1  (ilitioiia  of  Wasliington,  lS4i),  iSvo,  40  p.;  Now  York,  lN4'.>,  Svo,  'J'J  ]>., 
I  Fninoiilaitd  Einori/,  Soti'.^  of  TranI,  also  iiulilishod  London,  1(S4!I,  IS.ifi; 
I'liiladoljiliia,  1840,  Svo,  p.  ]-'2(i,  with  additions  iroiii  (lill'oront  soni'cos. 

iiirinoir  is  hy  no  moans  a  coiinootod  account  of  tlu^  expedition,  l)nt  eon- 
i  i!i:id(.'iital  allusions  to  the  narrative,  with  taljles  of  latitude  and  lonj-d- 
■,  dates,  etc.  A  resume  of  the  exploiation  is  given  in  Wiirn  ii's  Memoir 
■'•"iii/iani/  the  ma/)  oft  hi'  Tarrit.ory  of  tin'  IJ.  .V. ,  ctr.,  ISJ'J,  \\  48-50.  The 
mr  iKites  an  edition  of  Fremont's  narrative  tlien  iu  jiress;  but  so  far  as  I 
•' ,  it  has  never  appeared.  Marliu''<  i^'urrntiri'  of  Frrnwui'f  E.'judiiioa  to 
if'niia  iu  IS.'i'i-t!,  MS.,  58  p.,  is  a  very  eonijileto  and  interesting  account 
III'  rxpe<lition,  and  <>f  the  eveiit.s  which  followed  it,  dii^tated  for  my  use  to 
'.  Murray  in  \^''c>,  liy  Thomas  S.  Martin  of  Sta  ISfuljara,  a  man  who  came 
v\  I  lit  with  Fremont's  inirty,  but  returned  to  Ca!iforiii.i  iu  later  years.  See 
nil  account  in  Laiirii/'a  Cniise.  if  the  JJale,  34-(i.  Many  of  the  authoritie.s 
I  Vcinont's  opei'ations  in  1840,  to  be  cited  later,  contain  allusions  to  his 
val  ill  1845;  and  I  might  add  a  very  long  list  of  references  to  books,  pam- 
l  '.  and  newspapers,  on  Fremont's  life  and  services,  including  this  trip;  but 
•  I  •<nld  serve  no  good  purpose,  as  these  references  will  have  to  be  given 
u  licre. 


nf-i' 

^'■^  / 

I1|M\ 

lUI.I 
Cii:, 
t-'r.  '. 
!'■   i 

.\ls( 

v.i.l 
mid 

Ti;- 

tai'i 
tu.l. 
/..  II 

iCl! 

klln 
('■I  / 
lif  ti 

]■:.  I 

itiiii 

illv 

on 
iiri  1 
l.h 
thi 

tlbl; 


V  *  •■: 


■■i). 


w  n 


I  < 


|i 


i'rtn 


5S0 


IMMIGRANT  COMPAXIRS  AND  PIONKIT.S. 


Avlixiii  (Ic'cidcd  liiiallyto  stay  at  lioine."  Tlirv  stni'lod, 
tt'ii  ill  iiiiiiilx'r,  rrojii  lii(|c|KMi(li'!ic<'  jil)()Ut  till'  iiiildlu 
of  AiiLi^ust,  far  Ix'liiiid  the  last  of  llic  Oi'ii^mi  tiviins; 
and  l)('t\vt'('ii  tints  liaramiu  and  Bridu^cr  wcrtj  ol>lio'(;il 
to  nial^c  a  Ioiili^  di'tour  to  avoid  liostiii!  sava'^cs.  [''loiu 
Fort  Hall  tlu'V  followed  the  usnal  ti'ail.  iJoidcs  Ix  inM' 
latu,  tliisi-oinjiany  was  inadiMinatidy  sii|»jtrK.'d  with  fiod, 
and  its  nicnilx'i's,  dcpciidriit,  tor  tin;  most  [»arL  on  (In.' 
rillo  of  Sniitli — '()ld  IJony'  the  hunter  -wcic  vrvy 
near  stai'vatioii  in  tlu;  niountains.^'"'  '' li"  tliey  luid  ;ir 
rivud  one  day  later,  they  would  liavi;  htcii  eiit  oil  liy 
the  innneiise  <|uantity  (tt'snow,"  wrote  Suiter.''''  Ilut 
l)y  !L(oo(]  luek  they  escaped  starvation  and  the  simw.s. 
They  catiie  out  at  Johnson's  raiieho  in  two  jiaiiiesef 
six  and  lour  res[»ectively,  and  ari'ivi'd  at  New  liilvctia 
on  Christmas.  A  full  list  of'theii'  names  is  ajtpindcd, 
Semjile  hein_<jf  most  liimous,  and  tallest  oftlu'  iiiiimI»'1'  — 
six  feet  eii^'ht  iiiehes,  aee(»rdin'^'  to  tlu;  nev.sp;![»ei'  lli;it 
announced  his  de[)arture  i'or  Calil'oniia.''^ 

I  conclude  this  chapter  v>ith  the  usnal  aiiiiii.d  list 
of  new-comers.      It  includes  nianv  whom  v/e>!Kill  iiiul 

^' A  list  of  their  ^2'^  iiaiucH  in  j;ivcii  in  the  liiilc/ifiiilriirr  J!i~i-iiiii  /■.'.ri,n.i:>.,r, 
July  (),  ISl.").  '  Mi'ii  of  tiiu  riglit  .'Uiiiiip  lor  siuli  an  uinlfi'talciii'',  ami  K'live 
riglit  \villin!;ly  for  the  jihiins.  Ajipari'Mtly  rc'.'ai-dlcs.-i  of  nil  (liiii,i,'ers,  t.'iiy 
venture  foruai'.i,  Imoycd  npwitli  hopes  of  .siieev'ss,  and  stinnilated  hydeeLscf 
(laiing,  hy  tiie  <k'sire  of  Ijetterin;^  tiieii-eondilioii  and  tliac  of  lliiirfiieMcl.i  v.  Lo 
have  gone  hefore  them.  'J'ho  st  a.'<ou  of  t!n;  year  for  siieii  a  jaunt  '■(  uiuisually 
late;  they  seem  to  tliink  not,  and  a|iiieai-(leterniined  to  show  to  tlie  worl  I  tliiit 
nothing  need  iirove  an  ohstaelo  toour  itrossing  the  i)lains.  W't'  give  the  iiiiiiius 
of  the  eomi)any  and  liieii-  l-'te  !"sid(  nces.'  A'/As"  /o;/.,  l.\i\.  7.  In  /'..  l';i>''. 
18,  is  a  notice  of  ■")  or  .'J  irlUMed  and  (lisgusted  Califoi  nians  wlio  [.is.-ul 
through  iioonesville,  .Mo.     I  have  no  idea  who  they  could  have  hei  u. 

'^-liioil.  ULi/r/i  <;/■  A''f/..:'V  ../I  n.  Sni://l,  \iy  'I'Mdes,'  ISTo,  :ilS..  17  p.  PiC- 
scnted  to  me  by  John  A.  Sw.in.  Tiiis  is  the  most  detailed  aecnint  of  thi'  trip 
extant.  See  also  sketeli  of  Henry  tl.  Sniitli  ]n  Lirmiiijtr  L'ii/<r/iru'i' ,  i»ec.  1, 
]87r»;  Stockton  liiclcjii'iuU'iit,  Dee.  4,  187">;  llalL  i/tiCi'titvunhil  U'jokvl' Al'inn  In, 

cou. 

'■^^ Sutti'r's  l)!arif,  0.  announcing  the  anival  on  l)(!e.  2.")th.  Arriv.il  al.^o 
recorded  Dec.  23th,  ia  A''.  JJelv.  JJiari/,  M.S.,  '2'i-{i.  Lawyer  Nash  airi\i  •!  eu 
the  --'(ith. 

^'Members  of  the  Hastings  company  of  184.j:  A.  H.  Crosbv,  li'  'ai  M  'Wii- 
ing,  L.  \y.  Hastings,  Wm  N  J-oker,  W.  M.  Mendeidiall,  J.  ll.  Na  !i,  i.  Urt 
Seuiple,  Henry  C  Smith,  Napoleon  J5.  Sun  th,  and  Ira  (or.) .  B, )  Slelil)iii '.  iinsi; 
names  are  given  in  a  letter  of  Sutter  to  Vullejo  on  J)ee.  ■-'(uii.  I'l'''/  .  7' h\, 
M.S..  xii.  loO;  and  also,  with  ll{  who  did  not  come,  in  A//'.^'  /i';/  :  •-'■-''<■•  7. 
^Jendenhall  is  also  called  William  and  Henr^  as  well  as  I'hilip. 


ll:i,l'Alini:cda, 


LIST  OF  NEW  COMKIIS. 


C87 


t,i!<in<if  a  prominent  pail  in  tlic  stlii'ini;  soonos  of  tlic 
!  .  \t  two  vi'iiis,  iuul  not  a  I'l'W  whose  naini's  lia\r  l)fcn 
\.<'\\  known  in  later  times.  Almost  all  ri.'maine«l  in 
the  nrtrtluTn  pai't  of  the  (Ie|)artme!it ;  and  lev.  ifaiiv 
t'liik  steps  to  become  J\Kxi<'an  citizens.  Those  who 
w  i.>he(l  for  land  lio|)e(l  to  ohtain  it  withont  that  I'or- 
iiialitv.  Jlow  they  We're  reeei\'ed  Ity  the  ( "alirnniian 
;i:itli(»rlties  will  hi;  tokl  in  another  chapter.  The  w  hole 
iiiimher  of  ioreiLjners  whose  names  appeal-  lor  the  lii'st 
time  in  this  year's  i-ecoi'ds  is  over  loiir  humh'ed.  and 
this  withont  iiu'lndin;^  the;  muster  rolls  df  the  ''.  S. 
(■r;d't;  hut  the  numher  of  pioiiei'i'  residents  named  in 
the  a[)])ended  list  is  oiu'  hundi'ed  and  seventy.'"'  Tlii.s 
iiiiml)er  mi"'ht  be  laruelv  increased,  and  le^itimaUly 

'''rioiiocra  of  lS4"i:  Jliram  Ai'ivs,  riiailivs  Alliiii,  Fiviiuis  Allisfii,  lli.r.'iuo 
II  Au.stiii(?),  ().  (If  (iiuiiiU^  l5:in|Uo  (?),  .iaiiics  IJin'rott,  \V.  1>.  li.iiry,  W'm 
ll^irul,  W;isli.  A.  Iijiitlutt,  Win  J!.  l!a.sjli.iiii,  'I'lit'i).  K.  l>;nij,-li.  .1.  (1.  liiixiur, 
N:iivisrc)  Uciini'tt,  Al<'\.  Ijeiit/lioH'C'l,  Susan  l>iu:,'i'it<in,  '  liilly  tlic  ('.mpcr,' 
.lo.ipli  lUiuk,  \\'u\  niackl.nrii.  Win  linwcn,  ('.  .1.  \V.  i'.rauii"  (?),  Cliailcs 
I'li'puii.  .Iiilni  II.  liiDun,  Ahnii'  liryaii,  liuclianan.  I'lmniaM  II.  IJiirui'ss,  ('!i:i)'!c3 
!  .  ( ';i(ly  (''),  ( Ion.  Cai'tci',  S.  ['.  (  liasc,  ■laiiiiM  <  'lynuui,  'i'liiiMias(  'ncliraii,  <  'hurlua 
(■"lU,  Thomas*  < 'raltdii,  I'liilii)  ('lo.sthwaitL',  .Vlcx.  I'avicl,  Jcionio  ( '.  !),.vis, 
.liiMlili  J>avi.-i,  .liiliu  \V.  l):iuil,  JKiniy,  lii'iij.  1  lr\v;ll,  .lardli  |)(i|i!;('n,  llc'ius 
l»  iv,  iiin;_',  ,1.  l)ii|i:i<!,  St  \  rain  Dinaiid,  ,101111  J'lllick,  Win  l>.  i'llliott.  I.a/.ania 
I'.vciliart,  Will  Fallon,  ('.  .1.  Fcllow.-i,  Win  FisluT,  1{.  I".  Flaiinin;:,  I'lcl.  W. 
Flan/.  Lmii.s  ( ias(jiu't,  .lolin  ( iililis,  Marion  <  ;il)s<iii,  Saiu.  (lilisoii,  Win  !'<.  (iii- 
lUa,  Nil-'.  (!or(l(jn,  .laincs  M.  (iiviii,  .laini'.-f  ( lrL';4s()ii,  ('alviii*'.  (i;iliitii,  .L'.nio.s 
A.  <irillitli,  Fraiili  W.  (Iii;.'.-<liy,  (iranvilli'  W.  (Iri^sliy,  ,)olin  ( !i!i,'sl)y,  Jniiaii 
liaiilis, 'J'lioinart  Ilardiii'i;.  W  111  1  faiily,  (Jco.  Ilaslitt  (''i,  .laioli  llciniaii,  *  !il- 
inan  Hilton,  Fiain-is  Jlouii,  T.  W.  Unhlcinl  ('/I,  David  llucison,  Win  ilucNo:i, 
l':'.n.  ('.  lltiiiuniii,  Dan.  Lli-,  .lames  Idc,  lAinnrl  Idf,  Wni  Me,  AVin  I!.  Idi>, 
Jac'!;s!in  (?),  FM.  .Johnson  ('!).  .lulian,  .loliii  H.  Ivcllry,  lloli'.Tt  ( '.  ICcycs,  'I'h'iUias 
Kini,'lit,  'Fhcodore  (!.  Kohlcr,  .Milton  J.add.  ISasil  Fa jtiUKs.se,  |)an.  Fiahy, 
I,..v,'luii  Fee,  .John  Jjcwis,  l'"rauU  liiglii.-itonc,  WmN.  Foktr,  I'at.  Mi  1  hristiiin, 
1;  ddiii;,'  McCoy,  MfDonald,  Ale;;'  MLd)oiial(F  «iro.  McDougall,  .Fimc;;  \lc- 
|).i\\rll,' Mcli.cii/,ic(Vi,  Akx.  .Mi'jorsCn,  Jlcnry  Marshall,  ■lami':<  W.  Marsliidl, 
■I  ihn  .Marshall,  Win  .\Fusliall,  Tliomas  S.  .Maiiin.  W.  M.  Mi-.idunhall,  'J'liomas 
-Middklon  (?).  .rolinr>.  .Moiitgoiiu'ry,  .John  F.  .Mont;.'omL'ry,  Win  1[.  ^lontuoin- 
fi-y.  .Fihii  Jl.  Nash,  John  Xial,  .1.  .M.  Nichols  I'/i,  (1.  Jt.  Nightuv^^'H  ('•'),  ■^mi. 
Xniils,  AVin  Xoithgiiivi',  (!fo,  W.  Nilttor,  Win  O'Connor,  A!'ici  t  rai.l;.i!il, 
.iohii  l'arrott,.Mary''l'attor.siiii..J.  J).  IVrkcy,  J'fiiy,  Xoali  Foturs.  liarvcy  Cor- 
t'lliilil.  Will  licynolds  (?),  Jliram  Jaiiusaw,  Wm  Itod/oid,  Coo.  Fodmaii, 
•  li'o.  Jindycrs,  Charles  UootJU'i',  Jloriuo  Sandiis,  .loliu  .'^cott,  Wm  U'.  Scott. 
1  rank  Sears,  John  ISears,  IloFert  Seni))le,  J''ivd.  C.  Smith  ('.').  Jleiiry  C.  .Smith, 
ilaiini  Smith,  Xapoleou  B.  Smith,  Sam.  Smith  ('.'),  Thomas  Sniiili,  Thomas  .1. 
fiiiilli,  Wni  M.  Smith,  .Fieol)  It.  Snyder,  Jlenry  Spiel,  Fred  Starke,  Ira  Stvb- 
liius,  Swanich,  Wm  l'\  .Swasey,  .Anthony  .Sylvester,  Win  Thonips(,ii,  Fiiidy 
'ilinip,  Win  J.  Todd,  Henry  Trow,  S.ani.  Turner,  I'Vrnando  I'u.uin,  Wi.i.J. 
Ti,:.iii,  Ceo.  WalUleo,  .1.  Wa.sld)iirn  (?),  Wm  T.  Wheeler,  Lewis  Wi,Lnnaii, 
VVi.i  C.  W'il;;on  (■;),  .John  Yolk,  David  York,  AVni  K.  Y(.rk.  I'or  l)io.;i-ai'liieul 
uotiijes  of  all  these  men,  aue  rioneer  ile^iater  ni  end  of  these  voluiiiea. 


w    i 


ii 


m 


W 


li 


583 


IMMIGRANT  COMPANIES  AND  PIONKKRS. 


enouij^li,  by  iiddinuf  ail  of  Fiviuoiit's  ex[)lorers  wlio 
served  ill  Calilbriiia  from  1845  to  1847,  and  also  thr 
naval  forces  servinij;  on  the  coast  for  the  same  ])erii.il. 
many  of  the  saik>rs  and  marines  doing  garrison  ainl 
other  duty  on  shore;  but  I  have  thought  it  Ixst  to 
omit  both  classes  here,  as  being  sufficiently  noticed 
elsewhere.  Ide,  Marshall,  Parrott,  and  Semple  are 
tiie  Jiien  of  1845  who  became  most  widely  known. 

The  registered  foreign  population  in  1840  has  hcvn 
given  as  ;)80.^"  In  later  statements  females  must  he 
excluded  for  lack  of  reliable  data.  In  the  period  dt' 
1841-5  new-comers  numbered  420,  and  the  fitninn 
male  po])ulation  at  the  end  of  1845  may  be  regai'd.d 
in  round  numbers  as  080,  the  number  of  dei)aitun's 
and  deaths  during  the  half-decade  being  a[)pru.\i- 
mately  120. 

^"See  pp.  115-17  this  volume. 


CHAPTER  XXV. 


FOREIGN  11ELATI0N3. 
1845. 

T'ltniUON    CONSHLATKR— LaKKIX,    LKIDESDOnFF,    FoRBES,    GaSQUF.T,  AXT)  La- 

TAiLi.AiJE— British  Schemes— Notiiinu  but  Sl-spicions— Hudson's  Bay 
CoMPANV — Suicn>E  OF  Kae— SoHEMES  OF  THE  Uniteu  Statks — Bv- 
(HASAN  TO  Latikin-  Plans  of  Maksh  ani>  Wehkr — I.MPEMUNff  Wau — 
Amu'.sT  OF  .Smith — Oukkus  fiiom  Mexico — I'lio's  I'iioclamations — 
Mii.iTAUv  I'ltEPAiiATioNS— Kind  Tkeaimen  r  of  Immiuhants — Mexican 
()i;iiK.its  FOK  Kxpn.sioN'  of  Amekk'ans — Castko  I'EitMiTs  'J"hi:m  to 
1!emain — Affairs  on  the  Sacramento— Si-iter's  Welcome  to  New- 
comers—The  KrssiANs  Want  their  Pay— Sutter  Wishes  to  Sell 
out — Diary  of  New  Helvetia. 


-I.  ^  1 


Thomas  O.  Laiikin  continued  to  perform  tlie  duties 
of  U.  S.  consul,  duties  which  consisted  mainly  in  fm '- 
iiisliincf  aid  to  destitute  Americnn  seamen,  and  wi'it- 
iii^-  to  the  secretary  of  state  on  the  country's  uceneral 
iniidition  in  respect  of  conuu(!rcial  and  [)or!tical  al- 
liiis.'  In  October  lie  went  to  San  Francisco  and 
made  an  attempt  to  l)rinu^  ilie  assailants  of  Captain 
liihhey  to  justice-.-  hut  otherwise,  noui.'  of  iiis  diplo- 
matic corresj)o»idi-nce  with  Californian  authorities 
1  'i|uires  notice.  In  ()ctol)er  he  aj)i)oint(.'d  AN'illiam 
.\.  Leidesdorff  as  vice-consul  at  Yerha  Buena,  which 
a|tpointment  was  recognized  as  valid  by  General  Cas- 

'  f.arkin's  Off.  Corresp.,  MS.,  i.,  ii.,  passim,  ^^any  of  the  (■oninumica- 
t'  n  spcciiil  topics  aro  noted  elsewhere.  Tlie  linaucial  accounts  of  liis 
'•  lor  the  year  ai'o  fimiid  in  /(/.,  ii.  '21,  34o;  IiL,  Dae,  MS.,  ill.  ]."(l; 
M'Hili i-i ;i,{\>unHl(ite  Arrh.,'b>\'f>.,\.  I-lo;  ii.  lO-lS;  VnUcjo,  J)w.,'S]^.,\\y.'\\. 
ITS;  Litrkin's  I'ofti rn,  MS.  Hospiial  expenses  for  tlio  yrar  wero  alMnit  §S()(), 
iui. I  other  expenses  alioiit  ^oOO;  while  his  fees  ainoiiutei!  to  Ic-^s  Uiau  |!i'0(>. 
Ill' pieteudeil  to  regard  his  position  as  a  very  buri'enaomo  and  unpvolituhlo 


■•  See  chap,  xxiii.  of  thia  voliunc. 


'^m 


M 


(689) 


590 


FOr.EIGX  RELATIONS— 1845. 


IM.Ui 


I" 


tro,  wlio  rcallv  liad  notliin^  to  do  ■with  tlio  matter- 
but  not  by  Pal)l()  do  la  (iuorra,  achiiinistrator  of  cus- 
toiiis,  who  was  ,su[)]M)rtL'd  in  his  refusal  by  (hivti'iioi- 
Pioo.  ]\Ii'an\vhilo  Lcidesdorff  was  instructed  to  -;» 
on  uitli  Ills  duties  on  board  vessels,  and  get  alon;^-  <>■.{ 
siiore  as  l)est  ho  could  until  his  appcjintnient  shduil 
bo  conhrnied.^  In  October,  also,  there  was  sent  (;> 
Ijarldn  from  \Vashin2^t(jn  an  a[)pointment  as  cnn*'- 
dontial  ag^ent  of  the  U.  S.  government,  which  luj  diil 
not  receive  till  the  next  year.* 

James  A.  Foi'bes  did  nothing  as  Biitish  vice-consul 
v.'hich  lias  left  any  sjiecial  trace  in  the  archives;  h'l'- 
in  addition  to  his  consular  duties  he  assumed  f'.. 
mnnagonient  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company's  est:'! - 
lishment  at  Yerba  Buena,  after  the  death  of  \lu:-. 
Louis  Gasijuet,  acting  consul  of  Fi'ance  under  ;i:i 
aj)])ointment  of  earlier  date,  arrived  in  ATarcli  hy  tin 
Pr'nuiirei'd  to  take  possession  of  his  office.  His  sal- 
ary was  about  .$4,000,  for  which  in  1845  ho  made 
some  iiKjuiric^s  about  the  past  trouble  between  ^Mii'Iid- 
torena's  cholos  and  the  crew  of  the  French  wlmL  r 
A)i</('/iii(i,  also  making  an  effort  to  recover  soum'  df- 
si'i'ters  from  the  llcrouic..^  On  AuLTUst  2Gth  Cesai\'o 
Lataillade  was  appointed  vice-consul  of  S[)ain  to  rc- 
sid(!  at  ^Monterey;  Ln.it  his  ejcvquatar  w'as  not  rccei\(<l 
from  Mcxiot)  until  the  next  year.** 

In  his  communications  to  Secretary  Buchanan  ami 
to  eastern  newspapers,  Larkiu  chose  to  re[)resent  ilu; 

■■'Oct.  29tli,  L;irkiii  to  LcidcsdorfT,  with  aiipointinont.  Larkin'K  Of.  ''''/• 
rrnp.,  Jl.S.,  i.  (Ki.  Oct.  ;{Otli,  Id.  to  piefcot  and  (.'astro.  /(/.,  i.  (iS-O.  \nv. 
ht,  C.'istro  ajiprovcs.  IiL.JJor.,  MS.,  iii.  ;>71.  Xov.  'JOtli,  'JTtli,  (Jucri.i  itvA 
ricotlisapprovo.  /</.,  iii.  4(M),  4()!».  Dw.  l.st,  LaiUiii  to  I'iuo.  A/.,  Of.  '  -r 
iv  /;.,  MS.,  i.  7l».  ])('c.  (Jill.  Id.  to  Ourna.  J>(/if.S/.  J'n/i.,  MS.,  v.  Imi-T. 
Jan.  'JO.  IS-Ki,  I.aikin  to  l.uidcsdorir.  lAirl:iii\'^  (If.  CornKp.,  MS.,  i.  71. 

U)ct.  17tli,  JIkc/i  .iiKii'.i  /ihi^nir.,  MS. 

''Maroli  Kith,  airivud  at  S.  Dii'go.  Lurkin't  /)nr.,  MS.,  iii.  !1'J:  I'lii'n, 
Z)or.,  MS.,  ii.  I'JO;  /),/.f.  Her.,  MS.,  xiv.  .V_>.  .July  IStli,  atl'iiir  of  tiu:  .lo- 
stiitcrs.  Viilhjo,  ])oi\,  MS.,  xxxiv.  144.  July  Kith,  Larkiii  to  sir.  slate. 
jAiil.iii\i  Of.  <'niri:'<]>.,  MS.,  ii.  'JO. 

"An;;.  'J.")-((,  184.">,  aj»|ioiiitni('nt  and  exequatur.  Dfpf.  St.  Pap.,  Ji(i., 
MS.,  xi.  173;  Sup.  aovtSI.  I'a/).,  MS.,  xviii.  11.  Sept.  '-'d,  I'avon  lolliurra. 
Dipt  St.  i'cq).,  Muiit.,  MS.,  viii.  10. 


Hi 


i; 


Cdll'l- 


<}•}'.  (  nr- 

-a"    N"V. 

nil'.  i''ir- 
|v.  l(«>-7. 
71. 

2;    I'hi'n. 
l\    tlu;  lU'- 

\.K'c.  slato. 
I/...  .t':7.. 


LARKIX'S  SUSPICIOXS. 


501 


iii.Iiitonnnpo  of  an  Enuclish  and  FroiK^li  ooiisiilato  in 
( '.ilit'ornia — wIkm-o  neither  nation  had  any  commercial 
ill!  rests  to  protect,  or  the  sli^'htest  •ij)|)arent  need  of 
(Mi.-nlar  service,  ('ostini;'  a  salaiy  of  .*i54, ()()()  to  Gasquet 
ami  81,000  to  Forbes — as  a  very  sus[)icious  circuni- 
st,incc>.  Indeed,  rorl)cs  was  allowed  to  attend  to  his 
(iv,  !i  pi'ivate  Inisiness  and  that  of  his  company,  rarely 
vi  iiiii,i4'  Monterey.  "These  consnls  have  nothiriL,^  to 
(!  1,  ;ip[iai'ently ;  why  they  are  in  sei'\i<'(!  their  p)vern- 
ii:t!ils  bc!st  know,  and  Uncle  Sam  will  know  to  his 
(11.  t."'  This  was  an  extravajjjant  vii'W  of  the  matter, 
l;;'.t  it  pleased  the  i>'ovcrnniont  at  Washington,  and  the 
American  press  to  some  extent,  to  accept  the  sus))icion 
;.>  a  K'!4'itimate  one,  and  to  believe  that  Ciasrjuet  and 
I'urlx's  were  |»lottin_u,'  to  wrest  from  l^ncle  Sam  his 
]iiiispectiv(!  ])rey.^  So  i'ar  as  French  schemes  for  ob- 
t;iiiiin!4'  ( 'alitbrnia  are  concerned,  Oascpiet's  [)resenco 
Vwi>  the  only  oround  of  fear  known  at  the  time  or  since 
liiim.nlit  t(»  lin'ht. 

The  fear  that  England  would  seize  the  country 
rested  on  a  slightly  better  foundation;  for  inthccom- 
i!iiiiiications  ( ited  J^arkin  announced  that  the  agent  of 
till'  Hudson's  J)ay  C'om))any  had  ])resented  a  bill  for 
an  !-<  and  munitions  su[)plied  to  the  Californians  in 
til  :r  );i*:e  sti-uu-u'le;  that  Foi'bes  raised  his  consulai' 
i\'j:  r<»"  the  first  time  and  ih'cd  a  salute  on  hearing  of 
?i  I;v  itoi-ena's  overthrow;  and  that  now  the  jMexican 
oil  iv  abouL  to  invade  California  was  "without  doubt" 
^  nt  't  I'litish  instigation,  and  to  be  ])aid  with  ]>rit- 
i-li  gold!  Truly,  these  were  alarming  cii'cumstances, 
if  in  the  troubles  between  California  and  ^lexico  the 


Ms. 

•J'l;;. 

'Wr! 
lilt. 


Ul'i  ., 

AlIK 


.liiiio-.Tiily,  L.'s  letters.  Lnrhiii's  Off.  ('orrcsp.,  MS.,  ii.  'H-iV,  Id..  Dor., 
,  iii.  ,'lli.")-7;   X.    1'.  Jounad  of  Cuiinncirc,  (juoted  in  A'iVcs'  /iV;/.,  l\ix. 

I'liivlianni),  Instructions,  M.S.,  pronounces  tin;  .■nipeiir.Tiici'  (if  tho  coiisuls 
1  •,"iliiil;iti'(l  to  produce  tiie  impression  tliiit  tiuir  icspectivi!  fro\eriiiiii'iit.s 
I  tiiiii  iloJLtiis  on  tliiit  L'oiuitry  wJLicli  must  nt'(.'essiinly  'k'  iiostile  to  its  in- 
ts.  Oil  iiil  proper  oeoiisioiis  you  slionlil  not  f:iil  jirmleiitly  to  warn  tlio 
:u(l  (leoplo  of  Cal.  of  tiin  dangta'  of  sinh  on  enterprise  to  their  jieaie  and 
l'(.Tity  to  inspire  tlieni  with  a  jeidousy  of  Kuropean  dominion,  and  to 
M  in  their  bosoms  that  love  of  liberty  uud  iudepcndeiico  so  natural  to  tlie 
ricans  cuutiueut'l 


n'i  I 


■M 


;'.  m 


i 


"5  ' 


ii  n 


592 


FO]li:iGX  IlELATIONS— ISla. 


British  lion  was  (lisj)o,so(l  to  roar  on  botli  sides.     The 
status  (jf  the   English  scheme  in  1844  is  ah'eadv  \\v]\ 
known  to  the  reader.'    Many  of  the  bond-holders  wrw. 
in  favor   of  taking  Mexican   lands  in  pa3'nient;  and 
some  were  in  favor  of  locating  those  lands  in  Calilur- 
nia.     The  government,  so  far  as  can  be  known,  liad 
nothing  to  do  with  the  matter,  and  offered  no  enciMir- 
agement;  but  the  men  interested  doubtless  hoped  th.it, 
if  tliey  could  secure  a  broad  tract  of  land  and  estidi- 
lish  on  it  a  large  colony  of  former  British  subjecis, 
the^/  '       'I  eventually  obtain  from  the  governnu  .c 
such  rv        .lition  and  ))rotection  as  might  be  uecdid, 
and  that  ()ei-haps  California  might  become  a  Jhiii^h 
province.     So  far  as  evidence  goes — I  have  no  ])()\vrr 
to  penetrate  court  secrets — this  expectation  w;is  Hh' 
sum  and  substaiKH' of  the  English  bugbear;  and  tlirw. 
v.ere  many  tedious  and  diHicidt  steps  to  b»3  talceii  Kc- 
forc  it  could  be  realized.      The  year  1845   brou'dit  no 
new  develoj)ments,  except  that  an  Irish  priest  api)li('(l 
in  ^[I'xico  for  a  gi'ant  of  land  to  be  settled  byacolnny 
of  Irishmen,  and  has  been  accused  of  haxdng  acted  at 
the  instigation  of  tlie  lilnglish  govei'innent.     Tliis  Mc- 
Namara  project  was  perha[)s  an  outgrowth  of  W  ylhi's 
l>lan,of  which  we  hear  nothing  more;'"  but  it  hcl(iii;;-.s 
\\\o\\i  properly  to  the  amuils  of  the  next  year.      An 
article   in  the   French  papers,  quoted  by  the  /.nmlnn 
Times,  in  which  it  was  stated  that  Santa  Aima  liid 
l)een  on  the  point  of  ceding  California  to  England  toi- 
25,000,000  piastres,  brought  the  subject  uj)  iu  ]i  iilia- 
nient  in  Mairh,  wdien,  in  re[)ly  to  questions  by  \\  ni  t- 
Icy,  Sir  Robert  Peel  for  the  actual  governmcnf,  and 
Lord  Palmerston  for  the  past,  explicitly  denied  li.at 
the  rumor  had  any  foundation  in  fact."     Thete  was 

*Soe  chnii.  xix.  of  this  vol.  for  corresp.  of  Wyllie  and  Iliirtiu'll. 

^^' In  1S4,">  ^V'vllil;  \v;is  nou.  for  foreign  alliiirs  iit  l:.imolnlu.  Stc  hi-!  I'or- 
r(.";p.  witli  Com.  Sloat  ami  Admiral  Seymour,  in  llonolutii  PolyiicMiii.  li.  Ii'.l- 
100. 

"  //rt^xa/vrs  Parl'mmi'iitarii  Delinffx,  Ixxii.  4.30;  Ixxviii.  4.S0-'2.  In  Xl'i' 
Ii'i'tJ.,  Ixix.  147-8,  is  an  article  from  the  X.  V.  Courier  cm  the  evident  inten- 
tion of  lui^hind  to  possess  Cal.,  iiicludiug  a  letter  from  Caleh  ('usiii:i :  in  tliu 
1  ast  hititory  of  the  matter.     No  evidence  is  presented  with  which  my  naikrs 


ilf^f^^f 


•<iio  his  cor- 
shni,  li.  '.Hi- 
ll! .v-'<.^' 

liilnii  iiiti'ii- 

lliiiiii'U  the 

ii'.y  ivaikrs 


HUDSON'S  r.AY  CO.MrANY. 


fiO.'J 


in  ralifornia  tlio  next  year  a  project  discussed  by  cer- 
tain men — -and  it  is  not  unlikely  that  it  was  bt'^-uu 
lit'lore  the  end  of  1845— to  obtain  an  ]Mi;4'lish  itrottM-- 
toiate;  but  there  is  no  deiinite  evidence  on  the  .sub- 
j  (i,  which  will  be  i'ully  considered  later. 

hi  relation  to  the  affairs  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Coni- 
jiauy,  tliere  is  the  same  lack  of  I'ecords  that  has  bci'U 
Witvd  before,  but  it  does  not  ap[)car  that  tlie  hunteis 
ciiiiie  at  all  this  year.  The  most  prominent  event  in 
tliis  connection,  lunvever,  was  the  suicide  of  William 
(i.  liae,  tho  con  nany's  agent  at  San  Francisco,  which 
(H-.'uired  on  the  'ii.."nini,M>f  January  10th.  llac,  after 
lia\  iiii,^  made  a  will  and  taken  an  opiate,  deliberately 
li!i'\v  out  hi.-i  I)rains  with  a  pistol-shot,  in  the  presence 
dl'liis  wife.'"  As  to  the  motives  of  this  act,  the  in- 
(|!icst  revealed  nothing"  beyond  the  fact  that  Rae  had 
li>'  u  for  some  time  in  low  spirits.  It  is  supposed, 
liMV.ever,  that  his  de[>ression  grew  out  of  iinancial 
liMiil)les,  and  his  failure  to  manage  the  comi)a!iy's 
l;!^.iness  successfully;  and  that  it  was  aggravated  also 
liy  the  excessive  use  of  intt'xicating  liquors.''*  Other 
lani  ives,  b(^th  domestic  and  political  in  their  nature, 

aii;  nut  iilicady  familiar.  The  Monitor  Cotiitii/.,  Ajir.  10,  ISt."),  contains  i'\- 
li';ic;.i  iViPiii  Auicr.  pa[iL'r.s  1.111  i'L'])ori.s  that  thiciuiiciit.s  sliowin;.^  Sl;i  Aiin:i'.-i  nc- 
guLiii;  oii.i  wiLJi  ilii'^Iaiul  Lad  fallen  into  thu  iiowor  of  his  fui's  at  Voi'ii  Ci'iiz. 

'■'  /.''('•,  IiiV(  a  i'ldcloii  Jniltriid  sohic  <  /  Sniciilit)  ihl  (fjciilc  di'  la  <  'nitijun'iia  dc. 
In  Dnhia  dc  llinlnoii  111  Ytrbii  JJiii  ii((,  I'J  dc  Encro,  IS.'/'i,  MS.  This  is  a  ivu- 
iii'.l  1. 1  llic!  imiui'st  IkIiI  tho  next  tlay.  It  aiJiicars  that  alioiit  8  A.  Ji.,  \\  lu 
Siai-Liir,  a  servant,  and  Mi.s  .lohn  Fuller  wmo  att. acted  by  loud  \vords  tu 
r.,u ',i  i-.Miin,  where  they  found  him  with  liiu  coat  oll'aml  a  jiistol  in  his  haml, 
(inclining  his  intenUo:i  to  ki.l  liinise!;".  Mrs  lliio  fainted,  Imt  Sinclair  .snc- 
CKiKd  in  SLizin;j  the  pistol  liel'ore  it  could  he  dischar;,'ed,  and  hastened  tot'all 
lliacldey.  liae.  however,  olitaincd  another  pistol,  proliahly  from  his  coat  in 
iKiDllier  room,  and  accoini)'ii:ihed  his  jmrpose,  hcing  dead  v.-ju  n  IlineUley  and 
tiie  lest  arrived.  It  was  lihowii  that  he  had  taken  a  slroiij,'  dose  of  eaniplior- 
ii  Cil  taictiire  of  opium,  or  pare;..;oiic,  just  liei'ore  tiie  act.  The  witnesses  v.erc 
t'.iieair,  .Min  Fuller,  Hinckley,  .Joiin  C.  Davis,  .loliu  Hose,  \\  in  Reynolds, 
au  I  Na.liaii  Spear,  w:io  also  acted  as  exaniininy  burgeon.  Jas  A.  Foihes  pru- 
I'lr.ccd  jiae'.i  will,  or  inslruetioiis  for  the  ilisposiiiou  of  the  conipaiiy's  p:d;>- 
ri'.y.  v.hieli  hi.d  lieeiii'.ellvercd  to  him  the  ilay  lielore,  though  dated  .Ian.  ■J.llli. 
Tile  \i'i'dict  was  death  hy  suicide. 

■'  i  iieljis,  loi'i'  (iiitl  Aj'U  'l~\-'i,  .speah.s  of  him  as  a  hard  diinktM',  espei.-i.illy 
after  li,;siuess  reverses.  ^Irs  Itae,  /uirny'.i  l/ij'c  tj'  McLtiini/iliii,  .MS.,  bays 
iDiliiii!,' (if  the  suicide  or  its  causes,  hut  states  that  tlic,  company V.  liusiiie.-'j 
\v;u  ill  a  had  si;ile,  it  heiiig  impossible  to  collect  dchts.  Oct.  ."id,  I'orhcs  eoni- 
plaiin  (.f  the  impossihiiity  of  collecting  the  .Slo,UOO  due  the  coinpiUiy.  Jjt/it,. 
^'-  l'''i'.,  MS.,  viii.  (i7-Ti). 

Hint.  Cm..,  Vol.  IV.    33 


llO' 


i 


Mm 


mm 


■  1 

1 

1 

! 

ill  III 

ii 

m 

'  ''  '. ' 

1 

1 

1 

*1 

lil^" 


i 


I'j 


I  1 


1:13  -li 


<sf 


StH 


FOREIGN  RELATIOXS-1845. 


have  been  ascribed  with  some  p]ausil)i]ity.  It  is  said 
tliat  tlie  Scotcli  })<>n-riranf  had  succuinbed  to  the  at- 
tractions of  a  native  (^alif'oriiian  woman,  wliirh  fact 
naturally  led  to  a  quarrel  with  his  wife;  and  the  sit- 
uation was  eoni[)lieate(l  by  the  fact  that  it  was  to  liis 
wile's  father,  l)r  McLoughlin,  that  he  owed  his  posi- 
tion." Larkin  believed  at  the  time  and  later  that  the 
suicide  resulted  niaiidy  from  the  part  Rae  had  taken 
in  the  I'cvolution  then  in  progress.  He  had  aided  the 
Californians  with  arms  and  munitions  belongiiin  tn 
the  company,  and  had  been  present  on  the  lieM  nt 
Santa  Teresa.  Now  Micheltorena  seemed  sure  to 
succeed;  and  his  vengeance  was  likely  to  com|)l(tc  tin' 
ruin  of  the  company's  establishment,  for  which  Ik.  hv 
reason  of  his  nnjustifiable  and  unsuccessful  intii  I'l  r- 
ence,  would  be  held  responsible. *''  After  Rae'sdcatli 
Forbes  took  chai'ge  of  tlu;  establishment  at  ^'ili.i 
Bui-na;  but  there  was  little  to  be  done  except  to  jUi  - 
pare  for  its  abandonment,  which  took  [dace  tlic  t 
lowinu'  year,  when  ^IcTavish  came  down  on  the  I 
coiircr  in  ^larch  1H4G,  as  agent  with  instructions  t 
sell  the  com[)any's  house,  settle  all  business,  and  n 
turn  to  the  Columbia  by  the  next  vessel,  with  tli 
mains,  family,  and  effects  of  Rae.^" 


I II- 


u:  vv- 


I  como  now  to  the  plans  of  the  United  Stat  s  re- 
specting California,  or  rather  to  what  was  said  abmt 

"  T)avisi,  aHmpxeif  of  flic  Past,  MS.,  7-,  tolls  us  that  Kar,  -whom  tin- writer 
know  inliiiiatoly,  was  a  vciy  sonsitivo  man,  and  was  drivou  to  liis  (k:iili  liy 
sliaini*  and  nKirtifioation  wlion  tho  soanilal  hooauio  publio.  llittoll,  //'.''.  >'. 
/'. ,  !•(',  also  alludes  to  tiiis  uiattor,  jjrohahly  on  the  authority  of  Loo.so. 

'■■'Juno  (Ith,  L.  to  soc.  Hlato.  LcirLiii'.f  Off.  ('orrc-<p.,  MH.,  ii.  •.•.'{.  Also 
stntcinont  of  Ji.  in  S.  /'.  Alln,  Aug.  '27,  1S.")4.  Ko)>ei-t  Birnic  in  an  .1"'  ol 
18(!.")  coufinns  Larkin's  statoniont,  and  donios  that  fauiily  troublos  had  any  in- 
fluonoo.  Suttor,  /'(  rsoii.  Jicinhi..  MS.,  (i7-S,  saj's  noono  know  why  J>'io  Idkil 
liinisolf.  'Ho  s.iid  to  mo  one  day  in  a  lit  of  niolancholy,  "Jt  is  ji;-r  lit 
woathor  to  ontono's  throat."'  In  the  Alfn,  uhi  sup.,  tho  finding  of  Rai '  i"iiy 
on  Aug.  'J(i,  lh.")4,  l>y  workmen  oiniiloyed  in  digging  for  a  sower  on  ( 'i.iMiinr- 
cial  St  hotwoou  Montgomory  and  Koarny  is  mentioned.  Tho  ootliii  li.i'l:i 
glass  plate,  and  lioro  liao's  name.  It  was  ro-intcrred  in  Yerha  Jiueiia  r.  nn  • 
tery.  In  /Ian  if  miil  P(il/(ii\i  Men  find  Moil.,  '2',\,  the  finding  is  put  in  \s.\2.  I 
liavo  much  doubt  about  the  identity  of  tho  reujains  fountl. 

^'^Larkhi'n  Off.  Corrcsj).,  MS.,  ii.  51;  Jlotiolulii  Frkiul,  iv.  IGl;  J/oAwy's 
Jiccoll.,  MS.,  4, 


Mm 


SCHEMES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


505 


It  is  said 
to  the  ;it- 
'liirli  tact 
1(1  tlu-  sit- 
iVtis  to  his 
I  his  j)()si- 
!!•  that  thi' 
luul  taktu 
aided  thf 
[()nj4'iii.u'  tu 

ic    lifld    nf 

d  sure  to 
uph'tf  the 
licli  h<',  hy 
il  intcrrci'- 
lao'sdrath 

at  Y<'rh:i 
■e))t  to  l>i'r- 
.cc  tlic  t'ul- 
|n  the    I  "'I- 

uctiiiiis  tit 
ss,  and  ii- 

itli  tht.'  ic- 


Stat-s  rc- 
^u,i<l   aVniUt 


Ihom  tlic  \M it' •■ 
L  his  lU'aili  I'.V 
Itittell,  //'•■'.  >'■ 

,  ii.  -j;!.    Al>o 

in  an  .!"•'  ^'' 
Iks  liiiil  iiiiy  iii- 
Iwliy  Jtiii'lallol 

"It  is  ji'.-f  tit 
Igof  U;u'  l""lv 
Icr  on  CniMiiHi-- 
lie  cotliii  li'i''  '^ 
l)a  lUli'lia  nlUr- 


IpUt  111  is  ' 


101;  JilcK'i'fs 


thein;  for  1845  lirought  no  modifications  in  the  plans 
themselves.  American  wi-itors  spoke  in  the  most 
o'lnwing  terms  of  the  country's  natural  advantages  and 
njoiious  destiny. '''  Thcy^  declared  its  separation  from 
Mexico  inevitable,  were  certain  that  England  was 
stiaiiiing  every  nerve  to  win  so  valuable  a  prize,  and 
e(iually  sure  that  the  United  States  must  have  it — 
though  there  were  some  who  h(»peil  to  see  the  end 
attained  by  purchase  rather  than  by  a  repetition  of 
thi'  Texan  iuijixlt-i'V.  The  works  of  Hastin'jfs  and 
Fremont  having  been  noticed  in  connection  with  the 
visits  that  gave  rise  to  them,  as  also  that  of  the  Rus- 
sian, Markof,  there  are  no  other  l)Ooks  of  1845  on 
(  ah t'ornia  that  den)aud  attention;  but  I  give  iu  the 
aii]n'iule<l  note  some  ([notations  which  reflect  the 
siiiiit  of  the  times  on  the  matter  now  under  consider- 


alioii. 


IS 


'"  Yet  thore  ivcrc  exceptions.  In  the  Soitfliern  Qiutr.'orh/  fifvieir,  viii.  100, 
«!•  H'IuI:  '  Wlii'thef  (";il.  will  ever  beooiiie  of  any  gvrtit  inipi)rt:nuo  in  the  iiis- 
tniy  of  tlie  world,  or  ailvancc  t(j  any  eonsi)ieiioiis  position  either  ayricultrii-- 
:'.llv,  fonimereiiiUy,  or  ])oli(:iually,  is  suseeptilik'  of  tlic  greatest  (loulit...lii 
■i-ilf  it  has  little  jiiospeet  heyoiiil  a  nerveless  imliocility .  .  .Searecly  a  


iiiiii- 


trv  ill  tlic  world  is  enrscd  with  a  soil  more  hopelessly  sterile.  Kverytliiny;  i3 
liuiiieil  II])  from  want  of  rain.' 

'■■  Waddy  'riioinpson,  Rirolleclioiiii  of  }fc.ni'n,  X.  Y.,  1S47  (preface  signi'd 
Fill.  IS-ki),  eiiap.  XXV.  ji.  •j;{2-41,  fonncrly  U  S.  minister  in  Mexico,  s;iys: 
'1  liMil  lieen  eonsnlted  whether  in  the  event  of  a  revolution  in  (.';il.  and  its 
Mil'  I'ssfiil  result  in  a  se|(aration  from  Mexico,  our  govt  would  consent  to  sur- 
ic.il Irr  their  claims  to  Oregon,  and  tliat  Or.  and  Cal.  shoulil  constitute  an 
iiiilr|n'ndent  republic.  1  of  course  liiid  no  authority  to  answer  the  i|U(stioii.' 
(aliloiiiia  '  is  literally  a  waif,  and  liclongs  to  the  lirst  occupant.  .  .('apt.  Siiter 
i-  ilie  real  sovereign  of  the  country  if  any  one  is.  .  .1  have  no  doubt  liis  forco 
wuiild  be  more  than  a  match  for  iiny  Mexican  forco  which  will  evi'r  bo  sent 
auMiiist  him.  .  .1  am  well  satislied  tliat  there  is  not  on  this  continent  ;inv 
l.|lnn^ry  of  the  same  extent  as  little  desirable  as  Oregon,  nor  any  in  llic  world 
whirh  combines  as  many  advantages  as  (,'iil.  .  .If  man  were  to  ask  of  Ood  .'i 
uliiiiate,  he  would  ask  just  such  a  one  as  that  of  Cal.,  if  he  iiail  ever  bieii 
their.  .  .The  richest  mines  of  gold  and  silver  have  been  dis(;overed  there!.  .  . 
1  uiU  not  s;iy  what  is  our  ])olicy  in  regard  to  ( '.il.  Periiaps  it  is  that  it  re- 
iiwiii  in  th(!  hands  of  a  weak  power  like  Mexico,  and  that  all  the  iiiaritiuK' 
[I  lUiis  may  liave  the  advMntago  of  its  ports.  Ihit  one  tiling  I  will  say,  tli.it 
It  uill  lie  worth  a  war  of  '10  years  to  prevent  Juiglaiid  acnuiriiig  it,  w  liiili  L 
ii:i\i'  the  best  reasons  for  believing  she  ilesires  to  do,  and  just  as  good  rea.soiis 
fill  lielieving  that  she  will  n(*t  do  if  it  costs  a  war  with  this  country.  .  .  I  want 
iiii  more  territory,  for  we  iiave  already  too  much.  If  1  wire  to  make  an  ex- 
('('litiiin,  it  wouhl  bo  toac(piirc  Cal.  I>ut  I  should  grieve  to  see  that  country 
]«!--  into  the  hamls  of  England.  .  .1  am  by  no  means  sure  that  another  sister 
iv|i'.lilic  there.  .  .will  not  be  best  for  us.  ..  Whenever  tlie  foreigners  in  (,'al. 
make  tlie  movement,  it  must  suceccd.'  'J'ho  author  did  not  believe  tiicre 
Wi.iiM  l.)e  a  war  on  account  of  tlio  Texas  matter. 

Tlie  X,  O.  Courkr  says  'Cal.  is  Jcjtiiied  erelong  to  be  auuexcd  to  the  U. 


^1  {•■  ■) 


^!"'  ; 


^Tli 


',.(  ,     * 


i  '"\i 


V,;  i:i 


59(> 


FORKIGN  RELATIOXS-1S4.5. 


And  T  can  do  no  hotter  than  to  quote  in  ni\'  tc>cf  :i 
lettei'  ot*  .lames  ]3uchanau,  secretarv  of  state  uiilr 
President  Pt)lk,  to  Thomas  O.  Larkin,  written  in 
Octoher,  at  the  sanu^  time  that  Lieutenant  (lillcsjiie 
was  sent  to  Calitoi'uia.  "Tlie  future  destiny  of  t!iat 
country,"  says  Buchanan,  "is  a  suhject  of  anxioin 
soh(;itutle  for  the  government  and  people  of  the  Uiiitnl 
States.  The  interests  of  our  commerce  and  our  wli.ih- 
tisheries  on  the  PaciHc  d(;man(l  tliat  you  should  exert 
the  <j:reatest  vi<>'ilance  in  discoveriiiLi;  and  dcfciitiii'i' 
anv  attempts  which  may  l.)e  made  hv  I'orei^ii  e-ovcin- 
inents  to  ac(|uire  a  control  over  that  country.  In  t\u: 
contest  l)etween  ^lexico  and  California  we  can  take 
no  })art,  uidess  the  former  should  conunence  hos(ilitI^s 

S.;'  on  w'iiich  the  .V.  0.  Tro/iir  coniinents:  '  Tf  ;uiy  evidence  wore  wautiiirto 
fcliow  Uiu  spirit  of  iiL^jruysiijii  a;ul  national  pluniler  w'liL.  li  lias  sjizcil  u[)tiu  iliu 
niiad.-i  oi'  a  pirtion  ol  our  pcijile,  thi'  fiPiV'^.pin;^-  ii:ira';r:i;)h  tsiipplici  i:  i.i  ;;1>  u- 
(l.aice.  .  . \V)iat  \vc  fcarod  lias  Odiiio  to  pass;  and  hct'i'i'o  the  douiils  of  tlr.'  .■  a- 
liuxation  (if  Texas  arc  settled,  we  see  inllueuli:il  journals  eallin;^  out  lui-  l!iu 
ijinexation  of  Cal.  An  I  liow.  pi';iy,  is  this  ])ropoal  to  lie  lirim;''.it  ahiit? 
Tlie  country,  one  of  tlio  liest  in  the  world,  is  reiiri'scnted  in  glowiii',' e  il  i;  ■■, 
and  -Viiieriean  citizens  are  indueed  to  o;ni.,'rate.  Tiuit  llioilsaads  will  Juc  /C 
the  invitation,  it  recpiires  iiosi^vr  t)  tell.  Tlie  American  poiiulalion  will  ;:i  ii 
Ikj  sulliciently  niiinerous  to  )>lay  the  Texas  game!  The  st.indai'd  of  revolt  v.  .11 
be  raised — the  ,'40Vt  will  lie  ovci-tiirown — the  cry  of  "liberty"  will  he  r:;:.-^  1 
in  this  country,  and  thousands  of  the  yo mg  and  ailvenUirous  will  lly  1 1  ilu 
relief  of  their  (i/i/>r(n<i'd  countiyinen  in  ( -al. !  Mexico  will  ho  unahle  t  >  ■.(•  hioo 
lier  refracLory  ])rovince  to  oliedi.'iice,  and  another  "  Lone  Star  lie^^iiihlic  "  v.  id 
spriii';  up  on  the  shores  nf  the  I'acilie.  A  little  while  lon;,'(n"  tlio  "lie  ;iM:  : 
cf  t'alifoniia  "  will  he  knocki  rj;  at  oar  doors;  and  we  sliall  have  the  ahiuid 
cry  of  reannexatioii.  It  will  be  all  right  of  course;  it  will  only  bo  "ext-.:ul- 
in;;;  the  area  of  freedom" — but  will  the  spirit  of  robbery  stop  in  its  nipui.ms 
caiMcr?'  etc.    Xih's'  Jir/.,  Ixviii.  llij. 

•We  1  ly  it  down  as  an  axioui— to  be  enforced  by  war  if  necessary— that 
when  Mexico  ceases  to  own  ("al.  it  must  constitute  an  iutcrral  pirt  of  ija 
Aineiiean  Union.'  X.  Y.  ('ouncr,  in  /'/.,  Ixix.  M7.  '.Albert  .M.  (iilliani.  l,ue 
U.  S.  Consul  at  Cal.,  is  of  oin;iio;i  that  it  must  soon  fall  into  the  hand  i  it 
the  Anieiicau  I'ace,  a.id  that  .a  railroail  direct  from  S.  F.  might  be  ina  lu  tn 
great  advantaoe.'  /(/.,  Ixix.  '1X\.  Tin;  same  number  co.itaiiis  IjarUin's  1  ttir 
of  d'.dy,  taken  from  tlio  N.  Y.  J  r-ri/nl  of  Co./r/jccv,  in  wliicli  lie  givei  .■'_  d'- 
scri,)Lioa  of  current  all'iirs  caleul:i!ed  t )  promote  immigration  and  civaU:  t!>:irs 
of  i'j.igdjii  desi  jn.i.  lie  incorreody  represents  tlu  (,'a!iforniaiis  as  prrii  ini',' 
to  rejisb  an  e::pcdition  to  be  sent  against  tliem  at  I'higlish  expen  -e  an  I  '.:>  a- 
j^ation.  In  fd,  Ixix.  '-'H-.'i,  ii  an  artiide  from  the  /Idlli/nnrc  I'nlr.'o',  in  vdia.i 
the  v.-riter,  evidently  L)r  V»'ood  of  the  U.  S.  navy,  says:  '  I  think  I  can  I'lv-O!' 
in  th  ■  i.ievitable  destiny  of  this  territory  one  of  the  most  eliiriciit  I'oiT!.  -x'S 
fi'om  wliicli  new  and  liberal  are  to  combat  old  and  despotic  iiislirn  i  'ii.^. 
(.'ireunis...inces  kiiov,-n  to  nio  hero  assure  me  that  (Jreat  llricain,  as  the  u.i.ili- 
dog  of  dl^sp)t;sln,  .sees  t!io  same  thing,  and  is  ready  ti^)  arouse  every  <i!'  '-'-'^'^ 
impede  such  a  result.  If  tile  view  I'preseut  is  correct,  it  would  iiuliciuc  ear 
policy  in  case  of  buUigerent  relationd.' 


11 


lli 


BUCIIANAX'S  LinTJCR. 


C37 


au'aiiist  tlic  I'uited  Statos;  l»ut  slioul*!  ( 'alironiia 
ii>M'i"t  and  luaintaiii  licr  iiulcpt'iulciKH',  wc  ssliall  itirIlt 
Ini'  all  tlio  kind  odict's  in  our  powoi-  as  a  fsi.ster 
ivj)ul)li('."  AVhilc  tliu  exei'cisu  oC  connjulsion  or 
iiii[)ro}ic'r  intlurnee  to  acquire  tcri-itory  would  1)0 
ivj>ut|;nant  to  the  sentiments  of  the  pri.'sidi-nt,  "lie 
oii;ld  not  view  with  indiilerenee  the  transfer  of  Cali- 
fs inia  to  Great  ]i5ritain  or  any  other  European  power. 
Tile  system  of  colonization  l>y  foreign  monarchies  on 
the  North  American  continent  must  and  will  he 
resisted  hy  the  I'nited  States,"  This  is  in  ]"el>ly  to 
J^aikin's  eonnnunications  (jf  July,  and  the  writer 
a^iees  that  the  presence  of  Foi-hes  and  Gasciuet 
ntl'ords  grounds  for  gi'ave  suspicions.  He  urges 
L.U'kin  to  incite  the  Californians  anainst  fiireiufn  de- 
s:L;ns,  and  contmues:  "Whilst  I  rc[)eat  that  this 
'.'•'ivcrnment  does  not  under  existiu'j:  circunistanees 
iiilcnd  to  interfere  between  IMexico  and  California" — 
t!i"re  was  as  my  reader  knows  no  j)resent  controversy 
1  let  ween  the  two,  though  it  had  suited  Larkin's 
]iu;|ioses  to  rt'p.'csent  the  contrarj' — "they  would 
vigorously  interfere  to  [)revent  the  latter  from  becom- 
ing a  British  or  French  colony.  In  this  they  might 
MUi'ly  expect  the  aid  of  the  Californians  themselves. 
\\  hilst  the  president  will  make  no  etlbrt  and  use  no 
iiitluencc  to  induce  the  (Adifornians  to  beconie  one  of 
till'  free  and  independent  states  of  this  Union,  yet  if 
till'  peo[)le  should  desire  to  unite  their  destiny  with 
niirs,  they  would  be  received  as  brethren,  whenever 
this  can  be  done  without  affording  Mexico  any  just 
cjiuse  of  coniplaint.  Their  true  j)olicy  for  the  present 
ill  I'egard  to  this  question  is  to  let  events  take  their 
i)\\  11  course,  unless  an  attempt  should  be  made  to 
transfer  them  without  their  consLtit  either  to  (ireat 
Britain  or  France.  This  they  ought  to  resist  by  all 
the  means  in  their  power,  as  ruinous  to  their  best 
interests  and  di-structive  of  their  freedom  and  inde- 
peiidencc."  Buchanan  concludes  by  ap[)ointing  Larkin 
a  euniideutial  agent  of  the  government,   expressing 


11 


mm 


f-l  i^'V'f; 


;  1»' 


598 


FOREK !  X  RELATIONS- 1 8 15. 


oonfidence  in  his  patriotism  and  discretion,  rofum- 
mending  caution  so  as  not  to  alarm  tlic  other  lorciiifii 
nucents,  and  referring  him  to  Gillespie,  with  whom  he 
is  to  cooperate.'" 

The  ])rospect  of  a  war  with  Mexico,  as  a  means 
of  ()l)tainin<T  California,  was  hardly  alluded  to  in 
the  writings  which  I  have  cited,  though  the  aii- 
nexatit)n  of  Texas  was  approved  by  congri'ss  in 
March;  the  territory  was  formally  admitted  as  a  state 
in  Decend)er;  and  Mexico  had  repeatedly  threateiud 
war  on  this  ground.  It  was  not  generally  hclicvcil 
at  the  end  of  the  year,  in  the  United  States,  iliat 
tliere  would  he  war,  Mexican  threats  being  regarded 
as  mere  bluster.  It  was  even  thought  that  Slidtll, 
the  ncAvly  appointed  minister,  would  succeed  in  fixing 
the  national  boundaries  amicably,  and  that  he  went  to 
]\[exico  authorized  to  pay  a  round  sum  for  California.'-' 
Should  this  project  i'ail,  then  Cahfornia  nmst  ronie 
into  the  Union  by  the  Texan  filibustering  methods. 

In  California,  meanwhile,  the  Americans  had  noth- 
ing to  do  but  wait — politically  speaking.  ]Many  nf 
the  new-comers  of  the  last  two  years  were  I'cady 
enough  to  revolt;  but  so  kindly  were  they  treated  ly 
the  Californians,  as  we  shall  see  f)resently,  and  so  «»l>- 
viously  unfounded  were  the  rumors  of  intended  op- 
pression occasionally  circulated,  that  no  pretext  l'"i'  a 
rising  could  be  found.-'  The  only  attem|)t  at  organ- 
ized action  on  the  part  of  foreign  residents  during  tlio 
year  was  one  which,  though  not  clearly  ex[)lain('d, 
was  apparently  not  intended  to  have  any  revolutinn- 
ary  meaning.  It  was  a  call  issued  at  San  Jose,  ]\laroh 
27th,  to  all  foreigners  residing  in  northern  Califoinia, 
who  were  invited  to  assemble  at  the  pueblo  the  4tli  of 
July.     It  was  written  by  Marsh  and  signed  by  twenty- 

"Oct.  17th,  Biirhanan's  Iii.itriictio».'<.    Original  M.S. 
'"^  Amerkan  Ji'eview,  Jan.  1840,  iii.  8-J;  A'iV,-,'  /.V;/.,  Dec.  1845,  Ixix.  •J44._ 
'^'A  Mexican  writer  in  tlic  Die.  Univ.,  viii.  1.57;  Oncrra,  Apioiii-'^,  ."')3, 
picttircs  the  Americans  as  having  been  scattered  through  C;il.  uwuitiuj  tlie 
signal  to  commence  a  war  of  usurpation.     This  was  Ijy  no  moans  tiiic  uf  all 
or  even  most. 


im 


A  CALL  TO  FOREIGN  RRS. 


599 


tliroG  names.'-  The  object,  as  e\i)resse(l  in  tlio  docii- 
iiiciit  itself  and  as  exi)laine(l  by  Weber,  was  to  j)roniote 
union  among  tlie  Ibreii^nu-rs,  and  to  prevent  their  tak- 
iii'4'  sides — esj)eeially  (Hftercnt  sides — in  CaUlornian 
(jiiarrels  as  thi;y  liad  done  in  the  late  troubles.  Weber 
jiiMs  that  the  organization  was  d«.'signed  ultimately  to 
result  in  wrestinu'  northei'n  California  from  ^le.xieau 
rule  and  making  it,  like  Texas,  an  independent  state. 
Jt  is  not  likely,  however,  that  the  plan  had  yet  as- 
>.umed  so  definite  a  form.  The  main  idea  evidently 
was  to  i)revent  ibreiij^ners  from  wastini*-  their  strenijtli 
and  to  prepare  the  way  fm*  united  action  whenever  it 
might  he  deemed  necessary.  I  can  hardly  believe 
that  ]Marsh  and  Weber  were  planning  an  actual  revolt, 
tliough  there  were  man}'  who  i'avored  such  a  course. 
The  meeting  of  July  4th  was  not  held;  oi-  if  so,  was 
iKit  largely  attended,  and  accomi»lished  nothing  that 
is  known.  That  Marsh's  brain  was  teeming  with  the 
linlilics  of  the  future  is  shown,  as  also  the  general 
(liift  of  his  schemes  and  those  of  others,  by  the  ap- 
junded  extracts  from  a  letter  to  Larkin."'* 

-'  'The  \intlersi<,'iieil,  in  (.'omiiioii  with  all  other  forciguera  with  whom  they 
ii.ivc  b.oii  iilile  t<j  coiiiiiitiiiicate  jJUi'sotiiiUy,  lieiiig  veiy  lU'sinjiis  to  pioiiioti'  tlio 
iiiiidii,  hai'iiioiiy,  and  Lost  iiitorcsts  of  all  tlio  fon;igiiera  resident  in  California, 
li.iM'  tlioiiglit  that  thit)  dtsirahle  olijoct  tan  1)0  best  attained  hy  a  iiieetiny  of 
sc'iiu'  individuals  from  each  (^f  the  diU'crent  distiiets  of  the  noitliein  ])ait  of 
the  eountry.  ^Ve  therefore  hereby  invite  all  ]iersons  of  foreign  hirth,  «  liether 
iiatuialized  or  not,  to  tiend  two  or  more  of  their  number  to  re[)resent  tln'm  in 
ii  iiieeiing  to  be  held  in  the  |iiieblo  de  San  JostJ  on  the  4th  day  of  Jnly  next. 
It  is  eonsidered  to  l)e  very  desirable  that  Monterey,  Sta  Cruz,  Verba  Ihiena, 
Siiiiiima,  ami  the  district  of  the  Sacramento  shouhl  be  fully  represented.  In 
thr  mean  time  wo  tldnk  it  will  be  olivious  to  every  man  of  sense  on  relleetion 
tl.iit  the  foreigners  ought  carefully  to  lefrain  from  taking  any  part  either  in 
wi'id  or  deed  iu  any  movement  of  a  jiolitieal  nature  that  may  take  phu:e  in 
t. -country  (amongst  native  Mexicans).  I'ucbloof  St  Joseph.  iMarch'JT,  IS-)" 
.I'lin  ^larsh,  (,'harles  M"  Welur,  \Vm  (Julnac,  I'eter  J)aveson,  John  llui  :•>!  , 
'Mil.  \V.  liellomy,  James  \V.  Weeks,  John  JJaubenbi.ss,  Thomas  (J.  ])0\\.n, 
l'"iij.  Washburn,  l>anell  Mihier,  I'eter  llcgarty,  <ieo.  A.  Ferguson,  James 
1;."  k  Thomas  Jones,  Willanl  Jhiz/ell,  II.  -M.  I'ierce,  John  flames,  Wni 
iviii^lit,  Daniel  Fisher,  (Jeorge  I'rae/.lu'r,  Tomas  Cole,  (iuillermo  (1.  Chard.' 
1  lii  -simile  from  the  original  in  jxissession  of  \\'eber,  in  .S'.  Joii<iiiiii  Co.  /lis/, 
I'.i.  Also  printed  in  Yolo  Co.  J/i-t/.,  1;{-I4;  .S'.  Jom'  J'ioiiier,  March  0,  ISSO. 
The  same  works  contain  letters  (;f  Gen.  Cistro  of  April  I'Jth,  15th,  appointing 
WVber  !i  captain  of  auxiliary  infantry,  one  of  which  is  also  in  Ilalleck's  Mcx. 
J.'iiii/  Luav,  MS. 

■'  'It  seems  that  the  attention  of  the  world  is  at  last  being  attracted 
tmvards  Cal.  and  Oi'egon.  1  agree  with  you  entirely  that  the  two  countries 
luust  ultimately  be  united  to  form  one  independent  nation;  but  I  believe  they 


'f  i 


i    SI 


|t-i 


\     i 


iif  < 


! 


I    > 


M   r 


tlli 

A\ 

mm 

',' u 

%a^l 

i 

Nh 

■■-'■  2i 

IWii 

ft' 

i^lm 

w 

fnilHS 

liffi 

;1 

mm^ 

hH 

COO 


von i:if; x  r i: latioxs - isi j. 


TIio  war  llnvat('iii'<l  l»_v  ^^('xI(•()  in  ('(>nsc(|Uiiic,.  (,f 
tlji!  annexation  oi'  Texas  was  a  jnominent  topic  in 
Caliloniia,  tlioUL;h,  as  W(!  liavi;  seen,  it  <li<l  not  cnlrr 
vei'v  laiLielv  as  vet  into  eiiiTent  American  six-cula- 
tions  respectin^i;'  tint  lutnre  of  that  country.  I'ri-li.ij.s 
tlie  C*alii'ornian  |>eo|)Ie  liad  not  nincli  oj'eatei-  I'ailli 
tliat  there  would  \h'  a  war  than  was  entertained  in  tli' 
States;  l)ut  the  authorities  w(n'e  Mexican,  and  as  such 
liad  to  heheve  oHicially  all  that  ^lexico  threatencil, 
besides  really  shaiinii'  to  a  ('onsiderahle  extent  in  tlic 
)ular  indi_L,Miati()n  against  the  United  States  fortlu' 
icy  observed  in  Texan  atl'airs.  J  need  not  ripcat 
here  v.hat  has  been  said  of  Mexican  nu'asures  dt'  tlii' 
year  concei-ninu:  Calilbrnia,-'  thoii''h  most  ol'  tlir,>i; 
measures  wei-e  adopted  with  sole  reiei'ence  to  del'ciicc 
aj^ainst  American  invasion  ;  but  1  may  state  that  tliciv 
came  I'rom  tlu.'  su[)renieL;dVei'nment  repeated  warniiiu^ 
that  wai'  was  to  be  declared,  with  the  coiTes|)c  ''n:;' 
orders  to  put  the  department  in  ii  state  of  il  r; 

and  that  rumors  to  the  same  elfect  ari'ived  v\\  a  m 
atlvanee  of  such  definite;  orders.-^     It  should  also  In' 

will  first  1)0  \iiiit(Hl  to  form  iiii  intiHrral  ])artof  the  grcatnnd  glori(jii.s  icpiiMii', 
etc.  It  inii.st  iill  1)1' iiniti'd,  not  onlyCal.  luiil  tiiu  icgiciii  iM'twem  this  niiil 
the  ('"uliliiilii:i,  hut  it  must  t'Xtt'inl  l";ir  iiurtii  (if  thiit  river,  to  tin?  -111111  |Fiii:il!(I 
lit  kast...l  am  iiitorna'd  hy  intclliiant  ])ri'soiis  from  the  Walliiiuette,  that 
the  inhahitaiits  tluTe  were  ilesirous  to  unite  with  C'al.  J.a.st  winter  soine  oI 
the  ]irinc.ipul  men  of  C'al.  expres.seil  a,  wish  to  me  to  uiiit(^  their  (hstiiiits  pir- 
liuiiH'Ully  with  those  of  tlu^  jieojile  of  Oregon,  ami  wished  to  knou'  wlnthi-r  in 
jny  opinion  a  iii(>i)osition  of  tlie  kind  would  he  well  received.  I  thouulit  it 
would  he  aci'ei)tal)le.  It' you  should  think  iiroper,  it  might  i''  .  beamiss  to  I' el 
Alvarado's  pulse  a  little  on  this  suhjeet.  1  merely  suggest  this.  Well,  thru, 
sujiposo  il  union  hetween  C'al.  and  Oregon— that  nature  itself  has  elcaily 
pointed  out,  and  the  course  of  events  will,  I  think,  rendei-  inevitable  -tlic 
cupidity  of  tiie  II.  H.  t'o.  and  the  and)ition  au<l  intrigues  of  the  liritish  govt 
will  lie  exerted  in  vain  to  prevent  it.'  Ho  then  jiictures  t!ie  gloi'ious  fuiine 
of  the  country,  with  its  metropolis  on  the  bay — pei'liapsat  S.  .losc> — speak^nf 
the  numerous  immigrants  coming,  thinks  the  current  abuse  of  (,'al.  by  iiitor- 
ested  parties  in  Oregon  can  ilo  no  iiarin,  and  promises  to  write  on  ("al.  fortlio 
J lastern  pa])ei'.s,  as  Larkiu  had  suggested.  Aug.  rjtli,  M.  to  L.  Larkiiiti  Due, 
MS.,  iii.  -247. 

''See  chap.  xxii.  of  this  vol. 

"April  1st,  Oareia  C'onde  to  com.  gen.  Texa.s  annexed;  war  iicccssaiy; 
lie  on  guard  to  avoid  surprise  and  resist  invasion.  Sup.  O'ovt  Sf.  Paji.,  MS., 
xviii.  '_'-3.  April  .'id,  C'uevas  to  go\. ,  on  the  arrest  of  Stephen Smit'i;  hostili- 
ties to  be  expected  from  the  U.  S.;  use  all  precautions.  jM'jif.  St.  I'"p.,  ^I''., 
vi.  41  'J.  May  Mth-l!)th,  reports  of  war  between  U.  S.  and  Mex.  breiiglit 
uuollicially  by'tho  Murli  Tcn'xn.  Lcj.  Urc,  M.S.,  iv.  50;  Dcj'l.  St.  Piij>., 
Ben.  Cunt.-JJ.,  .MS.,  \n.  [479].     June  7tb,  Mexican  decree  for  raising  a  ourps 


JUNTA  AT  monti:i'j:y. 


fiOl 


[Ueiici'  i.( 
topic   ill 

()t    (Mllrr 
S])(.'CU|,|- 

r.Tii.ii..s 

tiT  I'ailli 
(•(I  ill  til' 

(I  as  ^Ul■ll 
i'cati'iii''l, 
it  ill  llii' 
js  lor  till' 
ut  ITpcat 

L'S   of    till' 

of  tlu'Si; 

0  dt'lclict' 
hat  tlu'i'c 
waniiiiu^ 
•spc  ""n-' 
'  t! 

1  ('\  I  ii  111 
(I  also  Ih' 

KJllS  IVpulill'', 
(Til    tUl.i   Ml'l 

■llltli  ]iiiial!il 
liiiiiutte,  tlial 
iitrr  siiini-  <<{ 

l.'stiiiii's  l"'i'- 

|\V  wllctll'-Till 

I  UioULilit  it 
aiiii.sx  t'l  f'-'i'l 

\\\\\,   tluMl, 

li;is  I'li-ally 
vitulilc— tlic 
IJritisli  ,^1'Vt 
iricms  t'liiuro 


ki' — spfal^ 


i.f 


by  iiitei'- 
|i  ('ill.  I'oi-tlie 


\v  iicci'ssiiry; 

/'((;/.,  MS., 

Iiiitli;  hnslili- 

Ilox.  lir>'ii;,'lit 
it.  >''.  ''";'•< 
Ising  ;i  corps 


]•,  .'ur.lcd  that  St('[thc!i  Siultli  of  Jiodc^a,  l)('iiiL;'Jit  Sail 
I  lias  ill  ^larch,  was  aiTcstod  as  he;  was  alxnit  to  sail 
ill  I  ho  ,/n/iii  ^liiit  oil  a.  charufo  of  hoiiin'  foiiconiod  in  a 

California   indopoiidont   iindiT  the 


scliciiR;  to  diM'lare 

protection  of  (h(!  United  States.  There  heiiiLf  no 
proofs  against  hini,  he  was  ivleascd  and  jiei'iiiittcd,  to 
return  home,  where  the  aiithoiities  were  directed  ttj 
waich  hiin.'-" 

In  consiMiiienco  t»f  niniors  Iti'oii'jht  hv  the  Mtirla 
Tii'csn,  a  junta  of  ollicers  was  held  at  ^[ontei'<'y  th(3 
•JUli  of  ^la}',  at  which  the  most  patriotic  seiitinuMits 
Wire  expressed  Ijy  Alvaiado  and  others,  and  Castro 
was  authorized  to  send  a  vessel  to  Acapulctj  lor  news 
and  aid.^'  Jose  ^l.  Castanares  was  soon  sent  on  this 
mission,  as  we  shall  see.  On  Auoiist  7th  the  assein- 
lil\'  was  convoked  in  special  session  to  considiT  a  com- 
iiiimicatioii  I'roiii  (leneral  Castro,  with  reports  that 
v.;ii'  had  probably  been  declart'd.  The  rejxirts  had 
Imcii  brought  to  San  Francisco  by  a  U.  S.  man-of- 
w;ir,  v^'hicli  vessel  was  said  not  to  liax'e  iired  the  usual 
wiliite,  a  circumstance  in  itself  deemed  suspicious. 
After  reference  to  a  committee  and  si.\  days  of  delib- 

of  'ilcfriiaorcsdulnslcycM  (5  inilcpeiideiicia.' />0('.  IIIM.  t'ti/.,  MS.,  ii.  ;)l-'2,  IT''*; 
L'j.  y.'ic,  MS.,iv,  iSO.  July  !)tli,  mill,  ofivl.  to),'uv.  on  sum,' subject.  J>iji/.S/. 
l''''li.,Aii</.,  MS.,  xi.  KJ'J;  Sup.  dort  St.  I'li'.,  MS.,  wiii.  7-8.  July  Idtli, « iur- 
I'Ki  ('i)iule  to  ciiin.  j,"'ii.  Tlio  govt  is  ro-sijlvcd  tuilfclaic  wiir;  will  iiiitiat:;  tlio 
iua.-.uru  ill  llie  cliaiulMTs  tu-iiioirow;  wille.xiito  iKipuhii'ji.itrioti.siii.  rrt'iiaru 
t!'n(.[n  for  active  .scrvioi",  /</.,  xviii.  '2\-'.i.  July  lOtii,  onlcr.sti);.,'!  ^".  ami  gcii. 
tn  1  i(  vent  the  entry  of  iminiurants.  L/.,  xviii.  8.  Caxfro,  J)oi\,  MS.,  i.  I,"t'2. 
July  IDtli,  ordeis  to  ("a.stio  and  Viillejo  to  'iiroeeed  fortliwitii  to  put  all  tow  iia 
(il  the  dept  in  a  state  of  defoiite.'  J)i pt.  St.  J'a/).,  MS.,  vi.  4(i;  ['(dlijn,  Dm-., 
-MS,,  xii.  144.  July  Kitli,  (Jiievas  to  gov.  See  that  the  defeii.soiis  iviuh  r 
(1  le  .'crvice,  so  tliat  the  nation;il  army  may  bo  available  in  the  Texan  ;ill'aii', 
N"/'.  (Iiwt  St.  Pap.,  M.S.,  xviii.  !).  July  '-I?d,  men  to  bo  rai.sod  for  war,  /'/., 
>;\iii.  11.  Any.  'Jjd,  sto(  U,  produce,  etc.,  on  the  coast  to  be  removed  to  !i 
I'hue  of  safety,  A  close  wateli  to  be  kept.  /(/. ,  xviii.  10,  Aug.  'Jltii,  unite 
t!i'' force.s  for  a  march  to  the  frontier.  /-/.,  xviii.  II.  Sept,  4tli,  pavuient  of 
th  •  ilefcnsores  to  be  stopped.  iJrpt.  St.  P<ip.,  JJcii.,  MS.,  i,  lOJ,  J>"ec,  ■J4t!i, 
;'"\ ,  .iuthorized  to  arrest  any  persons  whose  conduct  seems  to  reipiiro  it, 
/';■'.  .S7,  Pap.,  MS.,  vii.  Xh  Sup.  Hort  ,SV,  Pap.,  :\IS.,  xviii.  14.  Some  of 
tiH  -<■  order.^  were  of  course  general  routine  onc.j,  issued  to  otlier  tlepurtinentij 
as  v.,11. 

•'■  April  Ctli,  Aug,  Otli,  Cucvas  to  gov.  June  1 1  tli,  Parga  at  Tepic  to  Gov. 
eoroiia.  JJcpt.  St.  Pop.,  MS,,  vi,  4<)-'_';  Xilc-i'  l'<y.,  Ixix,  tjo.  1  have  no 
otlu  r  evidence  that  Ca|)t.  Smith  left  Cal,  at  all. 

■'■  Amiijo  del  Pueb'o,  July  ;J0,  1645.  A  full  report  with  names  of  27 
signers. 


il 


,1  :il 


'\n 


^ 


ill 


V 


602 


FOREIGN  RELATIONS— 1845. 


cration,  the  assembly  decided  tliat  war  was  iniiniiiciit, 
and  authorized  the  governor  to  organize  and  arm  the 
militia,  calhn<;  on  tiie  general  for  funds  from  his  two 
thirds  of  the  reve'iuesl  and  to  dispose  of  the  officers 
in  active  service  as  might  be  required;  and  wlit n  ,111 
official  announcement  of  war  should  be  received,  t  » 
call  on  the  people  to  defend  their  honies,  consuhing 
the  general  resjtecting  a  plan  of  action.  This  rcsohi- 
tion  was  ])ublislied  by  Pico  in  a  bando  of  Aiigiisi 
'27th,  perlia[)S  after  Castro  had  received  the  orders 
dated  in  Mexico  on  A])ril  1st,  though  this  is  not  nr- 
tain.'^^  With  this  bando  was  published  an  aj)p('al  to 
the  people  to  be  firn)  and  united  in  defence  of  their 
country,  a  document  which  contained  a  special  exhui-- 
tation  not  to  forfeit  under  any  circtimstances  the  Cal- 
ifornian  reputation  for  hospitality,  by  any  act  of  op- 
pression toward  foreigners  residing  j)eacefully  in  the 
country.-^  There  were  some  sliglit  etlorts  made  to 
organize  tlie  mihtia,  about  wliicli  we  know  onlv  that 
before  the  end  of  August  they  resulted  in  a  quaiiel 
between  Alvarado  and  the  civil  authorities  of  jIoh- 
tcrey  district.^^ 

Early  in  September  came  the  Mexican  desjiatduv,- 
of  June  and  July,  including  a  reglamento  ibr  militia 
organization,  and  a  detinite  announcement  that  wai' 
wt)uld  be  declared  immediately.  At  the  same  time 
there  arrived  Andres  Castillero  as  a  comniissi(»iiei'  te 
make  preparations  for  the  reception  of  a  militaiy  leicc 

2"  Aug.  7tli,  nth,  i;$th,  acts  of  the  nsseinbly.  Ler/.  Rec,  MS.,  iv.  MiS  !•-', 
2S0.  Aug.  27tli,  rioo's  l':i;;u.j  iu  Jh>c.  J/'isl.  c/iL,  MS.,  ii.  107;  Valhju,  I),,,;, 
^IS.,  x.xxiv.  I.jI.  Aug.  ;{Otli,  Pico  to  VjiUejo,  (inleriug  liiiu  to  oruiiiii/i'  Ins 
rcgiiiient  and  1)0  ready  for  the  iiow.s  of  war.  (ireat  coiitidwit'c  uxi)i<ssrii  in 
li lie  ooloud'a  Zeal  and  patriotism.  JJor.  IliM.  ('<(l.,  MS.,  ii.  11").  An.'.  I"tli, 
Jones  writes,  'Castro  is  still  at  tlie  capital  raising  a  force  eoinposiil  'if  all 
the  I- ibbers  and  cut-throats  he  can  collect.  He  has  had  the  auclaiily  I'j  a- 
port  that  Mexico  is  at  war  with  the  U.  S.'  Lnrk'iu'n  Doc,  MS.,  iii.  •.'!;!. 

-"Aug.  27tli,  Pico  to  the  i)ui)))le.  I'iro,  />oc.,  MS., '_>();  JM»:  lli-l.  ''"/.. 
^18.,  ii.  lOli.  '  Eellow-eitizens!  United  we  shall  he  able  to  save  our  iniiiitry 
in  its  tiuic  of  need.' 

^J'-Aug.  2Stli-:{0th.  Doc.  Ilixt.  Cul.,  MS.,  ii.  100,  Il'J-13,  llil.  It  ai  pwin 
that  the  right  of  oulistin'C  men  l)(jIon;;ed  to  the  civil  aulliorities,  aiid  Alva- 
rado force<l  s.)me  men  i;it()  the  ranUs  ugaiiist  their  wiil.  Ctuitro  <■  uiio  to 
^Monterey  and  restored  harmony. 


f 


eminent, 
arm  tin- 
1  his  two 
le  officers 
wlicu  an 
:;oivL'(l.  to 
lonsultiu'j; 
lis  I'fsolu- 
if  Au:j;ust 
ho  orders 
s  not  rcr- 
a,p[)('al  to 
0  of  their 
^ial  exhoi- 
;s  thi!  C'al- 
act  of  op- 
,illy  ill  the 
s  UKulc  to 
only  that 
a  quarrel 
s  of  Mon- 

(lesjiatche^; 

I'or  militia 

that  war 

same  time 

issioiier  to 

itarv  I'orce 


|lS.,iv.  ins  I'.', 

1;    V(lllil«>  I''"':' 

1.-).  Auu'.  I'ltli, 
l()ini>i>scii  "I  •'" 
liuuliicitv  t')  a- 

L,-.  //;-'.  '"^•• 

Ivo  OUl-  'JlHilltl'V 

!).    1'  .-iri'™!'' 

Itios,  aii'l  -M^''" 
liuiti-o  cii!i'.'  to 


PATKIOTIS:^. 


003 


that  was  soon  to  follow  under  Iniostra.^*  Pico  pub- 
lished these  orders  in  due  form  September  9lh-i:jth; 
(liclai'ed  the  decree  of  Auyust  void  so  far  as  it  con- 
flicted with  the  new  rejj^laniento  respecting  the  organ- 
ization of  the  defensoies;  and  issuetl  a  new  [troda- 
iiiation  to  the  peo})le,  calling  upon  them,  in  the  usual 
ilowcryand  extravagant  terms,  to  '  fly  to  arms' for 
the  defence  of  their  beloved  patria  against  the  attacks 
et  a  foreign  usurper.''"  Th*.'  llight  to  arms  was  by  no 
means  instantaneous  or  universal;  but  a  few  young 
men  were  eni'olled  as  defens(;res  despite  the  lack  of  a 
cordial  understanding  and  cooperation  between  the 
governor  and  general/"  At  the  end  of  the  year  all 
were  waiting,  more  in  curiosity  than  terror,  i'or  the 
iiews  that  war  had  been  declared,  for  the  a[)j)eai'ance 
ot  the  invaders,  or  for  the  cominu'  of  Iniestra's  Alexi- 
cm  army.  ]\lean while  Castro  had  made  a  tour  in 
tlie  north  to  learn  the  attitude  of  Ibreii^n  residents,  to 
nvei\e  assurances  of  patriotic  zeal  fr(jm  the  magnates 
t/l' Sonoma  and  New  Helvetia,  and  to  confirm,  by  su- 
perior orders,  Vallejo's  military  juri-^dictiou  over  the 
whole  linea  del  norte.^* 

■"'Sept.  null,  Castillero  to  I'ico,  with  Iniestra's  instructions.  Dcpt.  St. 
I'cji.,  MS.,  vi.  ;{7-S. 

'■'-  Sept.  ittli,  I'ico  publishes  the  printed  circular  an<l  rojflamcnto  of  June 
4l!i.  Ttli.  JJor.  Ill-it.  <!(d.,  MS.,  ii.  lU-'J;  Ue<i'iim(  iito  ilc  Jji/tiisuri s  dc  la  lit- 
ih  I  ■  ii'liur'm  !nk  Ids  Lci/cs,  7  dc  J  uiihi,  IS.'f'j,  .MS.;  Ilipl.  St,  I'dji.,  S.  ,to.<c,  MS., 
vi.  ;iS-4U.  Sept.  'Jth,  I'lcu's  proul.  to  tlie  ])(.'oplo.  J)or.  Hi.-<t.  (.'a/.,  .M.S.,  ii. 
\\\:  KMiiddliK  Dor     \IS     ii    <K  "         ■ 


tccts 


MS.,  ii.  !)'J.  Scjit.  I'Jth,  I'ico  to  general  and  to  ]irc- 
losing  Mexican  order  of  .July  lOth  un  the  pretention  of  innnigration, 
of  uliich  1  shall  speak  again.  Castro,  l>nc.,  MS.,  i.  15'J;  .S'((/'.  iluvt  St.  J'a/i., 
M>.,  xviii.  8.  Sept.  13th,  I'ico  to  gen.  and  prefect,  (inclosing  reglaiuento, 
and  exhorting  th(  in  to  activ;  cooperation.  JJor.  /liM.  t'al.,  .M.S.,  ii.  I  IS-',>. 

"'Sduu;  -.iniuiportant  records  of  Oct.,  including  niethods  of  enlistment, 
(luaiicls  about  the  nnlitary./'"^''",  local  complaints  of  abuses.   ]>< pt.  SI.  i'(i}>., 


.w- 


13-17;  J/uiit<nif,Air/i.,  M.S..  xi.  10;  {'a.-<fro,  Doc,  MS. 
Arch.,  MS.,  iv.   '2:'j>or     //isl.   i\,l.,   MS.,  ii.    ISS.     Ocl- 


•>tli, 

rim's  bando  establishing  registers  for  die  enrubnent  of  defensores.  13  arti- 
■■li:^.  Ih,,t.  St.  Pap.,  Mont.,  MS  ,  iii.  li7-lS.  I'e.bli.she.l  at  .Monterey  Dec. 
--!;1:.  Torre,  Hrniin'isrenriuK,  MS.,  rJS-l),  flls  us  that  all  nuiiutions  of  war 
^^^l■|'  removed  from  .Monteivj'  to  Alizal  rancho  eithci-  us  ii  precaution  against 


the  A 


Miencans  or  awuiis 


tl'i 


\iiv.  lltli,  Casti'o  delegates  his  powers  to  V.    Valhjo,  Dor.,  M.S.,  xii. 
1"||.     Se])t.  'J!)th,  Larkin  to  sec.  state.     'The  gov.  has  ordered  the  militia  to 


liri'|iiii 


e  for  war  with  the  U.  S. ;  the  farmers  aio  liUewi.^e  or<leri'il  tn  diivo 


or  cattle  away  fi'om 


the  coast;  lu  itlier  of  w  hich   has  been  done,  nor  do  I 


l|iose  they  w  ill  be.     The  general  has  here  about  loO  soldiers,  mostly  boys 


Ii 

11 

Sol' 

;.  ■  :■  y  ,hS  ffi 

Hi 

■y   ;    III 

1 

^,;  ■  \ 

11 

^^1-^ 

■t     ■    '    .' 

1 

i 

.:H;il 

^^ 

M\ 

Hi  '-i  i 


J  1' 


i 


ill 


::f^' 


11 

1  n  11 


C04 


roREIGX  RELATIONS-1315. 


NotwitlistaiidiiiL^  the  l/ittor  fecliiit^  cnterttiiiicd  In 
IMcxii'o  against  Americans,  the  ininiinence  ot"  nalion.il 
hostilities,  and  the  warhke  nature  of  the  orders  ^c■ll•u 
to  the  north,  innni;j;-rants  to  Cahtorniafroni  tlie  Uiiitnl 
States  were  still  received  with  thegi'eatcst  hospitalliv 
and  kindness,  thou;^h  in  most  cases  they  enteri'd  tin' 
countrv  ilK.'ually,  and  in  manv  were  not  backuaid  in 
declai'ing  their  disregard  or  contempt  for  all  Muxicni 
formalities  of  law.  The  supreme  government  li.il 
jierhaps  some  ground  fi>r  blaming  tliu  C/aliibrni.in  ;iii- 
thoriiies  for  the  maimer  in  which  they  enforced  tlio 
laws,  or  failed  to  enforce  them;  but  the  iimnigrants 
had  no  cause  of  comjJaiut  whatever.  There  was  not 
in  1 8 4, J  the  slightest  sign  of  disposition  to  o])p:vs.s 
foreigners  in  any  \vay.  There  were  rumors,  Ibuieiiti'd 
by  men  who  tlesired  an  outbreak,  and  circulated  among 
new-comers  on  every  route,  of  an  intention  to  i!il\(; 
out  all  Americans;  but  these  rumors  were  unfound.l, 
and  were  credited  only  by  the  ignorant,  who  ilid  net 
comc!  personally  in  contact  with  the  natives,  and  who 
never  coulil  understand  that  the  Spaniards,  as  tli'  y 
were  called,  had  any  rights  in  theii-  own  countiy. 
"The  8[)aniards  v.ere  becoming  troublesome"! — is  a 
connuon  remark  of  old  [)ioneei's,  who  justify  theii'  ac- 
tion of  tlie  next  year  by  dwelling  on  the  growing  j'-al- 
ousy  and  hatred  of  the  peo[)le  toward  .\inericans;  Kiit 
all  e\  idcnce  to  be  drawn  from  correspondi'nce  of  tliu 
time  shows  that  not  only  were  the  people  still  friemlly, 
but  that  the  authoi'ities,  I'ar  I'rom  being  hostile,  wvwi 
even  more  careless  than  in  former  years  about  enlnir- 
ing  legal  formalities  in  conjicction  with  [)assports,  nat- 
uralization, and  land  grants. 

In  April,  Castro,  appointing  Weber  a  captain  "I' 
militia,  calliiig  uj)on  him  to  aid  in  tho  defence  nf 
the  country  against  foreign  aggression    and    Indiui 

jirrsseil  into  tiio  niiiks;  otliors  mIiohi  Iu;  pressed  tlic  alcaldes  i-Jiit  li"!iii'  to 
tlieir  iiareiits.'  Larkin'n  Off.   Corns/,,,  MS.,  ii.   -JT.     Hoe.  •JOtli,   I'.  ItiuMii  to 
I'ieo;  writes:  '  I'or  lo  que  toeii  :i  la  pohtiea  yo  voy  de  aeiierdi)  ewi  io*  dn /t'li'is 
jiolitieos  (jiie  erecii  iiue  no  taidarenius  en  ber  objcto  do  cumiuista  estr.ai-'  la. 
Av'lt.,  Arz'jb,  MS.,  v.  i>t  ii.  0',i. 


m 


Plil^ 


r  ,  ";  '  > 


IIOSriTALlTY  TO  AMERICANS. 


CO.-) 


lilli'fl  ill 
liltiiuial 
3r.s  ^•(•I^u 

Ullitrd 

ipitalil  y 
red  tlio 
ward  ill 

•lit  li.id 
lliaii  aii- 
■CL'd  the 
niii'i'aiits 
was  not 

;)l)lL'lltrd 
d  aiiiMii^- 
to  driw! 
foiuidc  1, 
)  did  iH't 
and  wli) 
as  tli'V 
count  rv. 
■'  i>'ii 
lu'ir  ac- 
n'4'  y-A- 

of  llu; 
icndly, 

V,    Wl'VvJ 

enl'oic- 
■ts,  nat- 

itain  i>t' 
'v\\r<:   III: 
Indian 


.  !)iir;iii  ti> 
ustiMnu'-ia,' 


]:ii(ls/aiid  dii-ectini^  him  to  invcstiijfate  tlio  views  of 
]•  '^idcnt  foroi!j;'ners  and  the  legality  of  their  enti-y,  \\as 
(■iMl)]iatic  in  liis  declaration  that  poaci'ful,  ]aw-al»i  !i:iL; 
i'Mrriii'iiers  woukl  he  I'ullv  i>rotected."'  In  June,  ho  as- 
f-.nred  Larkin  of  Ids  wilhni^'ness  to  allow  the  entiy  of 
Americans  from  the  Sandwidi  Islands,  althoa;>'Ii  Iheii- 
]i  :ss[)orts  W(!i'e  not  in  accordance  with  the  latest  iii- 
;  tiuctionsfrom  ^lexico.""  And  in  Au;^'ust,  as  we  have 
^I'cn.  Pico,  in  calling"  upon  the  |)eo[)le  to  arm  in  del" -nee 
n|'  their  counti-y  against  the  Uinted  States,  declai'ed 
t'lat  under  no  circumstances  must  I'ort'ign  i-esideii!s  bo 
treated  otherwise  than  with  the  hospitality  cliarac- 
ti  listic  of  Calilornians.^^ 

In  Se[)teinl)(M',  liowevei-,  with  a  more  positivi.'  an- 
nouncement of  im[)en<hno-  war,  and  news  of  a  ^lexican 
i.  rce  en  route  i'oi'  ("alifornia,  there  came  a  positive 
o:(!er  fr-om  ^Mexico — and  a  veiy  proper  ordei'  under 
1  lie  circumstances,  it  must  he  confessed — that  tlie  entry 
nl'  Amei'ican  innniorants  from  Oregon  and  Missouri 
i.nist  not  he  pei'mitted.""*     Tiie  oiuk'rs  were  duly  cir- 

•'^Vpi-il  l'2tli,  C.  to  W.  Yoh  Co.  nut.,  II;  !/!>//■  (■/.'■<  M.  ■:  L.,„<1  Lfix:^,  MS. 
'If  any  of  tliu  foivitriicrs  who  particijjutt'il  in  tlio  iiiovriii-  ill  nf  Sutter  t-Iioald 
(i''iri'  to  si'ttle  poiMiuinontly  in  (";il.,  iunl  fi'cl  ilonlilful  of  1  he  ]>rotfi  lion  of  I  ho 
j-'ii\t,  you  iii;iy  frculy  otic  r  to  all  whoiu  you  lu.iy  liud  useful  .•iml  iailustiioMs, 
ii.l  t!ic  j;uiii';iutics  tlioy  luay  ilrsire  for  cstaMisliiui^  tlicui-elvc-i  in  tills  il.  iiirt- 
I  !Ujt  anil  for  livin;^  KCi'uri'ly  iu  the  oxt'.rclM!  of  tlioir  rrs|K'i'tivo  ocunpniioiis. 
^  I'll  nil  ;ilso  iiiforui  tliuMi  that  the  frii'mily  fcclini.,'  of  this  otlicc  toward  tin  tii 
i  ;'."("iily  .■-ocurvd  to  tlu^ni,'  liy  the  treaty  of  S.  I'V'i-iiairlo;  'and  >(>u  may  a.s- 
sire  all  those  r(>ferri'd  to  in  that  docuuieiit,  as  well  as  any  other  forti  :uers  ic- 
biiliii ;  on  the  fnjntier,  that  they  shall  roueivu  all  tho  proti^ctiou  sviihiu  tho 
i"-'i|"'  of  my  auUiority.' 

■'.Til' II  (Jill.  L.  Lo  .lec.  state.    Lnrfyui'a  Off.  C'nrrcx/i.,  MS.,  ii.  '2'.\. 

=■  All.'.  -JTth,  Pico's  jirocl.   /)(,(•.  Ilisl.  ('ill.,  .MS.,  ii.  I()(i. 

■'*  Order  of  July  lOth.  ])ul)lishcd  in  t'al.  Sept,  |-Jtli.  The  iiiin.  of  rel.  say>! 
1"  i'i  o;  '  rho  iutrodiietioii  into  the  de|iartiiieut  of  families  which,  from  t!;c 
-^':  — luri  and  ( 'olumhia  aic  scttliii;.,'  in  the  new  Orc;roii  '-that  is,  the  diversion 
I '  '•'.!'■  Or.  i  imiii;ralioii  toCal.— 'must  produce  iiiconveiiiciices  which,  liy  tin  ir 
i.;:'!:!c',  cap.iiot  iail  to  cause  a  siiliversion  of  order,  to  com  pi  i, 'ate  cjiir  torei'.;u 
1  lid. ins,  and  to  create  other  cmlparrassiiiciits  which  will  retard  the  pro;.:res3 
e  '!ir  constitutional  rc;;iii',e.  The  president  has  his  atteutioii  lixed  on  that 
I'  ji :' tiiient;  desires  to  consolidate  in  it  iieoe  mid  union;  and  to  ii'uiove  all 
I  :  ■;:ieU; :  ill  tile  Way  of  .so  praisiwoithy  an  ohject.  lielieviiij,',  therefore,  that 
riiioii.r  oilier  inenn.s  to  that  end,  one  should  lie  that  of  iireventinj,'  tiie  entry 
'■'  •  id  families,  he  orders  iiic  to  say  this  to  you,  in  order  that  you  may  issue 
I'l  iiiost  positive  orders  to  that  cU'ect.'  ('ii.'>trii,  Uor,,  MS.,  i,  |."iil;  ,S'((/).  Unvt 
•'■'.  /';'.,  Ats..  xviii.  .S.  Sept.  !>lh,  .Mvariulo  to  I'ico.  Sutter  li.as  I'lanted 
pas  es — oil  what  authority  the  writer  knows  not — to  40  Ameiica'i.i  jnst 
a.dvtd  (tho  Mc.Mahon  co. )     Vii:ilancc  is  needed,    /'c;-/.  Si.  /'.  ^;.,  Ms,,  vi. 


i 


?! 


606 


FOREIGN  RELATIONS— 1S45. 


dilated  among'  local  officials ;  but  no  attempt  was  ma  li; 
to  enforce  them  against  the  immigrants  known  to  1»(> 
on  the  way,  and  who  soon  arrived.  In  Xovemhci', 
however,  Castro,  with  Andres  Castillero,  and  [)evlia|is 
Prefect  jNIanuel  Castro,  made  a  tour  of  observatidu  in 
the  north,  largely  with  a  view  to  ascertain  the  nuniiici" 
and  dis[)osition  of  the  foreigners;  and  during  tliis  tour 
the  immigrants  were  summoned  to  appear  befon-  the 
general,  which  Elliott,  Gibbs,  and  Lewis  did  as  rrjui- 
sentatives  of  those  who  were  in  the  Sonomaand  Xapi 
valleys.  On  being  asked  for  their  passports,  they  <;ii(l 
thev  had  none,  and  exi)lained,  throuijfh  Leeso  as  iiit(  i- 
[ireter,  that  on  leaving  the  United  States  their  desti- 
nation had  been  Oregon,  for  which  no  passports  wiil- 
necessary.  Castro  then  had  read  to  them  the  Mexi- 
can order  of  July  10th,  to  which  they  replied  that  the 
allen'od  breaking-off  of  friendly  relations  between  the 
two  repul)lics  had  been  after  the\' left  the  states;  tliat 
their  intentions  were  in  every  way  pacific;  and  that 
to  return  across  the  mountains  in  winter  was  utttily 
inipossiI)le.  If  allowed  to  remain,  they  [ironiiscil  to 
submit  to  the  laws  in  every  respect,  and  to  go  away 
in  the  spring  if  their  petitions  for  licenses  to  srtth; 
were  not  granted.  "Therefore,"  says  Castro  in  his 
decree  dated  November  Gth  at  Sonoma,  "concilialin^" 
my  duty  with  the  sentiment  of  hospitality  whicj'  (h^- 
tinguishesthe  ^lexicans,  and  considering  that  nio-^tcf 
the  said  expedition  is  composed  of  families  and  imhi^- 
trious  people,  I  have  deemed  it  best  to  permit  thrin, 
provisionally,  to  remain  in  the  departniciit" — on  rnii'li- 

80.  Sept.  IStli,  Pioo  to  Castro.  litis  onlcrrd  tlic  prefect  to  prevent  tlic  entry 
of  foreigners:  e.iiiiuit  go  north  liiiu.self  on  .'leeouiit  of  other  duties.  hK.  viii. 
11.  Oct.  'J;fil,  Sutter  tos\il)-prefeet,  iielvDowh'ilgiiig  the  receipt  i>f  iiisfrurtiniis 
to  i)re\ent  tlie  entry  of  foreigiier.s,  will  eheerlnliy  comply  to  the  lnvt  'A  liis 
nhility,  liut  asks  that  some  nieniber.s  of  the  last  company  1)0  given  jia.ssc-.!  V'o'. 
y//.s/.  ( '"/.,  MS.,  ii.  L'lCJ.  lu  liis  J)iin-ii,  (i,  Sutter  say:',  the  ori'.ers  v,  err  rrceived 
Oct.  'Jlst,  and  re.id  to  the  aHScmhled  imniiiirantHon  the  '_'.'!d.  Alsoin  A  .  Ih'i'- 
J)i(irii,  MS.,  10-  i  1.  'I'lie  meeting  was  adjoui  ;ied  t"  the  '_'7th,  hut  no  iiif.  tin;,' 
M  teeorded  on  that  date.  Oet.  Nth,  J.  ( '.  .loiies  write*  to  Larkin  lV>.ia  Ma 
Biiriiaia,  to  look  out  for  tronhle,  as  the  Me\.  ;,'ovt  lia:i  declared  tlia^ '>ii  »!ie 
eomnieiieement  of  wai'  all  American  sliips  and  other  property  will  I"  iniiueai- 
atcLy  seized.  Larkiu'a  Dvc,  MS.,  iii.  o^l. 


I. VI. 


^1-'^!:! 


CASTRO  AND  THE  IMMICRAXTS. 


607 


IS  iiia:lo 

l\   to    \n) 
[XM'llill'S 

tit  inn  in 
liis  tniir 

\)\r    the 

1(1  X.'iifi 
lu'V-.-iiil 
as  iiit(  r- 
]v  (Icsti- 
rts  wmj 
0  Mfxi- 
that  the 
tVecn  the 
tcs;  that 
and  that 
s  uttcrlv 


ni 


ISfll    to 

)  away 

,   srtth; 

in   his 

ilialiii'^ 

lici'  M^' 

\Un<{  (it 

I  iniht- 
it  lli''ia, 
)n  (;(•!!' li- 


nt till'  I'tit'y 

us.  /'/..  viii. 
iistriK'timis 
lu'st  "f  liis 
iiissL'-i'.  ]>(>■'■ 
civivci'ivcil 

.iii.V.  //•''•• 

iiauu'i'tin;-' 
,u  irni.i  ■•>" 
that  '111  t!i« 
I  l„-  iiiiliiU'-li' 


tiiin  of  tlieir  assouibliiiij  at  Soiioiua  iiiulrr  tlio  vit;ilanco 
(if  X'allcjo  and  the  local  authoritios,  oboyirijjj  the  laws, 
i^fivin;^  bonds  for  good  behavior,  applying  within  tlirco 
months  for  a  regular  license  to  settle,  and  promising 
to  depart  if  this  is  not  granted.  Tho\'  accepted  these 
conditions;  and,  as  we  have  seen,  about  twenty  of  the 
lunnber  appeared  to  give  the  required  bonds  before 
tlic  end  of  the  month.** 

^[eanw]lile,  one  of  tlio  foreitj^ners  was  sent  to  the 
Sacramento  to  assemble  those  of  his  comj)anions  who 
had  remained  in  that  renjion;  and  at  New  Helvetia 
mi  November  I  1th  Castro  issued  another  order  simi- 
lar ill  pui'port  to  that  of  the  Gth,  but  even  more  favor- 
ahlc  to  the  immigrants,  since  they  were  not — unless 
their  case  was  covered  by  the  other  order — re(|uired 
to  give  any  bonds,  and  might  witli  a  pass  from  Sutter 
^(1  to  Sonoma  or  San  Juan  in  quest  of  enqdoyment. 
Sutter  was  exhorted  to  use  great  prudence  in  keeping 
the  ibreigners  united  and  submissive;  and  to  present 
ac(auate  repf)rts  of  all  new  arrivals,  to  whom  the  priv- 
ilc'vs  crranted  were  not  to  extend  witliout  new  or- 
deis.*'^     Thus  we  see  that  the  immigrant!-.,  Americans 

"'•' '  '/f.s'/co,  Orddi  del  rommnlnntc  ijenrral  gobre  pcrmiinriicia  de  citiviriidoK  dc 
/  ^  K-hiduA  Ciihl '",  0  di:  \or.  JS.'/,1,  MS.  Bonds  of  the  foreigners — Yonnt  lieing 
li'iiiilsiiiiiM  for  most,  in   Vtdlcjn,  Doc.,  MS.,  xii.  lo'J-To. 

''  N(j\'.  1  Itli,  Castro's  order  in  favor  of  immigrants.  VaUcjo,  Ihx'.,  MS.,  xii. 
l.V),  Nov.  ."Jd,  news  at  Sutter's  Fort  of  arrival  of  Castro  and  Alvaraiio  at 
SiiiiiiiMa.  X.  Il<h\  JUari/,  MS.,  1.5.  Xov.  (ttli,  a  man  arrived  with  .1  letter 
frijiii  J.ecse  to  the  inunigrants.  Nov.  lllli,  tlie  party  arrived  witli  eseort  of  1.5 
mor,  Leese  and  I'rudon,  Imtnot  Alvarad(,noi-  Manuel  ('astro.  Castro  dejiarted 
IJtIr  Loeso  .ind  I'rudon  l.'Uli,  /'/.,  l.VKi.  Nov.  ,")th,  Sutter,  sjx'akin;,' of  the 
}'h  xican  order  and  ex[ieeting  Castro's  arrival,  urges  Larlvin  to  eoiue  n[>  to  aid 
lii.i  I  iiuiitrymen  and  their  families,  'hut  if  it  is  not  in  y<i(n'  jiouer  or  in  the 
\«<\\rv  i)f  a  man-of-war  to  proteet  tiieni,  I  will  ilo  it.  All  ai'e  ]iroteeted  iicrc, 
iiiid  111  fore  1  will  sull'er  an  injustiee  to  he  done  them,  I  vill  die  first  '!  I.firl.i.i'.i 
li"'\.  NhS.,  iii.  ;{()!),  Nov.  l"2tli,  L.  writes  to  S.  and  to  the  iiiiniiLrraiits,  from 
\eili:i-  lUiena,  that  it  i.s  not  ronvenient  for  him  to  come  imrth,  thmiLrh  ho 
wmiM  do  so  if  sine  of  meeting  Castro,  without  whose  presence  ho  eoiild  do 
iMtliing.  He  advi.ses  them  to  seleet  .1  eommittec  to  visit  him  at  Monterey,  in 
iiiii'li.iiiy  with  Marsh.  Jd.,  Of.  Com-.v/),,  MS.,  i.  .")'2-;{.  Nov.  11th,  I'ie'o  to 
mill,  nf  rel.  Immigrants  eoining  in  great  luimljeis,  I'ears  that  he  shall  not 
111'  iil'h'  to  stop  them.  Dipt.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  vi.  07.  Mareii  4th,  'l(i.  LarUin  to 
liiKhiinaii.  The  general  went  to  the  Saeramento  to  «(■(;  the  striiiigei's,  and  hado 
tliiiii  welcome  to  Cal.  Lnrhiii'.'<  Off.  Corns/i.,  MS.,  ii.  42.  Hargrave,  CfUi- 
luriii".  ill  ',J^',  MS.,  relates  .it  eonsidcrahle  length  that  some  time  in  lS4."»all 
tliL'  luieigners  north  of  the  bay  were  summoned  to  assemble  at  Sonomu.  ostensi- 
My  i"\-  uu  election,  but  really  either  to  nacertuin  their  number  or  to  induce 


';; 


M, 


V4f 


5i  ,  !% 


t-^'    ■!' 


I'V 


ll-iK'-^''  'i  ■■ 


003 


FOREIGN  nELATIOXS— 1843. 


.".-;  well  as  others,  wore  most  Idiully  treated  in  18!,1, 
j'lid  that  muler  circuiustanceH  wliieh  ini^lit  liave  ]i,il- 
liated,  il'  not  justified,  a  certain  decree  of  liarshnc-  , 
]i;id  tliere  heen  any  hostile  foeliiiLi^  on  the  part  of  (\\\- 
iloiiiiaii  authorities.  I  may  add  that  duriuL,^  tlie  w  in- 
ter, aeeordini^  to  the  testimony  of  all  coneerned,  \\\>' 
<;enerositv  of  the  A^allejos  at  Sonoma  and  Xapa  in 
reheviiiL,^  tlie  wants  of"  destitute  {"amilics  was  hy  im 
means  sur[)assed  by  that  of  Sutter  at  Xow  Helvetia. 

Sutter  liad  returned  in  ^Tarch,  as  wo  have  seen, 
from  his  brief  imprisonment  at  Los  An_L,^e]es,  none  tin' 
worse  in  any  way  f )r  his  participation  in  the  late  iv\- 
ohuion,  since  all  his  old  j>o\vers  had  betai  conlirmed  by 
tlie  new  authorities;  and  his  loss  of  time  and  mnn<  y 
may  be  rc'-arded  as  eountcirbalanced  by  his  '<>cnei,;l 
<;'rant'  from  Micheltorena,  which  tlie  new  goveimnciit 
in  a  sense  tacitly  conlirmed  by  takint^  no  steps,  so  i\\v 
as  is  known,  to  annul  it.''^  Inimediat(dy  alter  his  ]•.- 
turn,  Sutter  made  a  successful  cam}»aii4n  against  the 
Indians  who  had  murdered  Thomas  Lindsav,and  wlm 
M'ore  committinuf  depredations  amoini  the  raiicluiM.' 
cattle,  killing  twenty-two  of  their  number,  and  lo-iiiu' 
only  one  of  his  twenty-two  men.*-  During  his  absence 
in  th(!  south  a  report  of  his  death  came  to  New  ]irl- 

tlu'iii  ti>  vote  iuul  thereby  put.  tliciii  under  sonic  tililigntions  ;is  Iwivinu'  i"  i- 
f.  ir:iioil  nets  of  eitizen;-lii[).  \><>ih  li;ir;rr;ivo  and  VowU-y,  JSiiir  /'■nj,  }i\>..  1, 
nitc  the  eiiuiin;^  ot  <in  (illieer  to  eount  tlio  lorei;^iier.s  e;i[;al>le  of  liearini;  aims. 
Col.  \'allcj(,)'M  letter  to  I'A-presideut  IJuslanianto  on  Nov.  'il'd,  eL^cw  liei'i! 
liotiecd,  \iillijo,  J)or.,  ^IS.,  xii.  l.">7,  eoniahm  iiiueli  almut  tlio  coiiiiu;,'  if 
overland  iiiinii. ranis  and  the  iiiijiossiliilily  of  stopping  tliem  vitli  any  l'ii-.u 
iivailaMo  in  C'al.     JIu  i.jieaks  of  ( 'astro's  visit  rnd  niea.suics. 

■"Of  iMiiro  Mieliellorena  had  no  ii„'lit  t'>  grant  sneli  power.^,  norwiM 
coulirniation  liy  tile  new  !,'ovt  liave  heeii  of  any  le-al  foi-i  ;  hut  Siiltir\.n 
U'ft  nndi.'ituihed  in  tin;  poo.se.;si(iu  of  his  supposi-d  powers,  and  the  grantees 
may  lie  .'^upiio.scd  to  ha.e  aeipiired  from  this  state  of  all'airs  .some  ri^lit-J  i:i 
i'(|r.ity  if  noi.  in  law.  In  his  letter  of  Xov.  'J'Jd  to  lv\-pre,>i<lent  lUistani.  iiii', 
( 'ol.  ValUjo.saiil:  '.Most  of  the  hest  landson  the  northern  frontier  have  |:i>-<'l 
i:ito  foreiuu  liands  t!iron,L;h  1).  .hian  A.  Sutter,  who  was  authorized  to  tli.it 
elleet  liy  (ion.  .Mieln  Itorena,  as  is  sliowu  hy  a  doeumi'ut  in  his  ].iis-ir-;>iiiu 
si;,-ned  liy  the  said  L^'Ueral;  so  that  a  midtituiie  of  Aniejieans  eoinini;  wiJi^iit 
le_i;:d  ]iassports.  not  ii.itui'alized,  and  ah.^olulely  limiualiiieil  to  oeeuiiy  lan'l"! 
]i;)sse;;sious,  hold  immense  ((nautities  of  tiio  i  iehest  lands  in  this  j  art  of  t!:o 
ilepartuient  .s(jlely  hy  the  ticio  issued  hy  Sutter  under  the  autliority  eiltd. 
VatUjii,  ]>oc.,  JIS.,  .\ii.  l.")7. 

'-'April  L/ih,  S.  to  A.  Tico.  Dipt.  St.  Pap.,  M.S.,  vi.  17:1. 


mm 

■  'it 

■  .'»■! 

in  TSir), 
lavc  jKil- 
irsiiiic--, 

t..r(';ii- 

tlif  wlu- 

fn<j(l,  the 

Napa  ill 

as  1)V  no 

IK-lvclia. 


av(^  seen, 
,  nt»iit>  tin; 
>  late  ivv- 
liriiu'*!  Iiy 

11(1  Uloiiry 

s  '"■(.'iii'r.il 
)V('i'niii(.'nt 
_'j)s,  so  iar 
tvv  Ills  IV- 
>;aiiist  tilt' 
,  and  v.li" 
Iraucii''!''- 
111(1  lo>in:4' 
is  al)>i'iii'^^- 
vxv  11  rl- 

Is  Ihwiim  l"i'- 

/■/.-;/,   M^.-    1, 

IliuuriiiL;  :ir;iis. 
|::a,  I'lsicw  li^'"i; 
n-  c'diiiiu.:  >  f 
lilli  any  l"i''t! 

Its,  niii"  \v"  ii'l 

lit  Sll'itu-  \  :n 
liiiiiu!  ri-lit-i-.i 

r.lls'.UUi:  111'', 
Ir  liiuc  I  ;i.--"l 
l.iziMl  to  tli.it 
li.i  jiiis-<t— -I'lii 
JiiiiiiL;  \viJi"'it 
lix'iipv  Uiii'i"' 


SUTTEU'S  AFFAIRS. 


600 


vctia,  whereupon,  if  wo  may  credit  liis  own  version, 
•'(Ml  the  whole  Feather  River  and  Sacramento  was  an 
awful  mourning  for  me,  and  all  were  very  sorrowful, 
as  they  look  upon  me  now  as  their  father,  henet'actor, 
and  protector,"  though  "some  ungrateful  white  men 
\\(ic  on  the  |K)int  of  taking  things  into  their  own 
hands  here,  and  were  glad  that  I  was  dead  so  that 
tlity  might  have  a  chance  to  rob  and  [tlunder.  It  was 
high  time  that  I  arrived  here.""'  The  only  attempts 
tc  interfere  with  Sutter's  otheial  jirerogatives  during 
the  year  came  from  the  sub-prefect  at  San  Francisco, 
to  whose  communications  he  [)aid  no  attention,  assert- 
ing that  no  civil  authority  existed  or  was  needed  at 
X«\\  Helvetia,  and  that  he  would  receive  orders  only 
ticiii  Castro  or  Vallejo  as  his  military  superiors.** 

The  existence  of  Suttei-'s  establishment  was  a  great 
coiixenieiKX'  to  the  immigrants,  most  of  whom  re- 
mained there  for  a  time  al'ter  their  arrival,  and  many 
wciv  employed  on  the  estates  until  they  could  do  bet- 
ter elsewhere.  And  while  there  is  no  lack  of  com- 
plaints that  the  captain  was  disposed  to  drive  a  close 
liaigain  with  the  new-comers,  the  preponderance  of 
evidence  is  to  the  effect  that  all  were  warmly  wel- 
( I  lined  and  kindly  treated  at  New  Helvetia.  In  later 
yeais,  Sutter  and  his  friends  have  sought  to  create 
the  impression  that  he  aided  the  strangers  from  mo- 
tives of  charity,  and  with  loss  to  himself;  but  nothing 
cmild  be  further  from  the  truth.  The  advantages  of 
an  increased  ininiigration,  not  only  as  augmenting  the 
vahie  of  lands  and  the  profits  of  trade,  but  in  afford- 
ing an  opportunity  to  purchase  desirable  wagons  and 
(^)ther  [)roperty  at   low  prices  in    exchange  for   live- 

*' June  28th,  S.  to  Larkin.  Larklti'^i  Doc,  MS.,  iii    "203. 

*'  Nov.  l")th,  S.  to  sub-prefect,  refusing  to  eonvHponil  with  him,  'thisestab- 
lisliinent  being  a  niihtary  )wst  for  the  ilefence  of  the  frontier,  eoncjuest  of  aav- 
ii','i'  I  iiiliana,  anil  watching  of  (smigrants  that  come  across  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
Hiiil  not  a  town.'  Doc.  Hint.  C<it.,  MS.,  ii.  212.  Dec.  1st,  sub-prefect  to  pre- 
fect. /(/.,  i.  494.  Dec.  8th,  LI.  to  Id.  Tliinka  S.  intends  to  (juit  the  country 
for  Oregon  with  his  cattle,  leaving  the  country  upset  by  the  'llanrjui.s'  (Yan- 
kee!). I'lii^tro,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  23.  Nov.  17th,  juez  at  Sonoma  complains  that 
•'^.  i  i  sinning  against  leligiou  and  *''  .iatiou'3  laws  by  perforniiug  the  niurriage 
teiciiiony.  /'/.,  i.  220. 

UiBT.  Ctd..,  Vol.  IV.    39 


F.J 


610 


FOREIGN  RELATIONS— 1  S-lo. 


stnc'lv,  woro  as  ohvioiis  to  Siittcr  nt  tlio  time  ;w  ilii  v 
are  to  us  now.  Jiila'  Mni'sli  and  otlici's,  lu;  ujivtillv 
t'xa^-i^cratcd  llu'  miiiiln'r  of  iiniuin'raiits  en  I'outc,  ;iii;l 
his  li'ttrrs  wore  lull  of  sau^uiutj  e.\[)i'c'ssious  res[)oc'tiiig 
Ills  future  [»rosi)ects.*° 

*''A))i'il  "Jlst,  S.  to  I,iirkiii.  l",x]ioi'ts  !)!)()  souls  from  Or.,  nnd  iiiiiny  from 
tliL"  I'.  S. ;  ur},'os  tliiit  tiny  he.  snit  to  occiiiiy  the  S.  .I(iai|iiiii  N'allcy,  as  tlic 
(•lic'!i|i<jMt  \v;iy  to  \ivv\>  the  IihIImiis  in  ciicrk;  will  sciul  some  iiiori'  liiili:;ii 
ciiil'lrcn  wIr'u  iiu  iiiiikcs  iiiintliur  mill;  '  tliis  yciir  I  will  have  ;i  uoml  li;i;\c  t, 
tliiiiik  (lod  ill  1r';iv(1i.'  ()ri;,'iiml  in  A/rurndo,  II'ikI.  ('id.,  MS.,  iv.  •Jl."i.  .i:,ly 
'22(1,  S.  to  li.  A  lo;i!j;  letter  on  Ins  [n'osiuits.  Will  sow  MOO  fiin.  of  w  iii:it. 
'  I  will  foicc  the  iillhir  (ini'c,  iiiiil  wlicii  it  tui'iis  one  yc;ir  irooil  out  not  only  fill 
my  ilihts  «  ill  Ih"  puiil,  Imt  I  will  liiivc  a  vciv  laru'e  .iniount  over.'  Will  In  ;i];^ 
water  from  the  .Anieriean  i'"ork  for  iri'iuiition  and  mills.  The  Itussiaiis  uiil 
give  him  a  eontraet  for  all  the  grain  ami  other  ercps  he  eaii  raise.  It'  lie  Iwnl 
some  needed  .ii'tieles  to  the  extent  of  y.'). ().)(),  he  eonld  maUo  a.  fortune  in  Ivvo 
years.  Tia|)])in','  Mils  fair  to  lie  protit.ilile,  though  a.  great  many  of  his  lMr.< 
are  wrongfully  ohtained  liy  others.  His  enemies,  I'li'igge,  Wilier,  Mar.-h,  and 
others,  al'c  doing  their  liest  to  injnn^  his  eledit.  ' 'I  his  year  1  Jiay  a  i  oii- 
siderahle  amount  of  my  debts,  the  half  to  the  If.  iJ.  Co.,  a  good  amount 
to  the  Russians,  and  at  le.ist  half  to  .Mr  Tiioin|isoii  and  otheis,  in  tan.' 
Wishes  I,,  to  eiime  n|i  and  examine  the  ]iros])eets,  evid  ntly  hoping  to  get 
from  him  some  ]ieeuniaiy  aid.  /^ur/.iii'a  JJoi\,  .MS.,  iv.  '2'JS.  .luK  lilst.  luig 
list  of  artiiden  w  liiih  L.  is  ask(>d  to  furnish — on  cicdit  of  eour.se.  Id,,  ui.  I'liJ, 
'2IU.  Aug.  l"_'th.  Marsh  to  J.arUin.  E.speets -J.Oiiil  innnigiants  w  itii  ll.rtin;,'^ 
mostly  of  good  I'haraeter  ;ind  some  ]iro|ierty.  "(iod  speed  (hem.  I  liiul 
lather  noni^  would  eome  tlian  that  they  should  he  like  a  portion  ot  .•^oiuu 
of  the  t'ornn  r  eompaniis.'  /</.,  iii.  '2i~.  Sept.  lltli,  .S.  to  i...  A  good  many 
small  del'tswill  lie  paid  soon  ami  jiart  of  the  large  ones.  'One  good  \iar 
mole  and  I  shall  lii'  elear  of  delits.'  Cotton  does  well  in  the  valley.  //, 
iii.  "isT.  Sept.  'JTtli,  still  in  meil  of  n;any  things.  /»/.,  iv.  .'{!)!.  (iet.  •_  1, 
Sutter's  praisi'  of  the  ininiigrants  who  h.i\  e  arrived  this  month  (?),  of  wlmin 
he  iu'ud.s  a  list  (not  giveiil.  A/.,  iii.  .'UO.  Oet.  Mh,  arrival  of  Sulilcttcs 
party.  '.V  great  ehanee  to  Imy  jilenty  of  welldirokeii  oxen  ami  wagons  . 
.My  estalilishmeiit  will  gain  a  great  deal  liy  this  emigration.  I  einjiloya  gn..d 
many  meihanies;  a  lirstrate  doctor  will  rem;. in  here,  likewi.se  a  eliik;'  ;l 
lilarivsiniths  at  work,  hut  needs  ii-oii,  ete.  Owners  of  land  in  the  valley  >lio;ilil 
give  a  )iart  to  m  w  settlers;  'it  will  lie  olir  greatest  interest  and  make  oiir 
lainls  valualile.'  '.Next  year  in  this  inniith  ue  shall  have  l,()(H)  and  tlioiisinuls 
of  emigrants  here,'  who  should  be  given  lamls  in  th"  Tulares.  New  rouicis 
well  armed  and  'will  light  like  lyoiis.'  .\fter  the  rains  the  new  eity  "ill  h' 
'foundated.'  I'luiloii  i  ;  to  leavi>  the  eouit  of  Sonoma  and  liiiild  .a  Imti !  h.  re, 
'J'weiity  splendid  ploughs  maile  here;  would  like  to  have  40  running  at  once. 
A  .saddler  at  u<irk  on  L'l)  ets  of  harness.  'If  I  have  a  little  luck  llii-  next 
year  the  ]ie(>|ile  will  lie  astonished  ,it  my  farming  luisiiiess.'  Id.,  iii,  '.<\'i. 
Nov.  ."itli,  seems  to  h.i\e  ]iaid  iiio-it  <if  his  indeliti'ilness  to  Larkiii,  and  ti.  h;'.vi' 
been  promiseil  some  iron  o;i  credit.  'It  is  true  I  have  a  gi'od  many  pe,  iilf 
einplo\cd  at  present,  but  all  an"  useful  ;ind  necessary.'  l>r  (iildea's  •.•rxicis 
)iartietdarly  u.seful  Jd.,  iii.  ;i(;:i.  .Ian.  I.  IS4(I,  Sutter  to  I'ludon.  A  l"ii',' 
letter  in  I'reneh.  mainly  devoted  to  urging  I'rudou  to  usi' his  inl'ueib  r  witli 
Vallejo  to  permi'  the  entry  of  cargoes  for  the  v;d!ey  free  of  dutic-..  N'lir 
position  |;is  Vallejo's  secretary)  gives  you  great  chunees,  and  if  you  kiM  "  U'<vf 
to  make  goixl  use  of  it,  wi^  might  soon  become  rieli.'  Seveiid  -liiii.-i  arc) 
cxjiected,  and  crowds  of  immigrants.  I'rosiieets  for  trade  good  but  l"r  tlio 
cursed  eustoindiouse.  I'^xpei'ts  inueliiiiery  for  some  steamboats;  also,  print- 
ing-presa  on  wliicU  he  will  print  a  new.;paper.     Is  liuiKling  a  gri  ,  ;  lill;  a 


i 


m:^^ 


m 


m 


o-rt'iillv 
itc,  iiirl 


uiMiiy  fiiii'i 
Ucy.'as  t!ir 
Kill'    IiiiIk.;i 

lOll    liiil-vc  t, 

.  -21.-..    .I.ly 

II.    of    «  lll'llt. 
IIDt    Kills    illl 

Will  111  u- 
!iissi;iii.-i  \i  ill 
.  If  hr  liii.l 
rtuiH'  ill  '■>•" 
V  (if  hi .  ;  .1  - 
,'  M:n>.li.  .in.l 
1  jiiiy  11  i"ii- 

nxill    lllll"I.Mt 

crs,  ii\  fur-.' 

KUlill','    to  L-'I't 

ilv  ;il>t.  1  ai:,' 
/./.,  iii.  -SM, 
vitli  lla-'.iH'.rs 
[luMii.  I  ilil'l 
ti.iii  .if  .-  iiiif 
A  1,'iiihI  iiiiiny 
111'  ;.'iinil  \';ir 

•    V^lllfV.    //. 

!)1.     (l.t.-l. 
C'l.  i.f  V.  Ii'.iii 


.f    ^iil 


I'Ui 


uii;j!"iis.    . 
liiililnVii  ;-"""l 


a    clill 


i'V  >lii';i 


111  iiiaKi'  1 
IikI  tli'iu^ali 


M 
iir 
Is 


Ncw-i'iuiui's 
•  city  uiU  1)' 
a.  Until  li'io. 
,;,'  111  oin't'. 
llii^  iiist 
|/,/..  iii.  "•I'>. 
,nil  ti'  ii:i\'^' 


lliialiy  ]'!■■ 


lilr- 


.  rMi-is 

\    1..M-,' 


Ituv 


v.. Ill' 
,\  liiiW 


111  >'iiii^ 

l)llt    l"V 


lis 

-■ri  .-i.'i 


tlio 

I'iiit- 
11;  a 


M.'vTTir.is  AT  \i:w  in:Lvr/iiA. 


oil 


rVops  at,  New  l[cl\i>ti;i  wcm  n-ood  this  year:  iiiid 
oilier  bfaiichcs  of  iii(lu.stry  weru  in  a  cnmjiMi'ativcly 
|ii(is]K'rous  coii'litiMii — so  imicli  so  that  Suiter  waseii- 
iililed  actually  to  j)ay  oil'  a  lew  of  his  smallest  dehts, 
ti'  iiiak".'  oood  his  ('f(>dit  with  Jjai'kin  t'oi-  a  sniad 
niiMiunt  ill  iron  and  other  lUM'ded  <j[()()ds,  and  to  deliver 
111  ihe  llussiaiis  a  considc'ral)!*!  ijuaiitily  of  y'raiii, 
Tiie  Sulter-Suhol  corrospondeiice,  from  which  I  havt^ 
(liawii  many  iiiterestiiiL*'  items  for  past  yi'ars,  extend;; 
tilso  over  184;").  ('onlirm-inn'  l>y  its  L,'eneral  tone  the  con- 
clusion to  Ix;  <lrawn  from  the  Ic'tters  to  Larkin  al- 
iv.idy  cited,  namely,  that  Sutter  eked  out  his  slight 
|i;;\  iiu'iits  tt>  creditors  with  ma^Miiliceiit  promises  for 
ill"  near  futui'C.  To  Sufiol  he  continued  t:»send  Ind- 
i.iii  lahorers,  with  rerpiests  for  now  credit,  and  threats 
til  maki>  Marsh  and  Weherpay  deai'ly  for  their  'iiiso- 
l  lice  and  ro<4'uery'  in  altackiiiL;'  his  soKeiicy;  hut 
tiii.illy,  hy  sendiiiL;'  ilown  some  wa^^'ons  purchased  from 
the  iiiiinii;rants,  he  so  tar  appeased  his  ei'editor  that 
III  ■  latter  ap[n'ars  not  to  ha\H;  acti'd  on   his  threat  to 


Iii!>'  the  matter  hefore  the  authoritii 


■u; 


We  1 


<now 


imiliini,^  of  th(3  amount  of  the  Siihol  and  other  minor 
(It  his,  hut  the  a^'grein'ate  must  have  heeii  enoULi,h  to 
(laiiipeii  the  enthusiasm  of  a,  less  sanguine  speeul;  tor. 
There  was  one  deht  of  over  84,<)<)0  due  to  tin'    llud- 


S.ill  s 

Furl 


n, 


W    C'oinnanv    since    IHK).    to    secure    wliieli 

■  I  1/ 


»es 


to( 


)K 


till'  1; 


lllIU 


h  N 


ilci'K  ni('iiti). 


which.  I 


loWe\  I'lV 


Slitter  was  allowinl  to  use  duriiiL;-  the;  season,  the  plan 
hciiiu-  to  secure  it  a<»*aiiist  attachment  l>y  other   cr<'d- 


iTiiis. 


ir  loiiil  from   tin'  iiioiiiitaiii.-i  li.is  In 


fiiuinl;  tluri'  will    ln'  ;i    railroinj 


.")  years!     (.'npy  in  V(itl<ji>,  //i-t.  ('al.,  .MS.,  v.  'Js  ."J};  /'I.,  Corn -/i 


•1.  MS..  i.-)7-(;4. 

Siiiti  r-Siiiiil  ( '<nTi'K}K,  MS. 


,'!;!.      .Vs  iiiniiv  ns  SO  Iiuliaiis  wcic  snit 


it  ii  tiiiR',  Imt  tlii'V  tliil  not  give  very  ;.;ooil  sati.sf  ii'lioii.      ,s.  d 


i-t:liin-H  lie 


la-  .ilways  iK'iMi  a 


liL'ncf.ii'tor  to  tlir 


itiiili^ 


('  loinitry.  and  has  rcciivi  il  notiiin 


l.iit 


Sonic  niiil-stonc.i  lioiif,'Iit  of  (iiliov  wito  (lilav«  il  fi 


r  a  \    iror  iii"ri! 


.1  (.'lar.i.   tliroimli  tlm   liitfrfi'n 


ati'u  \M 


!i|'|"al 


th  r 


nclii'co  ot  some   iiii]iortaiu;'  also  cuik'  to  naiiL'iJ 


if    .Mi 

Is 


w: 


1' 


111  to  liv  Snttur  to  Uri 


p  .'•liillol  (|UU't.  liiit  lU'L'lnu'il  loa.s,siinic  any  rtsjioa- 


sili::itv. 


Oct.   .'{(1,   Forl(M  to   1' oo.    Jhjif.  Si.  I'lijK,  .MS.,  viii.   (17 


:i. 


Til 


cuiii|ilaint  against  till!  local  uutlioriCicu  uf  S.  F.,  who  had  ponnittotl  Ctilis  to 


t  '*  ,■  I  -  ' 


m. 


I 


012 


FOItEKIX  IIELATIONS— 1S45. 


Tho  ch\('i  indobtc'dnoss  was  of  course  tliat  to  tlio 
Ttussiaii  American  CV)!ii|)any  for  the  purchase  of  tin; 
Koss  and  Bodega  |)ro])erty  in  1841.  Notwithstand- 
ing^ Sutter's  wlieat  payments  of  this  year,  and  the 
small  ones  of  former  years,  the  debt  was  still  a  litilo 
more  than  the  original  [)rice  of  thi;  j)i'o[)erty  jjurchascd, 
or  $30,000.  The  enthusiastic  ca])tain  was  well  jtleascd 
V.  itii  his  success  in  thus  having  so  nearly  njaintaiiicd 
the  iinancial  statu  «jUo,  and  he  was  already  planniii'^^ 
to  assume,  after  i)aying  oli'  the  trilling  halancd  of 
$30,000,  the  contract,  formerly  held  by  the  llud.'-oir.s 
Bay  Com[)any,  for  supi)lying  the  Russians  at  Sitka 
with  all  the  agricultural  [)roduce  they  needed,  thus 
making  an  innnense  fortune!  But  the  agents  of  tho 
company  were  cold-blooded  individuals,  who  chose  to 
regard  the  whole  matter  in  a  very  different  light. 
They  called  upon  the  Californian  authorities  to  aid 
them  by  enforcing  payment  of  the  debt;  and  linally 
entered  into  an  agreement  by  which  the  Mexican 
govcrmnent  was  to  assun)e  and  pay  Sutter's  indebt- 
edness, and  thus  acquire  the  company's  mortgage 
on  New  Helvetia.  The  aufrcement  never  went  into 
effect,  because,  presumably  on  account  of  the  war 
that  soon  broke  out,  it  was  not  confirmed  in  jMe\i<i».^^ 

The  motive  of  tho  government  in  contcmi)latiiig 
the  purchase  of  tho  Russian  mortgage  was  a  desire 
to  get  possession  of  Sutter's  establishment,  the  im- 
portance of  which,  in  ease  of  war,  and  especially  ii'  a 
large  military  force  should  be  sent  from  Mexico,  was 
apparent.  I  do  not  suppose  that  the  Calii'orniaii 
authorities,  or  the  Mexican  comisionado,  reallv  he- 
lie  ved  that  Mexico  would  pay  for  New  Helvetia,  er 
that  if  it  were  obtained  the  Americans  could  be  m- 
cessfully   resisted;   but   they   were    under   oblig.nieii 

detain  the  Sarramenio  as  security  for  another  claim.  Corrosp.  in  tiir  <  nse  of 
L'Olis  VM  Sutter,  Aug.  1845  to  Feb.  1840,  as  remitted  to  the  jjiefoct.  i'nli'o, 
y>or.,  MS. ,  ji,  1-10.  Tliis  debt  explains  Sir  (ieo.  Sinij.son'r,  alhisinii  t.i.stU- 
tor  during  his  visit  in  1841.  See  chap.  ix.  of  this  vol.;  also  Hinipiniii'.^  .\iiir., 
i.  32.J-7. 

•'Tor  some  particulars  of  this  matter,  sec  chap.  vi.  of  tills  \i'.  I'l* 
auu)unt  of  tho  debt  iu  1845  was  about  $31, COO. 


PROPOSED  SALK  OF  THK  FOHT. 


013 


;  to  tlio 

3    of   Ih*! 

thstaiid- 
and  tlie 
a  littlo 
rchnsrd, 
1  j)lt'i»>i'(l 
nntniiH'il 

ilaiirr   nf 
LIikU<  Ill's 
at  Sitka 
[led,  thus 
ts  of  the 
ehoso  to 
}nt  li^dit. 
cs   to  aid 
nd  iiiially 
Mexican 
's  indebt- 
niortLjag'o 
,vent  into 
the   war 
Mexico.*^ 
uiplatiii»,' 
a  desire 
,  the  illi- 
ially  ii'  a 
xieo,  was 
aliioriiiaii 
eall.v   h.'- 
hetia,  nr 
]  1)0  ■  n<'- 
)bli;4atiou 

Jm  till'  r;l«>i)f 

Ifoct.    <'"''■'< 

lusioii   '■'  ^"'" 

,V(  I /■'•., 


IpHOli  ■' 


1»  \'- 


The 


fis  officials  to  "save  tlieir  ivsponsiMlity"  1)}'  actiii'jf 
t'lir  the  best  interests  of  tlieir  ^overnnieiit,  and  on 
tlie  theory  that  the  nation  would  sujjport  Ihiun  with 
money  or  troops.  It  was  theivfore  theii'  duty  to  do 
all  in  their  power  to  ae(piire  Suttisr's  Fort.  Aeeord- 
iii^ly  Castillero  and  Casti'o,  on  their  northern  tour  in 
X(ivend)er,  brcjaehed  the  subjeet  t(»  Sutter.  Th(»ri'  is 
iiiiK'li  uncertainty  about  wliat  was  siiid  at  the  inter- 
view of  Novend)er  1  1th.  Sutter  himself  states  that 
tliey  made  liini  a  deiinite  offer  of  .s  100,000,  or  the 
mission  of  San  Jose,  for  his  establishment;  and  that 
lie.  after  consultation  with  liis  friends,  declined  the 
eller  because  the  proi>osed  sale,  tllou^■h  advantai^'eous 
to  jiini.  Would  leave  the  settlers  and  innnii^rants  un- 
jirotected.'"' 

*^ Sit/tfi-'A  Di't.-i/,  0;  /(/.,  Pi'fifim  (o  ('oiirirrx/f,  .'>;  /il.,  PcrnoinJ  /'imlii., 
Ms.,  i;)2-8.  ]Iu  s;iys  tli;it  the  visitors  wci-e  ju.Toinpaliic'il  by  J^ccsu  iiinl  I'lii- 
iliiii  from  SonoiiKi,  iind  tscortdl  hy  iih(;nt  ."il)  (1.)  i.iini;  tluit  tlicy  .it  oiico 
ii:"iU'lio(l  tlu'ir  Inisiiu.saof  Imyiii;;  tlic  fort;  Hint  In;  u.'n  liuu'li  surjiiiscd,  iii'Vcr 
li:i\  ill',' t!iouj,'ht{if  sc'liiii:,',  Imt  consulted  J!(  Miliiii.',  J  lid  well,  I  li  iislcy,  .'iihI  J.okt  r, 
wli  )  tlioii;^!ittlii!]ni('o!ig.)od  (Hie,  1)11  tn  slid,  '  Wliaci-t  t  >  Ih'cdiik;  ot'us?'  ''i  lii«i 
(Ilk  riiiiiK'd  iiic;  1  WHS  IkmukI  they  .should  li.'iv  o  )iro  tec  lion;  hut  tor  this  I  .sin  mid 
li.n  (' ;uct'[itoil  tlio  oIrt;  (jftcu  huv(!  I  rcL;t'etti'(l  that!  did  not  neccpt  ii;  niiil 
fill  tills  groat  jsauiilico  1  luiW'!  Ik'iii  jiaid  uitli  liotliiii;^  hut  iii,L,'ratitudc' !  Tho 
(iilitaiii  ac'coiiijiaiii(.'d  tin;  visitors  forli)  iiiilisoii  ilicir  diiiaitun!  iii;.\t  day;  and 
all  V. iro  ovi'itakcu  liy  Ileiislcy  Avith  •'>{)  hoiscimii,  fi'ariiiL;  that  .Siittcr  was 
liciii'.,'  kidiia|ipcd  !  J'ludoii  laiuc  haik  and  lii-..;td  an  iicccjitainc!  ot  t!iu  otllr, 
eta  1 1  111;  at  last  that  ( 'astro  hadaiitlioiizcd  liiiu  t)  iiniU!  Imth  oli'rrs,  f;i\  ini;  liitli 
the  .''100,000  and  the  mission  istatts  !  Afionliii;,' to  the  A'.  Jlilr.  J)i  ir;/,  .MS., 
C.-ai)  started  Nov.  12lh;  i'nidon  slaiti'd  to  ovim  taUe  liiiu  Nov.  l.'ilh;  and 
llriislcy  arrived  from  Jloel;  N'nv.  I4;li,  j/oin;;  haik  next  day.  See  also  Itoss 
lii'iv,  lie,  ill  the  Ora'tdiiil,  xv.  ."44.  '('islillo  was  iiii])o\vered  to  ].r.y  as  miuh 
a.i  .';<l(>O,(/i;0;  and  Jietually  otl'eied  Suttc  r  in  addition  icvcial  jino  tniets  of  niis- 
sioii  lands  now  worth  millions.  Ihit  Sutter,  vith  a:i  nii.--elli>:h  devotion  to 
our  iiiti  rests  wliieh  has  never  lieeii  ))ro|jeily  aiijireeiated,  njeetcd  all  tlie:,e 
tiiiiiitinir  oil'i'i's,  jirel'eriiii;,'  to  unite  his  fi:rtuiie  witli  the  AiiK'iieaiis.'  Swasey, 
'"'.  /;(  \'i'i  '!,  M.S.,  ;(,  .niid  also  in  \ariiiiis  iieusji.ifM  r  i.riieli's,  spi'aks  of  ll:o 
(jfn r;  hut  seems  not  to  have  had  any  jieisonal  kiiuwh  lUx  of  it.  Hiduidl,  ( '<il. 
/  ,7  .s',  MS..  14.')-(l,  nienlioim  ('a;-tillero's  vi.sit;  clati  s  that  the  a])])roaeli  of 
til  •  \  isitors  eaused  ;,'reat  alarm,  it  hem;;  feared  tli.it  ( 'istro  had  eonie  toiitauk 
till'  I'nrl;  tells  us  tlii'.t  Castillero  iiad  hard  wdiI;  to  f;et  a  w  onl  in  ]iri\ate  w  ith 
>ntl(  r  (ill  aeeoiiiitof  t'astroM  jealoi'.sy,  hut  Mieeeeded  in  sijiiiil^  ii:;;  his«[)iiroval 
of  "^itter'.T  conduct  i:i  Jiiilin;;  Mielieltoiena  ;  hut  lie  sr.y.i  nothiii:,'  <  f  any  (;lilr  — 
til  ill','  douhtless  jiretty  well  aware  that  none  was  madr.  'i'lie  eoiniu;^  of  ( '.Es- 
till, ro  and  Castio  win  not  ia  ii'ality  uiie.'iiieeted;  for  as  we  have  seen,  it  had 
Iki  -I  announced  at  the  fort  on  \ov.  lid.  Xov.  oth,  Sutter,  writiie;  to  J.aikin, 
sai  I  h  :  had  no  ohjeetiou  (o  (  aslro's  eomiii;,'.  thouu'li  he  thouuht  it  vor.l  1  he 
piiiilent  to  leave  liis  fo:-ei;  at  Sonoma  to  avniil  alarmin;,'  tlo  setth  is.  Lrnf.l.i'n 
I'"  ■.,  M.^.,  iii.  odO.  Oa  Xov.  (itii  ( '.istro  ha  1  not  (jiily  auiiouiiced  his  coi:ii:i  r, 
liiit  had  sent  a  messenjjer  to  assemhle  the  forei;,'iier.i.  Sdrcr/p,  l)oc.,  M;-^.,  ii. 
4J.    Sutter  uud  Bidwull  i^noro  thiu  jiart  of  the  visitors'  husinesj.    Xov.  14i.li, 


i-^i^ 


I'  :l 


•'  1 


m. 


014 


rOUKKiX  IlKLATIOXS  -1841. 


Were  tlicic  IK)  cvidi'iici'  oil  this  iii;itti>i'  Ix'yoiul  !\ri' 
Slitter's  statement,  as  indc'ed  Hiere  is  none  on  liis  side, 
it  would  lie  lii'cessarv  perliaps  to  coiichide  that  lie  li;i,s 
told  the  truth ;  that  ('asliliei'o  and  ("astro,  L;'oiiiL;' liu' 
heyond  any  powers  or  means  tliov  conld  have  |ims. 
.sessed,  <hd  make  what  Sutter  renai'ded  as  an  otl'er  lui- 
the  })ro|)erty;  and  that  itwasdediiied  hy  the  ea|)1;iiii, 
not  ill  tlic  interests  of  tho  American  settlers- lor  >U(  a 
a  i»lea,  advan('e(l  jati-r  tor  a  well  known  |)ur|iose.  i .  (o 
anyone  a('<|iiainted  with  the  circumstances  and  tlii' 
man  an  utter  ahsurdity— but  hecause  he  lacke(l  l-iiiU 
that  payments  w<»uld  1)e  pronqitly  made.  'I'liciv  is, 
however,  some  further  exideiicit,  leiivin;^  n<»  douhi  in 
Diy  iniiul  that  Sutter's  statement  is  false,  and  that  tlic 
oli'er  was  made  if  at  all  hy  himself  Xotifyini^'  Liir'ia 
of  his  inti;r\iew  with  the  commissioners,  he  wiile; 
"No  douht  their  visit  will  he  to  our  mutual  hen*  lit. 
]  am  now  on  the  most  iVieiidly  terms  with  J )  >n  .his.' 
Castro,  and  with  Sehor  ( 'astilK'ro."'''  A  Hat  iiiiisd 
to  accede  to  their  wishes  would  hardly  have  led  to  a 
r-tate  of  thiii'Lj^s  so  satisjactory.  ]jidwell  states  that 
"Sutter  was  inclined  to  dispose  of  his  fort  and  land." 
About  ten  days  alter  the  visit  A'allejo  wrote  to  I]\- 
president  ]^ustaniante  as  follows:  "It  would  he  vciy 
desirable  to  clo.si'  that  door  of  commuiiicatit)n  between 
the  U.  S.  and  this  country,  even  at  some  saia'iii'i', 
('astro  and  Castillero  havi';^"  made  ])ropositiiuis  to 
Sutter  for  the  purchase  of  his  establishment,  he  :  ai  I 
that  he  would  cede  it  to  the  rrovernuient  for  ,slOU,<>ijO. 
1  grant  that  this  is  a  hie^h  ])rice  to  pay  for  afvw  jucits 
of  cannon,  a  not  very  scientitieally  constructed  bastinii, 
»ome  fosses  or  moais,  ti'ii  or  twelve  adobe  houses,  rid 
corrals  of  the  same  material;  but  the  security  of  ilw 
country  is  what  is  to  be  paid  for,  and  that  is  |  licc- 

Sutter  notifies  L<iil:iu  of  the  visit,  and  (if  liis  having  fired  7  gmi'*  :>•  t!ie 
arrival  and  dcpartui'o.  J,(tr/:!n'fi  Our.,  M.S.,  iii.  ',]~l;  alsn^V.  JIilv.  JJi<ir;L  MS., 
l."i-l(J.     In  his  /'i r.'<oii.  Iinniii.,  ho  ha.i  it  1*1  gun.s. 

•■"Nov.  14th,  S.  t(i  i..  L(irLiii'.i  /^f-.,  MS.,  iii.  ;?74.  Torres,  l'- riffM, 
^!S.,  .",_'-4,  tells  i\H  that  ( 'asLilleruojHiied  iieuotiutidlui  viithout  anyaiith  >rityi 
hut  .'liitterH  (Icniands  fur  ivady  money  were  so  «'.\CL';-,sivc!  that  noLJiin.;  cuulJ 
Lo  done.     (Sutter  proposed  the  aulc  lirst  through  i'riulou. 


.nd  Mr 

Ills  siilc, 

111'  li;is 

nili!4'  I'lil' 

IVI-      |MIS- 

ntl'i'l'  I'oi- 
ciipl.'iiii, 

t'nl'  >11(  11 

jsis  is  ti" 

ami  till' 

;c(l    I'jillli 

rii.'iv  Is 

(loulil   in 

thai  llir 

11'  Lai'lviii 

IC   Wl'iili'". 
1    Urllrilt. 

)  >n  ,l.is.' 
it  I'ol'iisal 
^'  led  to  a 
atl's  tliat 
\\i\  laii'l. " 
t(,'  in  i'A- 
•V  vrry 

ri'll 


1 

ln'tW 


saiTilii 
titioii- 


to 


lU' 


,10U,tiOO. 
>\V  jiiccrS 

111 


>astinii, 


bu^'' 


IS   1 


111'- 
ll(.v- 

it  t!ie 
MS., 


Diarj 

/>,  ,•;,,. -(''IS, 
liyautli  viiy; 
lolliiiio'  '-■'J"^'* 


RUTTI'.Tl  WFLLIXO  TO  SELL. 


(115 


Ii -«."'■•'  A,t,niiii,  Sutler  li'mscir  wnitr  on  .T;ii\ii!irv  I, 
I-k;,  (o  A'iclor  J*i'U(l<)n  as  tollows:  "I  was  astoiiislKMl 
t'l  lnar  liowii  tliciv,"  at  V('rl)a  IJucua,  "the  r('|M)rt 
lliat  I  had  sold  my  I'stahlisliirciit  to  the  L,'(>vciiinicul, 
It  appears  that  ccs  iiicssirui's  have  nut  kcj)t  it  sccfct. 
What  do  yoii  think  of  it  '.  Do  \n\\  lidicvc  that  the 
-(•venmioiit  will  hiiy  iti*  I  would  like  to  he  sure  ot" 
lliat,  so  that  1  nii'^ht  take  nccrssaiy  lueasuics.  lu 
cax'  the  e'ovcrMUin'Ut  derides  to  make  the  jiurehase,  do 
vmu  think  it  would  he  possihli-  ti»  ohtain  a  |)ai't  of  the 
|iilre  on  aeeouiil  sutlicieut  to  pay  a  part  of  my  dehtsf 
I  rould  |L;iv"  possession  of  the  estahHshnient  after  liar- 
\e>t.  1  l)eii('V(!  the  i^'oveiiuneiit  will  do  well  not  to 
neglect  this  matter,  ioi-  next  fall  then'  will  he  many 
iiiiini;j;i'ants  IVcjm  the  Ignited  States. ''°-  And  linally, 
Sutter  wrote  to  Castro  early  in  ISK!,  "heiievinL,^  that 
tlie  ;^'ovornment  will  huy  my  estahlishinent,  I  will  |»ut 
all  in  the  l)est  eondition"  for  the  Mt'\i(!an  ^'arrison 
which  Castro  is  advised  to  send  lor- sei-\iee  aL>-ainst  the 
iianiii^raidsl'''''  In  view  of  the  fact  that  Sutter's  stato 
iiieiit  is  eiitii'ely  unsupj)orted,  of  Jiis  stronuf  t(Mn[)tation 
te  misi'epresent  the  matter,  and  of  the  inlu-rent  im- 
piohahility  that  lie  would  refuse  oi'  the  Mexicans 
make  such  an  offer — I  Jiave  no  douht  tim  I'eader  will 
<l(  I'm  the  evidi'iiee  conclusive  that  no  such  olfei'  was 
made  or  refused,  but  that  Sutter,  instead  of  ivfusiuL;' 
ill  the  intei'est  of  American  imminrants,  was  eau'er  to 
sell  for  his  own  interest.     As  we  have  seen,  Castillero 


Tllr 
111(1 
lli 
(.all 

M 


tin 


■'\i)v.  22(1,  V.  to  15.  V.illrj;,  Dm-.,  MS.,  xii.  i:.7,  p.  0-10.  It  is  t<.  Ic 
■il  iliiit  it  is  not  a  iiitTo  (Hit'stioii  of  vciacity  ln'twiuii  .Siittir  ami  N'allcjo. 
•  otlicr,  writing;  at  the  tiiiif,  with  no  pos.sihh'  inotivis  for  niisrcprcsuntatio!!, 
lioiicd  this  nmtti'i' with  many  others  in  a  Ion:.;  hotter;  wliik;  S.ittor  told 
sioi'v  later,  with  a  well  known  motive  to  (Milist  tiii^  sympathies  of  .\nieri- 
>,  iiiul  obtain  compensation  from  the  L;ovt. 

Man.  1,  lt?4(i,  S.  to  I'.,  in  \'<i//rJo,  <\rr,sji.,  .MS.,  l.'iT  N;  /'/.,  Hi"/.  <'<'!.. 
..  V.  2.")-(!.  Tiie  letter  is  a  Ioml;  one,  the  writer  treating  of  a  Lfreat  variety 
latters  lic.-^iiles  the  one  in  ijnestion.  It  nuist  \h\  admitted  that  it  is  only  a 
,\  ;  hnt  it  contains  almndant  ]iroofs  of  its  ^.-enuim'ness  as  a  whole;  and  I 
'■  no  donlit  of  it.s  accuracy  so  far  ns  tiiis  matter  of  the  .sale  is  concerned, 
iiL:li  in  one  or  two  other  respects  it  may  ha\e  lieen  tampered  with  hy  Hio 
\i-t — not  liy  (Jen.  Vidiejo's  <'onsent,  I  nnist  add,  as  some  reader  ndght  pus- 
!>■  siupect  from  tiie  titles  heailin;,'  liiis  note. 
"^6.  to  C.    Original  letter  in  Caalro,  JJov.,  M.S.,  ii.  'Jo-O. 


15 '.  ?;!' 


I     ! 


m 


« 


010 


FOREIGN  RELATIONS— 1845. 


and  Castro  a(l()i)to(l  anotlicr  and  dicapor  niothod  uf 
acconipli.'sliinji^  their  olnject,  hy  rccoimnoiidiiig  to  their 
govorniiK'nt  tho  purchase  of  the  liussiaii  inort^Mn'c 
though  Sutter  does  not  a{)pear  to  have  known  anythiiin' 
of  tliis  scheme/* 

In  connection  witli  affairs  at  New  Helvetia,  an  im- 
j)ortant  diar}'  should  be  noticed  here.  It  is  a  dailv 
record  kept  at  the  fort  by  Swasey,  Bidwell,  and  Lukcr. 
as  Sutter's  clerks,  and  during  a  })art  of  the  time  Kv 
Sutter  himself,  IVom  Se])tember  1),  1845,  to  May  iT), 
1848.  It  deals  chiefly  with  the  arrival  and  depaituiv 
of  employes,  visitors,  and  immigrants;  and  is  of  the 
greatest  value  as  a  record  of  exact  dates,  as  a  souici' 
of  information  about  hundreds  of  early  pioneers,  and 
as  a  contemporary  journal  of  local  affairs.  I  owe  its 
possession  to  the  kindness  of  William  F.  Swasey,  of 
San  Francisco,  one  of  tho  authors  and  a  man  tle('[)ly 
interested  in  all  that  relates  to  the  pioneer  history  of 
Calif(      ■     " 


ornia. 


"Apr.  '2',i,  184(1,  the  Mox.  govt  tells  Pico  tli.at  the  subject  of  acijiiiiiiii; 
Sutter'.s  Fort  lias  bocn  defcrretl.     No  details  as  to  tiie  nature  of  th<'  pioii'T-i 
tion.   St.  J'n/}.,  J//,M.  find  Vol..  MS.,  ii.  411-14. 

•'■' Xiin  /Jilivllii,  Jjinri/  o/  Eiriils  IS.'f.'t -S,  bi/  Sira.'if  I/,  Hiilirc//,  I^uli  r,  nn'l 
Sliittii;  MS.,  ISS1,'21"J  !>.  ("op.V  from  original.  'J'iiere  are  unfortunately  .sukil' 
long  bhinks  in  the  rucortl  of  1840-7. 


:h()(l  of 
()  their 


0' 


•thinif 


,  :in  1111- 
a  daily 
Lokci', 
tinu!  Itv 
ilay  2^), 
'parturc 
i  of  th.' 

1  SOUl'Ci' 

ITS,  aii«l 
owe  it> 
rasoy,  <>|' 
1  (ltH'[)ly 
istv)rv  I'f 


if  ai'iiniriiiii 


il()|iii;;l- 


till'  1' 


f.iil.i  r.  'ifi'l 
luiti'lv  !^"iiiu 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 

LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  SOUTH. 

1841-1845. 

PoppLATroN — San  Dikoo— Last  of  the  Puesidial  Company — MrxiniPAi. 
Afkaiks — r  ^^•cIIo.s— MissKiN  San  Dikco — San  Lri.s  Key— Paihie 
IiuuuA— Wastino-away  ok  the  Estates— San  Jtan  Capisthano — 
I'lKBi.o  OF  San  J  tan  de  AkoIello — San  Dieoi'ito,  San  Pascl-ai., 
ANij  Las  Fi.oues — Los  Angeles  District — Statistics — City  ani> 
Si  lUTRBs— Local  Events— Prefectire  and  Municipal  Government 
—Criminal  Record— Kanciios— San   Pedro— Sa<  Gabriel— Dec \i»- 

KNCE     UNDER      MaJORDOMOS— SaN     BERNARDINO — A(iCA      MaNSA— SaN 

Ei.RNANDO — Mission  Rented— Santa  Barbara  District— Presidid 
AND  Town — Sib-prefi.ct  and  Ji;i;ces  de  Paz — Ranciims — Mission  — 
Inveniokies  and  Renting — San  Bcenaventura— Santa  Ines— Padre 
Moreno — Tim  College — Purisima — Padre  Abella  —  Small-pox — 
RciN  and  Sale. 

Southern  California  in  the  half'-clccadc  of  1814-15, 
tlie  territory  and  period  embraced  in  this  c]ia[)t('r, 
oaiiied  in  white  population  about  500  souls,  or  Irom 
-,S50  to  3,350.  The  ex-neophyte  Indian  pojiulation 
fell  off  about  1,500  souls,  or  from  5,100  to  3,000,  of 
wliicli  latter  number  1,880  were  still  liviii<j:  in  the  ex- 
mission  communities,  and  1720  were  scattered  in 
towns  atid  on  ranchos.  It  must  be  understood,  how- 
(Acr,  that  these  figures,  while  carefully  founded  on 
all  the  data  extant,  are  much  less  exact  than  popula- 
tidu  statistics  of  earlier  years. 

The  hist  trace  of  the  old  presidial  orj^anization  at 
S;iii  iJicgo  is  a  report  of  Allerez  Salazarin  November 
1^12,  to  the  ellect  that  ho  hail  a  total  i'orce  of  i'onr- 
tmi  men  without  arms  or  ammunition.     Earlier  in 

(017) 


;:  i 


J ■ 


CIS 


LOCAL  AXNALS  OF  THE  SOUTH. 


the  year  ^lof'ras  fouiKl  a  low  soldiers  and  an  ofTiv^cr  ;if 
the  pueblo,  also  a  lew  cannon  halt'  buried  in  th';  s.nid 
amid  the  ruins  <it'  ])rosidio  and  castillo.  In  Octolur 
Iho  prefect  coniniissioned  Jose  A.  Estudillo  to  Uviiv^ 
away  in  carts  all  the  useful  ujuns  and  balls  iVoin  llio 
fort;  but  in  the  Jones  allair  of  November,  Cai)t;ilii 
Phe-lps  of  the  Afcrt  saved  Estudillo  all  ti'oubli'  ly 
spikinL^  the  ^'uns  and  throwing  movable  articles  iiiio 
the  bav.^  Aftei'  184".!  there  is  nothinu"  in  the  re(;i)r(ls 
(in  company,  olHcers,  or  niilitar\'  finance  except  ;m 
occasional  complaint  that  there  were  neither  soldids 
nor  arms  Ibr  defence.  But  fortunately  there  was  hjt 
slight  luH'd  in  this  half  decade  for  military  operatums 
either  an'ainst  disloyal  nortehos  or  savai-'e  raiders.  'I'hc 
Jndians  committed  com[)aratively  few  and  sliL^h.t  di  p- 
I'edations  and  rancheros  were  left  to  tend  their  hei'ds 
for  the  most  part  in  ]>eace.  llespectinL*"  the  ])opul;i- 
tioii  of  llu'  district,  e\(;ludiiin'  Indians, .estimated  ;it 
ITjO  in  1840,  we  have  nothing-  but  ]\Iofi'as'  lin'ures  cf 
100  in  1842  and  the  fict  that  thei'e  were  al)oiit  70 
men  capable  of  bearing  arms  i.i  1844-G.  I  su[tpnsi; 
that  this  population  in  i84a  may  have  been  o50  souls; 
and  the  ex-neophyte  pojiulation  (500  at  the  missions 
and  ])Ui'blos,  1,000  inchiding  (he  I'anchos,  and  jioiliaps 
l,r)00  or  more  inchaHiiL;'  those  living  as  fugitives  in 
gentile  rancherias.  All  this  however  rests  on  a  \cvy 
slight  i>asis. 

ll\o.  half  decade  was  a  ]ieriod  of  tranrpiil  prosp(Mlty, 
but  unt'Ventful  even  when  compared  with  the  past 
monotonv  of  existence  at  this  least  bustling  of  tlie 
California  towns.      A  dassilied  sunnnary  is  ap[)cii'l  d 

>X<jv.  7,  1S4'J,  S,!.iz:u-  to  Valluio.  Vil'rjn,  ])o>'.,  MS.,  xi.  .'50;!;  .Un/>.M, 
luptoi:,  i.  .'{•..Ti-d.  Oit.  "JOtli,  rrt'ii'ct'.s  onici-s  to  JCsliulillo.  iVtivy,  /'  ■, 
M^..  iii  4.">.  May 'JS,  1S41,  cuin.  of  frontier  calls  on  jnoz  to  return  :■■'■  II 
UiUsUcts  anil  bayi.iiels  lent  for  defeiico,   Ao.t  An;/.  Anh.,  MS,,  ii.  oS-!). 

Jiuii)  isrj,  Inil.  liavo  risen;  only  .">  men  at  S.  Diego,  '.I  of  them  \nui:.  f"r- 
eiyiirvs;  i>ll  tlio  rest  absent  on  tlieir  ranulioa.  ])i'pt.  St,  Piip.,  Amj.,  M""..  '^^ 
)•_'.).  July  1S»4,  Juez  .sends  ii  list  of  71  eiti^ens  eapablo  of  serviiiLT  in  a  ■  ivio 
lonipany,  not  inelinlin,,'  foi'eiirner.s  or  Indians.  Ihpt.  St.  Pay.,  MS.,  s\;n.  4, 
.Sept.  1S4.'),  referi^i'oe  to  ."i."{  iiaines  of  men  in  tlio  jurisdielion  able  to  bi-ai" 
ami:;.  /(/.,  Bill.,  I'lrf.  y  Jii:.<j..  ii.  s:{.  July  184(i,  the  muukipality  l—^  73 
men  ijetweeu  the  a^'e  of  L')  and  UO  years.  Id.,  i.  IJ'J, 


SUMMARY  OF  E\n!;NTS, 


C19 


Ticer  lit 
no  saiid 
3et()l)cr 

:-()lll  tlio 
Captiiiu 

,-k'S  into 
records 
ccj)l  im 
soldi' 'I's 
was  l);it 
loratioiis 
IS.     The 
H'b.t  di'|)- 
.'ii'  herds 
|)oi>ul;i- 
iiatA'd   at 
<_>'ures  of 
il)ont  70 
suppose 
50  souls; 
inissiniis 
prrhaps 
itives  ill 
u  a  very 

hsperity, 
die  i'.i>t 
[.•  of  the 

Ippelid  d 

Ira;/'',    ''''i 

Ituni  ;■"  11 
■,s-i). 

I,,,  M-..  iv. 

HI  :i  ■  1^"'' 
Is.,  NV.li-  •*■ 

IjV  M  liLMr 


(>r  events  and  institutional  proo-ross.-  Sectional  strife 
v.us  tcmpoiarily  at  an  end:  San  Diego  was  the  iirst 
1o  welcome    Governor    ]\Ii  \eltorena;  was    spared    a 

-  Clironol()i;ic  sumiiuiry  of  cvoiit.sut  S.  Diej^D:  rsil.  M;iy-JiiiK',  ,a  leportuj 
II- in;;  of  the  Jiul.  of  tlic  .'-icrra  do  .f;iiimr  on  tlio  fiiiiiticr,  louilin;:;  to  coriTsp. 
iictWL'cn  alcalilc,  ])rcfcct,  ami  };ov.,  witli  orders,  procaiitioiis,  and  couiiilaiiita 
i-i  lack  of  nica  and  arms;  lait  no  ca.-iUaltk.s  nor  dtlinile  I'l  suits.  J'cjtl.  Sf.  j'nji. 
.1,.;/.,  MS.,  vi.  ;5-J,  4:!;  xii.  ."iT;  -/>r/-/.  /,Vr.,  MS.,  xii.  1.'!:  Fi/cli,  J)o:,  MS.,  l(i({. 
]»nU!4lis  proposcil  an  estab.  of  the  II.  15.  t'o.  hero.  This  vol.,  ]i.  lMO.  Doc.  Ar- 
iival  o(  ]5ishop  Gar  'ia  l)ic'L;o.  Id..  lOo,  .')■■)•_'.  iJuo.  'JOth,  atunuiltat  Lal'laya 
I'  >ultin;,'  in  one  or  two  deaths.  No  further  details.  It  wa:Aproli:;lily  . a  quarrel 
1).  I  ween  sailors  or  Indians.  JJrp'.  .bV.  y'«/;.,  ^'1»,'/.,  MS.,  vi.  ts_'.  l.stJ.  \'isitof 
I  i,;llot  de  ^lofrasand  his  investigations  in  Jan.  This  vol.,'2-!l-,  '2.")0,  "J.jIJ;  .l/o/Vc,-!, 
r..-1'hi):,  i.  .'J!>J~.'!.  Aprir.Iune,  trouhlis  with  the  lud.  of  Jacuni.  The  i)re- 
livt  thinks  the  inluih.  liave  provoked  the  troubles  by  unwise  e;jntluct,  Imtordcr.j 
lui  ther  examination  and  auUiorizes  defensive  nicasuies  -that  i.-^,  the  b.)rro\vii!g 
(if  .some  armf  from  ('a])t.  I'iteh.  ti.  J).  Arrli.,  MS  ,  "JST-S;  J>(/i',  til,  J'lip., 
An;/.,  -MS.,  vi.  I'J,'),  I'Ji);  this  vol.,  p.  o.'JS.  l)eath  of  C'apt.  Z:iiiii.irano.  \ol. 
ill.!  p.  ;{■_'!».  Oct.  'JOlh,  Nov..  (.'ajit.  I'lulps  of  the  Alirl  :.[nkv-,  th,-  ;,ninsof  the 
fni  t  ill  connei'tion  witli  Com.  Jones'  ^^\ploils  at  Monterey.  'J'liis  V(;l.,  \i.  .'!_'0, 
li-'l,  .'MU.  Arrival  of  (iov.  Mijlieltoreini,  raid  his  troops  from  Mex'co  in  .\u- 
•■;;st.  /./.,2S<)-'J;!.  Vv'halcs  taken  in  tlie  liay.  Ilmji^'K.ii.Xoti^.AW:,.  iStJ. 
Oaui  to  su]iport  the  I'ases  oi'Liaiiieas,  or  new  Mex.  eonslitntion  iu  Oct.;  ah;o 
dictions,  l/ai/m'  hoc,  .MS.,  170;  this  vol.,  ;i.");)-0].  Is41.  July,  a  militia 
c  iKipany  to  lie  orqani.'.ed  under  Capt.  Andres  Pico.  Id.,  407.  Douhtful 
IV  iwA  that  the  guns  of  the  fort  were  aijain  spiked  by  tlie  crew  of  ;i  v,  lialcr. 
1 '.,  i;;;!.  154.").  lOUbrts  to  opi.n  .S.  Dieuo  as  a  Ist-class  port  and  establish  a 
ciis[om-liousc.   /'/.,.")]!>,  r).")7.     Elections  in  Oct.   Id.,  ^40. 

Civil  and  municipal ,LC.)vt  and  listof  oUicers:  181 1.  K  isario  At^'uilar,  juez  de 
]'..  Ost,  princiiial,  or  propriciary);  Jesus  Moreno  jue/ de  pax,  (Jd,  supleu;",  or 
iii'.ci  ino),  appointed  the  precedin;^'  l>ee.  by  tlie  lu'eiect  nt  Los  AnLre'.es  and  aj)- 


.11 
dasd 


>V  gov.  Ill 


Fel) 


epositary  of  inii'ls  lu 


jto  M.  Zavaleta,  secretary;   Fi 


M.  a: 


Mav;  M;i 


•IV 


erdif'o  ■•nil 


1  Jose. M.  Ah 


jii'  ccsdeleamiio,  appointed  \>y  jiie/,iii  Fcl).  at  jirefci't's order.  .Jan.,  ali  C(  f  all 
its  required  by  prefect,  .s'.  J).  Arch.,  MS.,  'JiiS.  l'"cb.  Si  •>  due  I'ilch  on 
ille'cally  collected  but  not  paid  for  want  of  niunicijial  funds,  to  i)c  j^'iid 


.1.1 


nJily  rebate  of  F.'s  ta.xes.   /d.,'2ij'.).     Marcli,  a: 


line  of  c: 


/'/.,  -27 


like  'nioiite'  than  'tliirty-oii",' isbeconiiut;  popidarand  must  be  tito 


I'releet  reeommends  a  bando  ; 


ipp-.d. 


i!!,'    rallies. 


lUe 


Id.,   2o',).      M; 


■lime. 


■  s  salary  iSlO  and  expenses  ^o^.Tk);  iu  ilie  treasury  !;<'>. 


:t  all  ;4;uiics  ot   chance,  iiiclui 
■i[ial   rccci])ts   iSJs,  expend.    IV 


(».    Ihj.f.   .S'.  /', 


.1";/.,  !M.S.,  vi.  1!).     April,  sentence  could  not  be  executed  lor  want  of  b 


A  f. 


X< 


'J)U 


blii 


no  iiri.soner  hired  out  at  I  "J  rcales  for  l.")day.- 


J'.  AiYh.,  MS.,  '276.    -May,  ^'iiidrcs  Ibarra  and  llafacla  Serrano  by  prclc.L'  ;'i;-- 
I  must  pay  tax  on  their  dram  shop  or  the  liquors  are  to  lie  eonliscated  and 


til  pusited.   /(/.  ,270.    All  Ind.  was  iini 


A  12 


A  iiiau  sent  to  collect  it  at  the  Ind 


rea'.es  for  playing;  a  jfaiiie  ol 


the  eiiljirit  (1),  but  later  had  to  f,'ive  up  t 


laii  s  expense  eomiU'oinisei 


the  matter  with 


wo  liorse 


swbhSIO.  Id. 


I'r.lect 


rs  juc7,  to  collect  i<20  lino  and  iS12  fluty  on  otter  skins  fioiii  Osiiiia,  lo 
piiy  J.  A.  J'istudillo  the  rent  of  a  room  for  the  juz.uado.  and  keep  the  rest  for 
arais  and  auinmnition  in  case  of  Ind.  troubles.   Id.,  '270.     June,  nun iKr  of 


Lieut.  Jose  A.  Cjarraleta  bv  I. 


ifc  J 


liana  (iastelum  across 


the  f 


roiiih 


It^l't.  St.  l'fi]i..  All;/.,  MS.,  i.  7'>,  iv.   14.     .luiie-Aug,,  niuiiic.  receipt* 
i\[iend.  Stl.    /'/.,  vi.  UO.     Dee.,  Itobinson,  a  storekeeper,  lined  .^,'1  and  Jiut  in 
<'Iiaiii3  for  refusiii;^  to  serve  on  the  patrol.    Id.,  vi.  SL     A, sailor  of  the  I'rim  i- 
V'lK  lined  .S")  for  eiittiii' another  of  the  CV(///<*/ 


iiijiircd  party.  S.  J).  Arrh..  MS.,  I'sS. 


besi  le.t  jiayin;_;  ;„-^lS  to  tiio 


lo4_'.     Jose  Ant.  Cuugora  juez  de  paz;  JojJ  yi.  Alvarado  supleiitc.     Gou- 


<VU: 


i   i    .(?!?? 


C20 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  SOUTH. 


long-  infliction  of  supporting  liis  cliolo  band;  contiil)- 
uted  mildly  to  liis  overthrow;  and  had  the  satisiiic- 
tion  of  seeing  Pio  Pico,  one  of  iier  most  prominent 


',* 


gora  acted  as  his  own  secretary  and  claimed  the  salary  of  $10.  IJent  82. 
Joaquin  Orte;ra  was  encargailo  <lo  justii'ia  for  S.  Jose  del  Vallo  and  S.  roli[ie 
to  Lajou  ranclios.  Alvarado  also  acted  as  receptor  ad  int.  of  the  cuslc);ii- 
house.  A  kanaka  fined  $:>  for  lying  with  an  Ind.  girl  I'etra,  and  woiuidiii,' 
an  ind.,  Jose  Miuia,  who  inteifered.  I'etrii  was  given  '2'>  blows  and  sent  to 
the  iuit;si(  n  nunnery;  and  Jose  Maria  vas  given  oO  hlow.s  for  iiis  ';it:i\i- 
niieato.'  S.  1).  Arr/i.,  MS.,  '2S8.  Tv.o  Ind.  lined  20  reaies  for  beutiii';  a 
man  and  tlic  latter  '20  reaies  for  selling  the  former  hrandy.  A  foK  i 'ini' 
lined  .'1:8  for  creating  an  excitement  by  the  false  announcement  of  the  bishup'pi 
arrivi'd.  Id, 

KS4.'i.  Joaquin  Ortega  jne;;  dc  paz:  Josi5  Maria  Orozco  suplcnte.  OitoL'a 
resigned  in  -May,  and  J.  A.  Gongora  was  ai)i)ointed  by  t!ie  prefect  to suiiclmI 
him.  M;;nucl  I'ico  encargado  at  Sta  l.-aliel.  Jose  M.  Orozeo  ieeeptor(jf  the 
port,  J'iiilo,  j)ui\,  MS.,  ii.  10.  Oct.,  an  Ainer.  wliaier  entereil  tlio  bay  for 
repairs  anil  a.ki'd  j  ermijsion  to  take  wludes.  The  latter  w^s  declareil  by  ihc 
prefect  to  lie  lieyund  liis  autliority,  but  he.  directed  the  alcalde  to  p'^niiil  the 
repairs,  collecting  TJ  reaies  per  ti.u  for  iluties  and  sending  the  money  lo  ihi! 
prefect;  but  the  captain  went  on  v.itii  his  whaling  operations  in  spile  oi  tin' 
prohibition.  Soon  a  (ierman  whaler  entc^red  and  was  allowed  to  reiiuiiii  ]inr 
( !  tiemjio  t  uv  preeiso.  great  care  being  taken.  H.  1).  Arch.,  MS.,  7;  Iil  ■  lu- 
ll..r,  1  IS;  J)(j',t.  Sf.  J'lip.,  AiKj.,  MS.,  vii.  <»7._ 

JSti.  Juan  ^lari'a  .Matron  jue/.  (lo  pa;:;  Thomas  Ridington  snplente.  Ol•^. 
Jut;:  Marroii  issued  an  order  to  the  inlialjit'Uita  to  turn  out  and  conatriu  t  u 
v.;:tering-])laee  in  the  arroyo  and  buihl  a  public  corral  to  keep  cattle  tniin 
dain:v'i:ig  the  town,  renaltici  are  aliixcxl  for  failure  to  obey.  S.  /'.  Anh.. 
MS.,  Iil  1.  Two  cx-ncophytes  for  having  SloIcii  liidci  in  th'ir  possession  , m- 
tcncod  toO  luonthsof  iniblic  work.  Three  gentiles  for  stealing  an  ox.  (!  uiniillis. 
I'liic;'  liid.  for  stealing  a  res,  ;t  months;  for  killing  a  res,  (i  months  with  eh,-, ins. 

\.i'.'>.  I'lanciseo  M.  Alvarado  jiiezdo])az;  .Jos-.i  Ilamon  Argi'iello,  suiih'iito, 
Al'.r-.'ailo  was  suspended  by  tlic  fuili-prelect  in  Nov. — because  as  he  eiuiiiuil 
lie  v.cnt  to  a  baptism  at  S.  Luis,  /J</t.  S/.  I'c/i.,  MS.,  vi.  KSJ— and  Jn>i' 
Ai:;onio  I i.uudiUo apparently  served  temporarily  in  Nov. -Dee.  Alvarailnatul 
K  tuiillo  served  ;,s  er.ptaiii  if  the  port  and  receptor,  Fitch  being  also  nainnl 
an  receptor.  Juan  M.  Mai-ron  was  elector  de  partido.  .Siuitia  ,'o  Ariii- 
llo  was  appointed  liy  the  gov.  as  sul)-|)refcct  of  the  partido  on  .July  I'Jtii  :.ii'l 
tool;  posM  usien  i.f  tiie  ofiiee  on  the  ."Oth.  J:ti,l.  Si.  i'((ji.,  Pi'(J.  i/Jicij..  MS,, 
ii.  Sb  May  l.")tl),  (lov.  I'ieo  oiders  the  'Jd  alcalde  to  return  to  his  dii.ii's, 
'J'liii  ii  t'.ie  only  record  f,ir  the  year  in  .V,  J).  Arrh.,  ?dS,,  .'ib"t.  June  ilili, 
(lov.  toalealde.  Sta  .Margarita  has  alv. ays  been  in  the  jurisdiction  of  S,  Uico, 
S,  Jiian  not  extending  beyond  S.  Mateo,  /h'/t.  Uei\,  MS.,  xiv.  ;iS-',(,  dt,, 
wlia'ers  must  be  treated  v.ell  to  attract  them  to  the  port.  Yet  there  v.m 
troidilc  wiJi  the  L'.</)U(hii.  which  v,a,s  reijtured  to  pay  a  tax  of  .^10  or  S'kI 
Jh'j.l.  SI.  /'(I/).,  MS.,  viii.  10,  T;!-l,  7S.  l)ec  ,  sub-prefect  conijd.iius  ol'  np- 
poiiitioti  and  iatiigues  and  ealiminy  against  himself.  Tlin  alcalde  li:n  ftt 
tov.ii  iiieixvy  because  he  was  suspendcil  from  ollice.  /(/.,  I'lrf.  y  JuZ'i.,  ii,  (iS- 
70, 

Itai.ehos  of  the  S.  Diego  district  in  bSll-,").  Sec  p.  01 1,  vol.  iii.  for  riiiulios 
gran.ed  bifore  iS40,  and  iiliout  which  there  is  no  delinitc  information  iluiiiiij! 
tl,i ;  period.  Agiia  ("aliente,  (i  league:!  granted  in  bS-ti  to  Josii  .\nt.  I'ien  mil 
J,  .).  Warne:-,  the  latter  being  claimant  before  the  land  commission.  A '"a 
lb  '.ionda,  ;>  kaguis,  granted  in  1842  to  J.  .M.  Marron,  who  wai  claiiu.in:  !*• 
fo,eL.(!.  lUieiiavisIa,  A  league,  granted  18  b")  to  Fell  [le;  .lesus  Maihad  >  ■  l.itii- 
ant  before  L.  0.    Cajon,  11  leagues,  granted  iu  1845  toMai'faAut.  Lsiudiil'Mlc 


PRIVATE  RANCHOS. 


621 


Olltl'll)- 

atisi'ai'- 
luinciit 

Rent  8-'. 
1  S.  I'clil'C 
ic   cusloni- 

woimiliii',' 

11(1    SLllt   U> 

lis  ';if.-i'vi- 

V.  forc-i;'in  r 
he  bislii'p 's 

tc.  Ortc-'ii 
;  to  siu\c>'il 
iplor  of  tlio 
Lim  liiiy  fill- 
iiro.l  liy  till' 
I  jiiriiiiL  the 
loiicy  to  tli'^ 
spile  oi  till' 
n.'iuiiiii  imr 
,7;  /'/../"• 

lU'iito.  Oct., 

.  ciiii:>tnul  .x 

CJil'.lo  Irom 

k  1 1.  Arrh.. 

ssion  .  Ill- 

(')  IHOUlllS. 

dtln.'li;.iiis 

■),  siiplmitc, 
111!  o;;aim.'il 
-aiiil  •lii>'J 

ilso  lUlllU'll 

._  ^o   Ai'.Tiii- 

ly  I'Jl'.lUU'l 

/(/:.r/..  M'^- 
Ilia  ihr.ies. 
.luiic  Dill, 
lit'  S.  nil".'", 
iS-l).  t'^t., 
t  tlii'iv  \\:i3 
^!10  (ir  ?:!<>• 
iains  >'!'  "!>• 

/»;;/.,  li.  ^^' 

for  iiiHolios 
atioii  (luiiiii< 
at.  ri.'.>:iiul 
isioii.  \''"a 
cUlilli:il'l  I'C- 
v\nu\  ..':.iiii- 

EsliKluloile 


citizens,  promoted  to  the  governorship.  IncHan  dep- 
K'tlations  as  I  have  said  were  coni])aratively  sHylit, 
and  not  only  were  the  dozen  or  more  ranches  rcoecu- 
picd  l>y  their  owners,  hut  more  than  twenty  new  grants 
wti'o  made  by  Alvarado,  Micheltnrena,  and  Pico, 
j'rominent  hajipcnings  were  the  bishoj)'s  arrival  and 
that  of  the  governor,  the  visit  of"  ])ullot  de  ^lofras, 
and  Phel[)s'  exploit  at  the  time  of  the  American  in- 
vasion. At  the  end  of  each  year  a  juez  dc  paz,  popu- 
larly known  as  alcalde,  was  appointed  by  the  prefect 
at  Los  Angeles  to  manage  local  affairs  for  the  next 
yrar;  and  the  successive  incumbents  of  the  ofhco 
were  Aguilar,  G<')ngora,  Ortega,  Marron,  and  Alva- 
lailo.     In  July  1845  San  Diego  was  deemed  worthy 

I'lilroi'cna:  heirs  of  Miguel  Peilrorcna  claimants.  Canada  tie  los  Coehcs,  400 
\;ii;is,  j^'iauted  iu  18-llt  to  Apolinaiia  Loreiizaiia;  Lestrailo  ehiiniaiit.  Ciica,  ^ 
Ita^'H',  graiitcd  iu  184.')  to  Maria. 1  nan  <lo  Lo.}  Aiigelc;),  wiiowas  the  claimant. 
(  ;iy;imae.i,  1 1  leagues,  granted  in  184.")  to  AgustiuOlvera,  whowastlio  claimant, 
liiieiiiitos,  1  league,  granted  in  184"2  to  Andris  lliaiia,  who  was  tiie  claimant. 
i.iuijoiiie,  1  league,  granted  in  1S4.">  to  Amlrt's  and  .lose  Manuel;  Andres  et  al. 
rlaiiiiants.  tiuejito  y  Canada  do  I'alonifa,  .'i  leagues,  granted  in  1^45  to  .losiS 
Marin  Orozco;  claimant  (luorgc  W.  llaiiilej'.  Laguna,  3  league-*,  granted  iu 
I'-iU  to  J.  Manritjuez;  claimant  Abel  Stearns.  Nacion,  0  le.igucs,  granted  iu 
1  i')  to  Joliu  l'"orstcr,  wlio  was  the  claimant.  I'aulia,  (J  leagues,  granted  in 
|-'ll  ti  to  \'.  Marago  (?)  antl  Luis  Arenas;  claimant  Louis  Vignes.  I'aunia,  3 
Iraiues,  granted  in  1844  to  J.  A.  Serrano  et  al.,  wlio  were  ll'c  claimants. 
Kiiirou  (lei  Diablo,  '.i  leagues,  granted  in  l.S4.'(  to  Juan  li.  Alvai'ido,  whose 
Inn's  were  claimants.  San  Bernardino,  4  leagues,  gninted  in  \Sl'2,  1,S4.">,  to 
.liisi'  F.  .Snook,  wlioso  widow  was  the  claimant.  San  Dieguito,  2  leagues, 
-r.mted  in  iS4.3  to  ,Juan  M.  Osuna,  whose  iieirs  were  claimants.  San  Jacinto, 
4  leagues,  granted  in  I84'2  to  Jos(5  A.  Kstudillo,  who  was  tiic  claimant.  Sau 
.hninto  y  San  (iregorio,  granted  in  i.S4;{  toSantiago.Ioiinson;  Louis  Robidoux, 
(hoinant.  S.  Juan  Capistrano,  mission  granted  in  184.')  to  .lohu  Forster, 
who  was  el.;  Mision  Vii^ja,  or  La  I'az,  to  Agustin  Olvera,  el.  Forster;  I'otre- 
1..S  lie  ,S.  Juan  Cap.,  Forster;  and  a  lot  to  A.  Kios  in  184.3.  Santa  Isabel,  4 
I  iiu'ues,  granted  in  1841  to  J.  J.  Ortega  and  l^dward  Stokes,  wlio  were  tlio 
1  launants.  Santa  Margarita  and  Las  Flores,  granted  in  K841  to  I'io  and 
.\iiilri:'S  I'ico,  wlio  were  the  claimants.  In  March  1841  the  I'icos  asked  to  «'X- 
change  Temt'cula  for  Sta  Margarita,  paying  for  impidvemcnts  on  the  latter. 
Ji'/'f.  Sf.  I'ap.,  lien.,  l\  y  J.,  MS.,  iv.  .">.  'i'einecula,  (i  leagues,  granted  in 
1^14  to  I'Vli.x  Valdes;  Loius  Vign(>s  claimant.  .Iiilian  Maniiipic  claimed  the 
l.iiid  under  an  eailier  grant.  See  JJ'jil.  lt<<\,  M.S.,  xiv.  ;{,'),  ;{ll;  Ikpt.  St.  I'ap., 
I',< '.  1/  Jitz;/.,  M>>.,  i\.  KM).  IVnu'cula,  ^  league,  granted  in  184.")  to  Pablo 
Apis  (Ind. )  who  was  the  claimant.  'J'ia  Juana,  abamhuied  by  Argiicllo  on 
iiri'.nmt  of  Ind.  Iiostilitii  s,  and  'denoumu-d'  by  J.  A.  .V^uirrc  in  184|{.  Argil- 
(■1!m  protesting.  The  courts  decided  in  Aguirre's  favor,  buttiov.  Micheltorena 
Uac  Argiicllo  (i  months  tiuie  to  renew  ';is  possession,  which  lie  apparently 
i- '  iiuiplished.  //oy/c.s'  Em.  A'o/f  .i,  .")I7  -J.  Vallc  do  Tamo,  4  leagues,  granti'(l 
i;.  l.s4."{to>l.  J.  Ortega  and  I'Mward  .'^tokes,  whoweie  the  claimanis.  .Sco 
land  com.  lecords  in  JlojfmaH'.i  Ueport!^.  All  the  grants  mentioned  above 
Ml  re  tinally  conlirmcd.  See  ul.so  .V.  I>kijo  Index,  MS.,  liy-'J3,  for  rclereuco 
tu  doc.  on  land  graiits,  including  pueblo  lota. 


!   I, 


a! 


yt  i 


C22  LOCAL  ANNAL;S  OF  THE  SOmL 

of  briiii^  iiiadt'  a  partido  of  the  Los  Aiigclos  district, 
of  which  Captniu  Ai;i»uello  was  appointed  suh-pici'd  t. 
jtrocoediiiLj  \vi(h  the  least  possible  dehiy  to  (juanxl 
with  the  juez  de  [)az. 

At  jNIission  San  Dion^o  Father  Vicente  Pascu.il 
Ohva  continued  liis  niinisti'v  in  1841-5,  and  fn >iii 
1S4;.>  nianno'cd  also  the  meagre  renuiant  of  tempi i- 
rallties,  Juan  ^Faria  Osnna  having  served  as  niajm- 
donu)  in  1841  and  prohahly  until  the  padn;  tixik 
charge  in  A])ril  184.'].  ^lofras  gives  the  nunihcr  i4 
Indians  in  the  connnunity  as  oOO  in  1S4l',  and  ;i  i 
ollicial  report  of  1844  as  100.  The  mission  retaiiH.I 
the  ranclios  of  Santa  Isabel  and  ]']1  Cajon  uiiiil 
1844-j,  and  a[)[)arently  an  inte-rest  in  certain  por- 
tions later.  It  was  the  father's  boast  that  \\r  iii- 
ci'easiul  tlie  value  of  the  propei'ty,  though  tli(M'(>  wci  • 
oidv  ten  head  of  cattle  when  he  took  char^•^•.  OT 
events  there  are  none  to  be  recoi'ded.^ 

Padre  Francisco  (lonzalez  de  li)aria  servid  a(  Smu 
Luis  K(>y  until  his  death  in  184"J  at  the  agt;  n|'  i;  ) 
years.  ^lofras  speaks  of  the  de[»lorable  t-onditioii  d' 
this  iViar  whom  lie  sav.  "lon-ed  to  sit  at  the  admin- 
istrator's table  and  listen  to  the  ribaldry  of  mjijoi- 
domos  and  \aqueros  who  would  have  thought  tlhMii- 
selves  lucky  a  few  3'ears  before  to  have  been  iIh' 
father's  servants."*     After  his  death   Padre  Zalvid '.i 

'May  ISO.  Osnna  niiijipnlonio  at  a  salaiy  of  -si-'IO.  Tlio  ]ia<lif  i-i  p  >i  tn 
tlic  mission  uiial>li!  to  jiay  the  salary.  .SV.  J'd/i.,  .)/(,sw.,  MS.,  i\.  10  IJ.  I''.- 
silily  tliori-'toiu  O.  lett  tin:  i)lac'i.'  Wcforo  KSI.'t.  .May  Ttli,  .Ihm'  Fidil,  a  i)ii>~!Hi 
Iiid.,  fi.'cnspd  of  stoalinj;  cattle,  wliifli  lio  dcnii'il.  Tlic  aiitlioiitio.s  '  took  uio 
jiri'caiUioii  to  apply  an  aiMtrary  pnnishniciit  of  some  azotes,'  wIk  ti  li'.nii- 
i'essed  and  was  sentenced  to  wmU  4H  day  *  for  Alvarado  and  pay  a,  line  ol  .<.i. 
iS',  J>.  Arch.,  .MS.,  '210.  .Inly,  an  Ind.  complains  that  the  major-domo  Lm  p.s 
him  at  the  mission,  tliou;^li  he  h.is  the  paiiers  to  pi'ove  himself  a  fi'cc  man. 
Also  that  the  maj.  owes  liini  .SlK  which  he  will  not  jiiy.  //'(i/ih  .1//«--.  II..  ■'■■'■'■>. 
]S4J.  Mofras' statement  of  popnlation.  y',".(7)/ii/-.,  i.  ;;•_'().  |si;{,  Tliis  ini- I'la 
and  other.s  tinned  over  to  the  jiadivs  liy  NUeheltoreiia'.s  or.ler  of  March  -!iili. 
Tiiis  vol.,  p.  ."ili'.l.  1S44.  Ivstado  of  sontliei'n  mi.ssions  dated  March  IStl.  S. 
])iego  has  1(H)  Iml.  and  no  ineiMis  to  snpport  them.  I'iro,  I)  r.,  MS.,  i  II: 
this  vol.,  p.  A'1'1.  Jnno  rS4r).  I'.  Oliviv'.s  report  on  the  condition  of  the  ims- 
sion.   .\r<-l,.  Sta  II.,  MS.,  x.  18.S-!t;  this  vol.,  p.  r.4S. 

'  Francisco  (Jon;\ilez  do  Ibarr.-i  was  a  native  of  Vian.a,  Spain,  boni  in  17'''-. 
He  liecame  ii  Franciscan  in  the  pi'ovince  of  l5iirj,'os,  came  to  .Mexico  in  \^\'.\ 
uud  to  Califoriiiii  in  1820.     Uegurdcd  ut  the  time  of  hidurrivul  us  a  prunu   iiij 


SAN  LUI8  RKY. 


023 


if! 

i 

h    % 

-::^ 

ramo  from  San  Juan  to  talio  liis  j)la('e,  scninjjf  until 
jiflcr  IS4J.  Tliis  mission  liad  (JJO  Indians  in  li-'4"J 
and  -JOi)  in  18  14,  the  cstabHslnncnt  at  Las  I'dorcs  !►(>- 
\\\'^  included  in  l)otli  cases.  Josu  A.  I'^studillo  served 
a-  majordomo  until  required  under  MiclieltortMia's  or- 
der to  turn  over  the  property  to  Zalvidea  in  A[)ril 
\-\'];  l)iit  the  padre  innnediately  put  evtM-vtliin-^-  in 
rliars^'e  of  a  new  majordomo  in  tlu>  ])erson  ol'  floaipiin 
(!ite<>a,  who  in  turn  was  succeeded  hy  .Juan  AT.  Mar- 
vin in  July  1845.''     The  destruction  of  mission  [»rop- 

ini<<ioii.nry,  active  and  of  fair  talent.  Paycra's  rcpdi't  of  Dec.  ^1,  1S20,  in 
.!/•/(.  S/ii  /!.,  .M.S.,  iii.  l"J(i  7.      After  visitiiii,'  S.   I.uis  Oljispo  Ik;  l)ecanio  iiiiii- 


.f  s.  r 


lo,  wlieit^  111"  served  Iniiii    IS2(>  to    ls.'!.">,  ulieii   lie   rctiiii 


Mexic 


JI( 


liaek 


(':iliot  ill  Oet.  ISIfO;  Imt  iiotliiu'' iiioii! 


m  time  til   ]i 


■rforiii  tlio  Imrial  ser\  ifu  for  i'lidre 
is  known  of  liim  till  IS.SO,  from  wliieii 


ito  lie  served  at  San   l-uis  lley  until  lii:i  death   in  isi'j.      llisdi'utli  w.is 
ddi  11  one.  from  apoplexy,     'i'lie  dato  is  only  known  Ironi  the  statement  li 


F.  tiidillo,   ]>iil(i-<,  M.S.,  ;<."),  wlio   reinemliers   that   his  father  th 


naiordomo 


t  .o 


■harge  of  !?:!,(M)0  or  .S4,()0(»  left  liy  tiie   jiadre,  ^Wuyr  it  up  to  tlio   Los 


ir.reles  an 


horities.      Moreover  lii.aira  was  seen  hy  Mofras  in  .I.in.,  i' 


1.  .'U.'!,  an<l  is  not  nioiitione 
1 


>l! 


7" 


ly  later  record  than  IS42.     At  S.  Fernando 


ir  was  known  as  an  eHii-itiit  nianau'er,  and  was  not  an  nnpopiil.ir  in.in.     li. 


was  nicknamed  r.idre  Napoleon  trnni 


his  di 


sitioii  to  Imasl  and  insist  on  tin 


.'ill peril irity  ot  evervtliinjj;  at  his  own  mission,  an 
'   '  "    "       ' "    ■  111. 


I  al-o  for  tl 


le  independent 


lo  in  w  hieli  he  eiiticisc'il  the  acts  ot  the  aulhoiities  in  :'.cciil;iii/iii''  tin;  mi 


!-ioii  and  ilisposii 
fiiii 


v'  of  its  lands.      Mrs  Or 


iilio  y  (sar  savs  lie  was  wi 


Hod  liy  them  'I'eipicdi 


let  rememliers  liiiii  ;is  jolly  am 
11  Hked  liy  the   Ind.  at  S.  J.iiis,  a 
ilain.  nn.'ussiiniin''  in.aii. 


d  I 


III 


■  f 


.  iiidie.itiiiL,'  a.  plain,  iinassi 
ily,  l.ifi'  ill.  Cul.,  'M  .">,  sjieaks  iiiila\  oralily  of  him  as 


Itol) 

hort,  thick. 


.Id 


hose   looks  did   not  1)  lie   his  character.'  ni 


d  i;i 


liino  for  his  mi'aniiiss;  hut 


d  an  imiii  'Use  iinantitv  of  hiilcs  and   tal- 


1"U-  which  he  would  not  jiait  with  on   Mli;it  sceiiu'd   to  tlu^  supercargo  fii 


t.rii 


d   th 


IS  circumstanco  may  lia\  e  ha 


eli'ccL  on  tlio   latter 


s  cntl- 


IS41.     .T.  A.  Kstndillo  niaionlomo.  ;iccordinir  to  many  records. 


iliiatioii  f>f  property:  vines  .S;j, (KM),  treis  6KI",  lenco  .Sliit),  hons"- .SKK),  toial 


;;().  Jhi,i.  St.  i; 


".'/• 


M.' 


VI. 


.Mil 


li  and    .\pril,  'jov.   tlir 


pi  I'cct  orders  that  two  arliitiators  go  to  St.'i  Manrarita  and  ajipraise  the  valiii! 
I'  property  there,  for  w  liicli  the  I'icos  are  to  pay  the  Ind. ,  th(^  consent  of  tlio 


.\|- 


iii<r  taken  lieforo  a  ni;i''istiate.    //n 


.!//■ 


/;.,  '.\\i><;  S.  J>.  liiih: 


•7.  I  think  the  lucccding  valuation  of  i?.'!, ;{()!)  may  refer  to  Sta  .Mar- 
jjiirita.  May,  tivo  Ind.  .--ent  to  thi;  juez  at  Los  .Vnirehs  for  .ste.iliii,'  l*icf)'s 
I  .;  ;!e,  after  they  had  already  worked  in  chains  at  tlu^  mission  for  a  inoiitli  ;iiid 
1'  I  ived  ">()  l.ishes  from  tl 
iS.  />.  yl /■,/(.,  MS.,  27(1-7. 


le  majordomo,  w  ho  had  no  ri,'lit  to  piinisli  prisoner 


Jilh 


•r  to  collect  all  the  Si'attereil   Ind.    I,  t 


Ji.'l'ft'.i  Arr/i.,  MS.,  ii.  ,S()-1.     .)ulv  "-'(Itli,  decrco  of 


I'll,  from  lii.s  condition  as  i 


Iivte.   II' 


,r, 


re  least  I  ig  a 
■VJ.     ()ct.,n 


S.  L 


1;  .1 


.'I,  expeli  1.  .?(!;  Nov.,  lecpts  .Si  I,  expiiid 
\\.    |SI2,  recpts  S:;!>,  expend.  ^liO'J;  V 
•    <.,  .MS.,  ix.  Vl-VX      \M1. 

insipii's  wor 


/>oc.,  .MS., 

c,  recpt.s  87,  expeli 


|)e 


nts^.;2l 


1.  !<»: 


Seo  plans  and  \ii'\\s  ot  S.  |.,uis  in 


SI.  I\ 


.Mof 


ks.     The  former  is  in  sonio  respects  very  iii.ici 


las'  and 
hut  lia.s 


1    i:i  often  leprodiieed.      1S4:I.     April  '.'2d.  ICsludillo  turns  o\er  the  jiroperty 
t'j  1*.  Ziilvidoa,  mid  the  latter  ou  the  same  day  to  Joaniiia  Ortega.   Di'iit.  St, 


\V 


M 


■  1 

■  •'tl 

\ 

J.I 

\\\ 

, ., 

Ml 


C.'4 


LO  .AL  ANNALS  OF  TIIK  SOUTH. 


t-rty  was  cfnistaiit,  and  is  said  to  have  been  cspecijillv 
lajiid  under  the  administration  (•!'  OiteLra,  wlio  of  all 
the  vast  herds  and  iloeks  |)o.s.sessed  hy  this  estai)h>h 
ment  in  earlier  times  tiU'ned  over  to  liis  successor  onlv 
250  cattle  ami  ahout  the  same  niunher  of  horMs. 
Meanwhile  all  the  mission  ranclios  had  passed  into 
private  ownership. 

At  San  Juan  Capistrano  Father  Jose  Maria  ZaKi- 
dea  served  as  minister  until  tiie  latter  part  of  IsiJ, 
wheji  he  went  to  San  Luis  Kev  as  before  mentioMtd, 
and  San  .luan  had  no  padre  for  the  ivstof  the  p*  lidil. 
The  padre  had  about  $2,000  in  Spanish  ouznx  \i\\\'wA  at 
the  mission,  which  troasu»^  yjive  rise  to  sonu;  rat  hi  r 
curious  controversies."  In  1840  as  we  have  si(  n 
Father  Zalvidea  had  been  put  in  tem[)orary  chari^ful' 

Vup.,  lien.,  MS.,  ii.  40-3;  Dcpt.  AVr..  M.S.,  xiii.  4f),  .")(J;  this  vol.,  p.  :!(;!»,  .'ITl. 
May,  Ortega  ci)iii[  '  i'lS  that  the  iiiissinii  has  no  rc.->ource.-<,  grain  tur  mily  tu.i 
months,  no  impkinunts  or  clotiiini,'.  Tiio  gov.  in  rc[)ly  authorizes  iiini  to  liiiy 
(II-  borrow  inipk'incnts,  and  places  ftiSOO  at  iiis  disposal  to  clothe  tlie  Jinl.,  h  ilt 
going  to  the  I'ala  Ind.  //*.  .)unc,  contract  of  1'.  Zalvidea  with  .f.  .M.  O.-iina 
and  Jose  Lopez,  by  which  the  former  receives  8!)  and  tlic  latter  ■")<)  In  ml  i.f 
mission  cattle  on  shares,  the  mission  to  get  half  the  increase.  M  irroii,  J'"/'., 
MS.,  1.  1S14.  Very  little  property  leit,  witli  400  scattered  Ind.,  adiniiii- 
trred  by  1'.  Zalvidea  in  his  dotage.  Pico,  I).>r.,  MS.,  14.  1S4.").  .Inly  •JOlii, 
tiio  jiropcrty  is  turned  over  by  Ortega  to  his  successor  .Fuan  Mari'a  M.uri'ii, 
\\liose  .salary  is  ijodO.  Inventory,  '21'.)  horses,  "JO  mules,  (il  asses,  l!i(i  laltlr, 
'27  yoke  oxen,  700  sheep,  sonu;  implements  and  other  clFects  of  slight  vahie. 
L'stiidillo,  J)alu.<,  .MS.,  40-1;  tit.  I'd/,.,  J/i.ss.,  MS.,  xi.  50;  L>,'j>t.  J,''t:,  .MS., 
xiv.  C>2;  Mdi-roii,  Pdji..  MS.,  !-■_». 

"Janssens,  ]'iili(,  MS.,  l(i',)-7.">,  gives  a  full  account.  The  money  iiad  lice  n 
entrusted  to  him  by  tlio  padre  to  avoiil  the  importunities  of  borrowers,  .iiid 
he  had  buried  it  in  his  room.  H.'.ving  to  go  to  .Monterey  ou  otiicial  biisiii'  ks, 
.1  told  the  padre  where  the  money  was  before  .starting.  In  the  north  lie 
heard  tliat  he  was  accused  of  having  lied  with  the  coin,  and  in  returning  ho 
had  some  ditliculty  in  avoiding  arrest.  At  S.  .liian,  Zalvidea  on  hearing  tlic 
rumors  declared  .1.  innocent,  but  in  doing  so  incautiously  revealeil  tin'  liiiliii,'- 
lilaec,  and  the  money  was  soon  dug  up  by  thieves.  IJandini  was  suiummu d, 
and  succeeded  in  recovering  most  of  the  coin,  but  kept  the  matter  i[i'.irt.  in 
the  interest  of  certain  parties  implicated  in  the  theft.  The  only  otlirr  m  r- 
sion  is  that  of  Ju.an  Bandini  in  a  long  letter  of  July  S,  1842,  to.b'siicia 
( luerra  in  6'»cr)vt,  J)oc.,  MS,,  v.  l'_'4-0.  lie  says  ho  was  summoned  by  the 
padre,  au.\ious  about  his  treasure  in  view  of  Jansseiis'  departure,  ami  in  tin' 
presence  of  witnesses  dug  up  the  money,  which  was  fouiul  to  he  li  i  unci  s 
short.  At  Zalvid'a's  rcijuest  he  took  charge  of  the  amount  and  gav..'  i;  tu 
Abel  Stearns  for  safe  kec[)ing;  but  .soon  he  found  himself  tiic  object  of  ai  cii- 
.sations.  It  seems  that  lie  was  charged  with  so  arranging  the  matter  as  tu  he 
able  to  keep  the  money  in  case  of  the  padre  s  death;  and  Father  Diiran  wrote 
a  very  bitter  and  inuulting  letter,  which  lillcd  Don  Jnau  with  wrath.  ;ind  iu 
the  letter  froni  which  thcao  facts  are  taken  he  announces  his  purpose  t'l  'unie 
t.i  .'Ita  U.iibara  for  satisfaction,  aiid  to  have  it  settled  whether  he  is  a  tU'iiro 
or  Fr  Narciso  an  impostor. 


m 


mm 


\nr  only 
li(»rM>. 
i(.'(l  iiiti) 

II  Zalvi- 

itioIH'll, 

■  jicrio;!. 
urii'«l  at 
)  nitln  r 
ve  st'cii 
luirj^t'ol' 

p.  3(i!»,  ".71. 

(ir  (m!y  two 
,  him  to  liuy 
10  liia.Jnlt 
I.  M.  (l.-iiu;i 

rroii,  V''/'' 
I.,  aihniiii- 
,luly -Jmli, 
■i';i  M.iiroii, 
,  r.m  .•;iU!r, 

li'.'llt  V.lllU'. 

A'.'.,  MS., 

fV  hii'lliri'il 

iMWi-rs  ••mil 

Jill  liu-iii'  ss 

|hr  iioitli  In; 

Miruiii,:^  Ik' 

hciirii],:,'  tlie 

tlu'  liiiliii','- 

smiiiuo'.uil, 

^tcv  quirt,  ill 

otliri'  vi'i- 

,)oS'  lU'  la 

[nu'il  I'y  tlie 

ami  ill  llic 

11)0  I)  vVMCn 

|l  fiavi:  u  to 
;ct  ot  ao:lt- 
Iter  as  lo  liu 
\)m-m  wrote 
lath,  ami  ii» 
Lsc  to.'iniie 
lis  It  id'uro 


SAN  JU.W  CAPISTUANO. 


Co 


tlic  ttiinporalitii'.s,  and  luul  appointttl  Jansscns  niajm'- 
(iMnio.  'I'lii.s  niaiian'i'int-nt  la.'>tf(l  until  ]»a.st  tin.' niiddl.^ 
dl'  I S-H ,  tIitiUL;li  nicanwliilc  )»r<'}»Hiati(in.s  were  hfiir^- 
hi  i\vl_y  made  Imi-  the  cMniitK'tc  I'niancipatinn  ol"  iIk; 
lii'lians  tliat  had  Ix  rn  [)ri»nii,-^c(l,  and  the  whole  »N(al)- 
li  hniL'ut  was  drli'tiii'L;'  to  ruin."  Tlu'i-c'  was  no  lack  of 
ii]",>li('alions  lor  t;rant.s  ol'llit^  few  mission  raiirlios; 
iiiil  citizens  of  thf  dihtricl  pi'titioncd  lor  the  iiiivile  'c 
el  iieconiine-  settlers  iit  tlio  |>r()|)(>sud  town.  .M)>iit 
t'.ie  middle  of  June  the  prelect,  hy  the  l:o\ crnor's  or- 
(I'ls,  sent  A^iistin  Olveraas  a  comisionado  to  di>trih- 
iit.'  the  San  .Juan  lands  amctu'^'  tlut  e\-neo|»liytt's, 
alieiit    lUO   in   imudier,  and  some   I'orty  petitioners  de 

■  .l.iii.ssoiis  ill  iii.s  \'i(hi,  MS.,  1(14-8,  i.'i\i's  many  (Ictails  of  his  iippoiiitiiiciit 
;i;i'i  i;  .,iciii;iu'e,  chiiiiiiiiL;  to  lia\  o  .•ircomi)li.slu'il  ^'I'cal  tiiiiiL.'^  duiiiii^  hi.s  man- 
.KiiiK'iu,  lii-iuL,'!!!'.,'  hack  rilii'.;iM's,  liiiildiir,' fv'iu-cs,  icpaii'iiiLr  tln' iliii  Iks,  clolli- 
iii  :  ,:;(•  llid.,  and  aicoinijlishiii;.'  all  kiiKl.s  oi  lut'onii,  L^ri'atly  to  llii!  joy  ot'  tlic 

I  ,i'i)\' and  lit  a.l  foni'cnu.'.l,  tiioiiijli  some  of  the  miiihliorH  ridit'iilcd  his /.ciil, 
11, 1  1  invdioi.i-'d  that  all  hi.s  cl'ortH  would  go  tor  nothiu;;'.  .\nd  sn.'ii  ri-o-,  cil  to 
1j  l.u'  case,  for  .soon  orders  tnf  the  delivery  of  cadle  heL'aii  to  eoni(;  in  v.licli 
.).  I.  iii.sed  to  ohiy,  and  then  <'ame  tin;  order  to  form  a  iiuchlo  afler  .1.  hail 
\:iiu;y  a^ijilied  for  a  leas,'  of  0  years,  hinding  himself  to  reUirii  tlu?  in-ooei-ty  in 
:i,i  Mijirovcd  eondiiion,  and  assnrin;,'  the  l'ov.  that  there  was  no  rial  neeessi- 
l_>  ;  1.  sedin;.;  llie  mission  e.itates.  \'ery  likely  .)aiisoense\,igL:eriites  the  value 
0.  l.ii  .ser\ice.s.  Ho  eliiim;  that  the  liiial  .sociil.iri/ation  was  oll'oeteil  hy  him- 
so.i  a,  repio.sentin^'  liandiiii. 

.lun    liit,  gov.  .".^proves  maJDidoirio'.s  act  in   ctlectini;  (i  loan  to  [nirehaso 

II  I  d.il  ar.iclcs.  Jdiis.iciiK,  JJoc,  .M.S.,  .")_'.  .Ian.  "Jlst,  1'.  Zalvidea  to  !.;ov.,  Ii;i3 
\i  I  :,'.iO  iSJO  cattle  with  tuo  Kiini  all  ittcd  for  \viir.sliij)  and  {>adru'.s  support,  and 
li.i;  :o;it  taem   to  the  (.'ieiie^a  to  he  iiastiired.    I'fjit.  St.  Piiii.,  M.S.,  v.  .17. 


.I.i:i.  "JJil,  neophytes  comiilain   that  se 


rVy/i 
men   are   tryini;  t;  get  grants  of 


Is.     Tiio  padio  iisks  that  this  ho  stopped.    /./.,. IS.      March  1  Itli 


or.lers  th; 


It  .); 


•ns  he  prevented  from    t.ikiii!,'  Ind.  from   S.  .1, 


/;ll, 


ho  has  ni)  aiUlioritv  to  dj.    />o.s  Aikj.,  Arch.,  -MS.,  ii,    41-.").      March 


sks   th 


-Vn 


111)  and  Kstiiiii'.li)   1> 


e  from  'i'rahiico  and  the  Mi 


icja. 


I>, 


SI.  I\ 


orders  ma 


to  deliver  to  .Sant.  Ai  liiicllo  l!0  1 


'/' 


a  t 

,  M.S. 


o  roinovo   tiieir 


ill. 


il  ics  on  account  nt  pay 
.Sc[)iilveda  has  a  cl.iim  lo  ouly 
;a  do  las  lianas  rancho  and  not  to  ICl 'roio  and  Xi:,'iul.     'I'oro  hi;- 


Do 


M.- 


J  in 


'i'rahuco.   iJcpl.  SI.  I' 


II,  (i_'-4.     .J 


Aii'i..  .\1S.,  vi.  4ij;  Lm  Aii'j.,  Arrh.,  .MS. 


illy  .)ili.  iiiajoniomo  saj  s 


that 


dost 


and   llic  Ind.  have  Icfo   tl 


le  iiiLssion. 


I.;;i  1 


liorc  tli"ro  IS  al)uiiilaiicc 


St.  r 


IV    I.Al 


.)V.   ileciUos 


;t  tl 


ip. 


worms  liave  i 
Asks   that  aid 
.l/(s. ,  Ms,,  xi.  -l;] 


rov 


dall  i: 


10  oli,ainc. 


uan  coamuinitN 


'I'l 


10  rci[iiest  ot 
d   ■ 


l)i 
Ic 


e;,'0  vociiios,  to  dissouo 


liavu  t.ieir 
t 


le 


lam 
'11 


prelect  and  juez  ilc  pax.  arc   to  .se 
■  ■      ill 


tl 


lat  tiic 


s  assi  .'nod  piovisioiially  ])eniling  ]icrniaiient  rogiilatums 


)\  t.      1  ho  picf^'ct  to  .send  a  comisionai 


do  to  act  w  ilh  the  admiiii 


lid  ,seo  that  the  Ind.  have  the  .sa 


riu'hts  as  those  dor; 


Jh  1,1.  St. 


Anil.,  -M.S.,  .\ii.  .')4.     MayJlst.  prefect  jiuhlishostho  order  of  May  10c 
1,1 1  liido.c,  -MS.,  l.'}7;  lldiics    J/('.s.s'.  11.,    I'Jl).     .fiino  7tli,  .Jesus   .NIori 


io 


rtll,  .Jesus  .NIoi-'iio 
utcd  to  inform  vcciiios  that  tlioir  petition  has  been  granted,  and  lliey  aro 
aio  to  .S.  Juan  Oil  the  1  Itli,  to  take  temporary  possession.   Iil.,  127-8, 


lii.,1    CiL.,  Vol.  1'. 


40 


'■i'. 


''  ' 


n. 


■J 


)!  !i. 


it   i| 


G20 


LOCAL  ANXALS  OF  TflK  SOUTIF. 


r.'izoii,  only  a  siinll  |)art  of  wlioiii  ever  oaiiic  to  (x  iijiv 
tlK'ir  lots.  At  tlif  cikI  nl', Filly  rc.'i^nlations  wcic  [nili- 
lislicd,  and  sttoii,  pntltahly  in  Au;4iist   or   SciitcmlMi', 

rJl-'_'.  Prohdlily  Iniida  worn  nswigiird  on  tlio  I4tli.  Juno  Sfltli,  intilioii  to 
lie  iuliiiitU'il  Jid  lU'W  settli'i's  lit  N.  iliiaii  troiii  A.  .Iiiiixsi'iis,  1'Vlii.iiiiii)  iJojas, 
'I'coilu  ii)  V'lili.'i,  .T(psi^  Caiicilo,  Jiis(^  M.  ('auiilo,  Juan  M.  ( 'aai  do,  .insc  A. 
Sci  rami,  ilosi'' ('listaii,  S('V(  riiiii"  Kins,  Miguel  V('Mhif,'(i,  Kiigoiiio  Aicf,  .lus'' 
A.  'kiilia,  AiiLuiiio  (oruiii'l,  ami  I'l'aiici.scti  Oiauiiio.  (iiaiiUd  in  a  iiian.'iiial 
iidtc  1  y  ]it''fi(t.  Otliir  siuiila"  ic'litimiw,  iiiiil  .hily  I'Jfli,  ,'i  list  liy  A;,'a -lia 
()1\(  ra  (w  lio  was  uppui'cntl  the  cuniiniHsidnf  r)  of  nil  .\lio  rcci'ivcMl  LiiicIh, 
fi(  III  )(.()  to  .'!l;0  vnias  laiii,  us  fcjllows:  Aiiiiii  s  \'ia>,  'J'luiiiis  (iuliiTir/, 
llii'anl)  I'tfla,  .l<is(<  Lojcz,  Cailcis  Nilvas,  .luan  M.  Matron,  Jesus  MdiciHi, 
Uaiiiciii  .silvas,  llaninii  Ar^iiiello,  Saiit.  Ai';,'iulln,  Sant.  M.  Ar'.ii  llo,  Jn>-.'  A. 
IvUud.lIii,  .\arei.>()  ISntilln,  Ju;.ii  llaiidiiii,  Aj;untin  Ulvcia,  .l(iac|nin  lie  Ih 
liios,  Jci<(^  Alipas,  l!iisaii<)  Airuilar,  I'.las  A/ruiiar,  Antnnio  \',,leu;'uel.i,  r.ii'l 
lliL!  1  I  alniiily  naineil,  licNiiiea  .')  fn  c  neophytes.  Also  list  of  the  lieopjiytc-:, 
laeh  family  reel  iviii;^  1(0  \aias,  ami  eaeii  imiiviilual  .'iD  vaias,  tho  Miiole 
ninouiiiiiij;  to  (I.TT'i  varas.  />i'/f.  N'.  /'n/,.,  MS.,  x\iii.  -i;!  ."),■!.  'I'iie  linl.  Iia.j 
tiie  1)11  leicnee,  and  elidsc  tlio  <'iisteni  valley.  I/hi/im'  Mis^.  I',.,  j-JI  ■_'.  .hily 
lith,  Manuel  Caslanare.-i,  apparently  u  special  euuiisii)iiadii,  rep()i;,s  to  tlie 
g(/V.  tliat  thti  only  jiropeity  lpeloiij,'inu'  to  tin?  ex-missidii  was  .")  yoke  of  oxi  n; 
appiiieiuly  no  assets  and  no  debts.  'I'lu'ie  wore  still  liviii!,'  in  eoinniiiiiity  "Jli 
man  ifd  men,  7  v  idoueis,  and  ;">  siiiyh;  men,  a  total  of  .'{S  lie-^iiks  4  ;,':  utiles; 
no.  of  women  and  ehildren  not  yiven.  ( '.  .';ay:^  he  assemliled  tlio  pcopleou  lli'^ 
loth;  tohl  them  the  govt,  was  iii)oiit  to  give  them  their  lilierty,  appoiuteil 
.liiliaii  eaptaiii  and  alcaide,  hut  told  them  till  the  dix  umuiit.'i  shi>  dd  e'liic 
they  must  live  as  hefoie.  i'dl'in,  JJar,,  .M.S.,  xxxiii.  •Jl(!-17.  .Inly 'JIH'i,  lov. 
to  the  eneai'Liado,  announeiii^  that  J>andini  has  orders  toenuincipali'  liie  linl., 
f.xamiue  aeeounts,  etc.  Jdii-^Ki  ii.-\  />oc.,  MS.,  .■)-(». 

July  "JKtli,  n'L'ulat  ions  issued  hydov.  Alvarado.  'Articnlos  (put  ]pin\  i-i.iu- 
almeuto  deljeii  olisei\ ar.e  en  v\  iiiievo  ;in'e;;!o  did  cstableeiinieiiio  de  S.  .Ihaa 
Capistrano.'  I«iiids  to  lie  liehl  as  already  assitjiieil  liy  the  prefect".;  emui  i  p- 
niido.  C'ro])s  toliedisti  ihuted  accord  in;.;  to  eoiiiisi(uiado's  judgment  until  each 
native  can  e,ilti\ate  iiis  own  land.  l.i\e:iloclv  ae.l  iiiiplemeuts,  not  In  in,' 
suiiicieiit  for  distiiluiti'ii,  to  he  kejit  liy  com.  and  furnished  as  needed,  i  li  ■ 
eharils  and  viiieyanls  devoted  to  wcusliip  and  the  padre's  support,  and  to  iiu 
reiiteil  li,  tho  go\  t  in  aiconl  with  the  pa  (he.  Maiailacturiiin  im[ilciiieiits  i  Ic 
to  he  kept  ill  the  rooms  where  lliey  noware  for  use  of  Ind.  wdikiaeti.  .'■hic' |i 
may  be  entrusted  to  some  person  who  wi  1  receivi!  ^  of  the  increase,  and  will 
deliver  the  Wool  for  use  in  tin;  w  eavin;,' estahlishineiit.  (tne  thud  of  Maiikels 
eti'.,  manulaetured  to  he  dcliveri'd  to  padri!  for  use  of  poor  and  old  liil.  'If 
the  liuildini.'s  Jj  will  serM^  for  the  ]iadre's  dv.el'.int:.  h  ^''i'  some  1ml.  f.niiiliis, 
ami  S  I"  tlie  com.  in  which  to  aceoiiiinodate  travellers,  or  to  he  rented  to  i.iiiii- 
lies  de  ra/oii  and  the  rent  aiiplieil  to  li'iiairs.  Xo  huildiniis,  oven  in  r.:i;:s.  tn 
l>e  sold  \\  ithont  authority  of  the  t'ovt.  'J"he  govt  to  assi;;n  lamls  ou  -i  \r  "f 
those  granted  to  the  settlers  for  e/'/'/os  and  ///-oyi/os- of  the  piiehln.  .\  ■  hi'l. 
can  work  for  a  private  indiviilnal  without  a  Ini/rla  ivmn  the  eo;n.  eN]' 'c^sia.; 
the  name  of  the  employer.  Any  lands  ahandoned  liy  either  Ind.  or  g  iite  ile 
razon  for  a  year  will  belong  to  the  ]nielilo  and  may  be  reiiti^d  at  .'i  luoderati' 
rate,  the  original  owner  having  the  preference.  'L'he  govt  to  ;ippoia!  a  jiicz 
de  paz  to  bo  Bubject  to  tlie  cabeeera  of  the  district.  17  articles  in  /'■ ;  '  ■*>'• 
J'aj).,  iMS.,  xviii.  4S-ril. 

Oct.  I'Jth,  IJandini's  i-cport.  He  visited  S.  Juan,  and  asseiiililing  ili''  lad. 
found  that  70  desired  :v  pnehloand  .'lOidil  men  and  women  oppose(l  ilici  !iaii','o. 
After  15.  's  reading  and  cxjUunatioii  of  the  regulations  some  of  the  latter  < '  i  iii  .;eil 
their  minds  and  15.  formally  declared  the  ex-mission  a  pueblo  (no  exact,  ihilv). 
Ho  found  that  Junsaeua  had  been  inciting  the  ind.  against  the  cliau-"  i'H'l 


Wv  I'llli- 
)t('iiiln  r, 


,  petition  to 
L^iaiio  iJiijas, 

ll((,    JdSc    a. 

)  Air.'.  .1,...'. 
1  II  uuil'.'ilial 
]>\  A;,'a:.U!i 
I'ivcil  liiiils, 
s   (iiitionr/., 

SUS     MllfClHl, 

.  11.1,  ,l..s.'.  A. 
iiciiiiii  ill'  lii^t 
I'linu'lii,  i'.ii'l 
(.'  iicnphyti'-', 
<.  tin;  \i  utile 
riic  linl.  im.l 
I'JI   ■-'.     .Inly 

[llll'.S     t'i    till' 

(ikc  I'f  ii\i  ii; 
Diuimuiity  'J'i 
ls  -l  ;,'!  iitilfs; 
jiciipK'im  til" 
ly,  iiiiiiiiiii'i''l 
I  sliii.iM  I'-'iiii' 
iilvJ.nii,  L'"v. 

Ir  ilil'  lliil.i 

]iri>vi^iiiii- 

lie  S.  .Fiian 

•t'.i  ciimi.'i'i- 

it  until  <';icli 

S,  lll't  lll-'illg 
,.,-lr.l.  <ll- 
JlMll  l'>  1)0 
I'Mlt'lltS  1  tl'. 
,1(11.       Sll>"i> 

:,i\  mill  ^vlll 

1  nl  llllUllU'tS 

,M  hi'l.  of 
f:iliiili''>', 
,1,1  to  I'aiui- 

ill  ruins,  to 
Is  iiuSi'li.'  of 
,,.       N  .  I  Mil. 

cxir.'i'-^sill.^' 

Ill'  g'liti'  lie 

a  iiioili'i-ate 

ipoiiit  a  jilt'/, 

in  liri'.  ■'^'^ 

lilj.^r  t!,.'    lllll. 

I  tln.'.li.iii;.:f'. 
tttTi'ian;i('il 


luin^ 


uiul 


ri'Kr.LO  OF  SAN  J  CAN. 


c.-j 


III- 


Juaii  Baiidiui  wa.s  sent  t<>  supervi.^e  tlio  fDniial  iui... 
(I.itioii  (if  tli(j  |»U(IjI(»,  iiaiiK'd  San  .liiaii  tlc!  Ar^iitUit 
ill  honor  of  J)(iii  Santiajj^o  and  lii.s  taniily.  Jiandini 
n  iiiained  until  March,  IS42,  in  chai'ni;  ol"  the  .slight 
ii  innaiits  of  ciMnniunity  jn-operty;  then  t'oi"  a  month 
i>v  two  Zalvidca,  with  Jans,si;ns  as  jncz  intt'iiiio, 
iii.inaii^cd  all'airs;  hut  tht;  |»a(h(!  soon  went  t  S.  I^nis, 
and  A^ustin  (Jlvera  was  made  juez  de  |iaz.  Fi'oin 
this  time  not  much  is  known  of  pucltlo  annals,  except. 
tliat  half-a-dozen  families  of  ^cnte  de  ra/on  and 
twinty  or  nion-  of  e.\-neoi)]iytes  lived  tjuietly,  if  not 
\ciy  i)ros[»erously,  at  San  .Juan,  iindir  OUtra  as 
jiii'/  in  184'J-.3,  liosario  A^aiilar  in  184u-l,  I'^mi^dio 
Wjar  in  l<S4-t -a,  and  John  Foi'ster  from  duly  l.^'l."). 
i'iiially  in  ])eceinher  the  ex-nnssion  huildiiiijCs  and 
gardens  wei'e  sold  to  Forster  ami  ]\Ielv.inley  by  ordtr 

si'lirniiii^'  to  retiiiri  his  ]>liico  as  majoi'doino;  tliei'cforu  lie  rcmovpil  .1..  (inli'iiiig 
liiin  to  inv.scnt  liiiii.scll  with  hi^  tinintclliiiihli;  ai'coimts  to  the  ;,m\  t,  ami  ap- 
]i"iiiti'il  SantiaL!o  K.  Ar).;iii'llo  to  taku  tlio  plai'o.  Atthi.s  tiinu  (Jiily  tliu  t'.\- 
111'  i|i!iyti'.s  ami  i  or  .">  fainilics  ilc  la/cm  who  hail  livid  at  S.  .Iii;in  foi-  some  tiiiu', 
luiil  oct'iipieil  their  lamls.  There  were  now  .'ij.')  sheep  ami  llii  horses.  Han- 
ill  li  n'^i;,'ns  his  ollice  ami  reconiniemla  Argiiclio  ior  a  sncres.sor.  'I'lie  i'esii,'ua- 
ti '11  is  aeeepted  in  a  marginal  note,  /r/.,  '>\-'2.  .Ian.  '_',  ISl'J,  Ijamlini  had 
K'un.'^iiiered  Ills  resignation  ut  reijiiest  of  (,'ovt  and  taken  up  his  residen.e  at 
S.  .iuii..  The  pueblo  badly  deinorali/.ed,  .sioundrels  lia\  in;,'  enteroil  iiinler 
]  riteiu'e  of  bein;,'  .settlers,  and  \  ioo  and  erinio  lieini,'  prevalent.  No  in. in  hire 
h.  lor  ji;ez  de  1K1.^  St.  I'up.,  M'i^k.,  MS.,  \\.  ;iS  4J. 

.Maii'h  7,  KS4'_',  n.indini  has  surrendered  everytliiiiL;  to  Zalvidea,  who  has 
a|ipninU'd  Janssens,  and  15.  has  reeoi,'ni/ed  .1.  as  'eiK.ir^ado  de  jioliria.'  I>i pi. 
S',  I'll/).,  Aii'j.,  M.S.,  vi.  lUl-'J.  March  iSLh  .lansseiis' appointimnt  as  juez 
i::'a  rino  a]iproved  by  prefect.  I.oa  Avj.  Arch.,  MS.,  ii.  1S.">.  MayltJlli,  IJaii- 
(liiii's  resi;:iiation  aiceptcd.  Dipt.  A'cc,  M.S.,  xii.  .">l.  Apiil  "J.Jd,  A'^'iisiin 
Olvi  la  appointed  juez  de  pa/,  of  S.  .Jnan  de  .Ar^iiello  with  Santiago  Uios  as 
.liipleiile.  J)(pl.  6V.  /''(/*.,  All;/.,  MS.,  \  i.  Iii-'i;  Jil..  I'rif.  y  Jti'.ij-,  ib.  'U. 
iKc.  li/tli,  Dlvei'ii  and  llius  reappointed  lor  lS4:i  by  pri'l'ei.t,  /</.,  1U7,  but  in 
•],':ii.  Olvera  deeliiies  to  servo.  Jil.,  An;/.,  M.S.,  vii.  ,'(;!.  Vet  Olvera  was  not 
e\iused  and  wai-iKirviiig  iii.Ium'  ISt;!,  when  he  semlsa  listof  s('lt!iM's  who  luivi; 
failed  to  ueeiipy  their  lands,  with  other  matter,  and  again  .isks  to  be  relieved. 
Di'j.t.  SI.  P'lj).,  M.S.,  xviii.  ~t'.]-i.  1!  ).-;ario  A;,aiilar  a|ipeais  to  have  been  ap- 
[i"mieil,  since  in  Auy.  he  plead.i  ineapaeity  and  asks  tob(^  replaced.  /(/.,  -I/';/., 
vii.  ,SS. 

.Jan.  1844.  A.nnilar  ordered  to  surrender  the  jiizij;.  lo  to  I'liniLtdio  Vi'j.'ir. 
A/.,  vii!.  4,  (i.  It).  In  the  leport  on  .southern  missions  in  March  IStt.  S. 
Juan  is  said  to  be  abandoned  for  want  of  a  minister  and  its  Ind.  demoralized 
ami  disperse  1.  Pico,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  It.  -Inly  II,  IS4."),  Vejar  ordered  to  give 
up  tiie  jiiz;,'ado  to  John  l-'orstcr.  J)i'pt.  liic.,  M.S.,  xiv.  (');>,  0.").  Dec.  4th,  .s:ile 
I't  the  mission  buildiii'^'S,  furniture,  and  f,'arden3  to  ,)olin  Forster  and  , lames 
Mi'Kinley  for  8710.  This  vol.,  p.  ,J41)-.");;;  St.  Pap.,  J//.*'*.,  MS.,  xi.  GU;  /  V>. 
I'o'-.,  MS.,  ,'J90-1.  Some  old  men  aeiiuainte.l  with  the  facts  say  that  the 
iiiis^iion  was  not  sold  at  this  time,  liases'  Mm.  li.,  \1\. 


'  .  :  'i  « 


:1^| 


M 


eis 


LOCAL  AXNALS  OF  THi;  SOVVU. 


oi'  tlir  t^ovcriiiiK'nt,  till'  lir>i-ii;iim'il  ol'  the  |iiircli!is(M's 
ri'iiiiiiiiiii'4  in  possi'ssioii  Inr  luiiny  yt'jirs. 

]|('s|irc1  iii^'  ( li(!  oilier  |)il('lil()S  (if  till'  'li^trirt,  Lis 
Fldl'cs,  Siiii  l)i('u;uiti»,  iilid  Sail  Pasciial,  \\  n  IiaV''  a 
few  iiicaLjJ'c  items  lurtlic  ycai's  I  Si  I  - 'J,  just  ciiou^'li  t  > 
iiidicatt;  tlu'ir  rontiiiiicd  cxistfiicc.  Allcr  is  l-J  noiji- 
iii<^  ii|)|)c'ars  in  I'ccnr.ls  ol'  this  |)t.'rio(l,  tliniiM'Ii  S;iii 
Pascual  ct'i'taiiily  ami  I^as  I'^lorcs  j)robal)ly  \v  iv  iupt 
>vliollv  alian(!oii('(l  iinlil  ai'tci'  1.S4J.'* 


'I'lic  |)oi)ulalioii  oftlic  Los  AnLji'l"'><  (lishii'i  may  Ik; 
sii|>|)osi'(l  to  have  iiirreascd  in  I H-H  a  iVoni  l,Sii()  to 
'J. 000,  of  wliirh  iiuinlx'r  ])('rlia|is  L-'>0  li\t'd  in  a!id 
al)out  llif  tow  n,  and  "aO  at  llio  randios  ami  cx-inl^- 
Fions.  Tlu'i'c  was  Itoidcs  an  cx-iicoiiliytc  IihImu 
jxipnlation,  in  coniinuni'y  and  scat lorcd,  of  LI'mi  i:i 
the  district."  .Durini;'  this  pcr'oil,  and  olM'cialiy  iu 
the  last  two  ycai's,  tlir  records  show  some  eil'oits  en 
the  part  ov  eitixehs  and  autliorities  to  I'ncoura'^v  \>:i'i- 
lic  im[)r()VemL'nts,  to  ht'autily  the  streets  and  hn.i  I 
in<4's,  and  to  render  the  city  more  wort  hy  in  apin  ,iiM;r'i' 
of  its  ])()sitiou  as  metropolis  of  Calilornia.  h  iii:i-i 
be  conibssed  tliut  results  were  somewhat  mea^Te,  \   i 


"Tiiilco  iiiul  .Tosi''  r>ai-i'oi;i  jiiocoa  dc  cainiio  foi-  S.  l>ii"_'iiitip  A|i!il,  1  ll. 
Jf'ii/  s'  Ihv.,  MS.,  in.  I'VlK-April,  ISH,  ISt'J,  Kiicar^ailoH  i.i  ,S.  i».c,^'.!  .1 
amis,  rusciial  aiipoiiitcil  liy  jui/ nt  S.  l)ic::ii.  .V.  /'.  .l/<//.,  .MS,,  I'vi.  i^o 
rirci  cni'.ir^'ailo  of  Las  l'"l(iii"<  iii  |S)J.  /./.;  ilm/cs'  Ih,-.,  .MS..  I,").;.  In  I' 
Ain-.l  i^H.tiicre  was  nuii'li  ilissali.slaclidii  iuikpiil;  tlit^  liiil.  <if  l.;i-  I- 
■Willi  tlic  I'iid.s.  'J'lii!  jac/ went  Id  so(!  tin  111  and  t!.\|ilaiii  that  I'ii-o  .-.i!l  I. .  i 
ail  lioi  iiy.  I)iit  lio  apj.  linti'ii  '.\  liul.  uIcaMi's  lien-,  and  aU>»  at  S.  I'a-^r  lal  .  .1 1 
S.  I>u'i;mti).  iiiucli  ll)  tlu:s.ilisl:icl  on  (if  the  hid.  V'uk  iv(|uirril  tuoii  to  f-iuo 
thiir  laml  to  kuqi  i/ut  \\\a  c.tUlu!  tlin/i.^  .!/'.«.  />.,  ;U7.  .M<ifi-as,  Kri'l'ie..  i. 
:;t,!,  say.s  tiifio  was  V.))  liid.  at;  '.as  KIoith  in  IS1_'.  ThiTc  an;  11 1  liter 
tj'^'irc.'s.  Oct.  ISU,  sniiidu  uf  an  Ind.  ','irl  at  S.  I'ascnal.  />'■/</.  >'■',  /W  -., 
A.i;i.,  MS.,  vi.  7:{.  In  I'Miniaiy  .1.  A.  Vi.'iba  aiijilicd  for  iv  lot  .">il.M  • '  ^^  '^ 
iit  ii.u  I'iiiri's  'called  also  S.iii  i'cilro,'  Imt  iho  ,i,'i-a:it  w.v.  rciiisi  d  .n  tin'  I  '-"i 
woa Id  not  .support  inure   peojile   than  were   already   tli(;re.   Lu-t  A'lh  .\i'<''^-< 

Ai.-;.,  li.  !.".:!-(;. 

"Tne  most  definite  authority  i.s  a  (ladron  of  1S|  1,  wiii.li  j^ives  t'n'  p"'.  i-J 
C'J7  men,  .">;)>)  women,  7- )  <hildren,  or  ;i  total  of  |Sl7,  and  (Mil  liid..  "i  ■■.!.  t.i, 
in  all,  not  including  the  In  I.  at  S.  (lal)riel  ami  S.  Fcriiand.)  or  the  i^oiitii'S. 
Lii-!  Au'j'l's.  Aijn.it.  /,'((-.,  .MS.,  1;}.  On  .Inly 'Jdth  of  tlio  .same  year  a  •01  m 
is  iiniiLi  iiird  u\.showin!,'  I'Jl  men.  J)i/il.  St.'  /'h/k,  .MS.,  v.  Ill;  and  in  .^n-' 
ISII  'Jill  veeinosare  mentioned.  /'/.,  ('>.").  Mofras,  L'x/ilor.,  i.  lU'^,  ^-i'''^  t  u' 
pop.  of  the  disiriet  a.s  1, '_'.»,)  in  1S4'_>:  and  Simpson,  .\ar::,  i.  lO-,  •<•';>•'*  "'" 
town  iiloiio  had  I,."jOJ  iu  tiie  same  yiar. 


LOS  AXCiKLKS. 


029 


cL.'isors 

let,    Li- 

l()U'4'li  1  ' 
12  Untll- 

.•f\\    San 


■j  WAV  1"? 
l,S(il)  to 
il  ill  a'l'l 
I  cX-lili-- 
.     hi.liali 

I  .|iio  ia 
•ciallv  la 
I'll'olt-  .1^ 
Vii;j,'t'  p  a  '- 
lid  I'u'.i  1- 

»j)i'ar.i',,'''' 
It  ma  •! 

'ii-T*',  :>    '^ 

,  Apiil.  1    I'- 
ll  S.  I».i'..:     ' 

^    ,    'J  >. '.         '       ' 

/,,    111  r  ' 

1    l.:is   !•■.■     ■ 

V^)^aU   li-; 

I'il-Ulill   •    '  ' 

It  mill  to  I   a    ■ 

lis.  Kyr'"'-' 
aril  II'  l'-'^' 
ll.l.  ••<!.   I'".'- 

J:,aa^l;»;)^;l  •"* 

|l  ,u  111"  1'^''' 

l.s  tli'T""-  't 
ua,,--.:.t.'. 

V.':ir  11 '•'•»  "^ 

■  ami  ill  A"-' 

|;,.,,j.iv,.stlie 

lifj,  .i.i-.s  till! 


I  liavo  (Ipciiifil  t Iif  cfioi'ts  w.ii'lh  a  scparalc  rt-iMir,!.'' 
I.hmI  events  (if  the  liali' ileeade  as  a[»|teii(le(l  in  elnnn- 

oi  .;ic  dl'dei',  if  not  (if  t  lie  ^Teaie^t  iniltol'lani'e,  Wel'e  at 
li  a>t  siidicientlv  excitin;^-  tit  nreu[»y  tile  A no\'!iiins' at- 
tc atioii  duriii;^'  a  teni|)nrarv  lull  in  political  and  seo 
linaal  controversies."     The  ieadiii;.^' event  of  IS  II  was 

''ISll.  Aiiiil,  tin;  iilcaMi'  calls  fur  suliscrijitioiis  fn  nlniiM  the  fliinvli, 
I.i  i.'iry  litiii;,'  iliu  i'i>;iii:iii>'..ulii.  J^.jit.  Sf.  /'<i/>.,  Aifj  ,  MS.,  \  i,  10,  ,'il.  ISIJ. 
M  i.  !i,  (ho  inrfi'it  inli'.rsa^il  in  tlic  luilijfct,  iiinl  Uiiiijjs  (iif  ciiiali'.-i  limnj 
Mil, 1,1  ti(>  tin- liivti  T  f  a  iviiaiis.  Lot  Aiij.  Afh.,  .MS.,  ii.  I7t.  lsH>.  Juno 
"i|,  l.iTjv.ii  I  f !  lii>|'iiiiiil  tavern  I  must  luit  a  light  ia  iVoiit  of  tlifir  [ilaii'-i  IVkih 
(hi  I;  to  !)  I'.  M.  /''/-'.  .s'.  I'll;!.,  Aiii/.,  M.v,  vii.  ti4-."i.  July,  mi  ;i|i|u':il  t<» 
a; .  I  u  1  fvii' luuii"  til  Imiiil  n  {^ovL  hdii:.:' and  liaii'iuic.  Ill  ro.fjiDnsc  .\.  .M.  l.ii;,'o, 
\.  .' ..;ii.'!u';;,  luiil  I,.  Vl.-ius  navi-  .VidO  cai  li  in  iUVfti;  'I'.  .\.  Voiha  !?>'»•:  J. 
'j.i.r  lj  &;;*»>:  r.  J.  S.iMilvc.la  .VlO;  '1'.  ,S.  (•(.limii  ,s|.-,;  and  l-'.  ,),  Alvaraili)  a 
r  i  1 1' wine.  III.,  \ii.  7!'.  la II.  .\  sDoial  socliiytir  cliili  v.as  <ii'','aiii/i'il  hy 
l.;;u;ajcii.i;'.;'n ',  nil  1  iKiiiHiil  .\ini.L,'i)S  del  I'ais.  .\  1  it  10  )  varus  ,';i|.  was  l' ran 'n' I 
ia  .M  :;.',  Irii'  frnin  taNCi.  //.,  v.  l.)l-,'i.  An  ikIdIil-  luiilcliii'!  was  c'ri'i.tiil,  witii 
l.';iiu.l;j-rin)in,  il,:niiii;;-hiill,  «;ti'.  .Vftcr  ;i  frw  tiiti'itainmrnts,  luoonlin  ,'  ti» 
Ai!;:'.',  J.'i  riK  ric-i,  .Ms.,  .">II  41,  thr  iin  iuImis  (lis:i';ii'«'il  iiii'l  tlir  ))iii[)irty  wa-i 
|.ii.  ill  in  a  liitiory,  .\iiilr  s  I'iiu  ImIiil;  IIm;  liuky  iiiciiilii'r.  'Jlu;  iirdjcct  of 
i;  >:•■%■>■  cc'ini'tiiy  Mi'.s  still  ai;itat<il  as  i;i  tin;  \n<l  i]vc:u\v,  luit  tlmn'^'h  tlu'  iht  I 
V ::.;  .cco'^iii/.i'il  i.iiil  a  Hito  ot  lOit  varus  liad  hiun  .sclcca'd.  tlni'j  wire  lin.iiicial 
ili.il'  lilies.  A  .sails.!! iii'.iiiii  was  rai.-^uil,  liuwi'Vi.'f,  ainl  wmli  was  imslioil  toi- 
wiiiil  s)  that  I'll!  iirw  liiiri.il  uiiiainl  was  ciinsi.'i'iiui'il  liy  I'.  IviLi  iii'M  on  Nov. 
4!!i.  Tiii'ii  Ih'Wi.viint.  f  11  inally  iiri'smtel  it  Id  thu  chuirh  <iu  ciiudition  tli;ifc 
i:i'  V  iilidiild  III!  no  (.'huii'li  t.i.\  on  liurials;  wliiili  tin:  liishoj)  di'iliiu.'d,  lui.l 
i.la;..uil  1 1  lilt  liy  ilio  ai't  <i('  (.•oiisccration  tin;  t'l'iiu'lcry  liiM'anii"  I'l  lurch  |ini[ii'itj'. 
Ti: '  ayunt.  would  not  acocjit  this  view  and  I'liMiUcd  tu  aiipcal  t  i  this  ^'ovt, 
111  .lUwliiliM'-'sii  vin;,'  lhcii,:.;!it  to^raiit  licnscs  for  inii-ial.  (\>i\iii<l,  I  >(>■•.,  .\l,-i., 
IK'-  la);  lyjit  An;/.  Ai'ii.il.  ]}■■'',,  .MS.,  S.  May  (let.,  Kin;;aiid  loinplicitcd  dls- 
cn:;'.'.i)U3  on  tilt!  (Hiinin;.',  clnsiii'.',  and  strai  ;lit(iiin;.;  oi  .strci'ts,  I'spucially  ihu 
ri.IU-.jo:i  d>)  Prior.  /></-/■.  /.'-.•.,  .\IS.,  .\iii.  f>:!;  /.  i.-,  Aii'j.  Airh..  M-l.,  v.  liiiai, 
'.'■•<1  III;  l>i  jil.  S!.  /'"i'.,  .M.->.,  V.  1 10.  .V  si'hool  niidi'i'  l.iinit  .Mcilina  in  jiros- 
|.i-i-n  .  1  comiitiou  thi.s  yoar.  'J'iiisxol.,  ]p.   t a.i. 

i  lo.  Jan.,  fas  s  coasisuiriah-.i  to  In-  luiilt  on  lot  lictwoen  .Iiiaii  Iloinini;;> 
iiiila"' rrilii'.  /,u.i  All;/.  Ar-/i.,  MS.,  v.  'Jda.  .\iiril  I'.Hiiut  st'i|.,  tlicaynnt.,  o:i 
iiiu  iiii  of  Uofiidor  (-'ota,  irsolvos  to  a.^lc  the  gov.  to  order  iho  repair  and  [ihis- 
t(i-;:i;  and  whii,eniii;{  of  hoiise-fronl  i  i:i  tho  eity;  and  (hiv.  I'ici  i-s.ued  tlio 
ill. '.-'J  oil  tlic  '-'.'d,  leijuiiiii;.;  the  Work  to  he  (lone  wilhiii  :{  tnoutlis,  uiider 
luii.ihies  of  liiu!  froiii  8')  to  .sj.'i.  .Vny  lot  with  ruined  w.ills  iiiiu'lit  ho 
il  ;:  i:  need  after  '.l  months,  l-'ine-t  t  i  he  applied  chielly  t  i  heaatityiii-j;  llij 
tov,  II.  O.I  .Inly  r.llh  the  gov.  on  I- 'red  the  line  i  e  illeeted;  hut  on  the  'J.'i;!!  ho 
imv  n.r  the  maiter  for  a  mouth,  and  no  iiion.'  i-;  le-ard  of  it  /'/.,  v.  'J.iT  !*; 
I)'!  '.  .v.  /'(ii>.,  An;/..  MS.,  X.  .-i;i-4.  .\i.  loJ-.-i;  /-/.,  /In.,  v.  :U7-.'il);  /,,m  A.I'/. 
'".  Ui<f.,  Ili-ll.  .M.iy-Jnly,  iiioro  ahout  the  r.lreets  and  I'lior's  eall.joii, 
ivlii'  a  liodoes  notwi-li  toh.'elo-ied  as  ordered.  Jliiiidiin,  />«■.,  MS.,  ."i!);  J)i,if. 
S'  I'li/i.,  M.S.,  vi.  |.'i4-(}.  .)uly  I'lit!!.  a  eonimitteo  ap[iointel  t  i  iKiiue  stieet.'j 
'iii'l  iiumher  houses.  /.  -s  Aii'j.  .\rr.'i.,  .MS.,  v.  "JSO;  llai/i^'  L'Ui'l  .Uat'cri^,  'JO. 
J^op  .,  a  jiriest  desired  and  proiniseil  hy  the  hislio|i;  nieanwhih;  the  peoplo 
mil     iK'peii.l  on  the  iiiissiou.   /t.-'iit.  Si.  i'<ij>.,  MS.,  vi.  1 1'.)-.">0. 

"Saiiiinary  of  events  at  I.os  Angeles.  ISll.  Xew  Me\.  earavan,  tlio 
Clin  :,:ano.sos,  ami  I'eg-Ie;^  Smith.  'I'his  vol.  p.  "JOS.  .Murder  of  Niehol.-is  I'i'ik 
nui:  ioae.l.  A/.,  "JdO.  Fink  v.a.-i  ii  ( lennan  siioeniaker  and  .'diopd;ueprr,  who 
lliiil  lived  in  (.'al.  ."i  years.  On  Jan.  ISth,  wlien  hi-;  shoj)  had  hrni  elosed  for 
fimr  days  an  iiivustigaliou  showed  that  lie  had  heeii  murdered  and  hid  place 


.*  -I,' 


:'    i 


G30 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  SOUTIL 


tlio  robbery  and  murdcT  of  a  G-ornian  trader,  fdllowcd 
by  the  prompt  execution  of  the  assassiiio.  lii  1^^4•_', 
besides  the  reception  of  a  new  governor,  we  liavc:  tho 

rol))ipil  ill  the  night  of  tlic  14th.  The  body  wan  found  in  tlie  shop,  tlio  sknll 
hiivini,'  liL'cu  broken  by  ii  blow  from  tigun-lianvl.  Ascenciou  Valencia,  Santj. 
ir.;o  Ijin.'ire.i,  ;ind  JosiS  Dniirto  were  soon  known  to  be  the  iis:«issiiiH,  tin;  latUr 
liiivini,'  aroused  suspicion  by  a  statement  that  be  hid  seiMi  Fink  on  his  w  :;y  t  > 
S.  Fernanilo,  and  Linares  eonfessing  after  a  (juantity  of  the  stolen  ^'ooils  1ki(1 
been  found  in  possession  of  bis  sweolheart.  There  w.is  great  exeiiuni  iit  i,i 
town,  guards  were  posted,  citizens  were  required  to  bo  wiihin  dourM  Ijy  11)  v. 
Ji.,  and  strict  precautions  were  rciiuirod  by  the  prefect  in  a  series  i)f  liandus. 
'J'lie  prisoners  were  confined  separately,  and  besides  tiie  Vdlnntrrr  g;uinl,  a 
di.tachment  of  11  soldiers  under  Lieut.  Roberto  I'ardo  was  obtained  fioin  Sta 
]iurbara.  There  was  a  complaint  and  controversy  about  t!ie  sup|>ort  of  tlu-c 
men,  but  citizens  finally  contributed  for  tile  purpose.  ICarly  in  M.uvli  tlic 
process  was  sent  by  the  prefect  to  the  governor,  with  a  ineniori.il  signc  1  hy  in 
citizens  asking  for  pninipt  action  and  an  extreme  penalty.  Tiie  re,ily  wasau 
(irdiT  that  the  murderers  bo  shot  by  soldiers,  citizens  iinuing  to  iii,u:itaia 
order,  within  three  days;  and  the  sentence  was  executed  iietween  b)  and  II 
A.  M.,  on  April  0th,  th',  governor's  proclamation  being  read  publicly,  aiul  a 
furce  of  mnuntcd  citi'jns  standing  guard  f.  r  three  d^iys  t:  maintain  t;aa|tiil- 
lity.  The  proclamation  was  al^o  published  at  Sta  l'.a;barr,.  I  lliiuk  lliore  it 
no  ffiundation  for  ^bJfras'  statement  that  the  foreigners  eoinpelieil  tlie  guv.  t ) 
iii'*^  by  threats  of  summary  pi- r'cedinga.  I'j'.iogio  Cells  wis  the  luxc  yer.r 
cliaiged  by  the  <  icniian  ehaigr  d'atFaires  in  .Mex.  to  settle  Fiuk's estate.  1)  • 
t::i!saud  eiiriesp.  in  /yos.  .hr/.,  Ar<h.,  .M^.,  ii.  bS-lT;  D'l't.  .?/.  />(/<.,  .MS., 
v.  o.'.;  xviii.  21;  Id,  Aii'j.,  i.' 4!l,  00;  lii.  70--',  TO-',);  vi.  Ki;  xii.  O.J,  /'/.,  /V  f". 
y.fiivf.,  iv.  (i-S,  l<»-'_';);  vi.  oi;  />.'/-'.  /.Vc,  M.S.,  xii.  7  S,  :i;»;  IX'-.  Ili.-'t.C'il, 
'MS.,'iv.  107(i-S".;  OiKfrn,  />■-•.,  .MS.,  v.  '2)2  i;  vi.  l."i-l();  .S'.  b'' p,  A.rli., 
MS.,  'JSO:  .SV'f,  /)'.  yfn/j.,  MS.,  ]<);  //ui/.-k,  1)  h:.  MS..  l.'iO;  DoO /lo,  AiviU", 
lS4-(i;  M(i/r((<,  K.rji'nr.,  i.  :SJ3-4;  Arna:,  lifiKi-lo^.  MS.,(il. 

184'J.  May,  fears  of  Jnd.  depredation'  liy  di:itant  tiibi.i.  Tlii.s  vol  ,  |i. 
S;',S.  Arrival'.if  larire  party  of  tr.i'lers  fro  ii  "X.  Mex.  Id.,  ;)\2.  Arr.v.il  .if 
Miehcltdreiia  and  his  b.ittalion  in  Sept.  Id.,  '2'.)'-)A.  l)ee.,  (!(jv.  MiclieKoiciia 
tidii's  the  oatii  of  ollice;  great  festivitici.  Id.,  'J',)!-.").  Sir  (!eo.  Sinipsui 
deseriiics  IjOs  Angeles,  which  he  did  not  v  sit,  as  'the  noted  abodi;  of  tlio  liw- 
est  druikards  and  ga.nblers  of  the  country.  This  den  '(f  thieves  is  sitiiitvil, 
as  one  may  expect  from  its  being  almost  twice  as  ]iopulons  a.i  the  tw  i  (itli'.r 
piu'blos  taken  together,  in  one  of  the  loveliest  and  mo-it  fertile  di.-itii  ti  nf 
(';•.!.'  Xnrrnt'rf,  i.  402.  Discovery  of  goUl  at  S.  Fraiici.sco  ra.icliu  in  M;i"(.-Ii. 
This  vol.,  p.  2t>(J-7.  This  subject  seems  of  siillicient  iiiiportanee  to  i:i>;ily 
the  following  summary  of  documentary  evi.leiice.  ^^•ly  ."d,  prefect  apjUiiits 
Ignacio  del  ^'alio  cncargado  de  jiisticiaat  the  gold  mines,  lie  may  c  lievt 
fee.?  from  ad  comers,  us  the  land  is  lii.s,  and  must  rejiort  so  that  the  lh  iii'l 
may  be  li',!,'al!y  apportioned.  Dues  on  'iipiora  and  other  ellects  must  !>'  '  i'- 
le  -tod  as  ill  town.  Francisco  Zorrilla  i?  named  iis  snp'.ente.  I'allr,  JJj  :,  .MS. 
r>7;  />/'<.  St.  Pup.  Aiifj.,  ^bS.,  vi.  I"_'l.  Jansseiis,  in  a  ncws'ia'ier  .scrap, 
describes  Zorrilla  as  a  Sonoran  ifiinhinl  w  who  worked  fora  long  tii.'c  in  tlies' 
miu(-s,  and  linally  disappeared  in  tlie  rush  of  rVtS.  .May  (itii,  .Maimcl 
Ib'cpipi.a  to  IJarron,  says  the  gold  was  discmered  in  March,  two  liM'.!iie5  lia  1 
belli  pri  spected,  the  miners  were  icw  and  without  rkill,  making  SJ  [' -r  ilav 
each.  Iiriiiena,  Dor.,  MS.,  4-.j.  Uaiidiiii.  Hl<t.('al.,  JIS.,  42  4,  t-.iys  t!io 
discovery  was  in  April.  In  Lo»  Aii;ir!i:i,  lli.it.,  10-11,  it  i,i  stated  tliat,  Fran- 
eisei)  Lopez  iiiado  the  diseov.  accidentally,  iiiidin  ;,  in  i)ulling  s  .iii'  v.iM 
oninns,  a  pebble  like  some  that  Andres  CastUlero  h  ii  found  before  ii  I'l  IkhI 
decliireil  to  indicate  the  presence  of  gold.  I'.iilw'  II,  Cn'.  JSJ/!  -S,  M  >  ,  'Jl'i- 
L>,  who  visited  the  miues  in  1845  when  I'O  iiK  i   chiclly  N.  Mexicans,  were 


■  ^j.  '<■ 


i[f,  t'.ip  sl;n'il 
Micia,  Suuti- 
,s,  tin;  latii.r 
n  liii  xiiy  t  1 
U  f,'Oi)iU  hail 
sccilom  lit  i,i 
xirn  liy  111  1'. 
3  of  liaudiis. 

lie  1  tVuin  Sta 
port  of  tht-i: 
11  Mai't-ll  till! 
si;j;;icl  liy  o'i 
rcjily  wu-iuii 
;  to  iiiaiiiliuii 
■PIl  Itu.i'l  II 
blicly,  iiii'l  a 
tain  t;'a;i|ail- 
liiuk  \':wiv  ii 
id  t'.if  gjv.  I ) 
lie  ii-"Cl  yi.'::r 
jcatatf.  1>  ■ 
'.  />(/'.,  M-v, 
i,V,  ]:t.J'M\ 
■■.  Jlisl.C'i'l., 

y-ri',  'I  ■•''•■ 

<.,.'.),  . I ;(•'/.  •■, 
Thi..  Vul,,].. 

Anav.il  I  if 

iMi.Mi'Lori-iia 

0).   Si:u;isiii 

if  Va.^Wx- 

a  is  siinati-'il, 

|io  tw.i  otlui' 

(li.striti  iif 

|io  in  Maicli. 

'C  to  ill 'lily 

toot  apiijiiit's 

may  c  Uect 

tllO    L'l-    IM'I 

liiust  I.-'  ■  ''• 

■,  7J.-.,.MS. 

[la'jcr  scrap. 

.iu''o  intlifj' 

|;tli,   MaiuK'l 

Ica'^uoilial 

f^2  [IT  ilay 

4,  !-,iy;^  t'ao 

\[  I'liat  rraii- 

;i)i'  V,iM 
iri.l  h-.l'l 
1>,-Jl'i- 

i:is  «'cro 


THE  GOLD  MIXES. 


631 


ili.scovcry  of  gold  and  a  lulniiig  cxcitomcut.  The  visit 
(-f  CouMiiodoro  JoiiL'S  and  the  tliicving  exploits  of 
t!io   cliolo   battalion    were   in    1843   the   leading"   fea- 

11.  ikinf^  "J")  ocnt.s  jior  day  oaeli,  dosoiiltes  the  mctliods,  ami  namo-s  Joan  ]5. 
Iliiaolio  as  tlio  discoverer.  Alvanido,  JJis'-uh.  do  (Jro,  -MS.,  disorilius  the 
!i  lidenlal  lindini,' l)y  tv.  o  j)o;.''i-nt.s  of  jiartioli  s  lonkint;  like  oo!i))or,  Imt  ]n'o- 

II  ■iuicoil  gold  liy  .Souoi'uu  o.\|iorts  in  town.  I'l'oni  the  tirst  gold  lirouglit  to 
y,  intorcy  tlio  g  )V.  had  oarriau;-!  lor  hi.s  wife  and  a  ring  for  his  diiiigli'-or  ma  le 
-  ilio  riii;^'  having  lieon  for  ii  time  in  my  possession.  -May  l.'Uli,  prefect  noti- 
lli  s  alcalde  at  Angeles  of  Vaile's  appointment,  and  that  many  iK(>|iIe  ari! 
j.  Ing  to  the  ])laeere.-i.  Lo-i  An;/.  Arr/t.,  MS.,  ii.  'Jll,  'J,")i!  )S.  May  I  !th,  guv. 
aks  for  information  which  was  sent  in  Aw;.  iJcpt.  Sf.  l\ip.,  Aiiij.,  M.S.,  xii. 
(i.;,  i).");  JJr;it.  It<i-.,  M.S.,  xiii.  '.\1,  .'it!.  Naii.'-  lite,  prefect  to  gov.  on  the  suh- 
j  t.  /(/.,  Pnf.  1/ Jiiz'j.,  iii.  04.  June  ITt'i,  X'alle  s  rejiort  to  prefect.  Only 
a  lew  miners,  getting  not  over  .^l  per  day.  Prospects  apparently  favorahlc; 
pl.icer  of  great  exteiu;  small  iiuggels  found.  No  tax  should  he  imp  iscd  yet. 
1  ')  men  at  one  time,  not  over  ."lO  now.  (!rent  lark  of  water.  !Mlinr.s  will 
I  jirn  with  the  lains.  (iood  order  pro.served.  A/.,  iii.  1.")  17.  Oct.  l.ith, 
iMiidini  denounces  a  mine  in  the  .S.  ]leni;udiuo  region,  as  he  had  also  dime  a 
y.  ir  before.  Ao.s  Aii'j.  Anh.,  MS.,  ii.  I17-l!t;  v.  47S.  Aug,  Olh,  1^4;}. 
Auici!  I'ohiusoii  to  Abel  .Steariid  from  \.  V.,  sending  mem.  of  gold  carried 
f.  i;ii  (!>il.  i.i  1.S4J  anil  ile])iisited  in  iho  riiil.  mint  in  July.  lS4lt.     In  aiahivcs 

III  Cal.  I'ioiiecrs,  and  printed  in  several  newsjiapers.  i>tearns  in  a  letter  of 
I  <ii7,  /''».,  als  I  names  I'raiieiseo  Lopez  as  the  discoverer,  and  gives  the  date 
c  II rectly  as  Marc;!i.  \Vigi;ius,  llinui.,  MS.,  l!l,  claims  to  have  xisited  the 
iiiiiie.4  in  Ism.  Miifra!*,  I'J.rplor.,  i.  4S!(,  ni'iuions  them  as  worked  by  (,'liaries 
lu'.ic  and  yielding  ab  mt  1  o/.  perday.  Ajir.  'JO,  1S44.  I'lacir  mentioned  in  a 
k'tcrof  iiai-tiieU  to  Wyllie.  /'iro,  '/),„•. ,  i.  SS.  Caatanare.s,  <'ul.  Jj„'\,  10, 
■J_  J,  leporled  and  e.xag^crated  the  diaeov.  in  Mex.  March  IS,  l.'S4(i,  ayiint. 
iijiooinls  a  com.  to  gatlier  information  with  .a  view  to  I'gulate  the  Wi.irking 
if  the  'San  Felieia'io'  plac(  res.  Lo-t  Aikj.  Airli.,  MS.,  v,  'M\.  Juno  15,).  lS4(i, 
Lailvin  writes  to  X.  Y.  Sun  tliut  a  common  laborer  can  pick  up  S'J  per  day. 
Ln-t.:i\i  Do-.,  M,S.,iv.  l,s:(. 

1S4.S.  Jan..  ('.iin.  Jones  at  Angeloa  and  his  entertainment  by  the  gov, 
ftiid  citi/ons.  I'iiia  vol.,  3-l-'J.  .Si.inu!  descriptive  matter  in  Janc"''  U.tjmh, 
X'trr.  Miehelto'.enii  and  his  cholo  batalliui,  their  troubles  and  depredaiions 
at  Los  Angeles  .lan.-.Iiine.  This  vol.  ;>.")!t-4,  .'{lU-.").  Oath  to  the  ba.scs 
iii-.'anieaa  or  new  Mexican  eoiLititution  in  Oct.  /(/.,;{.">!(.  Election  for  eon- 
j;ii:;sinar.,  I'alomari.  the  el.'ctor.  II.,  .Sol.  1.S44.  A  prosperous  sc'iool  in 
ii|iiiation  uiidi  I  Lieiu  Medina,  /i/.,  4',),S.  Military  org.ini/.ation  fur  the  im- 
luaillug  war  with  the  I'.  S.  ill  .July.  Id.,  4l>7.  Renewed  agitation  of  the 
cjiital  tpi'.stiou,  .Vngeles  vs  Monterey,  ,Sta  liii's  as  a  eonipromi.se.  /(/.,  j  II  - 
IJ.  Itepi.iHof  the  revolt  ag.iiiist  the  gov.,  and  attempts  at  military  ori'an- 
i.aiion  in  Dee.  /./.,  404,  (Oi,  47.">. 

ISl.").  .Ian.,  the  eity  captured  and  converted  by  t'.ie  iiorihcru  iili.-ls 
a.'iinst  MicheUoreiia  under  Castro  and  .Mvarado;  organiz.ition  of  a  fore  .'ii 
c  i.iip'i.y ;  meeting  of  the  junta.  /^,4;r,)-7.  Feb. ,  nnsucccssi'ul  ne;;otiations 
wiMi  .Michel'.'>re;ia;  I'io  I'ieo  d"clarc'l  gov. ;  camnaignimd  battle  <if  Cili.ieiigi, 
il  iwiifall  of  Miclieltc;i-ena,  and  treaty  of  .S.  Fciiiaiido.  hi.,  41)7-017.  t'.qiital. 
f;i.ci;u)r,  and  aa.*eiiibly  at  Angeles.  A/.,  .ilS-'2J,  March-.\pril,  arre.it  of 
\  ii'ides 'uid  Mi.ireno;  prisoners'  iwolt.  Id.,  ."rJ'J  ;J.  Juiie-.hily,  s.ssiuas  of  the 
iw^'inbly;  ]v.'efectures  re.stablislied  with  Augrles  as  1st  district,  /r/.,  .">;il- l. 
ilaly,  cte. .  Lidian  troubles  in  the  .S.  IJjrnardin  >  region;  much  eorre.<j>.  and 
b\\  ;ht  resuUs.  Id.,  ."ijli-l.  Wilson,  (>h..,-r.,  MS.,  Ji),  31  -.'.,  siiys  tiiat  \i-  dia- 
civored  and  named  IJear  Lake  during  this  Lul.  cuiniaiirii,  .Xug.-Oct,.  .ses- 
si  )U3  of  assembly;  gov.  vs  com. -gen. ;  I'ieo  and  J.  A.  Carnllo;  revolt  <if  the 
L'litisou  ill  .Scjit. ;  elections;  Vaiela  revolt  in  Xov.  This  vol.,  p.  ."ilJO— 41. 
Ig.iaoio  dul  Vallu  as  treasurer;  death  of  J.  M.  llijtir.  /■/.,  .557i  ^'^^' 


IH^ 

1 

'B 

K  *■    '''-■ 

98 

It'' 

n  1 

iTS 

■»     - 

H  1 

'"    ■    '  ■  ■■ 

P 

I 

|i 

1 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  SOUTH. 


turcs  (»r  ^outlicni  aiiniil:;.      IM44  was  tlu'  tamest  v 


ot'llu"  livo,  but  tlu!  ritizciis  at^itatcd 
(1 


aiU'W 


tl 


10  ("III 


car 
ilal 


quostioii,  and  expressed  some  patnotie  seiitiiiicnts 
au'aiii>t  lorei'^n  iiivadeis  and  iiortlieru  rebels.  In  |  s  i;, 
there  Avas  a  return  of  the  old  'war  times'  of  ls:;7  s, 
in(  lading'  two  battles,  and  I'esultin^'  iu  J^os  AnLidcs 
b(>inj4'  recoi^ni/ed  as  the  cajiital  with  a  southern  ^ov- 
ernt)r.  Thi'ii  came  a  series  of  local  tunndts  and  n- 
volts  and  the  beginnings  of  what  was  destined  to  lie 
the  last  political  eoidroversj,  under  ^Fexi-an  rule,  Ik  - 
tweeu  north  and  south.  Tlu;  })refeetui'e  of  flic  st'c.iud 
distrii-t  was  held  by  Santiati-o  Ari'itello  iu  1S4I  :{,and 
by  ]\lanuel  IJomiu^uez  I'or  the  last  seven  nionth>  of 
18-!;!.  'rh(>re  was  no  prefect  iu  1844,  the  system  hc- 
iu_o"  abolished  by  (;!overnor  ^Mieluiltorena,  after  whn>r 
i'all  it  was  restored  by  l^ico  in  July  with  J^os  Ani^^lcs 
as  the  lirst  district  and  .lose  Sepulveda  as  sub-[ucl'rci^ 
the  governor's  presence  I'einovin^'  iu  theory  the  Urccs 
sity  of  a  prefeet.'"     In  1841-JJ  municipal  atfaiis  were 

'- I'icfvciiiio,  iininicipal  goveniinc'iit,  olikial  list,  uuil  criiiiiiml  rtrm,!  cf 
I^os  An;,e  cH.  I'ill,  jirc  foct  Saiitiiigi)  .Vr'jiicllo,  .sec.  Nai'cisn  I'otollo.  .Iiuns 
du  jia.',  li;ii!ici()   I'alnmarcs,  J^iiacio  .M.  Alvaradu;  sii'.  llaiimiiulu  (  aniiln  (in 


I'Vb.  at  1 


cast). 


I'ax-viilk'L'ti 


or.  <  tc. 


j; 


Val.l 


cs;  niuiiK'.  iVLi 


■  litis.' 


(.U,  ex- 


liLiiil.  C  )'••").     Salaiy<jf  tlic  s;uo.  t'->)  Iilt  liidiitJi.     Tlif   pivt'oot  in  kUci'i  !■ 
Cajil.  (liU'l  ra  i<iiiiiilaiiis  of  Uie  si'aii<laliiii.s  jiri'valoiicu  (if  ciMiciiliiiia;;i'  ainl 


iiKiiv.Ii'Ly  iKit  (Jii'y  ill  tiiwii  Imt  tliniui;li(iut  t 


lio  ili.stnct 


(,',■/, 


Vll. 


;i.    I' 


list    <  f    'M  \H''VUIHA  SL'l.t  tl. 


«" 


J>ei>t.  St.  l\ 


']'■ 


1)1. 


M- 


yjiivj.,  MS.,iv.  ;{.     Many  (iiilt  r.s  ui  vjirinus  dates  on  j;anililin^c  anils:ili(.t 
li(jii(ii'8.     Aiuil,  liiianlo  I'rilie,  a  ixtiirncil  I'xilc,  to  lie  sent  t  >  Sonuiua.  /' , 


11.  f) ). 


I 


ruircu  ore 


li  red  liy  (,'ov.  to  j):iy  liaeii  from  lii.s  salary  funds  t:ik 


lli'.ii   for  (ilUeo  exiien.sea  from  Stearns' tines  as  a  sniiiLri-'Ief.   Jil.,  iv.  1- 


dier  ;;eiu 'J  i  lll<nv^^  forstralinLf  a  horse.   /</.,  Aikj.,  vi.  l.'J.     Oct.,  Se)Milv(ii;i, 
ik,  iiltaeUed  .Fiiilui!  I'aluniaies  in  liis  lionu  ami  kj.-it  an  eV"  in  tlui 


when 
I'.li'iay, 


ilrni 
f.  r\v 


iiii  luMva 


s  lined  ^-ll».      The 


priieetalipoil 


ited  Jv 


eaiidry  ai.'i  s]h 


;d 


jud,,-e  in  thii  lasp.  Jfl.,  Jim.,  iv.  10-11.     \h\..,  list  of  IS  ii'isoneis,  h 
Iifiil.   /■/.,  Aitij.,  \  i.  iS."!. 


Juoci 


].sr_',  jiicfeet  San;iaL,">  Ai,i,'uello;  see.  Jose  Jvanion  Ar^iiello  from  IVli.  1st. 


ea  il'j  iia/.  lAiauiul 


Dui 


ninyiiez  am 


I  .), 


L 


"pu 


.V  A 


\ui:  no  si'i 


n.imcd.     .Ineee:!  do  eampo  AiUonio  J;,'n.  Avila,  Macedonio  .\\'iiilar.  iuiiihill 


I.r 

M.'J. 


arilo  Ihana 


rernamh)  Sepnh  kLi  (not  a|i[iroved  |,  Felipe  Va! 


.la,.h 


!• 


•1" 


ram  1  jeo  Z.aidla.     Reamdade 


do  (le  jnstieia  at  tho  f^'old  mines  l^naeio  del  \'alie,  sii 


auli  s;  recei 


its  ifiV, 


col.eotor  a  pi  reenlago 


M^' 


.1. 


|iieliti) 

7.  tk- 


hein''  )?'i!l.     r.otello,  Aiialcs  dd  Sin;    .MS.,  I'll,  iiini 


tion  I  tlio  oxeen;  ion  ot  Antonio  Valenei:i  for  kil 


Antonio  A 


111 
won 


Ltli.alittlo  lirother;  Imt  1  find  no  other  reeord.     J; 


j^'Ulla  ^^  im  ^wi.s 
1  xiles  u 


aleal 


lau  for  adidtery.  J)<j>t.  S/.  Pup.,  Urn.,  /'rr)'.  ij.lnzi.,  MS.,  vi.  !ll.     I'lk 


citi/.ens  liviu''  lit  old  S.  tJaliriel  must  lie  made  t 


(I  eome  ii 


mil  live  in  t^vvn  .is 


80(111  IIS  tiieeroi)  is  harvested.    Lo<  Amj.,  Anh.,  MS  ,  ii.  l.")l  "i.     A    M   "i- 
tcga  lined  by  prelect  for  lefubin^  to  act  as  jue;s  suplciito.  Dipt.  St.  >'• 


•  MUNICIPAL  AFFAIRS. 


033 


iiinnngod  by  tsvo  justici';-!  of  tlio  pciice,  tlio  llrst  ju(l;j;'<-! 
Ic'iiig  .succcssivi'ly  J<4'!!.ici<)  Paloiiuuvs,  ?iiaiiiicl  Do- 
iiiiuguez,  iiiid  Antonio  F.  Coroncl.     In  1844  tlicayun- 

/'.  ({• ./.,  M.S.,  iii.  72-4.  July  7Mi,  SiDiuiol  Tiv.'g.'irt,  for  a  cviiuc  imt  sjKLificil 
li  ;L  loiuiiiittt'il  in  F'-41,  i.i  oxccuted  l.y  the  ,':;i)V<iuiir"s  or<hT,  ii  "U  ;r  I  nf  'JO 
s  I'liers  loniiii.,'  fridu  iSt;i  J^.U'liai.-i.  lii.j  iii:C()iii|)li(e,  IIi.n;y  Kicluilils.  \\;n 
s  iitcnccil  to  lOyours'  picsiiliu  in  .lii'.isco.  A/.,  iv.  -II;  /</.,  -l";/.,  vi.  |l,;j;  Aiw 
,1  ;/r''<,  Ari'/i.,  MS.,  ii.  -JK;  ,V.).  Dec,  n  woiiiiiii  aocuMcn  hi  r  cou.iiiint'  icalin:^ 
a  l)aii  lii'o,  wIiIlIi  slio  cimfc^ses.   J)rj,t.  S/.  I'dp.,  An;/.,  MS.,  vii.  I;."). 

184;{.  I'lffc'it  Ar^'iielli)  till  May  iOtli,  wliun  lie  resi'.'no(l,  Manuel  1)  irnin- 
).'iu'Z  u:;sun)in;,'  I  lie  dllicc  tiuijidrariiy  i.n  lliat  date  ami  rcei  ivin;^'  tin'  !;>>viriii)i-^J 
,i:i]iointini'nt  ii  few  ilay.s  later.  At  the  same  time  llDiello  ie;ui!ieil  t'le  seeie- 
tai'Vtiliip.  .lui'eeH  <le  paz  .Manuel  I  •iiniin;;uezan(l  Aiitonii*  I".  ('uron<:l  till  May, 
(■'I'onil  ami  llal'ael  ( lallaivlo  from  M:'.y,  liut  l!io  former  reHi;.;nc(l  in  ().t. 
.lueees  do  eaiii);o  [lerliap;;  .same  as  hefore;  Miieecloiiii)  A';Uil;if  lur.jic'uded  in 
hi-.  Jiecaudador  Toinas  .Saneho/;  li'uoipts  !-;s4;).:>7,  expend.  .'!^  4 ',).'_',").  t'ee,^ 
.■J, •._'").  A'/-.'  .1//;/.,  A>i:iiit.  l!i(.,  MS.,  ;{.  j\i  irch,  eaueof  a  woman  piorvitutaig 
1.1  iseif  in  a  /rnuip  of  soldiers.  I>(iit.  Si.  /'<■;.,  .!";/.,  MS.,  vii.  r/.].  June,  po- 
h'  r  le^^ulalioMS  i.-i.sued  liy  prefeet.  /(/.,  1)4  (i.  .lune,  ea.-^e  of  i  raneise  >  Sopul- 
\i  '\:\,  daiVjjhtei'  of  .losO,  en;.Mged  to  marry  Norie;.;a,  an  ollieer  (jf  tlic  liatailon, 
liiit  whose  t;ramlfatliei'  and  oihcfs  liy  in  .'okin;,'  the  aid  of  [irefee',  :'.:ul  jiiez 
.>^uteecded  in  lu'eaking  olf  the  mateli,  luekily.  as  N'.  later  jii'oved  himsed  :i 
s..imp.  Coroncl,  D'x'.,  MS.,  '2J'J-I)I,  '.'.'ii!.  July.  !(  de.sertor.s  from  tlie  hatallou 
to  he  arrested.  Jiipt.  St.  Pap.,  Aiiij.,  M.S.,  vii.  74.  Oct.  llt'.i,  Jue:',  ("ui-onel 
lined  Itubio  yl'2  for  inisnltiu;,'  oliieer:i  at  a  tavern;  the  military  eoniinandant 
»  ;ainst  C'.s  orders  toolc  llul)io  ami  put  him  in  ii'ons  and  llo;_";vd  l.ini;  wiure- 
iipon  t'.  resigned  his  ollice.  deeniin;,' his  di.;nity  outra;;ed.  I'erhap:?  hi.uvsii^- 
lialiou  was  not  accepted.  A/.,  vii.  !M,  '.U.  Deo.,  ileatli  of  J.  B.  Lcandry.  1'. 
I'.iti'nega  refuses  burial  because  L.  had  not  paid  hi  i  tiche:;;  but  th(!  prefi'ct 
i\.  cidci  against  the  padre.  Jil.,  lO,'!.  Kiec'.ion  of  an  ayunt.  for  the  ue\:;  year.  ~ 
Dec.  'J.'ld,"/;/.,  Jhii.,  P.  .C./.,  iii.  ll.-.  H;   Ao.fJiy.  A'r-h.,  .MS.,  i.  l.i  I  !). 

1S44.  Xo  ]irefect.  .Mcaldes  .Manuel  ]l  (inena,  Tibnrci  >  Tapia:  re  :idore.s 
Luis  .'Vrenas,  William  \\'o!l.s!;ill,  Felipe  Lu;,'o.  Cristobal  .\;;uilar;  ,' , udico  .luaii 
r...udini;  f;ee  Ignaci  )  Coronel.  Jueces  do  eam|K)  (now  cailcd  ccl.i  jores  rura- 
!■  <)  .Fos.'  (";irmen  Lugo,  It.iuion  lliarra,  Toma.<  Ta'aniantei.  I'cdr  >  Avil.i,  .luaii 
-U  ila,  Tom.is  ( 'o!ima,  JATuardo  ^'oiba.  A;;eut ,'  do  poiicia  t.i;d>ricl  do  la  'loi  re. 
Cur.usionaito  dc/anjas  \  iceut:.'  .Sanchez  from  .\;iril;  Zanjcros  ( iaspar  \'alen- 
i:.;cla,  .Antonio  M.  N'aldcs,  Jos(''  .M.  l.,opez.  Miuiic.  receip's  t'.J'.iii,  cNpend. 
.*|i(l').  l.o<  Aiij.  Afi'li..  v.  "Jii.").  and  monthly  accts  pas.iim.  J.tn.  .'itli,  Ltmei^t- 
iii'.' of  the  ayunt.,  Monday  lixed  for  wee  kly  .se.:si.ins,  counni,te,;i  apioiated, 
and  other  routine  business.  I(l.,y.  j();i-.s.  Jan.  IJth,  l..n.'o  claim.s  e:;euiptioii 
fmin  fiervii'o  as  rcgi,li>r  because  ho  had  been  suspended  lormerly  a  :  alc.d  h', 
hut  this  v.as  overruled  by  the  gov.  1>( i,'.  St.  /'";>.,  AL-i.,  xviii.  i!  1.  .L;n.  '-Md, 
i:auiic.  regulations  in  21  articles.  Iil.,  Aiiii.,  \i\\.  1.  Fel).,  ayunt.  \\i<hc  i  tlio 
givt  to  pay  rent  tor  the  cnr..tes' house  used  ;i.i  a  barrack.  Ihjit.  SI.  Pap..  MS., 
wiii.  ;>:).  Aug.,  comjilaint  tiiat  celadons  neglccte  i  their  duties,  and  a  sar- 
jrciito  (ag(,'nto?)  do  polici'a  was  to  bo  aiipointed  at  f,-!ll)  to  oversee  tli  in.  Lo,^ 
Airj.  Arc/i.,  MS.,  v.  I!t2  .'t.  Xov.,  ayunl.  resolves  to  iliviilo  tho  city  into 
K'.'ctions  of  ,'>U.)  iidiab.  each,  and  to  appoint  a  oomi-ionado  to  re  istir  voters, 
/■'.,  v.  •J:J.")-(!,  '2U).  l)ec.  lOth,  primary  elections  had  not  taken  place  for  lack 
lit  \otcr.s.   /''(/it.  Si.  P'ip.,  All;!.,  .MS.,  viii.  ;}7. 

lS4,"i.  .Sub-prctect  .lose  ]>.  .Sepidveda  api)oiated  .Tuly  I'Jtii  at  ."•■'Kin  salary, 
wliicli  he  doenud  too  little.  The  iis.;embly  n  fu.-ed  t )  iai:.i!  the  salary  and  .S, 
deals  to  have  taken  the  ollice  unwillingly,  and  peihaps  rcsi  nicd,  as  the  place 
WinoU'erel  in  Oct.  to  .\.  F.  Coroncl,  who  dec'.incd.  /.»;/.  /.''C,  MS.,  iv.  lUli; 
ll^il.  St.  Pun..  .MS.,  vi.  I(i7-S;  viii.  J.  Al 'ddM  Vicente  Sanelicz,  Juan  Se- 
piilvcdu;  reyidorcs  Felipe  Lu^o,  Cristobal  Aguilur,  Leonardo  Cotu,  Lui.iJor- 


lei! 


lit 

I'll 


■of! 


634 


LOCAL  ANN.VLS  OF  THE  SOUTH. 


! 


tainit'iito  was  restored,  and  tlie  cliief  alcaldes  this  voar 
and  the    next   were    ]\Ianuel    llequena    and  Vicemc 
Sanelioz.     Jueces   del  caniix),  or  rural  guards,  wlic 
a|)|)ointed  each  year  to  watch  over  the  eniorceiiicnt 
of  law  in  the  snburhs  and  at  the  ranchos.     Thei'"  was 
lunch  complaint   of  innnoi-ality,    disorders,  and    thiit 
of   live-stock,   the   criminal   record  includiu'';   scvit.iI 
murders,  and   four   or  live   men   being   exccutcil    I'lr 
ci'ime  by   the  governor's   order.     About    thirty   iifw 
I'aiichos  were  granted  in  these  years  to  j)rivate  dwn- 
eis;'^  and  the  rancheros,  notwithstanding  tiie  dcjui da- 
dun;  simlico  Ibsilio  Viililes;  see.  Itiiuiuio  Coroiicl,     .luoccs  dol  caiii[iii.  A.  M. 
Lir,'(),  Maceilonio  Ayiiilar,  L-'iiauiu  Kcyus,  Aiiluiiii)  ]l!ii.  Aviia,  l'iauc..->c  >  (lur- 
c'.'LuLS.  l'Vli(.'iano.     Mniiic.  rocuipis  to  Aug.,  all  rxjieii(K:(l,  §V.),;.   /,..,  J,/,/ 
Ar'/i.,  MS.,     .  lassiin.     .Jan.  Ti.!),  scss.  of  uyimt.,  iDUtino  Iui^iik'ss.     S  urt'S 
may  l)u  o[iein,'(l  mi  Suiuluy  at'tcr  mass   but  iiu  li(jui>i'  liDJil.  ami  Imi,  |.  :j  t)  lio 
co\erc'(l.     SLS.sioii:s  to  l)c  o:i  Satunlay.s;  liiiu  lor  alisciico  .^'5.  Jil.,  \.\')S-'.l,  •2~^; 
J>rji/.  St.  J^(i/i.,  Aiiij..  MS,,  vui.  ,'!7-H.     March,  (Jov.  I'ico'a  com'.sp.  on  tlio 
iR'cussiiy  of  doiuL,'  honu'liiin;,'  to  cliwi.:!;  crinu;.   /i/.,  .\i.  t4.">;  Monl.  Ai'h.,  .MS., 
xi.  J  -"),     Mai'uli  IOlIi,  .lyiuit.  diicn  !Si;s  a  plan  to  iucrca.-^o  ii^wiiuej  liy  taxing 
])ropt>rty;  alst)  favor.s  ii  tlirect  tax  for  srlioolsi.   Lo.-<  Aixj.  Arr/i.,  I-.l."';.,  v.  U;?'/- 
!M.     April,  yovt  lias  no  fuud.^  to  .stippoit  tlio  iiicsliyicr  A.  M.  Jiuiuu.z  as 
j\iiihli  )iriL':it,  liut  a  sulisi/riptioii  of  ."i^KiS  ii  lai.sid  in  .Juul'.    t>r/i'.  ,S7.  i'li/i., 
Ji'ii.,  1'.  1/  J.,  MS.,  ii.  i;j'J-l.     May,  many  loniplainls  that  prisoners  aio  not 
properly  treated.  JJi /tf.   Hcc.,  xiv.  W'i.     May  ]:.'i!i,  iuuul)er  of  cs  a  i'^.  v.iie- 
yards,  etc.,  t(j  he  estimated  f.ir  pur[)Oses  of  taxation.   7-';/.  /'('•.,  M  ^..  iv.  .".J- 
.'i.    .luiie,  alcalde  orders  tiie  return  t;)  liis  family  of  a  man  who  lia<l  ea-  .ccil. 
J)<l>t.  Si.  /'(!/>.,  JJcii.,  i:  ij  J.,  M^.,  ii.  1 1'J.     July,  Alcalde  S.aulie.':  sa;. s  i:.:it 
Fran.  Se])ulved,i  and  oilier  'low  jier.soiis'  arc  circulaiin^'  n,  peii.'oii  i.,^'  hii  re- 
moval,    lie  dcoire.s  his  acl.H  investigated.   Id.,  Il>8.     Sept. ,  4  p.  isoners  sc>,  to 
vork  on  tiic  nati>)nal  huildiiigs.   /'/.,  l.";i.     (iov.  ohjecLS  to  |)r.soue  .i  hciiig 
sentenced  to  woilc  lor  private  individii.als.   A/.,  -1,,.'/.,  \\.    l(i;).     Oei.    I();li, 
gov.  orders  garrison  dissolved,  and  an  au.\.  force  of  citi/.ens  to  ki'cp  onlci'iiinl 
guard  prisoners.  JiL,  l(il. 

'■' llanclio.s  of  Los  An;,'eles  <listriet  ISH  o.  (See  vol.  iii.  chap.  win.  for 
grantsof  lS;>l-4;),)  Tliose  marked  wiih  a  *  \\  ere  rejected  hy  thela:i  Ic  .i.ku:<- 
bi.in  or  U.  S.  courts.  A:;uu  .Mansa,  a  jart  of  .lurujia,  in  .S.  IJcniaulmo  rc:;iiii, 
ohiained  in  1811  liy  Loi'eiu'.o  'I'rujiiio's  X.  Mux.  cotony,  whoso  iiel.Uuieiil 
was  called  S.  Salvaihjr.  //a//i.s'  En.  .\ofi'<,  (UJ-H.  Aguage  del  CeuaiicI:!, 
,','rant-'d  in  llill  to  Ignucio  ?ilaclKul);  ]}.  .\vila  claimant.  AlamiCo.s,  s-ild  i>y 
J''ran.  Figucroa  to  Siearns.  /A///.  .S7.  /'('/'.,  .1/';/.,  .MS,,  vi.  l;!J.  *Alaiiiii.i  y 
Agua  Caliento,  iSl:;,  l'e<h-(j  (,-.  Carrillo,  wIm  was  the  el.  Aiisos,  se;:  C'aiiada. 
A.;uza,  IJ  1.,  1841,  A.  Duarte.  v>  ho  was  el.  LJolsa  Chica,  'l  1..  rvll,  .1. 
Jtui/,  who  was  el.  Ijrea,  s;'e  Jtiiicuii  d::  la  JSrea.  "'Cahuoiiva,  (i  I,  ..  i  i  | 
1.,  I'vlo,  1S4;J,  .r.  Y.  Limantour  and  doje  Miguel  Triuiifo;  \a.  aad  I  >.  W. 
Alexa'.ulcr  being  cl.  Canada  do  los  Ali.sos,  'J  1.,  gr.  in  liS4'2,  and  r  ;;c!iikil 
in  1."  Uj  to  Joiji!  Serrano,  who  was  el.  t'anuda  de  loj  Nogal  s,  ^  1.,  i -U,  >h)Si5 
JL  ^^guila,  who  was  cl.  Castac,  T)  1.,  IS),'},  ,IosJ  AL  (.'ovarruhius.  \\m  V'S 
ol.  Chino,  or  Sea  Ana  del  Chino,  .J  and  ;{  1.,  1S41,  1S4j,  A.  M.  l.;i-'i  nnd 
I.;uae  Williams  who  was  cl.  Cn'nega  or  I'aso  da  la  Ti  jera,  I  1.,  and  ,  i  ,  l"^t''. 
Vic;nt(' Syacliez,  who  with  others  was  cl.  I'lncino,  1  1.,  I;s4."),  ItaiiU'u,  1  iiii- 
Cisco,  anct  i!o(jue;  Vicente  de  la  Ossa  el.  Ksc  irpion,  l.jl.,  1SI.'>,  ttiiu  ^I'l'l 
Manuel,   who  were  cl.      Felix,    1!   1.,    184;!,    M.  J.    Verdugo,   wii"  v.as  A. 


IS  year 
.•euu'iit 

Jl"'^  WilS 
I     thrl't 

scvi;r;il 

lv(\    I'll- 
Lv  iK'Vv' 

C    <i\VU- 
ilio.  A.  M. 

10. so.)  lull'- 

3s.     S.ons 

■»i).  (Ill  tho 
l,v/,.,  MS.. 
i  by  liixiu;;! 

l^^.,  V.  -^s'l- 

Jiliii:U'-/'.  lis 
'.  ,S7.  /'(I/'.. 
XTJ  aro  not 
a'L's.  V.IK- 
l^.iv.  .-.2- 

111   ClU-.-iClI. 

^.,^,  .4  t'.i:it 


1. 


(). 


,  l.J 


U-:iihA 


NNiii.  for 
I,'  <i.i:u'.<- 


nl 


'AMiiiiid  y 

:  e';i;!;ula. 


,11'.  w 


■It. 


a.a 


■\V.iS 


1 1  ■{■'}  mill 

1.'  mx 

■:i,  l-Vaii- 
I  i.r.i  u'l'l 


PRIVATE  RAXCHOS. 


lions  of  oattlotluL'Vcs,  were  prosper 


far 


685 

th 


prosperous  as  lur  as  tlie 
easy  i2';iinii)<_;  of  a  livinuf  was  coiicenicd;  that  is  jss  far 


ill 


as  iiK 


"y 


carec 


1  to 


prospe 


r. 


.Taboiiern,  aslii  il  for  by  Santiago  .Martinez  forhiniMclf  ami  "JO  X.  Mi  x.  famiUos 
tniltiil  uIlIi  iS.  IJenianlhio,  but  dcciiicil  tn  b'    juivato  pii>ii:  ;i.y.   /,';/. 


ili^eoiitr 


J, 


MS. 


,(iOO 


I  .1.-., 


IV.  11",  J.i— 1.  Jiinipa,  purcliasLil  by  is.  U.  Wilson,  :or 
1(  ajjuc  us  lir  Rtaiisin  lliuji:-*  Uor.,  .M.S.,  II.  *Matzul:a;|\it'a,  I  l.,gr. 
b'.iinou  ('MiT.lln,  ,1.  ]!.  ]'"ii;.biL'  el.  Metxed  (old  i'ii.'<siotii,  I  1,  IsH.  C.i  'Ida 
Soto;  1'.  1'.  1'.  Teiiiplc  et  al.  cl.  Aliis(nii)ial)e,  I  1.,  LSIH,  Micli^H  1  Wliite, 
v.lio  waicl.  -Mi  ;iiel,  W  1.,  1S42,  Juan  Avila  et  al.,  wIkj  woio  cl.  rotieio  do 
I'l'ipo  ].,ngo,  KS-l.'i,  Teodoio  llornerc  et  al. ;  Joigo  MoriUo  el.  Totrcro 
(inir.de,  1  1.,  I.S4."),  Manuel  Ant-iiiio;  .1.  .Matias  Saiiiliczel.  I'rnvideiiLiM,  1  1., 
IS!;;,  \icente  de  la  Ossa;  1).  \V.  Alcx.uider  and  F.  .MiUii.s  el.  rneuto, 
•l'<,(i()0  aeies,  IS4r),  .Irjlin  Koulaiid  ami  W'ni  Worliiiuui,  wliu  veio  el.  Tlio 
j.'iaiit  was  really  obtained  in  l!>4'_',  1'.  Puian  ]ir.jt<"^tiiig  in  a  letter  to  the 
.Nbx.  .,'ovt  fiL'aiiist  tlie  goveriior'.s  sale  cf  this  aiidothir  mission  ranches. 
llor.  ili.4.  Chl.,  MS.,  iv.' 1  l.'il-l.';  Avrh.  Stn  /.'.,  MS.,  vi.  SI-:!;  H'<,  II.  Arch., 
MS.,  ?,\).  I!iiK'(jn  de  la  Urea,  1  1.,  ISH,  (;il  Ibarra,  who  was  el.  'I'hii  ranelio 
.•<  ems  U>  have  been  ealled  Canada  de  la  Urea  origiindly,  and  the  p^idrc  s  leari  d 
an  intention  to  make  it  im  hide  the  llieunada  de  la  I'uentc.  I>( pi.  St.  J'li/i., 
Aiij.,  M.S.,  vi.  (i-7;  Lui  Aikj.  Arch.,  MS,,  ii.  ,"(J-7.  Rineoii  de  los  Eueyts, 
i;  1.,  \!2\,  eonlinncil  in  IS4it  to  liemardo  lli;;iiera;  Fr.in.  lliguelii,  et  al.  el. 
*Sau  Antonio,  l.tJCK)  varas,  iSt'J,  Xiil.olas  A.  Den;  U.  S.  Deu  el.  Sau 
Antoiii  >,  1  1.,  l6ol  (niisjjrint  for  li^ll  V),  Maria  Rita  \"alil-.'s,  who  was  cl. 
La  Cana<hi,  8  1.,  IS42,  JoR(5  del  Cilrnieii  Lugo  et  al.,  -.t'lio  wen;  el.  S;in 
l!ernardiiio,  "2  1.,  ]H-l'.i,  Ignaeio  Coronel;  >J.  R.  Seott  and  lien  Hayes  el.  *Saii 
l]r.ii;;dio,  4  1.,  IS42,  .lose  Antonio  Domingue/;  F.  Poniingu'V,  et  al.  el.  8au 
1  raneisijiiito,  '2  1.,  KS4,'),  Ifcnry  Dalton,  who  was  el.  S.iii  (Jabricl  Mission. 
'ilio  luis  ion  lands  v/ere  asked  for  in  l.s4.")  by  Jost'  Ant.  (iareia  f(U'  '.i'.<  X.  Me.v. 
fe'.lleris,  but  liis  [letition  was  not  gianted.  Lnj.  lfr<\,  MS.,  iv.  50.  For  grants 
of  sn^all  lots  near  S.  (Jabriel  in  IS4.'!-."),  and  linully  loiitirmed  ti  tho  grantci.'s, 
sec  iios  '!(;S,  41,'),  4I7-1!>,  4_'l-."i,  4  iS,  4i;(>-S,  4'S'J  of  the  land  i  oui.  ea.'-es. 
^':'.ll  .'o.si!  de  Rucnos  Aires,  1  1.,  ISl.'i,  Maximo  Alanis;  1>.  P.  V\'ils  u  el.     San 


.i.seu 


1' 

fn-Pn 


al,  ;;.\  ].,  lSi:t,  M.  Carfias, 
debts 


w!io  wa.s  L 


Sau 


Fed 


ro  eanno 


t  lie  .ittaehed 


oniinguez's  debts,  as  it  was  a  eoloiii^.atioii  grant  for  liis  family,  1.S41. 
JyOi  Aiij.  Arrli.,   },IS.,  ii-   DS-I).     Santa  .\n,i,  chl  Chino,   sec  C'liino.     S.mta 


Anita,  ;{   1.,  ISH,  KS4."),  Perfect  >  lluu'o  Reid;   llonrv  Palton   e 


Santa  (Jcr- 


tiudi'.,  n:j  date  (pai't  of  the  main  raiiLhol,  .\.  M.  Xicto;  Z.  Sanclie/5  Colima 


una, 


cl.     Tej 

1^  i:i,  .1.  A.  Al 

I.S4'' 


ISHJ,   .\nastasio   .Avila;  1 


<1  I 


'iiacio  (I 


■I  V; 


irii|ue   .\\iki  cl.     Tijon, 'J2  I 


u  iio  wt 


re  el.     Trab 


1.,  IS4I, 


'.nt.  AiLriiello  et  a!.,  .!( 


V 


ir.^tcr,  who  was  c 


HI  a'l'.licant  in 


IS41, 


.  iieaipa,  relu  -i' 


idiiih'.l  in  the  tiact  of  the  S.  Rernardino  coh 


JJpff.  .">/.  /'«/».,  Aw/.,  MS. 


7U. 


il  to 
ny. 


>ce  n.'eon 


I  of 


//..//•„ 


t  r.icis  to  .J.  M.  R 


l!'port< 


•^ec   lios 


.^7G-7,  f.. 


its  of 


i.i  IS  1 1  and  Vicente  de  li  Ossa  in  1S!_'.  eonf.  to 


i'aniel  .Sexton,  locality  not  spccilied.     In  ]h}'t.  iil.  Pop.,  Aiitj..  MS.,  vi 


is  a  list  of  some  ')'■)  raiulK 


ispili'd  in  1S41  fur  .supervision  by  tho  7  cela- 


dores.  The  ranchos  of  this  list  not  mentioned  (or  at  least  not  by  t!io  sa'nu 
ll:l!ne.^)  in  my  lists  of  ls;!l-4,")  are  Los  .Mejic.inos  lin  tho  S,  U^rii.  regi  jui.  Rodeo 
lie  Los  .'\ngeles,  Fah  s  Virdes  (gr.'utrd  in  ISKJ),  Rancho  Xuevo,  L.i  ^le.^a,  Lii 
(Isa  (|ii'ol),d>ly  Frovideneia),  I'aciiicn,  .)uan  Feic/.  (perhaps  I'aso  do  liartolo', 
and  .ji;an  l'al)!i>  y  Feralta.  On  tlie  contrary  tho  following  of  niy  lists  do  not 
J'lipear  in  this:  Rolsa  (.'hii'a,  Castac,  Cii'negas.  I'Iseorpion,  Habra,  Merced,  Ojo 
tl"  Agua,  Faso  do  Fiartolo  (Fere/?),  I'rovi 


a'LaOsa.'l,  S.  Ante 


liuetios  Aires,  Sta  Anita,  Sauzal  Rcdondo,  Tcjon,  Tnjunga,  nnii  \'i:';ones. 
Sco  ,'l  .0  //(•,.-!  A)i;i.  Co.  llisl.,  passim,  for  much  infonnation  on  raiieho  history 
at  dill'erent  ])eiiod 


In  l;;4l 


some  sieuh  were 


tak^ 


n  ISn  to  ns.>i-'n  the  4  leagues  of  land  bo- 


..diiMi- 


M 


I 


C30 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  .«OUTn. 


San  Pi'dnj  contiiiui'd  to  be  visito'l  eacli  your  by 
nuiiiy  vc'st^els  of  t lit;  tradiii^i^  llc^ut,  oilcriiig  rich  ear<^(ii'S 
of  inland  pnxlucu  to  compensate'  tor  its  dcdciencics  ;(s 


a  j)ort,  which  were  I'nlly  a[>j»reciated  by  all  who  IkhI 
occasion  to  anchor  liere.  An  anxiliaiy  jnez  at  tin; 
])()inin'j;'uez;  rancho  extuvisod  a  kind  of  authoiity  o\.  v 
the  region;  John  Forster  was  made  caj)tain  of  tin; 
port  in  1843;  and  a  collector  of  municipal  taxes  was 
aivi'iinted  by  the  a\nn)tamlentt)  of  Los  An^'eles  tlio 
next  yeor.  In  1841  the  Hudson  s  Bay  Company  pm- 
posed  an  establishment  here  that  was  never  foandil. 
^loi'ras  touched  here  in  1841  'J,  inclnding  in  his  wmk 
a  chart  of  the  port.  The  7W.W.s  captain  was  arivstc  d 
here  in  connection  wi'h  the  Jones  invasion  in  IS  J::: 
and  in  1843  Commodore  Jones  landed  here  on  his 
way  to  tlio  city  with  no  warlike  intent.  In  1844  tlio 
Angelinos  tried  to  obtain  a  rec(ij)tor  for  San  .]\'(lr(t, 
which  they  declared  to  bi;  a  much  better  harbor  tlriii 
that  at  Santa  .Barbara;  and  in  184a  the  assembly 
took  steps  to  mak(;  it  a  puerto  menor  v.'ith  a  receiiiir 
at  a  salary  of  A,)00,  like  San  Ki'nn(*isco.  Ifei-etlK^ 
oiled  governor,  ^[icheltorena,  embarked  on  the  Don 
Q  I'lxote  in  this  last  year  of  th(>  period. 

I'.athcr  Esteae'ja  remaiiu'd  at  his  ])ost  at  San  Cl;t- 
briel  t:n'ou''hout  the  decade,  havin''  cluum!  not  onir 
f  s[>i'.'itual  all'airs  but  gene-rally  of  temp  )ral  interests 
He   was  aided  bv  Juan  l*erez  and  later 


o 


as   we 


11, 


M 


IdUgiiitC  to  the  pueblo,  but  littlo  ornotliiu!:?  was  accomplished.  D<pl.  St.  Pfi/i , 
lit  II.,  I',  y  ./.,  MS.,  iv.  (il.  Alan.h  4,  1S4-1,  fiction  ut  tii(^  ayuiu.  on  town  I  iiuli 
wliicli  it'  not  cultiviitefl  hy  i\w,  nw  mr  may  lio  <k'uoun<  jd;  tlic  govt  a.^hcd  1.) 
iiuthori;'.c  a  tax  on  tlic  lauds;  lauds  j.;i'auUMl  by  tli<^  ayunt.  cannot  bo  solil. 
Aof  Airj.  Ar-h.,  MS.,  v.  Vl'6-1.  .Marcli  1  Itli,  lidldcn;  of  bjt.s  having'  no  titlii 
must  present  themselves.  /<l.,v.  IIU.  ISb").  Machado's  coniplalnt.s  that  tliu 
ayaut.  bad  dcsjioilcd  him  of  certaia  lands.  //(■;/.  AVi.,  MS.,  iv.  .■>!i,  (i.j-'J. 

"  8aii  Uabriel  all'aii-.s.  1S4I.  .Juaii ''.  IVre/  m::jor>lonio  iin<lii'  the  padic. 
Tlic  prefect  cnmp'aiuod  that  tlio  place  li:id  becom.' a  brothel,  blaniin:;  h 'la 
pa. ire  and  niijoidonio.  Jan.,  missi.);i  tattle  8i).j  head.  J)i'/it.  .St.  I'aji.,  Aiij., 
MS.,  iii.  7-.  Feb.,  Iwtcue'^'a  eo;uplaiin  of  I'erez' niismana;.(oniont  a:ul  I'eri  /. 
of  tlio  i)udi'e'.<  distrast.  'I'll  )  jn-efect  oil  i.'iveiti;^atini  decides  that  t!io  m;ij":  • 
doino  lK;sl)ceu  at  fault,  tal;in'^  •?-S0  more  tlian  his  sahu-y.  JJi/it.  SI.  I'f'i'  , 
Ms..  V.  4;);  /./.,  Bfii.,  P.  <(■  ./.,  i>-.  8-10.  May,  Kstt'iac.tra  complains  of  ea- 
cioaclinieiits  of  citizens  at  Misioii  Viija,  who  are  tlie:'efore  ordei'cil  to  e  rm) 
to  the  t  nvu.  />/.,  vi.  22-'.\,  '2').  .Iiiiie,  e  mip'.ii'iSs  that  two  per;-...;...  liavc  i.i- 
lied  a\\;i^v  bcaiiid  and  bi'icka  fi'oai  S.  Uonuudino.   /(/.,  Aiij.,  vi.  oli,     J'' y, 


SAX  (iAHKIEL, 


637 


^Jaiivu'l  Olivcm  ns  inajordomos;  btit  \\\oro  was  no 
MiiiMaiK'u  of  prospcril y,  and  a  i-onstant  it"  not  vnry 
lapid  d(MT(ni.so  of  mission  ])i'oj)c'rty,  tlio  jiadi-c  liinist^jf 
i;(»in^'  s(i  far  as  to  sell  small  tracts  of  land  and  snpiT- 
iluous  c'fiects,  tlioML,di  ho  bittcilv  ooniitlaincd  of  llic 
L;rantmo'  of  mission  randios,  and  was  nnwilliii;;-  (o 
^ive  n|>  the  estates  in  184")  when  theii*  renlinv;  was 
ri'solv(!d  on  hy  tlie  governmi-nt.  The  final  in\on'oi'y 
i^  nnfortnnatelv  missinLT,  so  that  the  amount  of  li\e- 
s'ock  aiid  othcjr  ]iro[)ei'ty  is  not  known;  but  wc  may 
|i>'  sure  the  remnant  was  very  small.     At  (he  cuA  of 


cook  ;iiiil  vuqiicro  diseluirctcil  on  account  of  povcrtv  of  tlio  niis.;ion.  !>i  /if  .9/. 
J'  p.,  .MS.,  V.  ')',).  Oit.,  list  of  cll'ccls  receive!  iuiil  I'xpci],!.  fjoiii  I'M)  I  Im 
chief  i'ciii:*  of  the  foiMicr  lire  IlKI  Ijlil.s  wine.  47  liiil<  -;  iiml  of  tlic  l.iltcr  l;!() 
lili'..i  wino  anil  o4  liiilcs.  ',',().)  fan.  ni:ii/o  to  lie  liurvc  led  in  Xav.  Sf.  I'up. 
Mi^s.,  MS.,  X.  'J.  Xov.,  iinival  of  rioulanil  and  \\'oi''.;uian  fi'oni  .\.  Mc\., 
wliotiu;  next  year  got  tlic  mission  i anclio  of   l.a  I'ucntc.    Tliis  vol.,  p.  'J77, 

•x.\. 

IS  12.  IVrcz  still  ninjordomo.  Picture  of  the  mis.. ion  in  lioh'niKin''^  f.i/cin 
(  i'.  .Mofras,  L'r/i/or.,  i.  ;!J  t,  yives  tlic  ]).)]).  a.s  .'I'X),  i);  in;,'  fo  lowed  Iiy  ( i.caron 
(lad  others.  Kraucijco  rijuero.iattcnip;  ;  to  sell  a  iiicc  of  land  ceiled  liy  t!ic 
]i  I'lrc  to  liis  l)rot!ier  in  l!);!!,  l)iit  i  j  prevented  l>j'  the  prefect.  Loa  Aiii/.  An/i., 
MA.,  ii.  ISJ  4;   Dc/.l.  St.  Pap..  MS.,  v.  05-7. 

I'!i;!.  I'crez  or.lorcd  .Marcli  lut  to  give  up  tiie  administration  of  i^ropcrtv 
t  1  1'.  i;  .U'ac;.;a.  Drpf.  AVc.,  MS.,  xiii.  1-;  tlih  vol..  p.  .'viD,  .">7I.  IIu;)  IJeid 
vi.n  e:i.^"arfj;id  )  do  j  tsCicia  for  a  d;.^;.  ict  i;i(^l'.ulin;,'  t'.ic  m'ssion  from  t;ii  t  y^ar. 
I'lT  t;";;u'.  i  of  lots  near  the  ini-;sion  in  l.'Vl.'i-.")  t!.>  .Maiinel  Olivcia,  I'luspev  >  \'a. 
len:'.;ic'a,  Ijniil'o  .loanuiti,  Sera:in.di' .Icsiis,  .\rno  .Mauhc,  .F.  .Mvilie,  A.  \'..!en- 
zai  !:i,  Micliacl  Whi^c,  Itarn  iti  Valeneia,  I'^ranciscrt  Sales  Manu(  1  S.ile.i  Tasion, 
.T:  1  r  li-ip,  sec  list  in  lli''i'i>fiH''i  J.'r/inr/^,  nos  40.S,  41.'),  117  !:•,  4JI-.">,  11% 
4(i.i-S,  4S9. 

IS41.  1'.  Estene';a  assisted  hy  til- ])reil)yter  Antonio  M.  .linicnez.  Tiie 
cstatd  in  had  eonditi.}!!  wi.'i  ',).)t  liiiii,in.<  ace  jr.'.in;,'  I  >  an  ori.;i;i:d  r,',i:M'!;  in 
/',■'>,  /h)i\,  M.S.,  i.  14.  M  ly,  a  snip  eripli  m  ta';en  fir  finuls  to  [i.iy  lor  re- 
p.iiii;);;  the  cluirc'.i  h.lls.    Hi'/it.  S'.  Pup.,  Ami..  MS.,  viii.  17. 

1)1  >.  .Iiiau  I'erez  a^.iin  .-.pieur.'s  as  ni-jordonio,  hut  in  Oct.  is  succeeiled 
1'.  .^lanuel  (Jlivcra.   hi.,  .~ii;  ]><pt.  lire,  MS.,  xiv.  (ill.     Ap.il,  eoinp'ain   ;  if 

id.'.'ou;!  ro'oheries  of  stool;  hy  Indian  i  e.'.id  vceinoi.  /;r/,'.  S'.  /'■,'.,  -I'./., 
M  \,  viii.  40-1.  yi.'.y,  P.  i'hteiie 'i;,  rcp;'iinandc  I  for  liaviuL;  .soil  lin  1  to 
I'.kjii,  and  admits  liavin;j  disi);).5cl  of  sonic  cii'oets  of  no  use  to  tlu  Ind.  /''. , 
Ii'  '.,  P.  ,(■  ./..  ii.  11!);  .Irrli.  Sfa  ii  ,  MS  .  x.  1.S7-S;  thi.s  vol.,  \\  .")!;•;.  .May 
7  'i,  .lojj  A.  (lar.'in,  for  himself  and  :>:!  Now  Mexicans,  asks  for  a  frr.uitof  tins 
iiii  .<ij;i  la  III',  wlitjli  IS  refined.  A  [i.  AV  •  ,  MS  ,  iv.  .*i:).  ,rune-.July,  And  \'s 
I'l:)  and  .Juan  Jlanso,  comisijnalos  to  take  inventori 's  for  rentin;,'  the  i.iis- 
»:  11,  have  trouhlc  v.iili  Hs'.iT'ne^ja,  who  refuses  to  surrender  the  e.ila.c.  Ii.ib 
yijl.Js  on  an  order  from  Diir.n,  and  the  jiroperty  is  turned  over  h'lo.o  .Inly 
7.1i.  Till!  vol.,  p.  ."iD-oO.  Tlio  invcutiiry  ii  not  exant.  .Fuly,  llu.iro  Ucid 
r  ;i:)!i.s  the  Ind.  as  alarmed  at  a  statement  hy  .luan  Perez  that  they  .-.,e  to  ho 
!.  pt  in  g. cater  f.ulijcc'ion  than  hefire  nmX  will  nces'r  W-  free;  Mhceiipnn  the 
."l.ninistrator  (Olivcia?)  is  autliori/ed  to  assure  tiiein  tiiat  the  gov;  has  no 
lU^iie  to  keep  Uiein  in  slavery.  /'''';(/.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  vi.  17o;  D^pl.  Itn.,  MS., 
•xn.  (jjj. 


1  I. 


»  n 


i 


G3S 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  SOUTH. 


tlio  lialf-dcfado  tliero  woro  but  250  Iiulians,  [)iv  'i;il)!\- 
Ics.s,  rtMiiaiiiing  in  tlic  coinnmnity. 

The  hrancli  establislmiont  at,  San  Boi'iiardino  s(  ciiis 
not  to  liavG  been  reoccupied  l)y  a  iie()pbyt(j  cnininii- 
nitv  after  the  Indian  troubles  in  18;j4.  The  raiiiho 
was  !L(ranted  to  the  Lugos  in  184'2,  wlio  sold  to  llic 
^NFornions  nine  years  later.  In  1841,  howevfi',  a 
eoloMV  ()f  New  Mexicans  settled  in  the  same  ic'lon 

t-'  i~> 

under  the  leadership  of  Lorenzo  Trujillo,  obtaiuiii;^''  a 
traet  of  the  Jurupa  rancho  from  Ixuulini  and  caHin^^ 
Ihcir  establishment  Ag'ua  INTansa,  or  San  Salvadoi'. 
Xotldug  is  known  of  events  in  the  early  annals  of  this 
colony;  but  in  1  845  the  settlers  became  discontented 
and  made  an  etlbi't  to  obtain  lands  nearer  the  city.'' 

Pach'e  Bias  Ordaz  was  the  minister  at  San  !'\"i'- 
nando,  and  managei-  of  the  estate  from  1840,  \'ill;ivi- 
cencio's  aihninistration  having  continued  to  April  ot' 
tliat  year.  1'here  are  no  statistics  to  show  the  rate 
of  decadence  in  property  and  population ;  but  I  siii»- 
posc  there  may  have  been  ']00  cx-neophytes  in  the  eimi- 
iiiunity  at  the  last.  Oidaz  claimed  to  have  acirK\i';l 
a  dc'-'i'ee  of  succc^ss  duriuLT  his  exclusive;  n)ajia'''eiiieiit; 
and  that  this  establishment  was  com[)arati\'e!y  pnis- 
pei'ous  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  it  was  one  of  the 
f>'W  whose  financial  embarrassments  did  not  picvent 
i^s  bein«jf  leased  on  favorable  terms.  Andres  V'\r.) 
and  diiaii  !Manso  became  the  lessees  in  Dcceuiliei' 
1845,  agreeing  to  })ay  an  annual  rent  of  $1,1'2(). 


IG 


''Oil  till-  eurlv  liistorv  of  S.  Bcrnanlino  sco  Ilni/cs'  Em.  A'o^ v.  (ilJ-:!, 
fi.")0-l;  .S'.  /Jrrii.  Tiniis,  ,july  8,  ISTii;  -V.  Ikr,i.  Co.  ///V.,  S;i-1;  Fnt:<<-:<  ^. 
JliiiK,  I  'i-lH.  Ndv.  ISU,  ail  a)iplicaiit  for  Yucaipa  is  tolil  tliat  it  l)v!  in,'j 
to  tho  ii-aut  of  tlio  colony.  D'],i.  St.  Pap.,  A)/;/.,  MS.,  vi.  7t).  -May  '"'I'l 
aiipli'/aliiiii  for  S.  (Sahriol  iiiissiou  laiulsi.  Lc;/.  Jt'c.,  MS.,  iv.  ")0.  Aiif,'.,  aji- 
lilii.'a;iiiii  for  La  .Ial)oiiura.  /</.,  1 1 '2, '2.'5 -4.     Both  ctlorts  were  succps.sful. 

'"r  Jl.  '\(jv.,  .si-atistics  of  tliu  year  . showing  a3  tlio  total  of  reiH'ipts  fni- 
11  inoiiilis,  ,'J,'j,,S.i4;  expend.,  .SS, 507;  inventory  of  circcts  on  hand  Oof.  .'>l.>t, 
!?;.-08.  ']|u!  items  are  as  follows:  .silver  !*l'(),  1.S7  hides  !?'20."),  44, ir.'.  t  illow 
i<r\  11  a-r.  l.ir.i  !;j2l',  1)8  l.bls.  liraiidy  .s^,, -)()(), '2<J  hhU  -.vino  ir.')S(l,  l.'>  fan.  1.  ant 
.V:!7,  MOO  Tan.  corn  i?(i(IO,  10  sides  of  leather  .S-_>8,  b(.ap  1?100.  -SV.  Paji..  .I/*--., 
Ms.,  •2-'-4.  hS4-_>,  receipts  for  April  SI,i:U,  cxp<Mid.  Sl.ilOS.  Li.  \i.  17. 
Mofrus,  L'.c/'hr.,  i.  '.i'20,  .'UiO,  founil  some  signs  of  prosperityand  gives  ilie  |iii>. 
as  400.  Aug.  Stli,  alcalde  orders  tnat  if  the  .tdfinfi.  is  in  condition  S.  I'rrii.'iil') 
he  permitted  to  talio  a  little  salt.  r-t/Zc.  Dor.,  MS.,  00.  Discovery  of  u'  iM  "U 
laud  formerly  belouging  to  this  mission.  This  vol.,  p.  290,  0^0-L    (iov,  ,\liclii-l- 


SAXTA  HARliAItA. 


(J.".9 


<>    till" 


sun- 

1(>  cnlll- 
lir\r;l 

■niriit ; 
•  priis- 
i.r  i\\r. 
)ri'Vrlit 

Pi:'.. 

•Cllllifi' 


l\ir.'.,  :il'- 
Isf.ll. 

\k{.  '.'>\-^U 
tillow 
liii.  Ikmi'i 

|., .'/;-., 

vi.  IT. 

jilioi"'!'. 
.■'■■.i.-iii'l') 


Says  Sir  Coorgo  Simpson,  wlioso  visit  was  in  1842: 
"Santa  IJilrbai'a  is  sonicwliMt  ]aj'»_j«'i'  tlian  ^[onttMvv, 
(•i)n*ainin<j^  al)()ut  i)0()  inliahitants,  while  the  one  is 
just  as  iniu'li  a  uuv/a;  without  a  |»la?i  as  tho  other. 
I  Lcro,  however,  an  vl  hinij  of  tlie  natni'i^  of  ri'senil)lanco 
riitls,  Santa  l^urhara  in  most  resj)eets  heiiiLj  to  Monte- 
icy  w'hnt  tlie  pailor  is  to  the  kitdien.  Amon^^all  tho 
M'ttlenieJits  as  (hstiniiuished  I'rom  tue  rascally  pueblos, 
Santa  ]3arl)ara  possesses  the  douhle  adxanta'^e  of  he- 
iiig  both  the  oldest  and  the  most  aristo  •ra.tie.  The 
houses  are  not  oidy  well  finished  at  first,  hut  are 
ihi'oughout  kept  in  jj^ood  order;  and  the  whilcwashed 
adohes  and  the  painted  balconies  and  verandas  form 
a  i)leaslni;  contrast  with  the  overshadowinLf  roofs 
blackened  by  means  of  bitumen,  the  jiroduce  of  a 
n(ii;id)orIng  spring.  Nor  is  the  superiority  of  tlu; 
iiiliabitants  less  strikiuL,'  than  that  of  their  houses." 
Then  follows  a  euloij^y  of  the  fair  Ixu  bareilas.'"  For  an 
rstiniate  of  the  g'ai'i  in  white  po[)ulation,  900  in  1840, 
there  is  but  slight  basis  in  contemporary  records,  but 
as  no  circumstances  ai'o  known  to  jn-event  a  consider- 
alilo  increase,  I  put  the  nundjei'at  1,000  at  the  end  of 
the  half-decade.  iMeanwhile  the  christlaiuzed,  semi- 
civilized,  or  ex-neophyte  Indians  had  decreased  from 
l.:!,")0  to  1,000,  of  which  number  only  7r'0  wiTe  still 
H\  ing  in  the  ex-mission  communities.  As  in  the  other 
districts  I  inde.x  and  suunuarize  in  a  note  the  meau're 

toi'i'iia  here  on  his  way  north  wlieri  ho  hears  of  Com.  .lonos'  invasion  at  Mon- 
t'liy.  A/.,  2!)  1,  .SI. ")-](}.  1S4.S,  tinnporal  iiianau'i'mcnt  rostori'il  id  thu  pailrc. 
/  '  ,  .{.(!>,  ',VJ\.  Ant.  F.  Coronel  and  l\'lix  \'alih'-i  ai)pi)iiiti'il  liy  the  \^<)V.  na  in- 
'- c/vK^xvN  for  tho  transfer  April  'J;{il.  ('oronil,  Dor.,  .MS.,  '227.  1S44,  report 
"t  March  IStli,  soarcoly  any  livo-stoek,  but  sonio  vines.  Tiio  doo.  is  unfurtn- 
i'.;it('ly  torn  so  a?  not  to  show  the  pop.  Piro,  Ihtc,  MS.,  i.  It.  KS4.J,  h.ittlo 
.■It  ('ahuen'.;a.  This  \-ol.,  p,  , ")(),")- 10.  Ivxped.  organized  against  Ind.  Id.,  lA'.i, 
.^lay,  I'.  Ord.az  claims  to  have  adniinistereil  tho  estate  suecessfidly,  payin;»otT 
;ill  Uio  doht.^  and  pnr('hasiii^'  120  liuail  of  livo-stoek,  li..'sidrs  making  other  im- 
pi'.iveinents.  Arch.  Sla  /}.,  MS.,  x.  187.  Renting  of  the  estate  liy  (iov.  Pieo'd 
oriler.i  in  Dec.  This  vol.,  p.  oVJ-.'}. 

^'  Sim}r<on'^  Xnri:,  i.  ."170-81.  Peirce,  Journal.  MS.,  00,  also  gives  a  (Latter- 
iii^  picture  of  tho  place  in  the  same  year.  Mofras  give.s  the  ])op.  of  the 
|iiii'i)lo  and  district  as  so;).  Ecplor..  i.  .'US,  .'{(i!)-70.  In  Doiil.  Si.  I'dji.,  lini., 
I'  (111(1  J.,  Ms.,  ii.  1  l-l,"),  i3  i',  I'it  of  50  owners  of  rauchos,  7  or  S  of  whom 
are  foreigners,  4  women,  and  2  neophytes. 


ill 


,'i  ■ 


m 


nKji :      ti  !  "i 


...jjiiii 


640 


LOCAL  ANXALS  OF  THE  SOUTIL 


ari'.-iy  «>('  local  occurrences.''^  Tlierc^  was  notliiiv^' 
to  (listuil)  (he  nioiiotonoiis  traii(|uillity  of  existi  net; 
at  tills  town,  unless  \V(^  note  as  sli<^ht  exce[»tiMiis 
the  I'c'stivities  attendinLj  the  bishop's  airival  in  1S1_', 
a  very  leehle  and  shoi't-lived  revolt  in  collection  widi 
the  movement  a<jfainst  MicJieltorena  in  1S44,  and  i 
similar  risin;^  ot'th(!  military  ai.'^ainst  the  civil  autlmij- 
ties  in  IS4.")  in  the  interest  of  ('astro  aL,Minst  JNcm; 
hut  the  visits  of  trading"  vessels  were  fre(|Uent;  travel- 
lers hy  la'.id  were  always  j^lad  to  prolong?  theii'stay  in 
tliis  hos[)ital)](;  hur;^';  and  social  divei'sions  were  al- 
ways in  order. 

The  I'olls  of  the  jiresidial  conipany  showed  a  rank 
and  iile  of  ."54  to  ;).S  men,  involviuj.^  a  nominal  exprnsc 
of  6700  to  $!)00  per  month,  the  force  actually  on  duly 
at  the  presidio,  includiii',,'  inviilidos,  heini^  iVoni  in  ii 
1")  miMi,  and  the  actual  cost  heinuj  the  varying' anmiint 
of  ratioiis  they  could  i;'(-'t;  this  in  1841  o,  alter  wiiiili 
there  are  no  definite  rei)orts.'''     Captain  Jose  de  Li 

'^Sta  ]5;'irl)ara  iiffiiir.s.  ISH.  Hoadiiuarters  (if  the  ottcl•-llUlltc•^^  in  this 
find  I(illi)v.inj4  yoafM.  Tliib  vol.,]).  '_'()!•.  l.'U'J.  Visits  of  .Sinip.SDn,  I'liivc, 
Mof;';i.-<.  .S:in  I  h,  and  (J. mi.  .Finics.  wliich  rcsnllcd  in  sonic  ik'SL': 'i;,Uvo  nia'.tci' 
in  inint  and  .M.S.,  \\\Ai  a  I'liart  in  .M  it'i'as'  work  and  views  of  town  ami  nis- 
si  .la  ill  ihat  of  Itoluii  vHi,  wlio  Ifi'u  (.'al.  tliii  year.  /'I.,  'JI8-I!»,  •.2J4,  'Ji;),  "J".'), 
311,  ;3_\0,  ."U  )-{).  Ariivalof  lii.slioi)<  Jarcfa  Diego  in  .Jan.,  liis  j.'i':in  1  reception 
and  ;,'i';ui(lcr  plans.  A/.,  .'i.'^ .'-.">.  ISi.'!.  (iciierons  eontril)u:ion.s  to  the  Ij';..  lop'.s 
fund.  /(/.,  :i7--:{.  In  /i)'>!iiiis'  D'niiij,  MS.,  11.'$,  are  found  the  iiii Ilia's 
weather  iceord J  from  Jan.  to  Mareli.  ISU.  The  bishop  makes  a  |)as.n'.al 
tour  in  the  north,  and  reLurns  to  Sta  J>.  This  vol.,  p.  4J7.  -M'ly.  <i"V. 
Mioheliorc'ia  opens  Sta  15.  to  tiie  eoastin'.;  trade,  and  Johj  Ant.  de  la  Ouena 
becomes  receptor,  aeani^  also  as  e  ijitain  of  tiio  port.  /</.,  4r!l-'i.  Xov,,  i\- 
voU  of  S  men  in  support  of  tin;  Monterey  revolt  .(Ljiinst  Micheltorcna.  Tlnir 
subuii.'sion.  imprisonment,  and  pardon.  /(/.,  4(ii.',  47')-(i.  Casanares  in  lii.s 
le.ter  of  Sept.  l:;t  to  tlie  Mex.  f,'ovt,  VdM.iuiari'^,  <'  I.  JJoc,  42,  siiys  that  Sa 
1>.  ii'.ci  lire  tlic  resort  of  8mu','i,'lers.  Tliey  should  be  settled  and  a  pn.^i  tio 
e>tabli.,hed  on  Sta  Cruz.  Sl'recter,  Itrru'll.,  .MS.,  'J.)-:;;!,  describes  liisi/wii 
snccosornl  eli'orts  to  resist  the  small-pox  by  vaccination,  and  the  evil  re-ulij 
(jf  impure  virus  used  by  'another  doctor.'  J)avis,  ^7/,;/;«f  <,  MS.,  •J',:!-4. 
note;  a  Shakespcri.in  perrorinance  cot  i.p  by  W.  |i.  .M.  Jlowaril  and  I 'in 
(J.  Jones.  l!)l'j.  Feb.  Miclieliorcna's  army  here  on  the  way  south.  T.iij 
vol.,  p.  401,  nOl.  Aug.  10th,  election  of  S  eoniiiromisarioi  who  on  Sept.  Ttii 
chjosj  two  clectores  de  partido.  Jil.,  TA);  JJ;i\  H:.ff.  Ca/.,  MS.,i\.  III)!; 
J)  jit.  Si.  PaiK,  .MS.,  vi.  4!).  Xov.  Ca;)t.  Flores' revolt  an  I  arrest  .t  the 
civil  aui,horiiie.s.  Tliis  vol.,  \t.  ."ilD-'i.  Thomcs  in  his  On  Ijiiid  iiwl  'S-:i 
epins  s  v.ne  yarnr-.,  all  strictly  true  let  us  hope,  of  his  sailor-boy  adventures  at 
tlii.i  p  irt  in  ISIIi-,"). 

■'•' >dilil.arv  items  of  Sta  15:irbara.  Company  rosters,  pay-rolls,  etc..  in 
Dcj,!.  St.  J'-i),.,  li.  .1/.,  MS..  JNNXv.  I.  8,  10:  Ixxxvi.  (i.  7;  V't'lbjo,  !><"■. ■  )!>•• 
x.\vii.  pauiiim;  Vo-.  HiM.  Ca!.,  M.S.,  iv.  llli-lj,  lloJ-7,  1140;  LfiK:,'.",  Vjc, 


MILITARY  AND  MUNICIPAL. 


641 


1S.12, 
<n  w'uli 
,  and  a 
iitliDri- 
b  l*"n'"; 
travfl- 
stiiy  ill 
■urc;  al- 

a  rank 

)U  duly 
111  10  '^> 
aiiiniuit 
r  wlili'li 
<e  (U'  la 


h'l 


,■.■<(,  Dill-'-) 


fliiorra  y  N'oricgfa,  old,  iiifinn,  and  disci )uraf^e(l  at  the 
!;i)\x'!'ii()i*'.s  a|)atliy  in  tlu;  matter  of  military  ruorj^ani- 
y.ation,  mtiicd  j'roin  active  survict;  in  A})ril  LSl'J,  Icav- 
iiiiif  the  command  of  tlic  post  to  J^rcvet  Liuut-colond 
(lunu'sindo  Floivs,  and  (jf  tli(>  »'om})any  to  AUV-rcz 
llnlxTto  J*ardo.  Ij^nacio  del  A'allu  was  liabilitado  to 
.July  1841,  followed  l»y  I'ardo;  and  Jose  J iU'^o  con- 
tinued to  liold  the  place  of  second  allerez.  Flures  and 
I'ardo  were  in  command  until  1845. 

The  suh-prefecturo  was  resi-nied  hy  Raimundo  Car- 
rillo  in  January  1841,  and  though  stejjs  were  taken 
and  a  ti'io  of  candidates  recommended  for  the  ap- 
ji  lintment  (jf  a  successor  1  find  no  I'ecord   of  any  in- 

nnbent  in  184l!-;3.  On  the  restoration  of  the  }»re- 
I'l ctuivs  in  184;'),  Anastasio  Cairillo  received  tho 
a|ipointment  in  July.-'  ^Municipal  atiairs  were  nian- 
a^.'d  hy  a  succession  of  jueces  ile  paz,  or  alcaldes  in 
I>s44 -5  during  the  suppression  of  the  j)refectu)e,  as 


cl 


lows: 


ernai 


ido  T 


ICO, 


lo 


[\f|UUl 


C 


irrillo. 


nan 


C 


iiKU-rillo,  Josu  M.  ( 'ovarruhias,  and  Xiclujlas  A.  ])en, 
t  ach  aided  by  a  second,  or  suplcnte.'"'     Items  connected 


.M.^ 


tasaiiii. 


Jii 


1S4'2.     Florcs'  a|)p<)iiitniciit  aa  coin.    Vallijo,  Doc 


MS.,  xi.  4'.)-o().  Ajnil  1st,  (liitn'ra  y  N'oriuga  tuius  over  oniii.  to  Kloius  ami 
I'aiilcp.  III.,  'Jl!>.  Capt.  Joso  ("arrilli)  (Jose  do  l;i  (iiierra  y  (,'arrillo?)at'tini;as 
luiii.  ill  Sept.  184.').   J>i.))t.  St.  J'li/).,  ii.  A[.,  MS.,  Ixxxviii. .")!.     Juaa  I'.  Ajahi 


jicUiil;  in  Kainu  capacity  m  .saiuu  nion 


th.   Co/d,  J)o 


MS.,  i: 


Jii 


I8U. 


(iiKiia  to  gov.  oil  tiio  necessity  of  iiicivasiiit,'  tlio  force,  ami  Alvarailo's  uii- 
tavoiahlo  reply  of  l"eb.  Ttli.  Uiicrra,  l)<ii\,  MS.,  vi.  rj-l;<.  April  iltii,  (iucira 
ta\s  lie  lia(l  to  send  a  forco  to  Lo.s  Anj,'cles  on  <luty  '  liarefooted  and  liuilly 
ci'iiipiied.'  Doc.  Hist.  Cat.,  MS.,  iv.  10'J2.  .Inly!).  I  S4'_'.  tlie  coin,  lias  ordered 
tlir  .'iuii'.iers  to  retire  from  service  to  j,'aiii  tluir  own  living,  since  tliciv,  is  notli- 
iii^'  to  eat,  and  the  govt  will  not  force  the  iiiissioiis  tocontiihiite;  but  IOiiuh 
a:  rc([Uest  of  juez  are  retained  to  guard  prisoners,  etc.  Dijit.  St.  /'«/>.,  .in;!-, 
Ms.,  vi.  I'JO.  Lieut  Manuel  Maripiez  was  here  in  1,S4.'{.  .Ian.  ;{'),  IsU. 
iMie  the  eonipany  since  Feb.  18.'}!),  .?!»,t)08.  Due.  l/i-t.  Cat.,  MS.,iv.  1114-10. 
llneived  from  missions  for  "Jd  half  of  the  year  .SU)4.  Giicrru,  hoc,  vi.  SI), 
r.iid  to  coinp.  from  the  treasury  from  IS.'JO  to  ISli,  .^10,81 1.  Id.  In  store 
Maivl,  1S4-2.  .S--V)9.  /(/.,  90. 

•"K.  Carrillo's  resignation  .Jan.  !.">,  1841.  Dipt.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.,  P.  d-J., 
M"".,  vi.  oO.  Trio  jiroposed  by  prefect  t)  gov.  Joaipiin  Cariillo,  Jose  A.  <le  l:i 
<  tria,  and  A.  M.  Ortega.  Id.,  iv.  u;  Di/it.  I've,  MS.,  xii.  .');  Depf.  St.  Pap. 
.  ir/.,  MS.,  xii.  45.  July  12  or  15,  184.">,  appointment  of  A.  C'arrillo.  /;/., 
y;.,/.,  /'.  .oy.,  ll.  84,  17;  Dept.  Hec,  MS.,  xiv.  (14;  Sta  li.  Arch.,  MS.,  .m  (J. 
.liily  4tli,  the  assembly  makes  the  Ciiesta  de  >Sta  Susana  the  boundary  of  the 
paitiilo.  Dcfit.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  yiii.  'i'i. 

■'  I'ueblo  officials  and  municipal  allairs.  1S41.  Jueces  de  paz  Fernando 
Ti«('p  and  Santiago  Lugo,  Jos6  Moraga  si'ndico,  Raiinundo  Carrillo  sec.  to 
Uct.,  succeeded  by  Fraucisco  Lopez.  Jan.  "iSth,  in  reply  to  tho  demaud  of 
HiBT.  Gal.,  Vol.  IV.    11 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


Ilia  iM 

IIIIU    |||||2^ 
2,0 


1.25 


111= 

U    III  1.6 


V 


/. 


{/ 


'^.x. 


>"    #?J 


'<"•  i',^     ^vj 


?      ^ 


:/ 


5r     w/J.^ 


v] 


<^ 


<9 


/# 


A 


a 


cf. 


c^J 


v^- 


^ 


^  "^^   ->' 


.%"' 


(P 


w^ 

> 


(? 


/ 


/^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


^^ 


^V 


# 


\\ 


^\^ 


6^ 


$^ 


;v 


%  ?- 


V ..,.  ■« 


23  WtlV  V.4.IM  SThEET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


wv 
s 


w- 


Cp. 


Va 


642 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  SOUTH. 


witli  tho  municipal  govorniiiont  ancl  ailininistration, 
though  Kouicwluit  more  luuiierous  and  l)utt(jr  rocordtd 
tliaii  in  tho  preceding  decade,  arc  of  but  little  monieiit. 
A  list  of  some  twenty- live  private  ranches  granted 
during  the  live  years  is  appended."^ 

the  prcfoct  for  a  list  of  vat;rfints,  the  jtu'z  replies  that  tliore  arc  nono  in  Iiis 
jiuiiilictiou.  iS'/ft  ]i.  Arch.,  MS.,  17.  March,  cflbrts  of  prefect  to  che.  !c 
(Iruiikcmiess  ou  Sundays.  .Inez  say.-)  tho  evil  is  exugi,'orateil,  an<I  tliat  lii.s 
re;,';'.-aUims  ai'c  very  efi'cctive,  thou^^h  some  will  buy  li([Uor  on  S:it\inlay  to 
drink  on  Sunday.  Id.,  ii);  Dcjit.  SI.  /'dp.,  An;/.,  MS.,  i.  ')'>;  iii.  >S9.  .July, 
a  j)risoner  wiio  has  l)cen  shut  up  !)  niontlis  for  lioniicido  in  irons,  livini,'  dh 
charity,  wishes  iierniission  to  w.irh  f(jr  foul  and  i;1ol1r'S.  Id.,  vi.  .jO.  Oct., 
Pedro  ()rte^'a  kills  his  vi  ife  at  Jtefugio,  Miguel  Cota  being  an  acconipliiu. 
BoUi  arrested,   /d.,  vi.  70. 

1S4'2.  Jueces  de  ya/.  .Foaipiin  Carrillo  and  Antonio  M.  Ortega,  the  latter 
declining  lo  serve  and  b  ing  replaced  by  .luan  (,\iniarri!lo  in  .March.  Tax 
colKetor  Nicholas  A.  ])vn.  ])cc.,  .Jose  M.  l.,is;'irraga--the  same  man  \v!i>) 
has  been  nu'utioned  as  a  prisoner  in  1S41 — tho  murderer  of  Jesu.-i  Valdes,  lias 
escaiKMl.  S/(i  I!.  Arrh.,  MS.,  41!. 

184:$.  .Jui'ces  (l',>  pa/,  liaiiiiundo  Carrillo  and  Ramon  Vald(''s  appointed  in 
Dec.  184'J,  Jh'pl.  St.  I'ttp.,  Bon.  P.  .D,/.,  MS.,  iii.  107;  but  Juan  Canianillo 
is  tho  justice  named  in  several  records;  and  .Ioa(piin  Cirrillo  in  L';;.  A' ■•., 
^IS. ,  iv.  .'ii'JS.  ('apt.  of  tlieport  from  thi:i  year  .J.  A.  dohiOnerra.  Jan.,  .J.  .(. 
Warner  obtained  permission  to  hunt  goats  and  seals  on  the  Sta  15.  islands  liy 
paying  I  reals  fcjr  each  otter  skin  and  "J  reals  for  each  seal,  into  the  munic. 
fund,  and  giving  one  fourth  of  tiie  goatskins  for  the  troops.  L'ifi  Aiiij.  .Ifh., 
Ms.,  ii.  .'il7--7.  Case  of  J.  M,  Doniinguez,  accused  of  stealing  cattle,  ami 
disagreement  between  juez  and  gov.  on  tlic  subject.  Lc<j.  lice,  MS.,  iv.  '.V).)- 
10. 

liS41.  Alcaldes  Jos(5  M.  Covari'ubias  and  Antonio  Ivodriguez.  Jnns.<cii-:, 
Vida,  MS.,  177~SO. 

1S4.').     Alcahles  Nicholas  A.  I  I  Ilafacl  Gonzalez.     Agustin  Janssens, 

V'(d(i,  ^IS.,  177-80,  claims  to  h:i .  ^cn  elected,  but  hi.s  opponents  tried  t) 
annul  llio  election  and  he  letired.  July  1st,  .Juan  Felix  was  killed  at  Uefu'^io 
liy  a  neophyte  named  Manuel.  Sta  Ii.  Ar-h.,  M.S.,  of);  J)cpt.  St.  Piip.,  />'<». 
P.  <C- ,/.,  ^IS.,  ii.  IS.  Sub-prefect  to  gov.  announces  certain  sciindals  and  the 
aeniling  of  one  of  the  women  concerned  to  her  uncle  at  S.  I^uis  lley.  //,, 
171.  She  h.iiL  Ijeen  living  with  Pedro  Ortega,  who  had  been  convicted  i.i 
kil'.rng  his  wife.  Sta  Ii.  Arch.,  MS.,  .">7-9.  Aug.,  t!ic  juez  tries  to  break  up 
11  nionte  game  at  the  house  of  Wiilow  (J;lrmeu  Ayala,  and  is  somewhat  rudely 
handled  by  llilarion  (iarcla.   /'/.,  ."lO-Ol. 

-'-Sta  liiirbara  ranchos  of  1841-.").  *Alanio  Pintado,  1  1. ,  granted  in  1S|:{ 
to  Mareelino,  }tlaria  Ant.  de  la  <{uerra  de  LataiUado  claimant.  Calera,  ><v 
Pozitas,  184H,  181(5,  Narciso  I''abregat,  andT.  M.  Uobbiuswlio  wascl.  *Cain'i- 
los,  4  1.,  184;{,  Pedro  C.  (Ja-rillo,  who  was  cl.  Canada  del  Corral,  '2  !.,  IMI, 
Josi5  1).  Ortega,  who  was  el.  ('ana<la  Larga  6  Verde,  Ji  1.,  1841,  Joafiuiiia 
Alvarado.  who  was  cl.  Canada  do  los  Pinos,  sec  Sta  Ines.  Canada  de  Salsi- 
puedcs,  Ii  1.,  1814,  Pedi'o  ('.)rdero,  John  Kcyes  cl.  Cicneguita,  400  vara j, 
1845,  Anastasio  Carrillo,  who  was  cl.  Corral  dc  Cnati,  .'J  J.,  184."),  Agus  in 
D.ivila;  M.  Antonia  de  la  (Juerra  do  LataiUado  cl.  Cuyania,  .')  1.,  1S4;{,  .J  is.i 
Maria  llojo;  ^1.  Antonia  do  la  (}.  dc  LataiUado  cl.  Dos  Pueblos,  ,3  1.,  ISI'2, 
Nicliolas  A.  Den,  who  was  el.  In  Arch.  Sta  D.,  MS.,  x.  22S-31;  D'pt.  Si. 
Pap.,  Aiij.,  ilS.,  vii.  oO-GO,  is  recorded  a  dispute  between  Den  and  the  mis- 
sion in  PM.'J.  By  arbitration  the  arroyo  do  la  Canada  Jc  las  Armas  was  m^  !o 
the  boundary.  *Hncrta3,  l,.S00varas,  1814,  Francisco  ct  al. ;  M.  Ant.  de  !•» 
G.  do  LataiUado  cl.  Laguna,  1845,  Miguel  Avila;  Octaviano  Gutierrez  ■  1. 
Loniaa  do  la  Purilicacion,  3  1.,  1844,  Agustin  Junsscus,  who  was  cl.     Mi.->ion 


SANTA  BARBARA. 


on 


listration, 
•  recorded 
;  moment, 
s  granted 


re  none  in  Ins 
.'fuct  to  chc.k 
,  anil  that  his 
111  Satiirihiy  to 
iii.  89.  •I'lly, 
iious,  living  du 
,  vi.  uO.  Oct., 
an  accoinphcc. 

Dcga,  the  hitter 
u  Muioh.  TiiK 
s:inie  iniiu  \\\\> 
"MA  VaUlt'S,  lias 

6i  iippoii>tcil  in 
Tium  CiUiuirriUo 

[lo  ill  /•'''.';•  ^''"'•' 
vra.  Jan.,  -f.  •'• 
5ta  r>.  i-^hiiiils  l.y 
,  into  the  imunr. 
L'>^  AiKj.  Aril.. 
iUn<r  cattle,  aii'l 
c,  MS.,  iv.  :!'>.»- 


nmioz. 


JftHX 


;ustin  .Tansscns, 
Inonciits  trie  I  t) 
Ikillcaatllefu'^io 

S.'.  /'''/'•'  '*'"'■ 

iscunhils  anil  the 

Lui;5  I'^ey.   /'■, 

ecu  convictc'il  <'t 

Iries  to  biciih  np 

iomcwhat  rutUly 

I  f'rautcd  in  l^^t^' 
laiit.     Caleva,  iiv 
Iwascl.    *Cainu- 
Lmil, -ih,  ISll, 
I    IS II,  .loaiiuiua 
ICafuula  do  Salsi- 
iruita,  400  vaia*. 
1.,  ISl."),  Agns.in 
1,5  1.,  184:$, . I 'S,'; 
leblos,  3  1.,  1^1-. 
128-31;  n.'pt.  St. 
Jen  and  the  rais- 
[Vrnvas  was  uw  !o 
_,  M.  Ant.  do  1* 
laiio  (Jnticn-e/,  A. 
Iwas  cl.     Um^^ 


The  ini.ssioii  of  Santa  Barbara  remained  under  tli« 
control  of  Padre  Duran,  aided  bv  Pathe  Antonio  di- 
iiiciio  from  1844  and  Padre  Jose  ]\[;ui;i  do  Jesus 
(ionzalez,  a  Zacatecano,  from  1843.  The  numi)er'  of 
iii'0[)hytes  varied  from  time  to  time,  but  was  '2C)0  ;it 
tlio  end  of  the  period.  Leandro  Gonzalez  iield  the 
jilaee  of  majordomo  down  to  1843,  when  the  teni[)oral 
management  was  restored  to  the  padres.  The  estab- 
lishment has  no  recorded  annals  tlown  to  184.3,  when 
till'  community  was  broken  up.-''  Padre  J)uian  in  liis 
(ild  age  had  become  discoui'agcd;  tlie  Indians  were 
careless  and  improvident;  aiul  though  there  was  yet 

ViLJa,  .see  Puiisinia,  XojiKiui,  .'{ 1.,  1S43.  Raimundo  Carrillo,  who  was  cl.  I'liri- 
si  ii:i,  ISl.-),  .lose  R.  Mali),  who  wa.s  cl.  Pui'fsinia  (Misiun  \'icja',  I  1.,  ISl."), 
J  la  luinaiid  .loije  -\iit.  (.'arrillo.  wliowerecl.  S.  Biiciiavcutui'a  (iiiissioii),  4;»t) 
vaia.s,  ISt."),  Fernando  Tie:),  wlio  was  cl.  S.  Carlos  de  .loiiata,  (j  1.,  184,'),  .loa- 
([uiii  Carrillo  et  al.,  who  were  cl.  S.  .lose  do  (Iraeia,  seu  Siiiii.  S.  Mi:.'in  1, 
\'j  1.,  IS4I,  Uaiinundo  Carrillo  ct  al.,  who  were  cl.  .Santa  Ciiiz  Isl..  a^kcd 
f'lr  liy  ^Viidres  ( 'astillero  in  1  »'4.-).  Jjr/,f.  ,SV.  /'cij).,  .MS.,  vi.  l;!4.  S.inia  Ini'S 
or  (  anada  de  los  I'inos,  or  eolle<;e  rain'ho,  (i  1.,  1844,  calhiili(;  church,  wliicli 
was  cl.  Santa  Paula,  4  1.,  184:!,  .Manuel  .1.  Casarin;  .J.  P.  Davison  cl.  S.uUa 
IJiia,  3  1.,  181"),  ,]os!  Itaiuon  Malo,  v.  lio  was  el.  Santa  U  isa  id.,  l!S43,  .)o  h5 
Au'i.  and  Carlos  Carrillo;  .M.  Carrillo  de  Jones  cl.  In  1844  the  granteea 
ce  'e  1  the  island  to  Mrs  Jones  ami  Mrs  'riionipson.  Jh'/if.  St.  i'd/K,  -MS., 
x\;ii.  (Ji);  ])('iit.  /'<■<■.,  MS.,  xiii.  70.  Siiuf  or  S.  .lose  deCracia,  02,:i41  acrei, 
ISIJ,  coiilirmed  to  Patricio  Javier  and  Manuel  I'ico;  Jose  do  laiiucrray  N., 
cl.  'i'eiiiascal,  ;i  1.,  181:!,  Francisco  L)pi'X,  etal.;  M.  Ar^'uisnla  cl.  Tequejjis, 
■J  I.,  181"),  .loacpiin  Villa;  Antonio  M.  Villa  cl.  '"'I'oilos  .'^^antos  y  S.  Ant.)nio, 
Til.,  1811,  Salvador  Osio;  \V'in  M.  Ilartnell  el.  i>co  II  oj'uuin'.'i  lii /it  ■:.  (iraiits 
liiarked  "  weio  rejected  hy  the  L.  C  or  U.  S.  courts. 

-\Sta  ].?:irl>ara  .Mission.  184-\  .Mofras,  H.Cjilor..  i.  320,  gives  the  pop.  as 
41)0.  1813.  Controversy  with  Den  on  boundary  of  llos  I'uelilos  ranclio.  Arr/i. 
SliL  li.,  MS.,  X. '_'_',>-;>  1.  IStl.  lUiran's  report  on  Eoutliern  missions  gives  ."v 
pop.  of  2>7  with  diliicnlty  maintained,  /'ico  {I'io),  l>o<\,  .MS.,  i.  14.  1815. 
.May,  debt  reported  as  .S_',7()5  with  no  assets.  .ircA.,  Ar.vh.,  MS.,  v.  pt.  ii.  5:1. 
Till)  asscinljly  autliori/.cs  ti>e  gov.  May  'J8th  to  rent  tin;  estate.  This  vol.,  p. 
[){.).  July 'J  )lh,  inventory  liy  the  apnraisi'i's  Andres  Pico  and  Juan  Manno, 
v.i.Ii  I'.  Duran.  i'op.  12,14  souls.  Buildings  rescrxt^d  for  bishop  and  padres, 
li.i  I'.jams,  .sl,500.  Storehouse  and  its  contents  in  goods,  iiii|iiein:iits,  etc., 
i^l.-i-">2.  Cellar  with  barrels,  still,  etc.  .s7tiS.  Soapdionse  and  on:lit  .*';i;)S. 
Tannery  iJJ.VJ.  Sinitliy  .SlOt).  Weaving  room,  looms,  etc.  !? I  J!}.  Carpenter 
sli  I,)  ;3.i4.  MajordoMio's  house  .'?:!85.  Vaipiero's  outiit  .'?J1.  Oreh.ird,  with 
nl^lie  wall  and  512  fruit-trees,  .^1, .');)!).      \inevards,  l,'2'.)5  and  '2,4.);)  vines 

i.">. 
ita 
'd- 


$1,720.  Live-stock  at  the  mission  M(i  cattle,  ;)'.t,S  lior.ws,  0  mules,  .S3, 
(..'lira's  .'52tJ5.  S.  Jose  vineyani,  'J.-'dJ  vines,  100  trees,  .'^1, ;):!').  Ciene;: 
fence  anil  crops  .^t'X).     S.  Antonio,  a  corral  .'?25.     S.  M.ireos  wiih 


Willi  lenco  ami  crops  iij.r.A).  .'^.  Antonio,  a  corral  ijJ.).  ft.  .M.ireos  wua  hii: 
ill  :<.  vineyards,  grain,  live-stock  (1  10  cattle,  00  horses,  l,7:iO  sheep),  .VO,!)  '.li. 
Tolal  §25,';45.  Ori;,'inal  in  I'iro.  Pap.  Mia.,  MS.,  7  15.  Sept.  I5tli,  Du-an 
to  ■;  )V.  aslvin  j  to  be  relieved  of  the  temporal  management.  The  hul.  are  re- 
sjii^a'al  to  him,  but  careless  and  wasteful.  He  wiil  remain  only  tid  tho 
giMiieiarc  harvested.  Pirn  (Pii),  J>oc.,  .MS.,  ii.  (iS.  Oct.  3d,  gjv.  lo  Uii.-.m, 
111!  iiiay  entrust  the  estate  to  a  person  of  his  conlidence,  or  ho  ni.ij'  ren.  it. 
i>ejil.  at.  Pap.,  MS.,  viii.  2G-7.     Oct.  '2Sth,  Pico'a  order  to  rout  tho  missioa. 


'■I 


644 


LOCAL  ANXALS  OF  THE  SOUTH. 


c()nsi(lcral)lo  property,  tlie  prospect  of  an  incroasiiiT 
debt  caused  all  ])arties  to  deem  a  change  de.sirahle. 
An  inventory  showed  a  total  valuation,  not  including 
land  or  church  property,  of  nearly  $20,000,  live-stock 
comprising  950  cattle,  488  horses,  and  1,730  sheep. 
The  estate  was  rented  in  ])ecember  to  Nicholas  A. 
Den  and  ]Janiel  Hill  for  $1,200  a  year.  The  jiriiici- 
])al  buildings  were  reserved  for  bishop  and  clcrgv. 
The  Indians  were  to  retain  a  part  of  the  buildings,  to 
have  lands  assigned  them,  to  be  at  liberty  to  woik  I'or 
tiie  lessees  or  for  themselves,  and  to  have  a  third  of 
the  rental;  but  there  is  no  evidence  that  they  got 
anything  beyo 


nd  th 


le  nrivilesTfe  or  ri;nuinun<r 


I 


At  San   ])uenaventura  Padre  Antonio  Jimono  re- 


mained till  late    in   184;},  with  Padi-e  Franci 


SCO   do 


Jesus    SaJichez  as  an 


associate  in  1842--'}.     In  X( 


veml)er  184;>  the  bishop  ap{)ointcd  the  presbyter  .Josu 
]Maria  Kosales  as  curate,  and  the  church  property 
was  turned  over  to  hiuL  Rosales  had  alreadydived 
here  for  nearly  two  years  and  remained  until  alter 
1  845.-'^     Kafael  Gonzalez  was  succeeded  as  niajorduiuo 

Tliis  vol.,  p.  .".")'2.  Dae.  5tli,  reiitin;,'  of  tlie  mission  to  Pen  anil  Ilill.  'I'liia 
\ol.,  p.  X>',\.  llcnry  Melius  si;j;:icil  a  liond  Deo.  lltli,  and  tliu  lease  wai  i:i:'.ile 
out  later.  Jfin/r.i,  J//,s,s'.  />.,  HT^Mi.  Dec.  IGtIi,  gov.'.s  order  to  Duran  t^)  i;ivo 
up  the  estate.  Produce,  food,  saddles,  etc.,  to  be  retained,  the  pro<hiee  t  )1)C 
Bold  to  pay  debts  including  !?J()0  for  tlic  eotnisionudos.  .-l;v/(.,  Sla  />'.,  .MS.,  \. 
21:1-").  Dee.  •J(itli,  l)uran's  reply,  lias  given  up  the  niisiiion.  Finds  fault 
at  jiayiug  S200  for  4  days' useless  vvf)rk.  Tlio  only  produce  left  is  ."iJliiiles 
a-.xl  ti  or  7  blils  (if  brandy.  IIo  may  present  ft  cliarge  later  of  .$1,000  of  iii.s 
own  money  spent  on  the  Ind.  Arrh.  Aizoh.,  MS.,  v.  pt.  ii.  (il-'2. 

■"  S.  Buenaventura  items.  1841.  July  ;jd,  (Jouzale;;  to  gov.,  objcetuii:  to 
tlic  propor.ed  entry  of  gento  do  razon  as  likely  to  demoralize  the  lud.  St. 
Pap.,  Mi.-oi.,  MS.,  ix.  51.  Sept.  lOtii,  the  Ind.  complain  that  tiiey  have  l)ieii 
given  nothing  .since  KSo'J.  (Jonz.alez  asks  license  to  m;iko  a  rcpartitiiu  nii 
mission  account,  /d,.  50.  Dec.  Gtli,  G.  explains  that  ho  administers  hc.vy 
pnnishmcnts  only  for  serious  oU'ences,  and  believe  tlieie  is  no  other  way.  hi., 
S'_*.  Expenses  in  Feb.  S;iS.">;  on  hand,  Sl,4'27.  /<l.,i>\.  ISI'2.  (iunzakz  re- 
signs in  Fcl).  on  account  of  his  private  business.  Claims  to  h.ive  kejit  tlie 
mission  in  gooil  condition  for  4  years.  /(/.,  48.  Crisogono  Aj'ala  wasappuiut- 
cd  cncargado  in  July  and  took  charge  in  Sept.  /(/.,  x.  10;  Dcpf.  I'lr.,  .MS., 
xii.  50;  but  Ramon  ValdOs,  Mem.,  MS.,  IIO-I,  claims  to  have  been  in  charge 
continuously  from  this  year.  Ho  says  there  were  about  100  men  hesidcs 
women  and  children.  Mofras,  Exylor.,  i.  .3"20,  makes  tho  pop.  .300.  Viow  of 
S.  liuenaventura  in /io6/;(.so«\s  Lz/c  (H  (,'«/.  ISIH.  Temporal  manageni'iU  to 
lie  restored  to  padres.  Thia  vol.,  p.  .300.  Apiil  3d,  1'.  Jimeno  ecrtilie<  an  in- 
ventory minutely  itemized  with  full  description  of  eliurch,  etc.,  but  :i  ■  val- 
ties,  tliere  were  •_',.38-2  cattle,  520  horses,  '2,'299  sheep,  '220  nnilc:!.  ■'■•m\  IS 
asses;  1,032  fruit  trees  and  11,070  vines;  crdits,  $2,i48,  debt,  $a,080.    /'""i 


SAN  15rEXAV::XTURA. 


645 


icroasin;^' 


ut !  )- 


i:i  1842  by  Cfi.s6_.>'C)iio  Ayala;  aii<I  llainoM  YvA.l 
scqueiitly  liL>kl   tlio  positu^ii.      In  184;')    the   property 
;is  put  ill  chari^c  of  Padre  JiiiKMio,  who  retained   it 


\\' 


ait 


parontly  after  ho  went  to  Santa  Barbara,  as  llostdes 
had  nothing  to  do  with  the  tenipoi'al  management. 
Tht;  only  event  of  the  period  was  the  occupation  of 
the  mission  in  1845  by  Castro  and  Micheltorena  in 
the  canij)aign  wliicli  resulted  in  the  hitter's  downfall. 
Circumstances  leading  to  and  aecompanying  the  final 
icuting  of  the  estate  wore  similar  to  th(»se  noted  in 
the  case  of  Santa  liarbara;  but  the  inventories  are 
iiut  extant.  The  lessees  were  Josd  Arnaz  and  Nar- 
ciso  ]3otello,  and  the  rent  was  81,000.  The  neophyte 
population  in  1845  I  i)ut  at  200,  but  it  is  a  guess 
rather  than  an  estimate,  as  there  are  no  contemporary 
tigures.  Nor  are  there  any  statistics  of  property  later 
than  1842,  though  the  rent  paid  serves  as  an  indica- 
tion of  the  value  as  compared  with  Santa  ]3arbara. 

l*adrc  Jose  Joaquin  Jimeno  remained  in  charg(!  of 
Santa  Ines,  with  Juan  Moreno  as  associat<;  from  1842 
and  Francisco  de  Jesus  Sanchez  from  1844.  Padr; 
]\loreno  died  at  the  end  of  1845.-^     The  leadiuLT  event 


I'lip..  .V/as.,  JIS.,  07-7(1.  Ayal.'i  still  inajovilomo.  /</.  Xov.  Stli,  hisliop'.s 
a;p|i:)intiiiciit  of  rrcsWytcr  ]l().s:iles.  Ifo  wiis  to  liavc  a  gui-ilcii  wiili  si'iv/uils 
iiii  I  y.'iO  |)cr  niontli  from  t!ic  mission  fiuiit.  Arch.,  Stu.  ]',.,  MS.,  x.  "J'J.j  7. 
I  -U.  'liio  mission  fitill  in  tolcrahlu  oonilitiou  with  plenty  of  rcsonrcos. 
i;  :alc3  hail  nothing  to  do  with  thopiopoity.  'I'liis  vol..  p.  4.11  "J.  July  l.lt'i, 
;j'iv.  to  Sta  ]).,  alcalilc.  Ho  musl;  seek  to  induL".;  tlio  fioo  Ind.  of  S.  IJuona- 
\  uliira  to  lca\c  the  oonuuun.ty  lands,  ami  settle  near  Si.i  B.,  to  .stop  tlio 
ti'iuinual  complaints  of  rob! )ories,  etc.  l)<pl.  Itcc,  -MS.,  xiii.  80.  ISl."). 
];,;!!i)n  VaKles  minordoiiio.  LI.,  xiv.  40.  Jos;'^  .\[oraf:;a  p:'o;)ose(l  for  jiiez  dj 
pa:  ('•)  ill  Xov.  iJrpt.  St.  Pap.,  ]jrii.,  I',  aid  J.,  MS  ,  ii.  170.  'I'lu!  ojipo.i- 
ii;'.,'  foiucs  of  Castro  and  Miehcltorona  at  the  mi.?  iion  in  F.h.  Tlii.s  vol.,  p. 
4.is-.'0l'.  llontin;'  of  the  estate  in  Dec.  Id.,  ii'ui.  \'aldes,  Mem.,  ^IS,, 
.'it  I,  .say.s  the  priperty  was  in  good  condition,  yielding  eniu^di  to  support 
till'  lad.,  when  tuino  I  over  to  the  lessees.  In  Unit.  D.v:.,  M.S.,  \>'-'>\,  Jiteplie.i 
('.  I'ostcr  is  named  as  oneuf  the  ori.;inal  lessees  who  v.ithdiew  i:i  IStii. 

-'.I nan  Moreno  was  born  .Jan.  'll,  170.N  at  .Montenei;ro,  la  Uioja,  Old  (Jas- 
11!  ;  but  became  a  Franciscan  in  Mexico,  being  ordaiiic  1  a.i  sub-deacon  at 
T  iiica  in  18'Jl.  He  camu  to  Cal.  in  18.'.7,  and  his  missionary  service  was  at 
S,a  ll.iibarain  18J7-1);  at  Sta  Cruz  in  IS2'J-.'!0;  S.Juan  Bantisia  in  In.;0  _'; 
8.  Mi;.;ucl  in  IS.'};{-42;  and  Sta  Ines  (having  charge  also  of  I'nrisinia,  and 
])i  i!ial)ly  living  there  a  part  of  the  time)  in  1842-.").  Except  tliat  he  was  ;i 
M  lilt,  patient  man,  well  liked  by  all,  wc  know  very  lit  lo  ab  lut  him.  A.ji- 
Mii,  aa  Indian  of  Sta  Cruz,  Amwloi;  Mini.,  iMS.,  ',)0-li;i,  say-j  he  was  very 
bluiiul  in  tlirowing  t'.io  reaia  and  was  very  p  cud  of  his  success  in  lassoing 
Liars.     Of  his  poverty  at  S.  Miguel  in  hi,i'6  he  writes  to  Capt.  Uuerra,  'Le 


I 


M 


0^6 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  SOUXri. 


of  tlie  period  was  the  f'oiiiulutioii  of  the  colei^no  senii- 
iiario  (le  Murui  Saiitisinui  de  (jiua(lahi})e  de  Santa  lin's 
d'j  Califoriuas  in  184-4  as  recorded  elsewhere.'^"  ^Minml 
Cordero  continued  to  act  as  aihninistrator  of  the  mis- 
sion estate  until  in  1843  it  was  restored  to  the  iii;iii- 
a'.^enient  of  th(>  ])adres.  The  ex-neophyte  population 
in  1845  was  270  souls.  Acctn'ding  to  the  invuntnrl's 
of  1841  and  1845,  live-stock  decreased  from  12,000  to 
2,000  animals;  and  the  total  value  of  property  riniu 
$49,000  to  $20,000,  and  perhaps  more,  since  the  llist 
inventory  seems  not  t.o  have  included  lancls,  as  the  last 
did.  There  were  charges  of  a  reckless  distribution 
of  the   cattle   among  I'avorites  of  the  oovernment.-' 

uotieio  que  y.a  no  cliiipo  p()r((Uo  no  tongo;  vca  V<1  si  cs  fuoitc  apuiacion  l<Ui'.' 
li(.'  KiTvcd  aa  a  professor  in  the  Sta  Iiu's  eolle^'c;  and  lie  was  luii'ieil  by  tlic  lec- 
tuis  and  aliinuii  on  Dec.  "JS,  ISl,').  iS>a  Jiu'-.i,  Lih.  MU.,  ^dS.,  '11. 

'-'''See  this  vol.,  p.  4'Jj-(),  witli  full  i-efcrenees. 

'-'"sta  Lu'a  iceord.  IStl.  Miguel  Cordero  liccainc  adnliui^Jt^ato^  Jan. 
)")tli,  liaving  acted  ad  int.  hcforc.  The  inventory  of  transfer  from  J'raiK-is.'j 
Cota  show.s  a  total  valuation,  exclusive  of  l.uids  and  ehureli  propeity,  uf  •';  I'.i,- 
11."),  with  a  debt  of  Jj^DTo.  t>uildi:igs,  inip!i':iieiits,  and  cli'eets  in  store  ;•!:;, • 
i2S7;  live-stock  (lO.'J'J.')  cattli',  olTt  JKjrsej,  1,701  slieep,  "JS  mules,  -V.)  ]\j,--.  \ 
as.-ics),  S;)4,0S(j;  OS?  fruit-trees,  SDST;  credits  .Sl.S'JS.  C.irdero's  receipt  i  to 
end  of  J  line  81,477;  expend.  81,17.'>.  July.  (!.  ordered  to  kill  kM\)  fat  c;!tilc 
ivi  govt  account.  Oct.  ct  seq.  C.  lias  trouble  in  gcttiug  possession  of  tlio 
I'lirisiniaproperty.  St.  /^ly).  J/Asx. ,  .MS.,  ix.  l-(i.  Franeiscot 'otaapp(jiuto  1  jiuz 
d  •  jia/.  in  D.'c.  Sta  JI.  Arch.,  MS.,,'!,").  ISIJ.  Vr.lentin  Cota  t'juiporarilv  in 
eliarge  in  Cordero's  al)senec  in  Nov.,  at  which  time  there  v.as  troidiic  :\\i(>:\t 
the  delivery  of  IJOO  caHlo  to  Cells  on  tlie  gor.'s  order.  Guerm,  Ihir.,  IMS.,  v. 
ii:)."i-0;  Colli,  Doc,  ^IS.,  10.  .Manu(  1  <  Uilierrcz  seems  to  have  had  sour' au- 
thority in  Sejjt.  Jhjil.  Sf.  I'd/).,  An;/.,  yii.  11.  I'op.  'J.'iO,  aceoi-diu;;  to  Mofran. 
ili-jilor..  i.  ',il\).  Jan.,  gov.  ordcr.s  ."iJSO  to  bo  expended  oa  the  cliurch.  Ji'iit. 
/t('\,  iMS.,  xii.  47.  May,  tlic  nuisie-teacher  J^uis  t;)  be  placed  at  tlie  di-i' '  al 
oi  1*.  ,)inieno.  JiL,  itli.  July,  owners  of  Sta  Jlos.a  and  .\lamos  ranclms  iMri>t; 
P'l-mit  the  cutting  of  timljcr  for  the  mission.  .S7(t  II.  Arr/i.,  -NiS.,  41.  .'••Ui 
hu's  was  the  southern  limit  of  Vallejo's  eoinuiaiid  over  the  lin<-'a  del  unite. 
'J'his  vol.,  ]).  "JI)-'.  KSl.'i.  Temporal  managi'inent  restored  to  the  jiadrcs.  /■/., 
',]{')'.);  but  there  arc  no  details  or  inventories.  May  liOth,  gov.  grants  tn  !lic 
Carrillos  the  irrig;d)lo  lands  of  ^lisi(jn  \'ieja  in  eouipaiiy  wilh  the  Iiid.  /'(/■'. 
Ji'i'.,  MS.,  xiii.  oS.  1844.  Founding  of  tlu;  seminary  as  noted  els«v,  h(io. 
A  i-eport  of  Dur.m  says  the  ndssion  is  still  in  moderately  i^otid  enndition,  Mitii 


.k     I\-[);.»ll>    III     IVIIl.lU    Bil^>  .-J     LIIU    lUl.^dlUll    l.*^  SLLil    111    111WU1,-|  ,1  LLiy     J^t  ».  M  I    ^  I  IllU  1  L  1  <  I .  I ,    »WlU 

•i.illiid.  Piiv(/'io),  J)oi\,  .MS.,  14.  Thenssembly  to  moc'tatSta  lues,  Imtncvcr 
di  1  so.  This  vol.,  p.  41 '2.  lo4.").  May,  debt  of  the  mission  (id.l.')],  no  assets  i?). 
Ai-'h.  Arr.ob.,  MS.,  v.  ptii.  "i.").  Jub  'JJd,  invesitory  by  Pico  and  Mans  im  ap- 
jirr.isers.     Pop.  'J70  souls.     Building:?,  implements,  and  elleets  in  sten  lii'se 


SANTA  INES  AND  PURtSIMA. 


C47 


At  last  the  estate  was  rented  in  December  IS-t.")  to 
Josu  Mai'ia  Covarrubias  and  Joaquin  Carrillo  tor  ;?j80 
[)vi  y(,'ar. 

Tliu  venei'able  Padre  IJanion  Abulia,  last  sur\  isor 
of  the  i''(.'rnandinos  who  came  in  the  last  cenluiy, 
served  us  minister  at  Purlsima  lor  a  i'cw  mouths  hu- 
t'ni'u  his  death  in  1842;  and  .subse([ucntly  the  mission 
was  under  the  spiritual  care  of  I'ach'e  Juan  ]Morcno 
and  the  [)resbyter  ]\Iiguel  Gomez,  thou_i;h  botli  ivsidod 
most  of  the  time  at  (Santa  Ines.'"'^  Jose  .Vntonio  de 
la  Guei'ra  was  the   administrator  in   I84i-il,  and   is 


v.itli  t!ic  connivance  of  the  gov.  had  not  kept  tlicir  ngiccmcut  \\itli  t!ic  mis- 
sion. Tlicy  were  to  pay  $j(jO  and  a  number  of  catlic,  and  to  leave  land 
ea.mi^li  to  [n'.pporL  the  eattle.  Nov.,  Joa'piinCarriilo  propoitdas  jiie/.dc  paz. 
Vvpf.  St.  I'll]).,  JJtii.,  l\  <(•  J.,  M8.,  ii.  170.   J^ea;<e  of  tlic  nii.ssioii  in  Dec.   Tliia 

Vol.,  p.  iJ.").'!. 

'-' JJauion  Abella  was  born  May  128.  1701,  at  Monforte,  Aragon,  Spain;  and 
I'eeaiiK!  Ji  I'VaneiscMn  at  Xarayoza  on  Mareli  0,  ll.Sl,  coming  to  tlie  .Mexican 
eoliego  in  17i*'')  anil  to  Cal.  iu  170S.  His  miosionary  rltvicu  of  4i  years  was 
at  ,S."l'rauei.seo  in  17118  I81t»,  S.  Carlos  in  KSl',)-;j;!,  S.  Lnis  Ohispo  in  KSolM.', 
and  riuisima  in  lYli.-Ma}',  ]S4'_'.  lie  was  rated  l)y  Ids  superiors  as  one  of 
tlie  most  Zealous  and  iililcst  friars  in  the  couniry  f^r  nii.-;sionai'v  woi  k  i)i\)|)ei-, 
ii:;il  fitted  for  any  oliiee,  l^ut  .somewhat  nnlitted  lor  tempiiral  mana  j,i  nreat. 
Av':jhio(i.  Aiilo'j.llr  In.fJ'ndrr.'i,  MS.;  S'UTi/i,  I iif.  de.  1S17,  -MS.,  71,  117;  /'";/- 
I  r.i.i  Jilt'.  JS.."i,  M.S.,  l;>'i-0.  As  curly  as  l!Si)4  ho  wishcil  to  quit  the  c.mntry. 
In  1  ■i(.7aud  1S|  1  he  made  cntraiias  among  tlio  gentiles,  of  whieii  iiii  nari'ative.s 
arc  extant.  See  list  of  auth.  vol  i.  Ou  .luly'JJ,  l.sll,  at  S.  I'ranei.seo  he 
liiuied  the  last  Indian  whoreniendj  ^rcd  tlie  founchition  of  ihc  mission  in  177'), 
liiriiliana,  a  woman  of  03  years  horn  ou  the  very  site  of  t!ie  mission.  N.  /'.  J.ih. 
Jii<.,  M.S.,  7-1.  He  was  present  at  the  tounding  of  S.  Ihiiael  in  Dee.  IS17; 
a. id  there  is  hardly  a  mission  register  in  Cal.  in  which  his  name  d  .-s  not  aji- 
pcar.  In  ISl!!j  he  jirofessed  obedience  to  the  rcpuhlican  governmeiit,  ihougli 
ri  fusing' to  take  the  oath.  Lefore  leaving  S.  C.irlos  he  became  .sick  aad  iii- 
lo'Ui ;  and  liis  term  of  service  at  San  Luis  Obispij  was  one  of  illness  and  dis- 
eouragement,  nearly  approaching  dotage  at  tiie  last.  In  Is.'iij,  he  was  b;-oo  1- 
in,' over  imiiending  ileath,  lamenting  the  unhappy  fate  of  the  mi.ssioiii  and 
triars,  and  wishing  that  he  ccnild  get  the  money  due  him  so  that  he  mi^htp.ay 
hi  1  deb;s  and  tecui'e  a  passage  to  some  other  country.  In  UilkS  he  declared 
his  ncoiiliytcs  to  bo  the  most  wretched  and  iiovcrty-stricken  beings  on  (-arUi, 
.•111  1  himself  as  needy  as  any.  In  ISo'J  be  went  to  i'uri'siiuafor  a  time,  refusing 
ti>  live  at  iS.  Luis  unless  Angel  Kaniircz  with  his  fipen  iimnorality  and  'genio 
d  .luinante'  .should  be  roaajvcd.  Why  he  was  sent  to  take  charge  of  runsima 
i.i  bilJ  it  is  liai'd  to  imagine,  unless  it  Mas  to  humor  a  Ml.iiii  of  his  ov.n. 
While  at  this  mission  be  declared  tiiat  he  had  been  robbed  of  all  ho  broug!it 
from  S.  Luis;  audi*.  Jinieno  in  a  letter  of  .March  UUi,  dmrra,  l)oc.,  .MS., 
charged  the  administrator  and  others,  '  who  were  not  Indians'  as  pretended, 
wi.h  the  robbery,  and  with  having  treated  the  old  pudro  'with  t!io  greatest 
ingratitude,  inhumanity,  and  vilencss.'  Rafael  Lionzalcz,  Mem.,  -MS.,  ,">  s, 
Vv  iio  had  an  interview  with  Abella  at  I'uri'sima,  describes  liini  as  having  acted 
ill  a  very  Kt range  innnncr,  evidently  insane  or  in  his  dotage.  His  last,  cl 'v.s 
were  tipeiit  at  St;^  Ines,  where  be  was  buried  on  May  'J4,  Ih-lJ,  in  the  church 
iieur  the  jiresbytei-y  on  the  epistle  side  about  two  varaa  from  the  church  wall. 
^taJim,  Lib.  Mix.,  M.S.,  lio-G. 


G4S 


LOCAl.  ANNALS  OF  THE  SOUTH. 


.accused  of  liuviiig  (lis.si[)ato(.l  what  was  loft  of  iho 
niLssion  projjorty  of"  any  value,  the  leiutiaiits  hcino- 
put  ill  cliar^e  of  the  Sta  Ines  uduiiuistrator  in  184"J, 
u!i<l  all  turned  over  t(j  the;  padres  in  184-'].'''  Suhso- 
([U<;ntly  there  was  no  resident  ))adre,  but  a  suhoidl- 
nate  niajordoino  was  probahly  left  in  change?  l)y  J'adie 
Moreno,  who  i'roni  Santa  Lies  visited  his  Hock  fiom 
time  to  tinu!.  In  1844  the  sniall-pox.  killed  most  of 
the  200  Indians  and  broke  up  the  coniniunity.  Iii 
1845  I  suppose  there  may  hfive  been  50  ex-neo|)hytes 
liviniif  in  the  vicinity.  Wliat  was  left  of  the  est:itf. 
except  church  pntpei'ty,  was  sold  to  John  Temple  lur 
.\?l,110. 

•'*  I'urisiina  afTuirs.  1841.  .X().s(''  M.  Vulonzucila  tunii'd  over  tlic  mission 
to  .I()s6  Alit.  do  la  (JiRTra,  his  suueessor,  on  July  1st.  .SV.  I'dji.  MImi.,  MS., 
xi.  •_';!.  it  aijpcar.s  tliiit  in  Sfi)t.-Oct.,  (lucrra  was  oidci^il  to  deliver  iImj 
IHdpcrty  to  ( 'ordoi'o  (if  Sta  Jiu'.s,  Imt  lofu.scd  to  do  so  ual(j.s.s  paid  .^TdO  tor 
u  liicii  lio  claimed  to  \n:  peisoiially  respoiiskhle  to  creditov.s  of  the  iiii.s  ;'(]ii. 
/(/.,  ix.  ").  Ill  I)(!e.,  Fiaiiei.sco  Cota  was  appoiutcd  jiiez  for  the  iiinelKn  (jf 
this  ie;,n(a.  JJcjif.  Sf.  I'ap-,  MS.,  xviii.  (i(i.  1842.  la  Teh.,  (jliuira  iii;i'ij 
t!ie  ilelivLiy  to  (Jordeio  as  leqiiiicd,  but  the  latter  declares  that  tiie  propeitv, 
excejit  'uiiij.j  cuantos  muehles  iiiservilile.-i,'  had  disappe.ired,  and  that  (J.  Iia  I 
killed  and  scattered  the  live-stock  on  pretext  of  ordeis  from  the  j^'ovt.  >S  . 
I'dji.  Mixn.,  ix.  (i.  1'.  Jinieno  also  accuses  Guei-ra  of  having  rohhed  the 
niis.-iion  of  (iverytiiinir,  and  claims  to  have  irrefuUihle  jiroofs.  Hmrni,  y^'"., 
.\l.S.,  vii.  I(i-I7.  \n  -Vpril  Diego  Fernande/  is  addressed  as  miijordonio,  and 
ii  informed  that  the  mission's  yearly  (juota  of  presidio  su|)plies  is  'Jil  fan. 
maize,  10  Ian.  beans,  40  arr.  lari.1,  10  arr.  tallow,  70  pairs  of  shoes,  and  ^l'> 
of  iv.K\\>.  Sf.  J'hji.  Jf!.i.,  -MS.,  X.  1.  .Tune,  the  gov.  apjioinuS  an  encargado  ;.t 
j?IOpcr  month.  Dr;it.  LW.,  MS.,  xii.  AS.  Mofnis,  Ei-/,lor.,  i.  .S20,  gives  the 
pop.  as  00  hul.  ISl.'J.  Estate  turi'cd  over  to  the  padres.  This  vol.,  ]).  .'J!i',). 
No  particulars.  ISll.  Duran  reports '200  Ind.,  no  live-stock  or  enltiva^'il 
lands,  a  viiu^yard  of  medium  extent,  administered  by  1'.  Mijrcno,  very  iiiti;!ii, 
aided  by  (joniez,  recently  ordained  as  a  clergyman.  Pico  (Pio),  Die,  M.<., 
14.  Aug.,  the  sin;iil-pox  had  killed  most  of  tiie  Ind.  and  was  still  ragini'. 
(•';irrra,  Doc,  MS.,  vii.  17-18.  184,").  Ajiril,  1'.  Moreno  denies  that  tlie 
p.ulres  have  <lisposod  of  any  property,  but  the  govt  has  sol<l  all  the  I.uuIh. 
Arch.  SUi  H.,  MS.,  X.  18.1.  June,  Ind.  ordered  by  gov.  to  refieeupy  the 
mission  within  a  month  or  the  property  will  be  sold.  This  vol.,  p.  .'il!t. 
Dec,  mission  solil  to  John  T'emplo  for  ^jl,!  10,  inchnlisig  buildings,  two  vine- 
yards, etc.,  cliurch  property  reserved.     This  vol.,  p.  ool-\i. 


! 


the 


l1  '■     J!  ■ 


Iroiii 


;  liils-^iDii 

«•.,  M.S., 

livur  tliu 

.•jTdO  f.ir 

iui.s.;'i)ii. 

illU'llDf  of 

ri'a  luuilj 

pri)|RTtV, 

it  (i.  li.i'l 
).'(,vt.  .^'  . 
l.hca   tin; 

mil,  and 

1^  -JJ  fan. 

ami  !?J.'i 

U',i4ail(j  ;.t 

ivc.s  tin; 

,  p.  :w,K 
luliivatril 
y  iiitii'^u, 
v.,  M.^., 
I  i-M,;,'iiiL'. 
,tliat  thf 
lu  l.inils. 
upy  tin; 

p.  r.i'.). 

iWD  vim;- 


CHAPTER  XXVII. 

LOCAL  AXXALS  OF  TH?:  NORTH. 
1841-1845. 

P0Pri..\TION    OF    THE    XdP.TII    AND    OF   CaL1F0RNI.\— MoXTF.IlF.Y   DISTRICT — 
EVKNT.S   AT  TUK    CaPH  AL— MlIJTAKV   ItEMS — I'liEKF.lTIKE  — MrNICII'AL 

Affair.s — Li.sT  OF  Ranciiii.s— San'  Caui.o.s— Sam  Lris  Obi.'^po— A  New 
Pi:eblo — Sale  of  Ex-mi.s.sio.v  Propekiy — San  MitiCEL— San  Anionio 
— SoLEUAD — San  Jtan  vk  Castro — Santa  Cp.rz— Villa  de  Bkanci- 
FORTE— San  FiiANCi.sco  Di.stp.ict  -PoprLATioN — Events— PrEBLo  Mat- 
TEii.s—SrB-PRi:FECTORE— Military— Growth  of  Yei:ba  Ulena — Nkw 
CfsToM-Hof.sE — Land  Grant.s  in  the  N'orth--Mis.sion  Dolores— San 
Rafael — Solano— Pi'eblo  of  Sonoma— Ros*  and  ]j(ide<;a— New  IIkl- 
VETIA— San  Jose  Mission— Padres  MrRo,  Gctierrez,  and  Quija.^ — 
Santa  Claka — Padhe  Mercado— Pueblo  of  San  Josii. 

XoiiTHERN  Californlv,  or  the  two  districts  of  ]\I(>n- 
tcrev  and  San  Francisco,  forniinix  tlio  territorial  hasis 
'<tl'  tliis  chapter,  may  be  regarded  as  having  had  a 
jiopulation  of  3,550  gentc  de  razon  in  1845,  besides 
nearly  400  foreigners,  newly  arrived  and  unsettled,  or 
at  least  beyond  the  reach  of  Mexican  registers,  and 
about  1,300  cx-niis.sion  Indians,  besides  nearly  as 
many  more  scattered  in  and  near  the  settlements  and 
iMn(.-iios,  not  noininall}'  or  wholly  rela[)sed  into  barba- 
rism. Combining  there  figures  with  those  of  the  pre- 
ceding chapter — 3,350  de  razon  and  1,880  Indians — 
wc  have  for  the  population  of  Califor'uia  at  the  end 
of  the  period  G,900  gentc  de  razon  and  3,180  Indians 
with  a  nearly  equal  surplus  as  explained  above.  The 
foreign  population  has  been  given  elsewhere  as  G80, 
of  which  number  I  sii}>[)ose  that  somewhat  less  than 

lutlf  should  be  included  in  the  iiij^ures  i^iven  above. 

( c*o ) 


Mi 


1 


CuO 


LOCAL  AXXALS  OF  TUK  NORTH, 


The  ^Toiitcn'oy  di.stiict  ^'aiiic'd  in  j)o|»;il;i(i()ii,  I)V  O'^- 
tiiiuiti^,  lor  tliui'u  arc;  no  coiitcinpoiaiy  padroiics  cxccjit 
at  Santa  Cniz,  IVoiu  1,GUU  in  ls;]0  to  1,I)J()  in  l;:l,), 
this  niiiuhcr  hi-inn'  madt!  up  of  7;10  in  town  oi-  nearly 
1,000  durin<''  the  slav  oC  Mirlitdtorrna's  haltalioii  in 


184;5-4 — 775  at  tli'j  runclios   and   i'X.-niissi()i 


vSun  Juan,  and  u50  at  .Urancilocti 


Tl 


IS,  7.")   -it 


U!r(3  wcvii  al-.i) 


about  450  o.\.-neoi)liyti's  li\in'^'  at  or  near  (he  ex-mi. - 
sions  oi'  as  servants  in  town,  whilu  otlu^r  Indi.ui^ 
scatttiivd  in  the  disti'ict  could  not  liavu  been  much 
Uss  in  number.  There  were  |)robal)ly  over  a  him- 
(h'od  Ibrein-ners  whose  luuni's and  resiiK'nce  werelciiow  ii. 
J']vents  at  ^Monterey,  by  i-eason  of  its  posiliun  as 
capital  and  ehiet'  port,  were  in  many  instances  ol"  de- 
partmental as  well  as  local  intt-rest  and  importai 
and  hav(;  therelbre  bec'U  pretty  I'ully  i-ecoi'(K.>. I  in  otl 


ice, 


)arts  of  tins  volun 


le. 


Tl 


u 


■y 


are 


lowover,   suni!!!!- 


rized  and  indexed  with  a  su[)pl(;mental  mention  e( 
minoi'  happLMiiiiL^'s  in  the  a[)})end(!d  note,  which  cou- 
taiiis  also  details  respecting'  military  matters,  muni-j- 
pal  aiiairs,  and  })rivate  ranchos  oi' the  district/      184L 

'  SiiiiiiiiiU'y   of    Mouturcy  events.      18-11.      Mattcru   cijiincutLiil  uiili   t!ii: 
<Ii'ali;ini  cx.le.-i   of  tlic  pi'cccdiiitf  your;  visits  of  l''iuiiu!i,  lvi;li;li,  uii  1   l'.  '•. 

','I;ii;iuil   liis  pl:iiis  for  a   II. 
(li'-criplioii  of  a  vi.sit  t  <  iln' 


iiioii-oi-wiir. 


TliiH 


15.  (J 


tahli.sh 


1' 


i-10.     Visit  of  Do 


it.     /(/., -Jll,  l21(i.     Do 


•y.  J'ltiriitd,   MS.,    lOJ  .'!.     -Inly,   oiikr  of  tlio  gov.  ti> 


if  «!)•;:;:)  vara: 


,/.  S'.  I 


'«/).,  Ilcii. 


.  for  1 


laviacks  uiu 
iii.   Ids. 


I  oOie 
Am 


I'd)  ■.i!(liiii'  ciisloiii 


-lioil:: 


on 


M 


,400.   Vullijo,  U 


stiliiatctl  co;it  of  .S 1 0,1  KM. 
L'.stiinate.s  ami  spociuLMtions  ii^r 


.M.~ 


:0.     Eai'tl; 


I'ontai) 


ay    I2tli.  Tlii.s  vol.,  p.  '1\[).     Vi.sit  of  Didlot  do   Mofi 


.pui 


r;'.s,   wiiosu  \vn;U 


ii  view  of  tlio  town.   /(/.,   'l\'d-yi.     1842.     IVuil 


oil  .s   (.'.\;uriL'ii(.'o 


llk'lo  »  C(jnuni ::slo;u: 


mental  and  ti 


1-  for  Mt!.\.  ld.,-lS\'').     McctiiiLT  of  till 

1 


piiita  duj 


ii;iri:i- 


tov.n 

of   Jl, 

t  )rp] 


il  .superior.   /'/.,  'JIKVd.     ('apUu'o  and   rcslo-ation  of  lli 


1)V  (,'oni.  Jones  i:i  Get.   Id.,  L'aS-.'J-J!).     A  lat-e  UUk 


ipl 


o;'rapliic.  view  l>v  "U'j 


ifiieers   ilanL^s    in  my  library.      Visit  of  Dr  Sande 


t!i. 


\.U\'  H 


Id..   ;!K).      Dr    Ma.xwell, 


M.S..  -J I,  spe:i 


ol  a  man  cxv'ix 


-cd 


.lones'  lieet,  in  liiij  Mon/crii/  in 


in   eoC'elwiL;  curiosi 


ties  for  the  Gcn)i:iii 


prinecs,  Avno  was  sliot  through  tlic  lung  l)y  an  arrow  in  the  Salinas  valli  y. 
J)i'  ."\I.  attended  him  and  extraeted  tiu'  ;;n'ow  l)y  'pus!  ing  it  throui;h.'  I  d'l 
not  know  that  Sandels  had  sueh  an  adventure,  or  who  else  the  .scientist  (mj  iM 


h 


a\o  lieen. 

iCllTdlivi 


'.t  of  Sir  (.Jeo.  Sim[ison. 


i.  3i;i-71,  Sim 


'I'll 
d 


irol. 


MS  ct 


scq. 


I; 


pson  gives  mueh  descriptive  matter  from  whic. i 
:)to  as   follows:  'I'iie  town    'is  a  mere  colleetion  of  build inffs,  scattered 


1 


Iwosely  on  tho  surface  as  if  they  were  .so  many  bulhjcks  at  pasture;  .sa  tii.;t 
the  nios'o  expert  surveyor  could  not  possibly  classify  tlieni  even  into  croijlicd 
streets.  'I'ho  dwellings,  some  of  which  atUiin  the  di.;ni;y  of  a  second  sloi'v, 
are  all  built  of  adoltcs,  being  sheltered  on  every  side  from  the  sun  bynvi;'- 
liau^'ing  eaves,  while  toward  the  rainy  (piaitcr  of  tho  s.  K.  they  enjoy  tiio 


MONTERKY  ANXALS. 


C.-)! 


is  marked  by  tlic  return  of  the  Graliaiii  exiles,  jukI, 
like  tlie  iii'xt  3'eiir,  by  tht^  visits  of  si'Veral  iMi'ci^^'iu'r.s 
who  have  iiuide  [)uljliu  their  ex[)erienee.s  and  observa- 


luKlitioniil  pnitfctioii  of  l)ouj,'hs  of  trees,  resting  likc^  so  iii:iiiy  Iii'Moi's  on  tlio 
nidt.'.  .  .  I'JO  t.'aitli(|iiakt's  in  two  luoiitlis  of  latit  si'asuii,  liut  not  .severe 
'  I'lxteinally  the  liaUitatioiis  liavu  u  ehooi'les.s  aspect  in  e.iiise(iiieiiee  ut  tlie  (lail- 
eity  (jf  wiiidow.-i.  .  .  As  to  |iuMic  liiiil(lin;,'s  this  capital  of  a  )>i'<)viace  may, 
witli  a  stretch  of  charity,  bo  allowcil  to  possess  four.  First  is  the  i  hiireii, 
pari  of  \\hicli  is  uoiii;,'  to  (h'uay,  while  anoliier  jKirt  is  iinl  yet  lini'^liecl;  iin 
Diily  |ieeiiliaiity  is  that  it  is  laiilt,  or  rather  lialf  Imilt,  of  stone,  \e.\t  e  micH 
thi;  castle,  consisting,'  of  a  small  house,  siniomnled  liy  ii  h.w  \»all,  all  <if 
ailiibes.  It  eonnuanils  the  town  and  anehora';o,  if  a  ;,'arri.sou  of  o  suMii'r.i 
and  a  l)attery  of  S  o)'  10  rusty  and  honey  coinhed  jiuns  can  be  said  to  c(Jin- 
uiand  anything.  Third  is  th(!  j,'uai'd-house,  a  paltry  mud  hut,  wiihout  wia- 
iloivs.  Fourth  and  last  stands  the  cust(jmdi(juse,  which  is,  or  rathei'  i)roniises 
to  be,  ii  small  range  of  decent  '.li'V'es;  for  tiuuigh  it  has  been  buihliug  for  ."i 
years  it  id  not  yet  linished.  ..  After  mass  the  j)astor  ami  his  lloek  went  to 
eluisten  a  bridge,  wliicli  hail  lately  been  thrown  over  the  little  river  of  the 
town,  and  wa.s  now  gayly  decorated  with  banners,  etc.,  for  the  occasion.  .  . 
'I'lie  only  seminary  of  eilucation  in  the  province  is  a  petty  school  at  Monterey.' 
On  other  general  and  commercial  matters,  impressions  of  inilividuals,  and 
the  visitor's  personal  experiences  soniethuig  is  given  elsewhere  in  thi.)  and 
other  volumes.  Forbes  appointed  Driii.-i'.i  vice-consul  to  reside  hero.  This 
\\:\.,  p.  'AM.  1S1,'{.  Ai'rival  of  (lov.  Mieheltorena  ami  his  army.  /'/.,  .'i.">4 
et  seip  Financial  troubles,  and  meeting  of  the  junta  eeonijmica.  A/.,  .'>.")7  et 
seep  Sessio.is  of  tin;  junta  de])artameiilal  and  idections.  Jil.,  .'{Ii:)  et  se^p 
(.'oni[>laints  (;f  citizens  of  depredations  of  Ind.  lioi'se-thieves.  Id.,  lilil.  tv\- 
ecsses  by  Micheltorena'a  ehi^los;  A/.,  ."tlif  et  .seip  (Irand  celebration  of  the 
licsta  of  Sept.  lUth,  described  by  Torre.  Rcm'in.,  MS.,  Ill  1.").  John  A. 
.Swan  in  his  .Uo/iUn  1/  in,  IS.'/  J  gives  a  good  !:!cetch  of  allairs  as  h  ■.  found  t!ieni 
at  his  ariival.  Jiwiah  Ijclden,  Jlii/.  Slutvinciit,  MS.,  40,  also  writes  fioni 
Uiemory  of  the  town  and  region  in  lSt:i.  IS-tf.  lOvents  of  .Mieheltorena'.-j 
rule:  his  jilan  for  a  school  of  hiu'h  grade;  rumors  of  I'evolt  in  .Ian.  and  arrest 
of  Alvarado;  eounler-revolt  of  the  cliolos  in  Aug. ;  prepar.iti.ms  for  war  with 
the  U.  .S.;  sessions  of  the  junta  departamental;  agitation  of  the  (picstion  of 
Monterey  V.S  J^os  Angeles  as  capital,  /i/.,  41)1-1 '_'.  Visit  of  tlie  biMiop.  7^/., 
■I_'7.  Visit  of  the  U.  S.  man-of-war.  Id.,  otJT-fS.  Outbreak  of  tlie  re\(jlu- 
lion  against  Mieheltorena,  Xov.-lJec.  /(/. ,  4.")"^-S.'!  ]);is^itn.  U:iva;,'es  of  the 
suiall-pox  during  the  summer.  JiiilwcU  say.i  it  was  brouglit  by  LarUin  from 
Mazatlan,  and  that  about  Si)  died.  Streoh'r  claims  to  have  vaei'inated  \\.)\) 
i  1  Larkin's  parlor.  Torre  notes  the  establishment  of  a  ho.ipit;d  by  tlioayunt. 
'i'he  pest  was  especially  fatal  a  .on  ;  the  Inil.  I  lind  nothing  of  this  in  tho 
archive,^.  JDdiri/r.i  tUiL,  MS.,  iS-!);  Shrvhr'.t  I!'r„ll.,  M.S.,  -JT -!);  Toi;-(; 
llnnin.,  MS.,  1 10-13.  Some  descriptive  matter  on  Monterey  allairs  in  ll'oo/s 
Waml.  Sh\,  'IVl  et  seq.  ISfJ.  Mieheltorena  declares  martial  law  and  leaves 
Monterey  to  liglit  the  relx'ls  in  Jan.  This  vol.,  p.  4S7-8.  lletnrns  in  March 
to  take  a  linal  ileparturo  with  his  cholo  b.'.ttalion.  /(/.,  7)\'l.  Monterey  allairs 
during  the  governor's  absence  .Ian.  -March;  Andres  I'ieo  takes  c.imn>and.  Id., 
."d4-l(i.  Junta  de  guerra  in  May  to  discuss  prospects  of  a  war  with  U.  .S. 
/'/. ,  .")'J4,  tiOl.  I'^leetions  of  Aug.  ITtli  and  Sept.  Tth.  Pablo  de  la.  Guerr;i 
and  Joa.piin  Escamilla  being  chosen  elcctores  do  ])artido.  l>o:.  IHkI.  ('i'., 
-MS.,  ii.  'Jf;  t'(ts//v),  Doc,  M.S.,  i.  140.  In  May  P.  Ujal  makes  an  api)oal  to 
t'.ie  gov.  in  behalf  of  tho  ehureh  needs,  and  a  popular  sub.seription  is  auLlior- 
i.xd.  Jh'pf.  St.  I'dji.,  MS.,  vi.  S'.i.  Oct.  IDtli,  juez  do  pa/,  of  'pueblo  del 
llcfugio'  I'eports  an  attack  by  8  Ind.  from  tho  saliiuis,  anil  asks  for  troop.j. 
Ih-.  Ilt.it.  CaL,  ^IS. ,  ii.  I'Jt).  S^-OOJ)  had  been  spent  on  a  wharf— the  money 
bi'ing  raised  by  a  tax.  of  §30  per  month  on  vessels— which  was  perhaps  com- 


T   .;.  I 


111    lit 


'■'ml 


033 


LOCAL  ANXALS  OF  TIIK  NORTH. 


tioiis.  C'oiiiinodon'  Jones'  capturo  jiiid  i"(;stoi-atii>ii  nf 
tlic  town  in  the  n;inic  oi"  tin*  United  Status  was  tln' 
great  event  ol"  l.S-12.      (jrovernor  Miclieltorcna  and  In. 

ploti'il  l»y  Larkiii  thifl  yi-iir.  D<iit.  Si.  Poji.,  MS.,  iii.  SI  4;  Mnniiriii  //■rt'i, 
All,!,'.  I,  I.S74;  .V.  J.  I'loiuvr,  Nov.  -M,  IS77.  Wrck  of  N/'/-  ../' ^'(.  ir« ,/. 
Tliis  vol.,  \\.  .")(i'2.  Clyiiiiin,  l>iunj,  MS.,  li'O  7,  (U'SLiiluH  a  vi.-it  to  Muiiicny 
tliis  ytiir. 

Military  nlTaira.  Militury  coiiiandaiiti'S  of  tli(!  post;  ( luiiicsiiulo  I'loios 
ISII  •_',  ,)os(!  (Jantio  ISl'J  ;t,  (it'll.  .Miclicltori'iia  or  olU!  of  lii.s  olUixT.-t  ISl.'J  |, 
Jtian  Al)ella,  AiidrOs  I'ii'o,  I'odro  Xaivacz,  and  ilosu  (astro  ISl,").  'I'ln' ]iv:> 
Bidial  oavaliy  coinpaiiy  vaiicil  iirugiilarly  from  '1\  to  .")H  iiic>n  rank  and  lii., 
Ik'111-;  .'!.:  at  tiic  end  of  ISt.'i.  Pay  rolls  !:(l().()()l)  to  .':?l.'>,()iK»  per  year.  ('M|it. 
Jos(i  (Jasti'o,  absent  most  of  the  tiino  lS4l-.'t;  Nicanor  Mstrada  iSCi -l;  .loii- 
(Uliii  lU'  la  'I'ori'o  lS4.'i.  Lieut  Manuel  Castro  in  ISl,').  Alf.ieeei  Itafael  I'iiito, 
.laiinlo  IJodiigiiez,  iloaijuin  do  la 'i'orro,  au't'euido  from  IS4I.  I'lainisco  Val- 
gus ISi:i,  Valentin  (iajiola  (agregido  and  iiahilitado),  and  llolorcs  Felix  in 
ISl,").  Valhii),  l>i)<\,  MS,,  xxvii.  p.is-im;  lh)il.  SI.  l'a]>.,  II.  .1/.,  MS.,  l\x\v. 
3-4,  7;  Ixxxvi.  \-l  l.'J;  Ixxxviii.  4:!-.");  A/.,  Urn.,  < '.  ,1-  '/'.,  v.  1,  7.  Aiti'.ler,-, 
17  to  7  rank  and  tilo,  pay-roll  about  ijliil)  ]ier  inontli,  under  ("apt.  Mariano 
Silva.  Siib-lieiit  .Vnastasio  Corte.-i,  ami  (J.ibriel  do  la  Torre,  agregado  in  iSI'i. 
'J'liis  vol.,  p.  li)S;  JJf/.f.  ,V.  raj,.,  li.  ,)/.,  IxxNvi.  l-J  i;i;  Ixwvili.  41;  /■/., 
Be  I.,  V,.  <(•  7'.,  V.  'J,  H,  10.  Ill  I.S4I  an  auxiliary  coinpaiiy  of  4  to  111  \w\\ 
under  (Japt.  Saiiti;.',-o  Kstrada  is  meiitioiwd.  /</.,  //.  ,)/.,  Ixxxv.  !>.  In  Is;  I 
n  eoiii[iaiiy  of  ilefeiisores  do  la  i);itria,  or  auxiliary  cavalry,  uas  organized  .'IJ 
sti'.pie.;,  aii<l  eosting  S  lUlJ  ])(!r  month.  Tiio  olUeer-(  were  ('a|)t.  .\.  M.  O.iio, 
Lieut  .Joa(piiu  Ivse.imilla,  alf.  ]'afael  Estrada,  nnd  i''iMncisio  Araiza.  Tiiev! 
was  ii  similar  eom[)iny  at  S.  .)u;in  under  ("apt.  Fr;inei-ico  I'aelu'eo.  Ii\., 
Ixxwiii.  oi);  .SV.  I'ap.  S(ir.,  MS.,  xix.  IS-'-V);  this  vol.  ]).  407.  Seo  /'/.,  p. 
'2.i,),  for  a  slatenient  of  men  and  oUice'.s  in  Mieheltoreiia".!  battalion.  M  ;fiaj 
in  1  Stl-"_',  h'.r/ilir.,  i.  .'iJ.'),  reports  40  soldiers  and  l"J  iirtillervinen,  the  preudio 
ra/.  (1,  the  foi't  and  simple  battery  with  !J  bionze  guns.  An  ollicial  ivpoit  ( f 
lf)12  gives  tSc  avail.'iido  foreo  as  i)  cavalry  and  l.'f  artillerymen.  Tiiis  vol..  p. 
'2'y.l.  Jan.  ISl'J,  arrangements  made  to  buy  a  ranelio  called  S.  Jose  trjui 
Abrego,  and  stock  it  witli  cattle  for  the  company;  bat  nothing  more  appeu:s 
nbruit  it.  \'(i  Icjo,  Ditc.,  MS.,  xi.  'J4.  Armament  rwinoved  to  S.  .Juan  in  1^4  i. 
'J'his  vol.,  ]i.  (iOJ.  For  maritimo  i  'airs  and  revenue  otlicials  for  this  \\v.\i 
deca  1(J  sci!  /'/.,  'li){]  et  9Ct\.,  .S>'i9  et  .'^    j.,  .S74  et  scip,  4_'H  et  scip,  004  et  iir(|. 

I'refccturo.  Tibiircio  Castro  was  prefect  of  the  1st  district  residing  at  •. 
Juan,  iintd  July  ISH,  when  Jos6  Kainon  Estrada  succeeded  him,  bein;a,i- 
p  )iiit('d  by  the  gov.  on  the  "22(1,  taking  possession  on  the  '2.")lli,  issuing  a  pro'- 
l.uuai.io;i  0:1  tiio  Ji.lth,  and  olVering  his  resignation,  which  M'as  not  accepted,  i:i 
Au,'.  Dcpt.  fie:,  MS.,  xii.  lo;  Jlonf.  Arch.,  MS.,  xvi.  '2!t;  />ept.  .S7.  Pi]'., 
m..  xvii.  I_>-|:!;  /,/.,  JJi,,.,  a.  .1-  T.,  iv.  04;  /<!.,  lien.,  P.  ,0./.,  iv.  '_•:!;  .'. 
Jds  ',  .1  /••//.,  MS.,  ii.  ,S;i.  Francisco  Arias  had  been  appointed  suplento  in  J;u!.. 
Dtltl.  A' ,'.,  .MS.,  xii.  ;?,  but  not'iing  more  is  heard  of  him.  10strada".s  t.ala  \v 
wa*  ;■!_',(););),  and  ho  seems  to  have  resided  at  Monterey,  but  this  is  not  cert;ii:i. 
M^.nu(l  (^aitauares  was  .-secretary  of  the  prefecture  until  Dec.  ISl'J.  wli  1 
JLiniiel  (lisl.'o  was  appointed.  Di'jit.  SI.  Pap.,  lien.,  MS.,  ii.  .SS;  Id.,  P.  c('./  , 
iv.  .">J.  In  Xov.  184J,  Estrada  was  in  charge  of  the  govt  duiiiig  Alvarado's 
absence.  Vdlkjo,  JJor.,  M.S.,  xi.  .'500.  Oct.  l.'lth,  1S4.'J.  the  ollices  f>f  ])rcfo't 
and  sab-prefcct  were  abolished  by  the  gov.  and  junta.  This  vol.,  p.  .■i.')7 - 
8.  July  I  J,  1845,  prefecture  restored,  M(U)torey  made  'Jd  district  with  t!io 
town  a  4  cabccjra,  and  .Manuel  Castro  appointed  prefect  by  Gov.  I'ico.  Cas- 
tiM  iojIv  p.jss  'ssion  on  .Vug.  2d,  having  acce|>ted  on  July  LStli.  Dcpl.  Si.  I^ap., 
Aiij.,  MS.,  X.  OS-0;  Id.,  S.  Jo^c,  \\  !)7;  Id.,  lien.,  v.  .SC4-5,  :i7.')-();  Ih'jil. 
Ik:.,  .MS.,  xiv.  Go-O;  Caslro,  Do-.,  i.  loJ,  1.".7;  Doc.  Ili.if.  (.''tl..i.  ■l'.)\;  ii.  .A 
84.     Florcncio  .Serrano  was  secretary.     It  appears  that  rico  on  July  12th  lii'-it 


MUMCII'AL  KKCOUI). 


G.-.3 


voLfalioiul  army  cmiim^  to  tli(^  c'lpital  in  1^43.  In  1H14 
tlio  cholus  ivmaiiK'd,  tlio  liishoj*  caiiit',  and  th<'  siiimII- 
|>()X  ra^cd.     In    1845    tin;  govi-rnor  wa.s  expelled  hy 

iiiinied  David  Sjirncoas  prefect.  Ih'jit.  St.  I'fip.,  MS.,  viii,  I;  /,/.,  llm.,  /'.  ,(• 
J.,  ii.  M:  Imt  iiolliint;  iippoars  in  fxpliiiuitiou  ol'  tin;  eliiiiiu'r.     (Jiistio  iillcrfil 

llU  lT3i;.'lliltiwll  (Ml    |)l'('.    ;tl.-it.     /(/.,    91),   llUt  it  \\)IS  not  lli'Cl'|>t»'ll. 

lAst  of  iniuiicipiil  nllic'L'is.  IS-JI.  .JiKV,  ilc  jia/,  Niincoii  C'astro  to  Nov., 
.J(iH(^  Aiiua'i  fidiii  Nov.;  suplciito  Fiaiiciseo  Alius;  jiieicM  iiiixilians  >Iu.iii 
R  pMilcs  lit  S.  (  Villus,  Vici.'iitc  ( 'aiitiia,  .)i)a(|iiiii  IJiuliiii  (iVdH)  An;;  ).  .'iinl  llii-i;- 
liii  r..)i()|j(lu  ifi'imi  Oct.)  at  l'ilaiiit(j.s.  ISV2.  .Iiii/  di;  pa/,  .lo.si'  /.  I''criiaiidrz, 
sU[ililitc'ri(  nil  lilt  ( Idii/ule/;  JMecc.sauxiliarcs.lii  I  pi  in  Ciiiticnc/,  ,\iit(iiiii.'i"apia 
fur  S.  CariiiH,  (iraciauo  Maiijaies  and  (Ico.  Alien  for  Z:injiin,  .loaipiiii  I'.iicliia 
i'V  iJifiiu'iii,  .Uian  lliguera  {'!),  Mont.  Arch..  .M.S.,  xvi.  :t7;  jiiez  de  caiiiiiu.lose 
.Maria  dr  la  Tune;  eapt  of  tiiu  port  I'edio  .\'ai\a(/.  ISKt.  .Ii\e/  de  paz  Tan- 
tilo  Solieiaiies  dali.-Kel).,  .losii  /.  Fernande/  Maleli-.luly,  T.  ■  'oro  (innzalez 
.May  Oit.;  jiiez  miplentu  .liiaii  Antonio  V'allejo,  atliii;,'  a.s  jiie,  i  \ov.-|)ee.; 
jiiez  auxiliai'  at  Jiefii;,'io  Salvador  l''s]iino.sa;  tax-ei  lleetor  Ant  aio  Chavez 
and  later  I'ieiio  Alillan;  eapt.  of  the  port  Pedro  \arvaez.  l^l^.  Alcaldes 
.liisn  Aiiiesti  and  Kloreneio  Serrano;  regidoiesj  (Iregorio  < '.i  ilafiares,  .Nlaree- 
liiio  I'lscohar,  .lames  Watnon,  Kstevan  (U^  la  'I'urre;  si'iid'  ■  Salvau  .r  Muni'  i; 
secretary  .lose  Antonio  (Jliavez.  Ame.sli  hein;,'  ill  Serra.,  .  acted  (i>i  ale  I'o  1', 
and  Kscoljar  also  Kceins  to  liavc  acted  often  in  the  .same  capaciiy.  .Iiieee.s 
aiixiii.Mc^  ,1  ,s(j  Castillo,  Antonio  Mendez,  TomasSalgado,  .loaiium  ('eidinj,'  (?), 
Fianeisi  1)  laigo  (?);  a>;ento  do  policia  Caliriel  do  !a  To''  ;  c.ipt.  ol  port 
Icdro  Marvaez.  184.">.  Jiiez  or  alcalde  1'  Marcelino  Iv-cohar,  not  allovud 
M  rcsiu'ii  in  March.  J>i/'l.  AVc,  MS.,  xiv.  'Jb;  /></if.  S/.  /'ap.,  MS.,  viii.  ;!,S; 
jiu'z  '2'Joaipiin  do  los  Santos  Escainilla  in. Fan.,  Francisco  Araiza  .Marcli-.Aii;,'., 
Fcliciano  Solieranes  fioni  Sept. ;  Vicento  1'.  (ionie/,  .secretary;  sindico  or  tax- 
collector  Olivier  DeleistSpU's  to  May;  in  Sejit.  Vicente  iMolina  w.is  recoiii- 
niended  for  collector  and  1,1,'nacio  Ezipier  for  treasurer.  Dor.  llUt.  '  'nl.,  M.S., 
ii.  I'J.'J;  Imt  Fiorencio  Serrano  was  appointed  treasurer  on  Sept.  'Jlth.  Mi.iti. 
.Irrfi.,  M.S.,  xvi.  42.  Agcnto  de  policia  (?)  Cil  .Sanchez;  jucz  at  Itefiigio 
Tiiniihid  I'lspinosa. 

Municipal  government  and  administration  of  justice.  1S41.  Muni,  ipal 
and  jHilice  regulations,  card-play ini.',  and  lights  Ijefore  siiops.  J>i'j,f.  Sf.  I'., 
Mont.,  MS.,  iv.  'M;  Jloiit.  Arch.,  MS.,  x.  1!)- '_'().  .July  4th,  the  hody  of  Dan- 
ill  Ferguson  was  found  on  the  .Salinas  road.  .Jose  Ant.  .\rana,  on  ac(.'oiint  of 
Ills  intiniacy  with  F.'s  wife  Maria  del  Carmen  Ruiz,  was  suspected  of  the  mur- 
ilirand  in  Dec.  was  condemned  to  ijuit  Cal.  Jhpf.  St.  I'ap.,  litn.,  MS.,  iv. 
I  l-l."i.  Aran:',  is  said  to  have  returned  to  Cal.  in  lS."i(i.  July,  Joaipiin  .\lva- 
r;'do  sentenced  to  one  mouth  in  the  chain-gang  for  shiudering  the  daughter  of 
.Miguel  Avila.  ilAo//<.  Arch.,  MS.,  iii.  ti.  l!S42.  I'olice  regulations  etc.,  sell- 
ing liipior,  no  standing  on  .streets  at  time  of  mass,  jirisoners  to  have  one  hour 
ill  the  sun  each  day,  lights  before  houses  as  well  as  shops.  IiL,  x.  '2'.i;  xvi.  :',-2 
-:*;  Jhpt.  .St.  Pup.,  JJcii.  P.  yJ.,  MS.,  iv.  I'l;  Id.,  Mont.,  iv.  1.31;  Vall,jo, 
hoc,  MS.,  xxxiii.  •_'74;  ]>>pt.  Her.,  MS.,  xiii.  .'il.  May,  .fose-  C.  JJotiller  si-ii- 
tcnced  to  8  years  'do  .servicio  en  las  armas'  for  rape  and  seduction,  and  Igna- 
cio  Arroyo  to  I'anisliment  as  an  accoinplieo.  Mont.  ./Ice/*.,  MS.,  x.  '11.  .Iiine, 
.lames  O  Uiien  banished  to  the  Sonoma  frontier  for  'A  years  for  adultery.  /(/., 
iii.  15.  Dec.,  collections  for  the  year.S71  in  lines,  .i?l.")(j  from  shops.  Id.,  "JS- 
!l.  Gov.  approves  appointment  of  jucces  de  paz,  but  the  old  authorities  must 
continue  until  the  'naeiou  se  constituya.'  J)ept.  St.  Pup.,  Ben.  P.  y  J.,  MS., 
i  V.  ;{;!.  An  Ind.  shot  by  order  of  tlio  gov.  for  as  iiiult  on  a  woman.  (Jarnica  del 
Casfillo,  lierucrdox,  MS.,  2.  Torre,  liemin.,  M.S.,  97,  relates  that  Manuel 
(Jonzalez  or  Manuclillo,  a  South  American  si.'  smakar,  who  had  long  been 
Kaeristan  at  the  Monterey  chapel,  was  executed  in  July  for  the  murder  of  an 
Knglislunaii  at  S.  Isidro,  though  Gonzalez  inaiutaiued  to  the  \ast  that  he  had 


I 


Oo4 


LOCAL  AXNALS  OF  TIIF,  XOIITIL 


rc'volutionarv  patriots.  ]\Iilitarv  annals  are  confused 
.'UkI  ria;j;im.'ntai'y;  l)ut  tlio  old  prcsidial  company  was 
Ktiil  kept  in  existence  with  a  force  of  20  to  ;30  men; 


actrd  in  wlf-ilffcnce.  ]84.'{.  Instnictidns  to  jiipce^i  do  campo,  on  slauglitcrs, 
liid'.;-«ilcs,  iirc!  iii  lields;  and  otlicr  jiolicc  roi^nhiti(jiis  on  [(risons,  ),'aiiil)liiii, 
liiiU'M',  t;c.  Mniit.  Ar<li.y  .MS.,  xi.  .".-0,  14-1."');  y>y//.  ,S7.  I'(t]>.,  Mont.,  .MS., 
i\-.  i;i7;  /(/.,  /'■'/'.  I'.yJ.,  iv.  ;?fi;  Id.,  Urn.,  iii.  1")!).  Jan.,  a  confirined  cattlc- 
tliic'f  coiiik'niiicd  to  S  yciais  in  lu'i'.siilio  at  Ai.-apuleo.  .Mont.  Ari  h.,  MS.,  iii.  'l'.\. 
Alcalilo  \"alk'j.)  C(inij)lains  ff  a;i  orikr  to  viivu  uvit  innidc.  funds  to  (?iiavcz 
tlu'  ctilUn^tor  as  .sllo\vin,^'  a  lauk  of  fonlidcnci;  in  liinisclf;  Imt  his  viows  aro 
ovcn-iilcd  l)y  til',  iirofcct,  and  lie  is  warncvl  lo  he  nioro  UKjdcratc  in  liis  cxpi-os- 
sio;is.  Id.,  xi.  ■_'.  duly,  lionifacio  Olivarcs  banished  for  a  year  to  Los  .Vniri'lcs 
as  a  vagabond.  Id.,  iv.  1.  Oct.  a  man  at'cuscd  by  an  Ind.  \\oinan  of  violence 
to  biT  daUL^litcr,  but  acipiittod  on  the  gnnuii'  that  the  mother  had  taUen  his 
money.  /'/.,  >:vi.  r.!)-4i).  i>ce.  10th,  election  (jf  eiimproniisarios  to  ehuo-e  :;ii 
ayunt.  Highest  no.  of  votes  ;{;;(».  /-r;/.  7,Vr'.,  MS.,  iv.  .S-8.  1844.  Jan.,  ;i 
ngcntes  de  polieia  appointed.  JJijif.Sf.  /'«;).,  .NbS.,  xvii.  14.  Fcli.-Mareli,  .'i 
blotter  <if  (he  ayunt.  records,  (,'hnicc  of  a  pnblic  plaza  between  the  hou.sos  of 
]>enito  l)iaz,  Francisco  I'achcco,  Ti odoro  ( ion/.alez,  and  lOsti'van  .Miinr:is.  A 
liglit  for  the  municipal  house  ami  bridge,  also  near  llartiieirs  house  and  in 
the  cas.v  oimsistoi  ial.  .V  jilan  of  the  capital  received  from  the  gov.,  with  :i 
re([iiest  that  the  ayunt.  should  make  town  iin[>rovements  conform  to  it.  OUier 
routine  matters  and  police  regulations,  ^[tltlt.  Arrli.,  .M.S.,  v. 'J!)-,'!.').  Mor  : 
regulations  on  the  ohl  subjects,  also  on  care  of  tlu;  street.s,  fire-arms,  raciiii,', 
etc.;  ali'O  an  onlcr  of  the  gov,  of  Fel>.  4tli,  prohibiiing  the  posting  of  lam- 
poons under  heavv  jienalties.  ])c]it.  St.  I'n/i.,  .Mont.,  .MS.,  iii.  9S-!),  104  ."; 
iv.  1  IS-!);  Ih'],t.  St.  I'd/i.,  MS.,  xvii.  1!).  The  ])lan  of  the  town,  which  Ihave 
been  unable  to  lind,  isalso  mentioned  in  I>i/it.  lice,  .^LS..  xiii.  (iii.  Nov.  I'Jui, 
order  for  election  of  ayunt.  on  1st  Sunday  in  Dec,  half  the  rcgidores  to  hold 
over.  Jtcjil.  St.  Pup.,  Aii'j.,  MS.,  xii.  SO.  Oomez,  Lutjnr Sahr,  MS.,  7.">,  relates 
tliat  af;er  the  governor  lixed  a  line  for  not  keeping  lights  in  front  of  lunu;c-, 
J.  M.  ( 'astanares  one  night  put  f>ut  Micheltorena's  own  light,  reporting  its 
al)S(.'nce  to  the  alcalde,  who  ei)lle(;te<ls.'i  from  his  excellency.  IS4.").  l''inaneial. 
Feb.  1st.  di'bts  .SI '.)(),  list  of  credits  !?S0,  but  incnmplete.  Receipts  and  expend, 
to  euil  of  .May,  SJOS.  ■luiic;  4{li,  alcalde  owes  inunic.  fund  S-_M,  less  ;?l;i  paid. 
I'av  of  alu'iiacil  .?S  per  month.  A  tiinlier  tax  enllected.  I!ecei|)t9  in  Dee. 
SJ,>1,  exp  ml.  S4<».  i>or.  Ilist.  C<il.,  .MS.,  ii.  ;!.">,  S;i,  1-JS,  i;!0-l,  \V,\).  Alcalde 
Escobar,  his  resignation  being  refused  in  .March,  went  away  for  a  nionlh  in 
May;  and  alcahle  .\i-aiza  soon  went  away  also  because  the  military  oliicers 
disregarded  his  authority.  ( 'apt.  Torre  was  appointed  to  act  tcanporarily,  hut 
many  would  not  reccjgnizo  him.  .Ml  this  and  more  -a  sorry  i)icture,  of  nuuii- 
ci|iai  disorder — is  presented  in  letters  of  .lulj'  from  I'^scobarand  Araiza.  /V///. 
St.  /'lip..  .MS.,  viii.  .'?S-4.").  Jos,'  (bistro  says  in  June  that  there  arc  no  jueccs. 
J.)iir.  Hist.  CuL,  .MS.,  ii.  00.  July  Kith,  t.'ol.  .Mvarado  in  a  proclamation 
pays  that  Mont,  has  been  long  without  civil  authorities,  and  an  Indian  mar 
deri'r  will  be  hanged  to-ihiy  by  scntenco  of  enurt-martial.  Vullcjo,  Dor.,  .MS., 
xxxiv.  142.  Torre,  Hrwhi,,  .MS.,  ]H;)-'2,  gives  some  details  of  this  man's 
trimo,  an  attack  on  women  and  children  wlule  bathing.  July  i!Stli,  Fseohar 
says  ho  opened  his  court  but  was  ordered  by  Alvarado  to  close  it;  and  IJafail 
iSanchez  (the  Ind.  referred  to?)  lia.s  been  shot  without  process  of  law.  Jh'ji'. 
St.  Pap.,  Hen.  P.  y  J..  MS.,  iv.  4S.  ^lay,  iv  Martinez  and  .M.  Castro  sen- 
tenced to  ")  years'  presidio  at  S.  Vicente,  L.  ( 'al.  Dcpt.  St.  Pop.,  MS.,  vi.  ,'IH. 
Jucz  cannot  'run  his  court'  without  paper  and  a  knito,  which  are  furnished, 
32  sheets  of  the  former.  Dor.  IPist.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  2.')-0.  June,  §10  ordcre.! 
paid  for  a  lantern  on  the  bridge.  Id.,  Gl.  Aug.,  cont'wor.'*y  between  prefect 
and  )nil.  coDiandante  on  complaint  of  .Mcaldc  Araiza,  about  an  Ind.  woman 
'deposited   by  civil  process  in  the  house  of  a  citizen,  but  taken  out  and  Hogged 


im 


to  i,.  M 

i".),  rcliltr.i 
)f    llOllSf', 

ortiiiL;  itM 

''illlllhi.ll. 
(1  ('\pcl;il. 

!i;{iui.l. 

ill   l).T. 

A\vM<- 
iiionili  in 
i-y  dlli'-i'i'- 
■iirily,  li:it 

(if  iiiuiii- 

u/.a.   I>rj,'. 

HO  jiioi'c-;. 

ijclaiuiitiiiii 

iliaii  ir.ni'- 

Dor.,  MS., 

his  man's 

Ksi'iiliar 
iiul  l!;it.i(l 
aw.  I  hi'. 
'astro  s'li- 
S.,  vi.  ;i:!. 
fui'ni.s!ii-'il, 
0  onlcrc! 
;cn  pfcii'i-'t 
il.  woman 
ml  flogis'od 


PRIVATE  RANCHOS. 


655 


!Miclieltoreiui's  battalion  was  a  large  but  undesirable 
.•;cKlitioii  ill  1,S):;J-1;  and  I'roin  Is-U  a  c<)ni[)any  of 
auxiliary  cavalry,  dei'etisores  tie  la  [tatria,  was  ready 

l.y  Cabn'ol  dc  la  Torro.  /-/..  7'),  .S2,  03;  C'n.'<tro,  Jjnr..  MS.,  i.  MO.  Arai/a 
was  iii.sul'ioil  on  tlio  .streuL  in  coiuii'dion  with  tliis  atlair;  ami  got  leave  of 
aUscnic  fi'oni  Iho  gov.;  I'.scoliar  w:^s  slill  al>sent  at  Sta,  i>:iiliai'a;  ami  the  ]ii-e- 
feet  askcil  for  untliority  to  ajjiioiiit  '1  jneces  ad  int.,  ami  apiiarently  was  per- 
mitteil  .'io  to  appoint  Solieianes  as  I'd  juez.  J>oc.  /,'is/.  Citl.,  MS.,  i.  474;  //'c/-.'. 
Sf.  J'(i/i..  Jlrii.,  .Ms.,  V.  ,'!(;4-,").  ]Xe.  lOtli,  election  of  aiia\nnt.  for  lS4i>. 
Jiu:-.  ///.v'.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  •_'4i». 

List  of  i)rivatc  I'anelio.i  L'rautcd  in  lS41-."(.  'J'hoso  inaiked  with  ti  *  were 
reieeled  by  the  land  eoninussion  oi-  I'.  S.  eoiirts.  *  ,\gua  I'nerea  and  Las 
]'raneas(Sta(Vn/),  1  1.,  iS4.'{,  It.  Uoilrignezand  ]■'.  .Vlviso,  who  were  elainiants. 
Agnilas,  .se(^  Heal  do  las  A.  .\no  \ucv;){Sia  ( 'ni/),  4  1.,  ISl'i,  Simeon  Castro; 
M'.  .\.  I'ieii  et  al.  el.  -Arastradero  (Sta  ( 'rnz).  I  1.,  I'vLL  .Mliert  F.  Morris; 
Wni  lUaeklmrn  el.  .\rroyo  ( irande  or  S.  Ilamon  (.S.  Luis  Oh.),  ISli,  .Seferino 
•  arloii;  Fnanis  JJraneli  el.  Asnneiou  (.S.  Luis  ()1).),  IS4.''),  I'idro  Ivstiaila, 
who  was  el.  "Ataseaduro  (S.  Luis  Oh.i,  1S4'_',  1'rifon  (iaieia;  M.  .V.  ()rteg;i 
el.  .\taseadero  (S.  Jjui.s  Oh.),  I  1.,  1S42,  Trifon  Oareia;  Henry  llaight  el. 
('afi;ida,  see  Carpinteria,  (,'horro,  O.sos,  and  Jiincon.  « 'arneros,  1  1.,  1S4l', 
.Maria  Autonia  Linares,  who  was  el.  (.'arjiintci  ia,  (,'anada  de  la,  h  1.,  Isl'v, 
.hi;ii|uin  .Soto,  wiio  was  el.  Cayueos,  sec  .Moro  y  (.'.  Ciiolani  (S.  Luis  Oh.i,  (> 
1.,  .Manrii'io  ( lonzah/;  Kllen  K.  White  el.  Chorro,  eanad.i  (S.  Luis  Oli.),  1 
1.,  James  Scott  and  .lolm  \\'ilson;  Wilson  el.  Cieliega,  see  Paieinesand  (!avi- 
Ian.  Coehc-:, 'J.}:  1.,  Is4|,  .Josei'a  Soheranes,  who  wa.icl.  Corral  do  I'iedra  (S. 
]-uis  Oh.), -J  1.  is4l,  ISK),  .J.  M.  Villavieonoio,  who  was  el.  Corralitos  (Sta 
Cruz).  4  1.,  1814,  .Jo.^c  Amesti,  v.lio  was  el.  'OJavilati.  eiene.!_'a.  111.,  ls4.S, 
J.  V.  Liniautonr,  who  was  el.  lluasma  (S.  Luis  Oh. ),  .">  1..  1S4I!,  [s,ia(!  Spai  ks, 
who  was  el.  llueriano  (S,  Luis  Oh.i,  1  I.,  1S4_';  Mariano  I'KJuilla;  l-'iauci.s 
llraneh  eL  Ihurta  de  Hom.aldo  (S.  Luis  Oh.),  Ml)  I.,  ISH',  Itomaldo.  ]slay, 
sec  (Jso.s.  Lacuna,  see  I'uuta  dc  la  L.  Laurelcs  •J.OlX)  v.  ISIL'L  Au'rieia; 
Ii.  Hansom  ei.  Lonias  .Mucrtas,  ]\  1.,  1S4'J,  Jose''  ,\i!t.  (Jastro;  X'ie.ente  San- 
chez et  al.  el.  Moro  y  Cayueos  (.S.  I^uis  Ol)ispo),  •_'  1.,  Is4.',  V'ieeiite,  Fi}lix; 
James  MeKinley  el.  (|jitos,  '2  1.,  1S4'J,  Mariano  Soheraucs,  who  was  el. 
*(Jsos,  Canada,  II  1.,  1S44,  Modest;i  Castro,  who  was  el.  Osns,  IVelio  y 
Islay  (S.  Luis  (Jb.),  KS4'_'-.'!-."i,  Linares  et  al.;  Joiiii  Wilson  el.  I'aieines, 
-  1.,  1S4J,  Angel  Ca.^tro,  who  was  cl.  *l'ajaro,  (i  saertes,  IS  Hi,  Jose 
M.  Dorgas  {':),  who  was  cl.  *ranoeho  (iiamle,  41.,  IS4L  N'ieentc  1'. 
tiomez,  who  was  cl.  I'aso  de  Rol)lcs  (S.  Luis  Oh.),  (!  1.,  1S44,  I'ednj 
Xirvae;';  T.  Hlos  el.  I'eclio,  sec  Osos.  I'iedra,  see  (Jorral  de  1'.  I'iojo,  ;U., 
I'il-J,  ,Fo;i(piin  Soto,  whose  heirs  were  el.  I'leito,  '.\  1.,  lS4."i,  Antonio  Chavez; 
X\'.  S.  .loliusoii  ct  al.  cl.  Potrcro  dcS,  LuisOhispo,  1  1.,  ISlvI,  .M.  (Jonecpcion 
lioromla,  who  was  el.  Punta  dc  la  higuna  (8.  l>uis  Oh.),  (1  1.,  LS4-L  J>.  Are- 
hanesiiiid  K.  ^l.  Ortou'a,  who  were  cl,  Punta,  sec  .Afio  .N'uevo.  lieal  de  las 
.\Lrnilas,  7  1.,  1S44,  Fran.  Arias,  and  Saturnino  Cariaga;  Maria  Ant.  Castro 
de  .(uzar,  el.  llefugio  (Sta  Cruz)  ;{  1.,  1S4I,  .lose  iioleof,  whose  sons  were  cl. 
Kincon,  cailada  (Sta  Cruz),  2  1.,  1S48,  Pierie  Sjinsexain,  who  was  cl.  Uin- 
eon,  sec  S.  I'cdro.  Itohlcs,  see  Paso,  llouialdo,  se(?  lluerta.  S.  Agustill 
(Sta  Cruz),  1  1.,  1S41,  J.  J.  Crisostomo  Mayor;  Jos.  L.  Maj.irs  el.  S.  Uenito, 
U  1.,  KS4'_'.  Francisco  Carcia;  J.  Watson  cl.  S.  P.ernahe.  1$  1.,  l,S41-'J,  Pctro- 
iiilo  liios;  Henry  (jocks  cl.  S.  IJernardu,  .'{1.,  .Mariano  Sohcianes,  v  ho  uas 
el.  S.  tienmimo  (S.  Luis  Ob.).  "J  1.,  Is4"2,  Rafael  \'illavieiencio,  who  wa.s  el. 
S.  Juan  Laatista,  '2  1.,  IS44,  J.  A.  Narvaez  who  was  cl.  S.  Lorenzo,  o  1., 
l.'54l;  I'Vliciano  Soheranes,  who  was  el.  S.  Lorenzo,  ."i '  .  I84'_*,  Franeisio  L'ico; 
A,  llaudaU  el.  S.  Lucas,  "2  1.,  1,S4-J.  Jlafael  Kstrada;  J.  .MeKinley  el.  S  Luis 
Ohisjio  mission  biuldings,  etc.,  IS4.">,  Scott,  Wdson,  it  .MeKinley;  .John  Wil- 
son cl.     iUiiiclios  not  named  in  S.  Luis  Ob.     1S41,  liuniona  (JurriUo,  who  v.'ua 


II.  t  i 

1 


' 


ki, 


r'- 


iiri 


'Ail 


■pi 


ri  .  jinu 


65G 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  NORTH. 


to  defcntl  California  from  foes  within  and  witliouf. 
The  presidio  liad  disap[)eared,  but  a  so-called  fort,  or 
Castillo,  was  garrisoned  by  a  dozen  artillerymen  with 
three  or  four  guns  in  working  order.  Tiburcio  Caslro, 
the  prefect  of  this  first  district,  was  succeeded  in 
1841  by  Ramon  Estrada,  who  served  until  the  ])ro- 
fecture  was  abolished  by  Michcltorena  at  the  end  of 
1843.  On  the  restoration  in  July,  1845,  Monteivy 
became  the  second  district,  and  Manuel  Castro  tlie 
l)refect.  ]Municipal  affairs  were  directed  by  a  jue;^  do 
paz,  except  in  1844  when  there  was  an  ayuntauiiento 
with  an  alcalde  at  its  head.  The  successive  muni- 
cipal chiefs  were  Simeon  Castro  and  Joso  Aiucsti 
in  1841,  Jose  Zenon  Fernandez  in  1842-3,  IMuiii!) 
S  )beranes  and  Teodoro  Gonzalez  in  1843,  Jose  Aincstj, 
Florencio  S(!rra?io,  and  Mariano  Esc()l)ar  in  1844,  and 
Escobar,  Francisco  Araiza,  and  Soberancs  in  18  1.1. 
Municipal  government  was  marked  by  a  few  coiitio- 
versies  and  many  complaints  of  neglecte.l  diitios, 
especially  in  1845;  and  the  administration  of  justice 
by  the  usual  sequence  of  criminal  trials.  Great  con- 
fidence must  have  been  felt  in  the  abilities  of  Uie 
town  oilicials,  for  on  one  occasion  they  were  requii>'d 

c'l;  1,000  v.,  ISt'J,  Vicente  Linares,  who  was  cl.;  100  x  .^0  v.,  VMi,  .H^y^i 
Marian)  IjoiiiUa,  who  was  cl.:  seu  also  Arroyo  (J  rando,  Asuncion,  Ataso:iili.ro, 
(,'holain,  ( 'horro,  (!>)rral»lo  I'iodra,  llnasnia,  lluorfano,  Ilnerta,  Moro,  0.;o.i, 
I'aso  dj  ll;)l)kvs  I'uata  do  In  Ltiguna,  I'o'crero,  S.  C^croninio,  S.  Luisito,  8. 
Mi;.'n<.'lito,  S.  Sinieiin,  Sta,  Isabel,  Sta  .Marxarita.  Sta  K  isa,  Vena.  S.  I.uisito 
(S.  Luis  01).),  ISU,  G.  Cantiia,  who  was  cl.  S.  Mic;uclito  (S.  Lnis  01).),'Jl., 
IS12,  Migiul  Avila,  who  was  cl.  S.  Migiielito  do  Trinidad,  ,51.,  IS41,  U;ii,ii'l 
(Jo:i;mIcz,  who  was  cl.  S.  I'cdro,  rincou  (Sta  (Jniz),  1S4'2,  Josii  Aian:i.  S. 
lla'.non,  sec  Arroy.i  ( Jrande.  S.  Simeon  (S.  LuisCJb.),  1  1.,  lSi2,  Raiiiou  Ivs- 
trada:  J.  AL  (ioniez  cl.  Sta  Cruz  rancho.^,  sec  Agua  i'ucrea,  Ano  Xuivo, 
Arastradcro,  (Jorralitos.  Refugio,  S.  Aqustin,  S.  i'cdro,  Sayantc,  and  Tics 
Ojos.  Sta  Isal)el  (S.  Luis  Ob.),  4  1.,  '844,  Francisco  Arcc,  wlio  was  cl.  Sa 
^laigarita  (S.  Luis  Ob.),  4  1.,  1841,  Joafpiin  Kstrada,  who  was  cl.  Sta  11  w* 
(S.  ]y,iis  ()!).),  'A  1.,  1841,  Julian  Kstrada,  who  was  cl.  Siyanta  (Sta  Ciu:),  1 
1.,  i).  .L  Crisostonio  Mayor;  Isaac  (iraliani  ct  al.  cl.  Trancas,  see  Au'uai 
J'uerca.  Tres  Ojos  do  Agua  (Sta  ("rnz).  1,,300  v.,  1844,  Nicol.is  Dodcro,  who 
was  cl.  Trinitlad,  SCO  S.  Miguelito.  Tucho,  800  v.,  1841,  Simeon  ('aslio, 
whose?  heir.)  were  cl.  Tucho,  "JoO  v.,  1S42,  1844,  Thomas  Colo,  who  was  cl. 
"Tucho.  1,.")0;)  v.,  181.1,  J.  J.  (Jomez;  V.  Uomoz  ct  al.  cl.  In  Aug.  184")  IVdro 
Va-'.(|uez  asked  for  land  near  Tucho.  Doc.  Hist.  Cat.,  .MS.,  i.  402.  *Vciia  (8. 
Luis  Ob.),  1  1.,  1342,  Francisco  E.  Quintana,  who  was  cl.  llauchos  of  M mt. 
not  named;  *5  I.,  1844-0,  Joscfa  Martii.cZ,  Milton  Little  cl. ;  400  v.,  1'>14, 
Thomas  Blanco,  wliosu  hoira  were  cl.;  *3  siiortea,  1S4;J,  Joaii  C  lioronda,  J. 
Stokes  el. 


thout. 
brt,  or 
n  with 

dud  in 
ic  ])r(' 
eu<l  of 
)ntrivy 
tro  llu! 
jue/  d'' 
Linitiitit 
;  inuni- 
Amcsti 
ritniih) 
Aiui'sti, 
U4,;uid 
n    ISK"). 

COIltiM- 

duti-.'S; 

justice 
cat  iMi>- 

of  the 
[■ei|u'i!'>;d 

LvtiisciviU-ro, 
^loro,  0-'ii, 
Luisitii,  S. 
S.  Liii-iito 
Is  01..), -J  1, 
|841,ll:iuu;l 
Avaii:i.     >>• 
lUiuuou  V.i- 
all)  Xiii'Vu, 
ami  Ties 
•as  cl.     Sa 
Sta  11  isa 
lt:iCni.-|,  1 
1,  SCO  A'luiv 
Vxli'fo.  who 
■on  Caslio, 
fho  wa-f  ol. 
lS4'i  IV'ilro 
•Vcim  (S. 
jsof  M'i>t- 
fo  v..  I'vll, 
loroiuli.  J. 


SAX  C.QlLOS  AND  SAX  LUIS. 


C-.7 


to  master  a  plan  of  the  pueblo,  to  which  improvcmeut.s 
must  coufoiui.  Private  ranchos  granted  (hn-ing  the 
];al('-decade  nundx'red  al)out  (iO,  of  which  'J2  or  more 
wei-c  in  the  San  Lui.s  Obi.s[)o  region,  and  S)  near 
Santa  Cruz. 

Of  San  Carlos  there  is  little  to  be  said.  Perhaps 
•to  ex-iicophytes,  the  tigui'e  given  by  3.Iofras,  still 
\\\\)d  in  the  vicinity,  l)ut  the  mission  buihhngs  were 
aI)andoned.  i\idre  Jose  ^Nlaria  Peal  was  nominally 
in  charge,  living  at  Monterey,  and  possibly  holihiig 
s.'rvice  occasionally  in  the  mission  chui'ch  until  IS  15, 
when  his  brother  Padre  Antonio  Peal,  and  for  a 
time  Padre  Juan  Antonio  Aiizar,  seem  to  hav('  seived 
here.  Simpson  and  ]\[axwell  describe  the  ruisis, 
^•i\  ing  chief  attention  t(j  the  paintings  still  hanging 
ill  the  church,  which  was  cared  for  by  a  man  and  his 
Y.ii'e,  the  (jnly  residents.  In  Pico's  decrees  of  1845 
San  Carlos  was  regarded  as  a  pueblo,  or  abandoned 
mission,  and  the  remaining  property  was  to  be  sold 
at  auction  for  the  payment  of  debts  and  the  sui)p:)rt 
of  worshi[);    but  of  the  |)roperty,  if  any  existed,  the 


and 


tl 


10  worsliip,   we    have   no 


furtl 


ler  rec()n 


Tile  glory  of  San  Carlos  Borromeo  del  Carmelo  do 
Monterey  had  (le})arted  forever — or  at  least  until 
1n84,  wh«n  a  shingle  roof  wa,s  put  on  tluj  old  (•hurch.'^ 
At  San  Luis  Obispo,  in  the  extreme  south  of  the 
ihstrict,  Padre  llam(»n  .Vbella  served  until  the  end  of 
1  ■^41  or  bcn'Inning  of  1842  and  the  i)resbyter  Mi"'U(d 
(i'lnez  took  charge  as  curati;  a[)parcntly  late  in  184;!. 


■re  are  no  statistics,  but  ^[otra 


s  ii'ives 


th 


le  i)oi)Ula- 


t'Mii   as   80   in    184L-2,  and   I   suppose  that  in    184.") 
tlnivt   mav  have  been  GO  ex-neoi»h\ti's  livlii<>'  on  1  he 


c\-missi()n 


land.- 


C; 


ine,  as  administrator,  was  suc- 


Siinji,\oa'.i  Xan:,  i.  .170-1;  .}fii/rii!<'  Krjtior.,  i,  ',\1'^\  Miti:iccll'!<  MoitK 


M- 


i\--i\  n 


'S.    I.ui,-!  Olii.ipa,    ISll- 

".ly      ■    " 


I'h'a  dii'iif'if.,  i.  ;;•_'>;>;  t'li.^  vol.,  p.  .")i; !-.')■_'. 


ISll. 


maiordoaio 


I  I.    .lulv  '".'.^li.     «'aii<J  suihU  I. 


.!;,■;/.  Arrh.,   MS. 


'ieoiito  (JaiK'',  jue;:  auxihar  aiii 


A 


-S;  M„iii.  Ar-h.,  .MS.,  x. 


1)1: 


ui  ot  a  R. 


Ic; 


I-;. 


.f  Ian. I 


if  ini'Mtiim,  'J, 03;)  vaia^  from  tlio  mi.^.siou.     0..her  l:nicl<  are  l)i', 


111,1 


lout  water,  fi' 


P 


'/>■ 


.1/; 


MS.,  i.N 


Uwi,  Cal.,  Vol.  IV.    U 


IStJ.     Mariiiuo  Uouiila  took 


-  li 


658 


LOCAL  AXXALS  OF  THE  NORTH. 


cecded  in  x\.])ril,  1842,  by  ]\rariano  Bonilla,  also  jiicz 
dc  ])a/,  wlio  in  obudience  to  the  movornor's  order  ^t' 
July  made  at  least  a  partial  distribution  of  the  lauds 
and  other  property  to  the  cx-ncophytes.  ]n  July, 
1844,  the  governor  ordered  the  complete  cinauiipa- 

cliargc  April  '2Gtli,  having  been  appointed  administrator  and  jiiez  di;  pa/  uuxi- 
liar  on  tlio  14th.  /(/.;  Jjipf.  Her.,  MS.,  xii.  .JO,  52;  xiii.  ."iO,  :}0;  I). pi.  Si. 
Pail.  Mont.,  MS.,  iv.  .IS;  Mont.  Arch.,  MS.,  x.  L'ii;  Jrita,  Jj(v:,  .MS.,  |-4; 
S.  /,((('-.•  oh.  Anh.,  .MS.,  4;  JJiDiina,  Dor.,  MS..  10  11.  M.iy  4th.  i'..  uritta 
that  thd  fstalilishnient  is  in  a  had  state,  nothiut,'  of  vahie  k'l't.  <S/.  Pup. 
Mifi>i.,  MS.,  ix.  7S.  Sept.  O-lOiii,  the  j;ov.  orders  JJcinilla  to  cUs;ril)Uto  t.)  ihc 
Ind.  from  the  vacant  lands  (as  in  the  plan  noteil  aliovc?)  lots  n  )t  exci'c.li;!',' 
10;)  varas;  also  implements,  furniture,  and  other  property,  aecordin;,'  toiiieiii, 
Bi/.e  of  family,  etc.  Vko,  I'np.  M'l^.,  ?*IS.,  .")();  S.  LkU  Oh.  Ai:;'i.,  MS  .  4, 
].>ec.  10.  |)ee.  Kllh,  a  specimen  grunt  liy  iionilla  under  t!ie  ah' iv(;  order  to 
t!ie  ex-neop!iyto  Odon  a  lot  of  7'>  varas,  the  honse  occupied  hy  liim,  a  c  ijipcr 
pot,  and  two  truULjhs.  The  conilitionsare  that  he  must  care  for  certain  fruit- 
trees  on  the  land,  tiio  fruit  l)elon;.^'in.','  to  the  comMumity;  cannot  sell  or  trans- 
fer the  property;  and  nnist  cultivate  the  land  or  it  will  revert  to  the  commu- 
nity, lioiiil'd,  Dor.,  MS.,  10-11.  1S1:{.  Xo  record  wliatover,  except  the 
cjmim;  of  L'.  (iome/.  ,S'.  Lii'm  Oh.,  Lih.  Mix.,  ^IS.,  o(i.  1S44.  Jose  .Maifa 
Vidaviccncio  and  .lose  Ortega,  jneces  do  \y.\/..  Mont.  Arrh.,  M.S.,  v.  "27;  xi. 
lii-17;  S.  Li(i.f  Oh.  Arch.,  MS.,  :i;  Jlritl.  L'rr.,  MS.,  xiii.  03.  Feb.  liltli.  tlio 
Mont,  ayuut.  voted  to  ap])oint  a  '2d  alcalde  for  the  new  puehlo  of  S.  L;ii.s. 
Mont.  Arcli.,  MS.,  v.  'M.  .March  18th,  a  report  on  the  southern  missLurs 
represents  S.  Jaus  as  having  no  lands  or  live-stock,  ita  Ind.  being  dcnriralii'.ed 
and  dispersed.  J'tro  (P',o),  JJor.,  MS.,  i.  J4.  July  l.lth,  decree  cif  (iiv. 
Mieheltorena.  The  mission,  having  no  property,  and  only  a  few  a.;ed  ncu- 
pliytes  will)  earn  their  living  as  IjcsC  they  can,  is  formed  into  a  jmehlo,  having 
foi'  its  ejid(js  the  unoccupied  lands  near  tlio  place  where  the  Ind.  are  located; 
the  Ind.  to  bo  entirely  free  except  that  they  must  furnish  the  personal  .service 
of  (i  each  weeli  to  the  curate;  the  padre's  house  to  be  tlio  parsonage,  and 
other  buildin,i;s  for  sciiool,  jail,  and  other  puljlic  uses  to  be  assigned  hy  the 
govt  in  accord  with  tlie  curate:  the  pueiilo  to  luive  for  the  jiresent  an  aux- 
iliary juex  de  puz,  subject  to  the  ayunt.  of  .Monterey;  lot.s  to  ho  granted  only 
by  the  govt,  the  water  in  ditclies  and  streams  to  be  free  for  use  of  citi/cuf, 
the  curate  ciiaritably  attending  to  tiie  assignment;  tiie  jue/,  to  iiavo  charge  uf 
all  niis.=!iijn  implements,  etc.,  and  with  thsm  to  judiciously  aiil  the  lud.;  tije 
Ind.  not  to  sell  thcur  lands,  which  when  unoccupied  will  revert  to  the  natiou; 
tlu^  emancipated  Ind.  and  otlier  citizens  must  attend  to  repairs  (jf  cliurcli, 
parsona','e,  etc.,  also  of  ditclies  and  otlier  puhlij  works,  also  assistinu'  at 
rodeos.  P'ico  (I'lo),  Doc,  -MS.,  ii.  7-'i-(i;  St.  Pap.  MU^.,  MS.,  ii.  ;il)'.M:il.  lu 
Avrp,  Dor.,  .M.S.,  12,  is  an  original  order  of  .same  date  identical  with  .Vii.  o  cm 
t!ie  buildings.  July  Kith,  the  gov.  grants  to  the  church  for  the  su|)|iort  if 
worship  a  s:[.  league  of  land  at  La  Laguiia  ami  iwi)  hiirrta^,  cultiva;iii;i  hy 
lud.  actually  living  on  the  lands  not  to  be  imfteded.  Tlio  grant  is  formally 
accepted  by  the  bishop.  It  was  in  later  years  conlirmed  by  the  U.  S.  (Mu.'t<. 
Pico.  JJm.,  MS.,  ii.  2:i-.-);  //ayr.s'  .)/;.«.  B.,  i.  2-4;  This  vol.,  p.  42:i-4.  I  l.v. 
a  military  cpnip.  under  Capt  .1.  .M.  Villaviconcio  to  bo  organized.  /■/  .  1 '7. 
1S4.">.  Joaquin  Estrada  jucz  ile  paz,  Jesus  Pico  mi),  com.  and  jiropn-c  1  i^r 
jiiez  in  Nov.  S.  Lti,:.-<  Oh.  Arch.,  MS.,  27);  J)ept.  St.  Pap.,  vii.  Ill;  /'/..  !'>■  ■'.  /'• 
ft-  ./.,  ii.  177;  Id.,  lien.  Mil.,  Ixxxviii.  ol.  In  Sept.  the  bishop  proti'stod 
against  the  Laguna  lands  being  ceded  to  John  Wilson.  Dcpf.  St.  Pap..  M^-, 
vi.  147-8.  Dec.  4tli,  .sale  of  the  cx-mission  buildings,  except  curate's  lie'isf, 
town  hall,  school,  and  jail  previously  reserved,  to  Scott  and  WiUou,  for  .'^JiO. 
This  vol. ,  p.  552-;i.  This  title  was  conlirmed  by  U.  S.  courts.  Possession 
was  given  in  Doc.  lS4i5,  tg  Jesus  Tico,  i-epreseiiting  8.  &  W. 


im 


if 


SAX  LUIS  AND  SAX  MIGUEL. 


059 


)  jueZ 

lands 

July, 

luciiia- 

pa/  uuxi- 
]>.pl.  SI. 
kIS.,  1-4; 
I'l.  uritun 
Si.  Pap. 
uto  t.)  llic 

r  to  merit, 
.,  M->,-l, 
o  order  to 
I,  ;i  I.'  ipiKT 
•tain  ifiiit- 
11  or  tiaiis- 
ic  coimuii- 
jxccjit  tlie 
Foso  Maria 
,  V.  ^;T;Ni. 

I.    llilll.   I'lO 

of  S.  L'.'.is. 
•n  mis-si  ms 
ImuDVali.'.od 
L'O   of  G"V. 
i^ivl  lieu- 
laving 
e  1  icati'd; 
1  service 
oii;i.;i',  uu'l 
,.,l  l.y  ihc 
t  au  aa\- 
luU'-l  only 
t  citi/Aii-*. 
rharucof 

[w\.\  the 
111'  ir.i'ii'iu; 
of  clr.irili, 
ssisiin'i  •'' 
)-l;tl.  Ill 
U  Art.  ■>  <>••[ 
Bupiiiirl  "t 
iva;  Mil  liy 
is  foriiriUy 

s.  I'liiu';''. 

\.\.    July. 

1.  A/.,  WT. 

rono'i'l  li't 

It..  If  '  •  '  • 

)    protestoil 

Pap..  M^-. 
ato's  lic'ise, 
II.  forS.ilO. 

P0SS''S:-ii0tt 


M 


tlon  of  the  Indians  and  secularization  of  the  mission. 
X  regular  pueblo  was  to  be  lornied,  with  town  lands 
comprising  all  vacant  inissiou  lands  in  the  vicinitv, 
and  buildings  f(jr  the  curate's  house  and  lor  public 
uses  were  reserved.  At  the  same  time  a  raiu-lio  at 
La  Laguna  and  two  gardens,  or  orcliards,  wure 
urantcd  to  the  church.  This  i^rant  was  in  later  years 
confirmed  by  the  United  States  courts;  but  no  claim 
for  pueblo  lands  was  ever  presented  by  the  town  ;  and 
nothing  is  known  of  the  new  pueblo,  except  that  after 
lionilla,  Jose  M,  Villavicencio,  Jose  Ortega,  and 
Joaquin  Estrada  held  successively  the  position  of 
justice  of  the  peace.  In  December,  184,"),  the  ex- 
niission  buildings,  not  reserved  as  above,  were  sold  to 
Scott,  Wilson,  and  McKinley  for  $.110.  Such  was 
tli(5  end  of  San  Luis  Obispo  tie  Tolosa  as  a  mission- 
ai'v  establishment.  Ranches  of  this  re<fion  have  been 
named  in  the  general  list. 

Padre  Juan  Moreno  remained  in  charge  of  Sail 
.Miguel  until  1842,  and  subsequently  the  establish- 
ment was  under  the  spiritual  care  of  ^liguel  (jroincz 
at  San  Luis.*  When  Inocente  (iarcia's  administrat- 
•  li'sliip  came  to  an  end  does  not  ap[)ear.  .1  [e  says 
that  for  a  long  time  ho  did  his  best  to  preserve  ordrr; 
but  ihially  reported  to  Governor  Alvarado  his  inabiii- 
iy  to  control  the  Intlians,  and  was  toltl  to  ''turn  the 
mission  upside  down  or  do  what  he  pleased  wiili  il," 
whereupon  he  gave  up  the  church  to  the  padr*'  an^l 
all  other  property  to  the  Indians.  In  1844  the  viin;- 
yard  was  granted  for  the  su[)[)ort  of  the  chiiii'h.      In 

.  .  .iligiiul  itoms.  1841").  Inoeciito  Oaroi'a,  Ui>rIio->,  MS,,  O.'i  ,,  Lrivcs 
some  reiiiiiiiscoaccs  of  hia  life  at  and  near  S.  Mi^iitl,  Imt  witlioiit  any  ileliui-O 
dates,  March  IS  14.  Tiio  cstabli-hinrnt  i:^  reported  to  have  no  liv(.'-slo!'k, 
lauds,  or  nuni.stci',  the  neophytes  lieini;  deiiinrali/ed  anil  disporseil.  Piro 
(/Vol,  7>o'-.,  .MS.,  i.  14,  .July  1(1,  1S44.  (iraut  of  the  vineyard  L:i  .Mayor  for 
tiie  licnelit  of  the  cdmroh,  accepted  hy  the  bisiiop  and  put  in  ehar  o  of  1'. 
<iomez.  LI.,  ii.  19-'J1:  //(n/ci^  Mi.':.-).  />',,  i,  12-t,  S.  Miguel  was  the  southern 
li  iiiudary  of  the  .Monterey  district  on  the  restoration  of  tlio  prefecture!  in 
l"^!').  This  vol,,  p,  iJXi.  .July  ;} I,  1845.  Inventory  liy  the  coini.sioiielo.-i  I'ico 
iiiid  .Manso.  Value  of  l)uildiiig3,  .9'),87').  Noo;neri>ro])erty  mentioned,  exc.'pt 
'.•  leagues  of  land  mostly  witnont  water.  Pico,  Pap.  MU.,  MS.,  1 14.  In  .Iiino 
t'lo  liid.  were  ordered  to  reoccuiiy  the  mission,  and  in  Oct.  tin,'  abandoned 
t'^iabiislimeiit  waa  ordered  to  bo  sold  at  auction.     This  vol.,  p.  529,  5ljJ. 


11 


'  S'.  m 


i 


GGO 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  NOUTIL 


1815  all  tliu  propcrt}'  had  disappeared,  except  tlie 
buiMiiit^s,  valued  at  .^5,800,  which  were  ordcied  to 
be  sold  at  auction.  Jose  Antonio  Carrillo  is  luuncd 
as  in  charge  at  this  time.  j\Eany  of  the  Indians  inn 
oft' to  the  tulares  to  join  the  jrentiles  when  there  were 
no  more  cattle  to  eat;  but  Mofras  gives  the  numb;  r 
as  '30  in  1841-2,  and  I  sup[)ose  about  that  nunilxi' 
may  have  been  living  near  their  old  hon)e  in  18  1,1. 
The  ruin  of  S.  Miguel  hud  been  very  rapid  and  ihu 
record  is  very  meagre. 

Padre  Jose  do  Jesus  Gutierrez  appears  as  the  min- 
ister of  San  Antonio  until  1844,  and  there  seems  tn 
have  been  no  resident  padre  tlie  next  year.  Jesus 
Pico  probably  remained  in  charge  till  184."5,  but  no  ail- 
ministratoror  other  oPiicial  is  mentioned  till  184.1,  when 
IMariano  Soberanes  was  juez  de  paz  and  encargado  (>[ 
the  mission.''  Thus  the  local  annals  of  the  period  ai(.' 
a  blank;  yet  I  have  tlie  original  inventory  of  184,1, 
which  sIkjws  a  valuation  of  .s8,000  against  -SOO.OOO 
ten  vears  before,  chieilv  in  buildinLjs  and  vim.'vard-, 
the  live-stock  having  entirely  disMp[)eared.  At  tliis 
time  the  p()i)ulation  is  given  as  10  men  and  5  woiu,':i: 
but  ]\Iofras  gives  the  number  as  150  in  1841-2;  an  I 
I  suj)[)ose  there  must  have  been  at  least  7.1  Ind- 
ians livin*""  near  Sau  Antonio  at  the  end  of  the  lidi- 
decade. 

Soledad  had  no  minister;  itssliglit  remnant  of  live- 
stock disapjieared  early  in  this  half-d(jcade;  and  t'lc 
Indians  in  1  84  1-2  were  given  their  lil)eity  with  the  i'cw 
nunaining  implements.      Pelician(.»    Soberanes  was  in 

^l.SU.  Trouble  batwcou  Pico  mil  Mofras.  This  vol.,  p.  '-M^.  Oi.liiV.l 
to  l)c  I'ostovLvl  to  the  padroi  ill  ISl.'!.  Iil.,',V>).  May '2(5,  ISl,"..  P.  (4utic;:vz 
ci'r'.;i,'ie.}  timt  t.)-(lay  iu  t'.iiMiii isi  in  o!uircli  allcgiaucu  win  sworn  to  N'l'a  ^-I'l 
tlol  lti;'.'ir,'io  as  patroiioia  of  tlie  l)i.s!iop!'ic,  with  i,';'cat  fcj.sUvitics.  Arrli.  i I'll-i 
pt  /,),  MS.,  Gl.  Tiiiij  ii  tliu  only  t'vcnt  ot  thu  ]K'rio(l.  Bisliop's  vi^-sit  in  I'-U. 
Tiiis  vol..  ]1.  4J7.  Mariano  Sol)i';aiics  ciicar^ado  .liinc  P),  l;j.j.  Jj:/if.  /,'  ., 
MS.,  ,\iv.  H.  Aug.  -il.  Invent  )ry  by  S  >!ic'raiu,'.s,  Pico,  ami  .Mans.).  M  ;ni 
hiiililin  ;.  .''1,12.');  nearly  li.iis!ie.l  saw-mill  ruiiiiiii';  by  water,  $:))J;  rauL'hcr.a, 
or  lail.  (hv>'.ling.i.  two  tliinlaof  t!ie:n  without  rodts,  y;K)0;  niaj  irdoiiio':;  li  iiuo, 
$.!.')..);  livo-sto  U,  2  yo'.ie  of  o.x'eu,  '.I  wiM  mare.*,  and  a  stallion  1  vineyard  of  -1,'i.K) 
vine.s  auil  2.)  fiuio-trees,  l?l,70,):  liuerta  witli  17o  vinos  and  4J  trees.  .S'l  0; 
■water  w.irku,  !?100,  toUil  ,'3-»,2JJ,  besides  olmreh  property,  ineliulin;,'  a  li  ii.i:y 
of  abui.it  20J  vol.,  o  bells,  etc.,  lU)  value  ^'iven.  Pico,  IKip.  Ml-:.,  MS..  2t-l-. 


SOLEDAD  AXD  SAX  JUAX. 


631 


t  the 

ainctl 
\s  ran 

184,1. 
lid  the 

G  nnn- 
eius  to 

Jesus 

iii>  al- 
'),  whm 
i)-a»l«>  "t 
■iud  arc 
.t'  UUf), 
890, o>n) 
leyLirJs, 

Vt  thi> 
iwoiHc'.i ; 
•1\  aul 

10    h:ili"- 

oi'  liv.'- 
Iiuul  t'u' 

was  ill 

to  Xi-;i  i^i'i* 
I  l;..-/(.  i)')U- 

\jj-ri.  /.•■'••. 

Ins;-).     M;"" 
r;iU'..'''ii''''''i 

ftrces,  >}'>  0; 


charge  as  majorclomo  and  juoz  auxiliai-,  his  jurisdio 
lion  extending  to  San  Antonio,  the  minister  of  whifh 
istablislunent  liad  nominally  the  car'e  of  Soledad  ex- 
iieo[)li_vte.s.  In  1845  an  inventoiy  gave  to  the  build- 
ings, i'urnitui'i',  garden  with  21  fruit-trees,  and  one 
league  of  land  a  value  of  !;?2,4l)4;  and  I  suppose  there 
may  Jiave  been  20  Inihans  livinuf  in  tlic  vicinitv." 

Pa.dre  Josd  Antonio  Anzar  as  parish  priest  oon- 
litiued,  exeept  in  the  last  inoiitiis  of  1845,  in  chargo 
of  San  Juan  de  Castro,  where  tlie  Indian  eoniniuiiity 
had  ceased  to  exist  in  the  last  decade,  and  where 
(luring  this  jieriod  the  pueblo  was  managed  hy  a  sne- 
(•cssion  of  jueees  de  paz,  though  it  does  not  appear 
that  there  was  any  f(»riiial  pueblo  organization.  With- 
out any  definite  orders  to  that  effect,  the  cabecera  of 
the  district  seems  to  have  been  practically  transferred 
to  ]\ronterey,  when  Estrada  became  prefect  in  184 1. 
Ill  1845  San  Juan  may  have  had  a  population  of  150 
almut  equally  divided   between  gente   de   razou   and 

S( 


anc 


property 


jre 


1  t( 


ne 


Id 


in  that  year,  was  valued  iu  the  inventory  at  about 

S8,000.^ 

"  Xo  (late,  proliahly  1841.  (lov,  to  Sobcrancs,  ordering  liini  to  take 
t!iai'j;c,  to  give  tlic  liul.  ontire  liberty,  to  diistribntc  the  property,  to  givo 
t  1  tlio  Intl.  the  use  of  tlic  shops,  etc.,  and  to  upjioint  a  native  alealdc.  J>' /if. 
St.  Pap.,  MS..  V.  ;i(i-7.  AecordinL;  to  MotVa.s,  J'Jr/i/or.,  i.  H70,  'A'.M,  who  puts 
the  j)iip.  at  110,  iu  May  1S4I,  (lov.  Alvarado,  after  seizing  the  few  eatlle  left 
liy  previous  despoiler.s,  took  all  tiie  iron  and  even  tiles  from  the  ])uildin;/3 
f'li' liis  own  house;  and  1,'avo  tlio  reni.aininL;  Inuldiug.s  and  land  to  his  fiieml 
Soberanes  in  cxehango  for  a  rancho  nearer  Monterey.  1S4I5.  Felieiano  So- 
liii'aiies  appointed  jucz  de  paz.  Mont.,  Arch..  MS.,  xi.  \\.  Aug.  2,  LS4."i,  in- 
ventory. Xo  value  i.s  given  to  the  ehureh  and  its  furniture.  Pico,  Puji.  Mli., 
MS,,  I  lit,  r_M.  Tiie  hid.  had  Ijeen  orderen  to  reoeenpy  the  mission,  and  tlie 
sale  of  the  establishment  was  ordered  by  I'ii.-o  in  Get.   Tiiis  \ol.,  p.  ."i4;i,  .").'rj. 

'  ISH.  Juan  Miguel  Anzar  and  Franeiseo  Arias  jueees  de  paz.  1S4'J.  .luaii 
.lose  lliguera  jnez  do  paz.  IS  til.  Balbino  Romero  and  Franeiseo  Arias  jueees 
lie  paz.  15nt.)ose  (or  Franeiseo)  Diaz  is  said  to  have;  been  appointed  as  su- 
I'l.  :ite.  JJi'iif.  St.  J'n/).,  Ik'ii.,  P.  <t  ./.,  MS.,  iv.  |{'2.  This  may  be  an  error,  or 
Arias  may  have  been  appointed  after  Felj.  to  replaee  Diaz.  I'.  Anzar  was 
iiiele  ])resident  of  tlie  Zacatccan  friars  tiiis  year.  .V.  .A/n/'',  l'<tli'iit:  .■<.  M.S.,  'J.'JI. 
A -cording  to  the  goveruer's  deerce  of  Nov. ,  "2  aleahles  were  to  be  ehosen. 
Tliis  vol.,  \).  ,3.')!J.  1844.  Josii  Antonio  iiodrigiiez  and  Fi'aneiseo  Diaz  al- 
c;iMes  or  jueees  do  paz.  Rodriguez'  name  does  not  a|)pear  after  Marcli; 
Angel  Castro  is  named  as  juez  in  .June.  I'o.llfjit,  Do'-.,  MS.,  .\x\iv.  .'Iu';  and 
C.iuuti)  lioronda  in  .July  and  Dec.  StaCrir.,  Arch.,  MS.,  77;  Munt.,  Arch., 
.Ms.,  xvi.  42.  Visit  of  l)r  Wood  and  deseri|>tion  of  ,S.  Juan,  its  i)adre.  and  a 
dance.    Wood's  Wand.  Hk,,  '2G0  et  sc({.     8.  Juan  to  be  Micheltorena's  head- 


ik   I 


rif 


602 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  NORTH. 


At  Santa  Cruz  Padre  Antonio  del  Ileal  unspai  ish 
priest  until  1844  at  least,  and  l^ulre  Anzar  of  San 
Juan  si'enis  also  to  have  otKciated  liei-e  in  1844-;"), 
Something  is  recorded  of  Padre  llcal's  irregular  con- 
duet,  but  otherwise  the  ex-uiission  has  no  ainials,  tliu 
coninnuiity  being  entirely  broken  uj)  in  1841-2,  whi  ii 
Joso  J>ok'of  had  charge  as  juez  de  paz  and  acting  ad- 
ministrator. Therealter  the  establishment  was  pait 
of  Jiranciforte,  the  whole  being  more  often  calli.l 
Santa  Cruz,  and  the  name  Pueblo  de  Figueroa  biiii'^- 
no  longer  in  use.  Lands,  buildings,  and  fruit-treus  >>{ 
the  ex-mission  were  valued  at  less  than  .s|,000  in 
1845;  and  j>erhaps  40  of  the  Indians  who  belonged  to 
the  ex-neophyte  conuiumity  in  1840,  were  still  included 
among  the  p(-pulation  of  the  villa's  jurisdiction.^ 

The  po})ulation  of  Branciforte  and  its  jurisdictidii 

qu.ivtors  in  rcHistiiif;  U.  8.  invasion;  a  military  company  orgaLizecl  under  (,'apt. 
Francisco  i'aclicco;  transfer  of  cannon  and  war  stores,  Thid  vol.,  p.  41!-!). 
Outlircakot'  the  revolution  again.st  t lie  gov.,  arms  .seized  liy  i-eliels.  /(/.,  -t.jS  C:!. 
ISlurdoi'  of  .Ios6  Norberto  (iarcia  hy  .J(j.s6  Zuritn.  /fi jit.  iv.  P(t/t.,  Aiii/.,  .MS., 
viii.  4.  ISl").  Fi-ancisco  L)ia/.  and  Saturnino  (Jarrcaga  jueces  do  ])az.  .'alo 
of  c.\-n)issicju  pi'operty  ordei-cd.  Tliis  vol..  p.  r)-i;i-.J2.  Inventory  of  Sept.  4tli, 
buiidini;s  -with  l(j  rooms,  tile  rool's,  .'?t,7''i.");  garilea  and  fruit-trees,  wiili 
fi  nee,  etc.,  in  good  order,  ijsyo;  vineyard  witli  ."),'J(I()  viue.s  in  Icid  condition, 
^<1,0;)0;  lands  about  1\  le::gues  suitable  for  tillage  Sl,'-'0,);  total  $7,8;;,). 
Higned  by  1'.  An/ar,  Andres  I'ico,  jind  Juaii  Manso.  /'i'o,  I'ap,  Mis.,  MS,, 
147.     Mofras'  estimate  of  pop.  in   I841-"J  is  100  gento  de  razoa  and  ^^^  lu'l. 

Rvpior..  i.  :iis--ja. 

''isil.  Undated  provisional  I'egulations  perhaps  of  an  earlier  year  fr 
the  man;igcment  of  tiio  e.\-inission  by  l]ole(jf,  juez  de  paz.  It  i.s  iui|  litii 
that  thiiic  is  a  little  live-stock  left.  SI.  i'ap.,  MIa-i.  cO  i'ol.,  MS.,  ii.  40'J- 
10.  I'c.rsons  hiring  Ind.  paid  §2  for  eaeli  lud.  to  tho  juzgado  f'lr  iIkj 
privilege.  iS.  Jo.ir,  Atrli.,  MS.,  ii.  4(i.  Mofras,  i.  .'iJO,  410,  "found  7i',)  or 
(iO  Ind.,  and  no  property,  all  iiaving  been  discribnted  'among  tlie  frijals 
of  the  gov.'  184'J.  .losti  Bolcof  named  as  administrato!'.  S/a  Cruz,  Arrh., 
^dS.,  8'i.  Simpson,  Xarr.y  i.  'M'l,  tells  of  tlio  padre,  his  bottle,  and  his  ',^0- 
raglio  of  native  beauties.'  .May  2'Jth,  Josiah  Ueldeu  to  Larkin,  has  fjiinl 
sulljcient  proof  that  it  was  tiie  pailio  wlio  broke  int.)  ins  store,  stediiiL; 
biandy,  handkerchiefs,  and  otlier  articles.  Lirklii's  /^ou.,  MS.,  i.  1179.  I  ii' 
aii'air  is  also  mentioned  in  licldeu's  llUt.  SUitement,  MS.,  .')l)-4.  1814.  iVli. 
'Jd.  (tov.  directs  tlio  alcalde  to  treat  the  Ind.,  who  for  some  time  hivc  !>  .i 
their  o\\ii  masters,  just  like  otlicr  citizens,  except  that  he  is  to  give  noli -i'  in 
the  pailrc  in  ease  of  such  oU'ences  as  pertain  to  liis  care.  St<i  Cniz,  A  vch.,  .M8., 
87-8.  Ju\ie  Kith.  The  insliop  decreed  that  tlie  chief  altar  should  be  privi- 
leged  in  tnat  any  priest  celebrating  mas.s  thereat  may  fi-eo  from  the  p.aiisof 
jiurgatory  tlie  soul  of  tlio  person  for  whoso  benclit  the  mass  is  s:iid-  fiat . -.ily 
lor  100  years,  that  is  till  lOll-.  Sept. 'J,  184,").  Inventoi'y  signed  by  1".  ,\nz;u\ 
Andres  I'ico,  and  Juan  Manso.  Building  «ith  1-  rooms,  tho  rest  h.iviii^' 
been  sold  when  Alvai'ado  was  gov,,  §>(),);  garden  and  40  fruit-trees.  >'■',''■.  I-- 
league  of  bad  land,  SlOO;  total,  .S!)7,-).  I'h-o,  Pup.,  Ml^.,  MS.,  {yl.  St;i  Cm 
is  not  named  iu  Pico's  decree  of  sale  iii  Oct.  This  vol.,  p.  bb'l. 


SANTA  CltUZ  AXD  BRANCIFORTE. 


G03 


■pt.  4i'ii, 
iiu'li'.i'iii, 
/s.,  MS., 


yi'iil-   I  r 
^i    illll  li-il 

ii.  '4j:! 
i'  l.ir  I  ho 
u,l  ,V.)  c'l' 
.:  fn'jiuls 
r:,  -bv.V, 
,1  his  'se- 
uis  fjiin.! 

stcilmn 
270.  Ti.s 
814.     I'.i'- 

,:,VI'  Ij   '.-'.l 

0  iv)t:i''i'  111 
,rh.,  MS., 
.il  bo  1  avi- 
hi!  p;:i"-<i'f 
li;i!  . -.ily 
,•  1'.  .{\aM\ 
•QsX.  having 

Sill  t'nii! 


ill  1845,  according- to  im  Dri^iiial  ])adi'oii  «ifivin;4  names, 
was  470  wouls,  or  120  Indians  includiiiL;'  1  supposo  Uri 
40  of  Sta  Cruz,  and  o.jO  u'cute  do  razoii  of  whom 
foroii^ncrs  with  their  families  numbered  80.''  The 
viha  and  the  ex-mission  across  the  river  were  now  one 
town  eaUed  by  both  names  but  oftenest  SanLa  Cruz; 
and  the  municipal  alfair.s  were  inanaLjed  by  a  succes- 
sion of  juetjes  de  paz  in  1841-o  and  alcakles  in  1844- 
5,  subordinate  in  some  I'espects  to  the  tiAvn  a,uthori- 
ties  of  Monterey  and  in  others  to  the  ])refect.  Tlie 
successive  local  chiefs  were  Jose  Jiolcuf,  Juan  Gon- 
zalez, llafael  Castro,  Manuel  KodrigU(,'Z,  Ramon 
JJuelna,  and  JJolcof  again;  besides  the  oliicial  list  and 
minor  items  connected  with  their  acts  as  given  in  a 
iiote,'*'^  there  is  nothing  re(|uiring  special  notice.     For- 

"  liruii'ljurfe,  Padroii  de  Nov.  IS4.J,  !MS. 

'"  Jjiiuiciiorto  items.  1841.  Jost'i  JJalcof  juoz  do  paz,  Agustin  Di'ivila 
Kcv'iflai'v.  Municipal  ruceipts  and  exjiciul.  of  liiu  year  ^U.  .S7a  Cruz,  An.h., 
-MS.,  7;  'V.  'lon''  Arih.,  MS.;  Loum'  I'aji.,  44.  Sept.  '22d,  Dh"^o  ( Juillui'iiiij 
\Vii;i.i  (.fa.s  W.  WoMiks)  complains  to  juc;^  of  treatment  sullercil  hy  foreigner.! 
aail  e.ijiecially  hy  liim.s.'lf,  who  was  btablietl  in  li.iml  and  face,  be.side.s  Ui'ing 
i'.i.;alLod  and  thi'ealcntil  a.s  an  '  liijo  d«  tal,' by  Fulgencio  lloblc),  merely 
I'ccausc  lie  objected  lo  \l.  entering  a  house  on  hor.seb.ick  U'.:ainst  tlio  wi.shcs 
of  its  owner.s.  VuUcJn,  JJoi\,  MS.,  xxxiii.  'I'.Vl.  184"_'.  Juan  (ionzalez  juez, 
Uiilacl  Castro  either  juez  '1\  or  appointed  to  .succeed  (ionzalez  after  t'el)., 
U.ivila  sec,  Cornelio  I'erez  juez  de  eanipo.  Feb.,  go\.  in  rejily  to  prefect'j 
iuijuiry  states  that  IJrancifoite  has  !xja~.'j(iilu  jirivali.ro  (/■■  jKtz  subject  to  that 
of  Mont.,  but  in  otiicr  re.-;peets  is  Hubjeit  to  the  ])refectnre.  />ipf.  Sf.  I'li/i., 
I'x'n.  P,  lO  ■/.,  MS.,  iv.  '_'!.  Feb.  llt'i,  Fulgeneio  ilobles,  the  terror  of  all  tho 
rigion,  was  killed  by  Gil  Sanchez  while  disturlting  a  party  (jf  gamblers  at 
('irmichaels  house.  Sanciiez  acted  at  the  request  of  Gonzalez  the  alcalde 
aad  one  of  the  p.:iyer.s.  S,  \ras  set  free,  but  (Jon/ales  was  condemned  to  lo.iO 
hi.s  ollije  and  to  live  a  year  at  Monterey.  Mont.  Arrh.,  MS.,  iii.  l',)-'JO;  x.  "Jl. 
I'cb.  14th,  prefect  in  a  private  letter  urges  (jonzalez  to  behave  better  anil  l;;t 
t lie  people  live  in  peace.  S/,a  Crii~..  Arch.,  MS.,  72.  March  '2d,  prci'cct  s.iys 
ll.'ani'ifoi'te  does  not  belong  to  the  suh-pi'efi'cture  of  S.  Josi''.  .V.  i/iw;  Arrh., 
MS.,  ii.  '2^.  -May,  sail  ease  of  a  Bran  iiorte  maiden  who  being  very  tired 
went  outside  to  sleep,  and  on  awaking  found  tiiat  a  young  man,  without  her 
knowledge,  had  treated  her  very  iuiiuoperly.  .Moitt.  Ar-h.,  ^h^..  id.  11. 
I''c.,  an  auxiliary  military  company  ordered  uniler  .\ngel  (Jastro.  StaCriiz, 
Arc'i.,  MS.,  5.  Simpson,  Xtirr.,  i.  ."JUt,  tells  us  of  i)ian<'iioi-te  tliat  'as  being 
tiio  le.ist  populous  it  is  also  of  course  the  h'ast  pro!li,';iteof  t!iu  tlirei;  piiel)los. ' 
I'.  S.  Ilag  raiseil  by  lijlden  at  the  time  <if  .lones'  oecupaliou  of  Mont.  'I'hid 
Vol.,  p.  :il2.  Lumber  trade  mentioned  by  lielden.  //i.'if,  .>f.,  MS.,  lil,  '.i'). 
l'->il{.  (iuaddujw  C.istroand  >Juan  .Jose  Felix,  jueees,  apjiointed  in  Dec.  1842 
for  184:i.  J>ut  lia/.-iel  (bistro  is  often  nameil  as  tlie  juez  af..er  .March.  Joseph 
Majors  and  Francisco  Sori.i  juece.s  de  eampo.  .Mareii,  prefect  calls  on  juez 
i"r  .'(  conipet-cnt  young  men  witii  no  deUuito  occu[)ation  for  tho  Mont,  prcsi- 
tli  il  conip.  iS'a  l.'ruz.  Arch.,  MS,,  SS;  al.io  calls  for  the  return  of  4  deserter.?. 
/■/.  May  7)l\\,  tlio  citizens  petition  for  the  removal  of  Juez  llafael  Castro  for 
maleaduiiuistratiou  of  justice.  Larkin'a  JJoc,  MS.,  ii.   11.     Oct.,  a  whaling 


■  '. 

'   1 

H 

\ 


G04 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  NOUTIL 


eigncrs  wore  rcliitivcly  iiMtio  miincrous  liero  than  in 
iiiiy  other  (Hstriets,  iind  were  largely  engaged  in  linn- 
herinu',  Larkiu  havin<2'  an  estahlishnieiit  here  in  chai'-ci 
of  Josiah  I^elden.  The  Jiraneilorteuos  struvt;  to 
maintain  their  reputation  lor  disorderly  euiidiu-t  v,  ith 
marked  «ucee«s. 

I  estimate  the  total  ])()|>nlation  of  San  Francisco 
])Uel)lo,  or  peninsula,  in  iH-ia,  ahout  eijually  (hvidcil 
between  Yerha  Buena  and  ^fission  J)olores,  at  ilO) 
souls;  of  whieh  numher  IjO  were  gi'iite  de  ra/on  nf 
Spanish  hlood,  oU  foreigners,  and  100  Indians  anil 
kanakas,  ineludinuf  the  ex-neonhvtes."  Addiu'''  "-^nij 
lor  the  f()ntra  oosta,  900  for  San  Jose,  and  ;!00  \'nv 
Sonoma  and  the  northern  frontier,  we  ha\'i!  I'nr  tlif 
l):)pulation  of  the  chstrict  1,G00  gente  de  razon,  inchul- 

hoat  seized  with  0  or  7  sailors,  soon  nJeasf(l,  JJipf.  S'.  I'np.,  MS.,  xviii.  71; 
this  v.il.,  p.  .'}7'>.  Oriih;iiu'.s  oHlr  to  .su|iport  .Miclicltorcna  with  a  fori'c  i.f 
forci'4iicr.s,  rupiuliatud  jjy  sovei'al  of  tln^  latter.  /'/.,  .'{.")(!.  Order  to  eUel  'J 
ulcalde.s  lor  the  next  year.  Id.,  'A't'.).  18!  t.  Manuel  Uotlrigiie/,  ainl  I'l.iii- 
Cisco  Alviso  alcaldes.  April,  order  for  collection  of  .">  per  cent  from  the  liiin- 
bei-nicn  for  school,  etc.  Oi'/if.  Hir.,  MS.,  xiii.  77.  Aug.,  gov.  orders  t!ic 
alcalde  to  stop  the  saw-mills  uidess  the  tax  is  paid;  but  sugi,'ests  that  there 
may  be  something  irregular  about  the  tixed  tax  of  ??1.")  ))er  luontli.  I>i)'\ 
U'id.  Cdl.,  .MS.,  i.  47.')!  JJehlen,  J/is/.  AV.,  M.S.,  ."U,  relates  that  hu.iine-^s 
being  iluU  the  sawyers  in  li. 's  absence  sought  to  create  a  <leiii;ind  by  buruiii;,' 
up  what  lumber  iiad  accumulated!  whereupon  LarUin  was  disgusted  ami 
the  business  was  ch).sed  up,  perhaps  later.  Visited  by  Manuid  ('a-^tro  in 
quest  of  reliel  volunteers.  Tiiis  vol.,  p.  402.  1SI.">.  Ramon  IJiulaa  aud 
Francisco  Soria  alcaldes;  but  15.  Vias  suspended  in  Sept.,  and  in  Oct.  .lo-; 
JJolcof  was  ai)pi)iuted  1st  alcalde  in  hi;  place;  and  in  Dej.  Macedonio  I, oven- 
zana  was  appointed  '2d  alcalde.  May,  citizens  petition  for  the  removal  nt 
both  alcaldes  for  drinking,  disorder,  disobedience,  and  caridussncss.  /'<///. 
S/.  Piiji.,  -MS.,  vi.  1)1!.  Aug.,  I'taf-iel  Castro  cliosen  eompromisario  for  dic- 
tion of  the  bStli.  JJor.  II1<I.\'  if.,  MS.,  ii.  cS8.  Aug.  12th,  Aleallo  Soria  Miius 
thit  tlie  lirst  alcalde  is  accused  of  crime  and  cannot  be  reeogni.';cd  until  lie 
vindicates  himscdf.  /'/.,  S.I.  Aug.  24th,  jue.';  informs  ])refect  that  the  sa\.'yi'is 
refuse  to  |iay  the  tax  on  lumlier.  /(/.,  lOt.  Sept.  2d.  IJuelna  suspended  (I'nlcv 
a  eiiminal  accusation  by  Jose  I'eruz.  S/a  L'i'hz,  Arch.,  MS.,  5.  Oct.  14tli, 
Alcalde  jj  )lcof  w.mts  iasti'uctions  on  taxes  on  foreign  lir^uors.  iJor.  Ili-i'. 
Cal.,  ii.  IDJ.  Dee.  Kjth,  alcalde  wishes  to  .send  an  exped.  of  2")  men  evciy 
two  weeks  against  the  lud.  /(/.,  2."i2.  Some  of  the  citizens  join  Sutter's 
army  in  aid  of  the  gov.  Tliis  vol.,  p.  48G. 

"'I'he  estimate  of  Mofras  (lOJgento  de  razon)  and  others  that  I  have  se.ii 
amount  to  uollang.  Tlie  only  data  are  as  follows:  A  pailron  of  IS  12  shows 
127  of  Span,  bloo.l,  2.'i  foreigners,  and  40  Ind.  and  kanakas  (not  iucludiiu' 
ex  neo|>hytes  at  the  mission).  Of  tlies(!.  by  count,  there  were  tit  for  militaiy 
duty  ;>!  Mcx.  and  IS  foreigners,  hi  IStl  wo  have  a  list  of  the  men  liab'e  t  i 
military  duty,  ;{;)  Mex.  and  .'!()  foreigners.  Supposing  the  ratio  of  uiilii.i'-y 
men  to  pop.  in  both  classes  to  be  as  before,  wo  have  approximatoly  the  rcsalts 
as  iu  my  text. 


1^ 


SAN   lUAXClSCO  KVi;XTS. 


069 


lit    tlu'l'U 

th.  /'■'■■• 
liu,inr-s 
liuniin ; 

';i.;tn>  in 
flail  au'l 
(Vt.  .lo.^ 

l.llVl'll- 
moVill   nt 

s..  7'./'/. 
f,  ir  cU'O- 
i;i  wrilt'S 
\iiitil  li'^ 

Icil  U'llllH- 

)ct.  1-tth, 
!//.,•.  Ili^: 

n  Sutter's 

h'lVf  s.;.'ii 

iiicluiUiU 

ir  inilitary 

liliiib'.'^^' 

If  military 

the  rusulta 


i:i_i(  j)i'i-lia]is  100  r(>i'c'i<riiurs,  hut  c^cludini,''  more  tliaii 
luicc  as  iiiaiiv,  and  860  Indians  li\in'!'  at  or  near  llic 
old  mission  L'staMislinionts. 

( )t'  cscnts  at  San  Francisco,  tlic  ostablisliinont  of 
(he  Hudson's  Bay  Coin[)any's  store  in  1841,  and  tliu 
suicide  of  its  manager  in  18  45,  with  perhaps  the  as- 
sault on  Lihhcy  and  S[)ear,  if  we  judj^'e  by  tlie  extent 
of  arclii\e  cori'espondence,  are  the  only  ones  that  can 
he  uiaL^nilied  into  importance.'"  William  A.  Ijcides- 
dorlf  WHS  made  U.  S.  vice-consul  in  1844.     Municipal 

'-'S.  l''r;iiiL'is(.(>  t'VcntH.  1S41.  Visii.s  of  W'ilke.s,  Mofi'iis,  Siiniisoii,  Itoii;,'- 
l;i.-i,  I'uiiii',  iuiil  l'la'li)s,  wliuso  (li'.scri|)liii!is  and  adviiitiacs  aru  i.'i\(ii  in  this 
\"1.,  ]).  "JIJ,  'JlS,  •_'4.'i  .").  ■_'•'•!),  otc,  aiiii  also  in  aiuitlicr  })ai'av'raiih  uf  this  iiuto, 
Fmuiilin;,'  (jf  tlio  Jliiii-;i)n'.s  i!ay  Ci/s  cstalilirthMicnt.  A/.,  v!!.')  17.  IS-l'J. 
\'i.-iti()f  Com.  tloncs,  l)r  .SaniK  Is,  and  .lolm  JJidwoll.  /</.,  .SI4,  old.  Jlisliop 
di'sirc:)  to  Ipuild  .a  siniinaiy  on  the  island  of  J.os  AiiL'C'k's.  /(/.,  'XU.  1S4.'{. 
Ikavy  lain  in  Antr.,  acu(irdiiig  to  l)avis,  (iuiijisis,  .MS.,  i!!.'-f.  IsU.  Pas- 
toral visit  of  till!  liisliop.  /(/. ,  4J7.  Kll'oris  1o  i'o;:so  S.  F.  against  <lov. 
.Miohcltorona.  /(/.,  4ti"J-,'}.  liS4.">.  Wni.  A.  J.t'idcsdortl  iipiiointtMl  I,'.  ,S.  viuo- 
inniilil.  /(/.,  ,'.S!).  8iiiLiilt)  of  Wm.  (1.  liae  of  tho  11.  li.  Co.  /■/.,  WSi. 
Assault  in  I.il)l)t'y  and  S])i'ar.   /'/.,  .")()'.). 

Mnniiiji/il  atl'aiis.  1S41.  Fiancisuo  (iiR'rrero  jucz  do  paz,  Viccnto  .Mira- 
iiiontiM  siiplunli',  \\  111  A.  li,ichaidson  caiit  of  tiic;  jiort,  I'l'ado  Mosa  ai'tiiij,'  ia 
Oct.,  .loliu  I'lilliT  siiidico.  \o  town  lols  giiiutud  this  year.  Marili  'Ji'd,  the 
jiicz  desired  the  jiri-'feet  to  .send  a  eo])y  of  the  order  lor  grantinj,'  lots  at  tlio 
iiiis.sion,  which  reijuest  wi)-'  referred  to  the  gov.  A]iril  (itli,  and  the  order  waa 
lurnished  hy  Prefect  Tihiiicio  Castro  on  the  'J-'id.  />(■///.  St.  I'd)).  JJt  ii.  P.  ,(■  ,/., 
iv.  I!);  J>irhii'Uc,  add.,  74;  Joue.-t'  Ji'i  jnirf,  no.  ,'52.  May  '-'d,  alcalde,  through 
|irefect,  asks  gov.  to  order  the  luajordoiiio  of  the  mission  to  furnish  either  a, 
riioin  or  Iiid.  to  lillild  one  for  the  jn/gado  iiud  archives.  'I'he  ]irei'ect  sent  ii 
favorah'e  reply,  hut  in  Sept.  the  governor's  order  hiid  iioteonie.  J)i  i^t.  SI.  I'liji. 
Mini!.,  .Ms.,  iv.  114,  117.     Aug.    liltli,  the  'lA  juez,  or  snpleiite,  asks  to  he 

..    l: 1      i    1  •  .  ...e  .     1 1-   I.;  .  .»  '  .'.: l  i.:  .  1....1.   ...'    ..l.:!;^.,  i.. 


relieved  of  his  otlice  because  of  his  '1  years'  service  and  ms  iuck  ui  aouii>  to 
act  in  ( luerreio's  alisenee.  IlivhiiUe,  add.,  7i.  Oct.,  ease  of  a  woiiuiu  who 
avoided  an  outrage  by  jironiising  to  yielil  on  the  next  occasion,  and  then 
accused  the  assai.aiit  to  the  lirst  men  she  .'•:a\v.  JJt/t.  S>.  Pap.,  .S'.  ./.,  vi.  IS. 
In  Id.,  Hi  4."),  there  an;  reeorda  of  routine  eorrespondeiico  with  many  [letty 
cases  (jf  debt,  etc.,  before  the  S.  F.  justice   in    1^541    vt  se([.,  which  are  not 


>aneliez  takes  possession  ot  the  olhce  liy  nnentory. Jan.  l_t 
N.  ./..  MS,,  'JO.  April,  the  I'ooni  at  the  mission  .still  needed;  it  is  one  that 
has  jiecn  used  for  some  public  'manifestations.'  /•/.,  "_'•_'.  .Tune,  the  alcalde 
has  taki'ii  .steps  to  avoid  the  impertinences  of  Sra  ]5rioiies'  husband.  /'/.,  •_'.'{. 
Aug.,  robbery  of  the  sindico.  /(/.,  '1\.  Dee.,  sends  a  ])adroii  of  S.  F.  Jiop., 
I  lilt  as  noted  elsewhere.  Id.,  '2').  An  order  of  Nov.  14t'i  requires  the  election 
of  two  alcaldes.  This  vol.,  p.  .'{.VJ;  but  the  name  juez  tie  paz  continues  to  bo 


■d.      1)S4H.      Jesus  Xoe  juez,  . I 


:  la  C 


hez  fiuplente.     'I'liese 


appointed  by  the  prefect  in  the  jireeeding  Dec.  iS.  dwc  . I /•./;..  MS 
I "■/'/.  S/.  J>  -     --  .        . 

\\,-i 


/'.  <0  J.,  MS.,  iv.  ;i'J;  but  in  March  i'ranei.'ieo  Sanchez 
s  restored  Ijy  the  gov.  to  his  old  place  of  juez  1^  and  Noe  became  appar- 


it  ■'- 


r.:.i 


■WW 


G06 


LOCAL  ANXALfS  OV  Tlli:  NOUTH. 


nlliiirs  (»r  tlu!  |)ii('l)l(»  wnit  ou  in  nincli  ilio  saini!  wav 
us  l)(  fore,  a'ld  aio  Mjcortlcd   with   tolii'alilo  coniiilctr 
iiL's.s,     'i'liu  siiccus.sivu  justices  (il'  tliL'  peace,  t)i'  alcaliK's 


ciitly  jm/ "J".  /'/.,  S.  J.,  \i.  27.  ret(.'r  Slii'iTcIcicU  Hfiidicd,  Kicliindsou  capt 
(if  )"ii't.  l-MolM  iiL  Yi  1  lia  r>iic'liii  .•iiul  'J  lit  I  )(iliiiTy  wi'I'i!  ;.Tiuiti(l  llii.s  yc.'if. 
I'lli.,  jiic/  is  tiyiii.,'  t)  .SL'eiiii'o  tlio  lioiisi^  (if  IJcriiiil  fur  his  jii/";iilii.  /i/..  •_'(). 
.Iiuii',  Ajiiiliiiano  .NliiMiiila  scut  to  V.w  .siili-iircf('<'t  fof  imt  liviiii^'  li:inii(iiiiuiisly 
villi  iiis  wife.  /(/.,  "J!*.  ]'.Ul.  Will  lliiickKy  iil(/iililc,  al-fo  ciiUi'il  jic/  i\i- 
]i:r/,,  I'raiicisco  ilo  Jliirc)  citlicr  8ti|)l(utc'  (ir  .'■L'crctii'y,  I'l^tur  SclicrrilHitk  aul 
lidiito  |)ia/,  ii'^ciilcs  (1(3  ]iiili(.'ia.  JliiukUy  was  clcctcil  ,laii.  Ittii.  Jan.  '_Mili, 
j,'o\ .  to  iili'alili',  lias  rcL^ivoil  iiivtiitDiy  of  I'H'ctit.H  in  liis  'illicc.  l>ii''iiirU'\  aiM., 
S.').  Marcli  I  Itli,  gov.  to  Alf.  Mesa,  onlor  to  iiianli  «  illi  \1  oi'  l-'i  men  toiii  1 
till'  alcaliK^  ill  r('i)it'ssiii^'  (li.stiirlialii;cH.  /(/.,  ^(1.  AjM'ilMli,  in'titinii  of  iJii;- 
idcntn  lit  lli(!  liiis.sioii  to  tliu  gov.  for  tli(j  cxtiiiotioii  of  tliu  titUi  of  t'x-iiii.^.-ioii 
mill  ullicd  of  niaioi(l(jiiio  and  tlu^  fmiual  ruco-jiiitiiiii  of  tln^  jilacu  ,is  u 
jitiiMo,  iiH  it  liad  liccn  so  iTuogiii/cd  iiidiiLCt ly  in  various  ollicial  do  iiiiK'iits. 
A  dcti  ^iuii  was  rcsui'ved  until  the  gov.  slionld  liavo  iiiad(.' a  iiroposcd  (■(.('/(/ mid 
till' coiidiUou  tif  tin;  cx-iiii.ssinn  as  to  dclits,  etc.,  sliould  lio  I.ihawi.  /'/.,  Ili'J  ,'l. 
Wh:,t  the  iKjlilioncrs  ik'sirc  1  was  the  (•MiiiiloLc  cNliiK'tioii  of  tlio  (:ld  liii.s.'ioil 
orgaiiizalion,  whii'li  still  ini'vcnted  tlitj  piivatL' owiicisliij)  of  certain  iirojicrty, 
and  till'  I'ouii'lctc  ivcogiiiiioii  of  tlu'  scttlriiKiit  as  p:,rt  of  the  iiuidilo  of  S.  I'". 
'riHV  had  110  idea  of  ostalili-sliiu;^'  ii  new  ])ikIi1o.  'I'lic  Laid  lawyiiTs  v.dv  di..- 
jiiKHcd  to  regard  this  iietiliou  as  jirox  iiig  on  the  oni!  side  that  there  ua.s  uu 
piulilo,  siiiii!  tli(!  or;.'aiii/,ation  of  olio  was  de^il■ed,  and  ou  the  other  tliat 
|)o|iii>cs  vas  always  distiiiet  friMii  ihi^  ]iiieMo  of  S.  F. ,  lioth  of  whieli  vie«s  I 
dedii  eiioneijiis.  1.")  lo',s\\eio  granted  thid  year  at  Veiha  lliieiia,  and  one  at 
the  mission.  l)ee.  'J'Jd,  i  leetioii  of  alealdo  for  t'le  next  year.  ISl.'i.  .Iiuji 
X.  radilla  1st  alealde,  .JosT'  de  la,  ('niz  Saiiehez  "Jd  alcalde,  lliehai'dson,  l'i;iii. 
Sanelie.-',  and  lliuekley  sueee.s.sively  ea])tain:-i  of  l!ie  jiort.  I'J  lots  g'.autid  at 
Yerlia  Uuena,  none  at  l)olore.=!.  .Slareii  l.'itli,  l'adill;i  otl'iTS  his  reijigliatioii, 
lieeause  ho  is  only'Jt  yeais  old,  has  resiih d  only  S  months  at  S  F.,  has  no 
rooms  for  oilice  and  prison,  and  lii:i  ousinesa  calls  him  liack  to  Sonoma,  /'i/^'. 
St.  I'dji.,  Jim.,  P.  if' 7..  M.'^.,  ii.  .';;{.  .May  )ltli,  'I'l  persons,  mostly  f  ni  i  ;u- 
crs,  |H'titioii  the  gov.  to  lot  l';;dilhi  remain  in  oliiei.-;  for  they  will  not  ir.ihinit 
to  Sanchc/;  who,  with  his  ln-oihcr  the  com.  mil.,  ha  i  a.s.-iaulted  Fadilla  and  in- 
diioed  citizens  to  ignore  him,  claiming  tliaC  (leii.  (,'astro  will  support  tlniii. 
J)riil,  St.  /'((//.  MS.,  vi.  l.il  ■-'.  ^hiy  I'Jtli,  tiaiichez  to  gov.,  asks  to  ho  eun- 
firnicd  as  1st  alor.lde,  sinoo  the  jiooplo  ha\o  met  and  conipelleil  I'adilla  to 
give  lip  the  liaton  because  of  iion-rebideneo  and  arhitrary  acts.  /■/.,  !".'. 
May  rjtli,  I'adilla  to  gov.,  makes  known  mutiny  against  him  and  \aiiniis 
insiilis  arisiu;,' from  the  onmi.yof  a  certain  I'umily,  notwithstanding  hi- 1  ■ 
(|!ie<t  to  the  jicoplo  toiiwait  the  doeision  of  the  govt  oil  his  rosigiiati;!!.  /■/.. 
l."J-;).  It  f-oe  us  tliat  Fadilla  had  Ijoen  ..  'rested  liy  Sanchez  befiire  he  olh  ii  1 
his  tesi"uatio  Tin,' matter  came  up  in  the  junta  at  I..OS  ^Vngeles  May  "JlM, 
ai:d  it  was  i\o  led  to  eontinuo  F,  in  otliee,  Imt  t'l  order  a  legal  iuvestigatinn. 
y^'-;/.  /.'(('.,  M  iv.  .;;>-!).  May  L'Uh,  corri'S[ioiidiiig  orders  hy  the  gov.,  tin; 
jncz  of  S.  .!(  Ix'iug  o  dered  to  make  the  investigation.  i>i /7.  llir.,  M^., 
xiv.  ;!(!.  .Tun  Till,  Fadilla  to  gov.,  reports  that  S;>.iiehez  on  lormal  citati'ia 
liad  fit  last  gi\.  up  tho  oilice,  after  luaiuug  tlitcats,  d(;clariiig  that  ho  had  110 
liieu  to  Kujipori  iiii,  etc.  Itesideiits  of  Y.  15.  arc;  insulted  and  their  lioii-^cs 
stoned  iiy  tho:  of  Dolores.  lUj,t.  Si.  I'ap.  'i'iiero  is  110  more;  ahout  lliii 
(lii.'.i'nl;  J  et  <;r  its  of  lots  from  Aug.  scm  to  havo  Ineii  made  by  Saiulu/, 
indicating  tlia,  the  investig'atioii  resulted  in  establishing  tho  illeg,i!ity  if 
I'adilla's  election  and  in  his  withdrawal.  A  piatrol  of  citizens  was  nppointid 
to  keep  onkr.  Ca-Iro,  /o7.,  M.S.,  1,',;!;  but  their  only  aehioveincnt  i'eco;il.  il 
w.'i;j  the  assault  on  Lilibey  and  Spear  as  elsewhere  noted.  In  ^Vug.-Sc|.t. 
thcie  was  also  troublo  about  the  primary  and  secondary  elections,  the  elect- 


Jr. 

IM 

'ull 

l:'i',\ 
t;i- 
Vn- 

MUNICIPAL  AND  MILITARY. 


CC7 


iVoin  1S4I,  Were  I'laiiclscn  (Iiici'ivro,  I'^'ancisoo  San- 
clifZ,  J(!.sus  NoL',  William  S.  Jliiicldry,  and  Juan  X. 
]?a(lilla.      Thii.su    nmnii-iiial    fhiufs    <4rantcM!    buiUliiii^ 


(UN  fniiii  SiiiKHim  nndCmitia  Cnsta  not  tiiiikiiiL;  tlicir  niiinaraiu'c,  iiiid  tliosc 
from  S,  Jiisi'  jioiiiL,'  liiiiiiu  to  l>i'  .sent  liiuk  liy  tlio  jnct'cct's  (Hilcr.  liiial'y,  nn 
Ni'lit.  ITtli,  only  1  Li>iiiiiniiiii.siirici.s  wi'i'c  iiitstiit,  ;{  fimu  S.  Jnsi'^  iiml  1  of  S.  1'". 
'I'lit'in  w.is  ii  ^'ciK  rill  (ilijcitiiiii  to  liicctiii;,'  lit  Ycilia  IJiicnii,  iiinl  to  tlio  pre- 
(li<iiiiiiiiiit  iiilluciic'u  of  I'oniLjML'r.s  tlirir,  iiinl  tluru  wciu  iil-o  dif.ii.'Tccmi  iitd 
liitwi'cii  SoiiDiiia  ;iiiil  S.  Itat'iicl.  'i'lu.'  !Jiil)-pi-i'f('i't  wuh  imicli  ti()iil)liil,  iiikI  lio 
iilo  ( i)iij|ilaiii('il  of  tli(,'  liii'U  of  otiico  ami  ]iriMon,  iK'sii'iii'^  |i(  ntiis.-ioii  to  ohtaiii 
Imililiii;,'  iiiatcri.il  fi-oiii  tlii^  jirrsiilio  (ji-  niissiini  ruins.  Original  corrcNp.  iu 
j')i„:  Ilist.  (ill.,  M.S.,  ii.  lOs,  1-J7,  i-lO,  l,-,(;,  1,-.H,  ISO. 

Sul)-iiiX'lVL'tuii'.  Vciliii  Hiiina  niailc  ciilicccra  of  the  '2(1  partidoof  tlio  '_M  or 
Miiiit('i'(  y  (li.-itri(jt,  liy  (K'cieu  of  .luly  4tli-.")lli,  Isl,").  'I'lii.i  vol.,  p.  ,"),'t;i.  Iran- 
i  isi'o  ( IiU'iri  TO  was  a|ipoiiitt'il  ,suli-|.iil'i'(t  on  Any.  Ntli,  by  tlu;  inifcit,  find 
M.iM  swdin  in  on  tlio  l.'itli.  His  salary  was  .'ji'.'iOll.  His  Jui  isdiotion  iiiL-ludiil 
.--.  .I..s(.and  iill  iiovtli  of  th.it  town.  /"'(«•.  ///,s'.  f '<(/.,  M's.,ii.  .SI,  iU-L",  l'_-', 
l.'il;  and  iiiaii'  ntlicr  iccords.  No  scLMctary  was  ap|ioint( d  in  1  M.">.  Itatlicr 
;-tran'_'ily  I  liiid  an  oiiL'inal  doc.  in  wliicli  (Jiurrcro  is  additi-si  il  liy  l.iidcs- 
(I'.ili  tliu  V'cc-t  'iisul  as  .'iiilj-jjri'fi'ct  in  .Ian.,  and  nnntlicr  in  wlilcli  ( I.  wiitrH  a.s 
siili-prcfc'ct  in  .Ian.  IVf/A/n,  iHir.,  MS.,  ■s.W,  1,'!();  I.itr'hi':*  JJac,  .^1S.,  iii.  1. 
Jn  liotii  cases  llici'c  is  jToliiilily  a  .sli]>  of  tin;  yu,  ISI,')  for  j.SKi.  There  is 
i;otiiin;;  in  tlii  i  o.liccr'.s  recorded  acts  that  reiiuircs  further  notice. 

,M  ilitaiy  allairs,  isil  ;t.  N.iines  of  the  nun  ci)nii>o.sinL,'  the  f^'avrisoii  of  the 
p; oidio:  Alf.  .Jiiaii  J'lado  Mesa,  Script  Na/urio(Ialiiido.  soldicis.losi'.  ( lalindo, 
Antonio  P.ernal,  h'ainon  AL'iiila,  Fr.ineisi-o  Cibrian,  llias  Nai-vac/,  .Saiitiagd 
II,  riiaii(h'Z,  l)oniiiii;o  Altaiuiraiio,  Mariano  Mirandji,  Santos  Mii'aiida.  .lo.siS 
S  da/ar,  (ieroninio  Mesa,  and  licrnanlino  (iarcia.  Conipany  I'oster.s  in  Valhjo, 
J'or,,  M.S.,  xx\ii.  ]ias.siin.  jlcpoit  of  nnnaniint  in  IMI,  and  Valloji^'s  eH'cirts 
to  have  the  fort  reliiiilt.  This  vol.  ]).  PIN,  •_>((.-).  MofiMs,  /■.>;)/')/•.,  i.  :!•_'.',  ■1'_'7- 
\K  ihsciihcs  the  )ireiidio  as  in  an  advanc'cil  state  of  niin,  garrisoned  liy  an  al- 
f.  le;'.  and  10  'or  .">)  soldicrr.anchoros  with  tlnir  families.  Wilkes  in  \sl\  says 
there  Mas  liUu  one  sold,  under  an  otlicer  who  w.is  absent  and  whose  nanio 
S'cnicd  to  bo  unknown  to  the  jieoplc!  ['.  S.  L'r/iloi:  L'.i:,  v.  KiH.  Sergt 
Sunt.  Hernandez  is  once  mentioned  as  conuindantein  \SA'2.  Pinio,  Ihtr.,  M.S., 
i.  ;!sO-l.  Me-a  is  still  named  as  comandanto  in  1841-5,  but  I  li.ivs  no  oii;^i- 
ii.il  rosters  of  the  CO.  after  Aug.  1.S4!].  Feb.  KS41.  Presidio  buildings  in  ruins 
.hi  1  much  of  the  material  being  stolen.  J'iiifn,  J>oc.,  MS.,  i.  'JT.'i-t.  Aug.  CO, 
1^14.  Poster  of  the  S.  F.  company  of  defensoros  do  la  patria.  t'upt.  Frau- 
(isco  Sanchez,  Lieut  .fuan  X.  Padilln,  alfi  reces\'icento  .Nlir.nnontcsand  .Fcsus 
Noi'',  sergeants  (,'ni/,  .Sanchez,  randelario  Valencia,  and  .'{  otiier.s,  8  cor]H)ials, 
.')  of  vhoiii  were  forcigner.s,  and  ;il{  soldiers,  H  of  thcin  foreigners.  Sulmrdnri), 
J'  ■'•.,  M.S.,  ;iOS.  Sanchez  is  several  times  alluded  to  as  mil.  com.  of  S.  F.  in 
IM.-). 

(irouth  of  Verba  Bucna.  descriptions,  etc.  Siinpso.i  in  1S41  writes  of 
'observing  on  the  southern  .'-ido  of  the  month  a  fort  \vcll  situated  lor  com- 
iiiandiiig  the  pas.sage.  but  it.self  commanded  by  ,i  hill  behind.  This  fort  is 
iiow  dismantled  and  dil.pidattd;  nor  arc  its  remains  likely  to  last  long,  I'or 
liif  soft  I'ock,  on  tho  very  verge  of  which  they  hang,  is  f.'ist  crumbling  into 
t!ie  undermining  tide  beneath.  A  short  distance  beyond  the  fort  is  sii  initeil 
a  sr|uare  of  huts,  distinguished  l)y  tho  lofty  title  of  tho  presidio  of  S.  1'.,  and 
t  iiante(l'  by  Capt.  Prado  and  a  corporal's  guard. .  .'Tho  pretty  little  bay  of 
^  I  rli.a  lluciia,  mIiosi;  shores  arc  doid)tlcs3  destined  under  belter  auspices  to 
It;  the  site  of  a  flourishing  town,  though  at  present  they  contiiin  tmly  S  or  9 
Imiisea  in  addition  to  the  JI.  11.  Co.'s  establishment.'  Sim/ixon'.i  AVtcr.,  i. 
-:7-S,  os:?-.b  Henry  A.  Peirce,  in  his  Jonrunl,  M.S.,  81,  for  Nov.  30th, 
\\  rites;  '  Mr  Rao,  .igent  of  the  IL  B.  Co.,  has  lately  purchased  a  house.     At 


I    ' 


\\ 


4  ■ 


II 


668 


].nC.\L  AXXALs  OF  Till:  X()l;T!r. 


lots  ;iii(I  iiidiil^'i'd  in  mild  ci.ntrovf.slcs  Ikcc  ;is  c^  :c- 
ulici'i';  and  tliciv  is  nothiiii;'  in  tliu  rrcdids  of  tliu 
period  to  suyL>vst   the  doid^ts   cuiivnt   in   \ii\vv  tinu  s 


there  iiii'  not  more  tliiiii  liall  a  ilozeii  Iii 


if  wli 


Mr  l; 


111'  s  i-^  1 1 


best.      It 


l>ililt  of  Wood,  Kliiii','li(l,  etc.,   aii<l   of   tlic   olcl-f;i 


Dlltr 


fo 


.M 


V  .'-iKar   has   lati 


ly 


stiiiill,  ami   ;iU;i.lic:l   tin  rcti 


cliiiio  fiT  iiial;iiiL,'  .sliiii;,'lt'.s  and  ii  tiuiiiii'r-lailic'     ('apt.   Wilkes  on  lii.s 


vi:;it  jiKJtmsed  to  ^et  tor  Spear  tlie  a]iinjintni<  n 


It  of  r 


.Mr.s.  1. 


Jfarri ;/'s  Lijc  ij'  MrLoi'ijIr 


M, 


uljovu  lliroii' 
willU'i-,  llie  liil! 


lilt  tins  peril 


-1, 


■j;>-N,  \\liiili\iil   ill   tile   house  iiiiMiti.iiHd 


'I 


d 


•ver\tlini!4   " 


s  eoM'ied  Willi  ilowt'is.      \ve  .saw  U-w  Jieople, 


(■  at  S.  !•" 
Caiit.  llinekl 


Mr  Spcai',  Mr  \'io.;et.  w  ho  used  to  ker|)  a  killiard -rooni.      1  went  to  tin 


'.v> 


tl 


le  eoi;ii)aii\ 


ad  lioiii'ht,  alioiit  half  of  it  .i  store 


ilig.      It  was  a  li 


on  one  side  am 


1st 


juililiii;,'.  and  in  t.ie  niii 
'Ihat  w 


dk 


ore  on  the  other 


.Mr  J 


the  other  half  a  dwell- 
a  liij,'  li.ill  with  the  hniiso 
.erse's  house,  alioiii.  ;>II\M) 


feet,  \\'u\\  the  hall  in  the  iiiiddle  opuiiiiii,'  on  the  siik^  and  very  wide.     In  tl 


back  1 


larl,  were 


■lb. 


id   the    front  was  a   diiiiii  ..-ropni   and   aiitiir,' 


'1  ho  kitelKli  was  back  of  all.      We  had  a.  kanaka  e 


noli  am 


d  2  ki 

vas  wry  sn 


boatl 


11;  thevcalU'd  it  Verba,  11 


.Mr    llidell    (liidle.v)   was  onr   elerk 


I    Hi 

Th 


ewai 


.1 


th 


days.      When  I  fj;ot  tlur. 


(18-H)  lliere  was  only  oiielionse,  .Spi^M's,  and  then  the  store,  that  is  twi 
Ikiikia'  CO  house,  a  little  mi  1  where  they  made  sliiii';'es,  and  then 


d 


iJai 
Carpenter's  (Davis  the  ear[)enter  ?)  house  on  the  next  liloe!;.  And  then, 
our  side  of  the  street  Ava.s  onr   house.  ;iiid  aeross  the  street  was  Mr  Fiilk 


house.     That  was  all  the  front.     And  then  baek 


sou's  '')  liille  adobe 


then 
in  b' 


I'lieii  I 


wa.s  there. 


llr 


ml  W  or  4   little   bulldli 
1 


c  was  C  apt.  I'uclis  (lliehai 


lave  neviu'  bet'ii  there  siiiee. 


tlie  kidy  ilied  in  bSS4.)     '  Tiiere  used  t 


That 
(T 


was  all  we  had 
lis  was  written 


o    l)U 


a  little  1 


'oiii:j 


d 


ibnnt   (I  feet   from   t!ic  front.     When  the  tidit  eanie  up,  it  eaiiii!  to  the  l,t; 


hill.      1  h; 


lieeii  severa 


1  til 


to  tl 


le  mission;  tin;  road  was  \ cry  bad.  all 


till! 


d.      1  never  .saw  a  waijon   j^o  out  there.      It  was  just  trails.     The  see 


lit  it  was 


to  el 


iristeii  my 


little 


rl,  ami  .Mrs   lliiukley 
MTiI 


,1- 


lero  we;e 


mother,     (.'apt.  Phelps,  Fore  rml  Aft,  --Vi'J-  I,  tells  us  that 

but  4   ]ierin:inent  residents    (I),  and   notes   that  a  paiillier  carried  oil  an  lud. 


boy  fr 

8t(' 


I. 


I. 


,1'e^e  M   y;ii' 


;:Iy 


d 


dcntters  at  Itiiieon  Point  lu'.d  t 


iieir  diniK 


A'l 


V.    it;.',   writes  that  in    1841,  'tin 


town  is  not  ealeiihited  to  iiroduee  a  favor;dj|(!  i 
buildin'rs  consist  of     " 


iii|ire<si!iii  on 


straiiL 


P; 


15.  L\ 


I  lal'Ue   li-anie    liuildiii;,'   oeeii[iici 


by  the  aireiit  of  the  II. 


l;e]it  by  .Mr  Spear,  an  .\nieiiean,    a  billiard-i'ooin   and 


Jioop-cabin  of  a  .ship  (Kent  Hall) 


oeeunii'ii  as  a  clweiiinir 


b 


snmii  .siiop 


also  far  bi'twet 


d  outbiiildii 


Th 


th. 


l.y  ('apt.  Jliii 
b 


f 


louiiii    lew  111  niimliei 


AVitli  these  I  must  not  foriret  t 


aninerate  an  oh 


1,  dil 


iti 


overlooi;! 


ibe  bliildi 
1-   tl 


'I' 


111'.',  waieli  liasaeonspie 


le  anellora'^'e. 


.Mofi 


nous  posliion  on  tlie  to))  of  the  hill 


:tl 


A'.iV,/. 


found  at 


most  'JO  houses  at 'i'erba   Bneiia,  all   belonjriiiL'  to  fort  iL;nei's.     lie -lotes  tl 


JI.  \\.  ("o.  buildiiiL'.  and  .Siiear  and   llinekley's  .stori 
also  an  iiiLrcnious  arian:.'ement  by  which  4  mules 


the  chief  structure^; 
worked   siniiiltanconsly  a 


il<i 


gofid   1 
Anii 


-mill,  boUiii'.; 
l' 


iparatus,  and  a  saw-mi 


'i' 


le  Sw  iss  ca 


louse  anil  siiop 


'.ml    Prmlon  owikmI  a  1 


pt._V 


ioi'et  liai 


iz,  Jti-iirn 


/,:<,  MS.,  47-8, 


ites  tl 


louse    ooeupiei 


I  by  Math 


le  diliiculties  of  loailiu'  ai 


iloadi 


cai'iTocs  on 


the  mud  Hats,      liidwell, 


wliose 


visit  was  in  Jan.  1S4_'.  notes  tl 


vriucipal  buildings  as  above,  and  says  there  were  about  half  a  dozen  .small 
trann^  hour's  ami  one  or  two  adobes.  ('«/.,  IS.'/l-S,  MS.,  100.  IJavis, 
0'!'i)i/inr.<,  Ms.,  'JH)- 17,  speaks  of  u'oat-raisiiiL;  on  Y.  15.  Isl.  from  ISPJ,  and  on 
other  jia'jes  j^'ives  many  itemsaboiit  the  ]ilaee  in  these  years.      I'adron  of  bSIJ, 


lowiu;.;  a  l>op.  of  l!li),  inclinlmj; -I!  torei'niers  Iiesules 


d  :!!»  li 


ecrvants.     This  includes  all  on  the  peninsula  e.xttpt  the  soldiers  at  the  pre- 


ciiowTii  OF  YKun.v  iiu;:xA. 


oca 


lis  to  t]\v.  existence  of  .'i  pii(.!l)lo.  San  Francisco  was 
not,  al)lc  to  enjoy  its  glories  as  cabccci'a  of"  the  ])arti(lo 
bufoio   tlic   pi'd'octui-u   was    aijulishcd;  but  when  the 


siilio  and  tl 

Hill/,  s/.  /' 


pllVt 

S.  ,/.,  MS. 


IC    CX-llCli 


("  ciimniiiiiitv  "t  <li>'  iiiissinn.  /) 


ini/rlir',  add 


I  rlia  uiicriu  in 


.>,  dcsiriwiii;; 


').      Ill-  Siind 
it  as  ';i  siiia 


.  Ill;/  1 


<)i 


■/iliiiii,  S- 


tfd 


visi 


.!.■  of  S.  F.  1 


lav  ail' 


II  anil  ;j;i()win!j;  town  on  tin;  s,  w. 
near  tlie  town  of  tliat  name,'  ami  ^iviriL:  a  skott'h  uliioli 


allows  -0  or  '21   .stiMuturos. 


ilinL!  to  the  .1 ; 


'/.-,■  .)/',S'.  /•'.,  I7:i,  V.   I) 


1;' I  Hiail  alxuit  a  (lo;',in  lionKi's  and  ahont  .")()  inlialiitants.  Davis,  (Hiiii/isi'.i, 
I  IJ--.'!,  iioti's  t!io  linildin;,'  (jf  ii  bi-idgi',  in  ISI4,  liy  Alcalde  llini'kk'v'M  eU'oits, 
across  tlio  month  <if  the  lagoon  S(!i)aratin;4  the  main  t(j\vn  from  what  was  Liter 
(  lark's  jKiint,  a  jmhlic  ini|irovenient  that  attracted  cro.Mls  of  adnurin'4  visitoi's. 
lie  also  sjieaks  of  a  .'■nrvcy  <if  tlu^  town  durinij  Jlinclclev's  term,  which  is 
iliuhtfid.     .Inly  "-'I,  Isl  I,  list  of  men  lial)!e  to  military  dnty  — lliat  is,  from  1(5 


(il)    years   of  aui' 


iholc 


of  whom   ;}(i  are  foi-ei','ners,  1+  of 


ilirm  natnrali/ed.   Vdllijo,  l)oi\,  MS.,  xxxiv.  42.     Swasev, ' '"/.,  MS.,  4,  thinlcs 


P'T- 


of  Y.    15.    ill    lS4.'i  was   aliont  240.  much   too  largi;  an  (estimate. 


11 

(.lantees   of    lots  at    V     J5.   in   ISII 


lecordin'  to 


'hi  lit', 


jKHI: 


ii'tiit 


I) 
\.  .Mi 

V.ik 
(.re_ 


II,' 


eti' 


follows:  (!eo.  .\!len,  1'.  Sheireliaek,    !• 


ranc'sco  de 


/    Ti'lr 

I  [;■  y. 


iraiiiontes,  .lesiis  Noc    hominuo  lVli\,  J.   I>.,  \Vm  .\.  ].,ei(U'S(lorll',  15 


]■ 


]•; 


ran.  (inerrero,   'iVinidad   Moy.i  (2),  Henry  lice,  .hiaii  (. 


dante,  .J( 


.Marti 


liriones,  (.".  W.  FlQj 


rtltidlcv,  lienito   Diaz  and  J.  1'.  Mesa,  (,' 


,  (ik 


i;.i.  T.  r. 


isiaaeda, 

11.  rx'ii'v, 

ale,  Ivi'' 


.\iont 


ene.L,'n 


i; 


A.  A.  Ai; 


)'.  ])c 
>ai|uiii 


md,  Win  Hichai'ds 


W 


S.    Wl 

Jo'lli 


Reynolds,  Doiia  i'].  S.   jjeinal, 
,  ilosalia   llaro,  Tiios  .Smith, 


i: 


Pedro  Fstrada,  Mi-    P. 
'I'lic  new  custonidioase:      \),i 


L.iz.iro  I'liia,  Win  Fisher,  !• 
Vdrorena,  (ire-.'orio  IJrioiiivs,  an 


ran.  .Sanciiez, 


!■'.  h 


il  Ste 


plion  Smith. 


^7, 


hi, 


in  IS! t  oc( 


I  mil! 


.Ms.,  I,'i7-S,  .says  that  Jiiceptor 


'P 


thri'c^  roenis  m  the  adobe  Imildini,',  west  si;!e  Du.iont 


I'  :  ween  (.'lay  and  Wasliiii'^ton  .st.,   tin;  rest  of   which  in  ISl.'!-.")  was  ( 


lec.ipiei 


I),  •isa-^eiit  for  I'.ily  ami  Mclvinley.     Feb.  22,  i!S44.     (;ov.  asks  for  thn 
■klayira  from  .Sta  t'lara  and  a  carpenter  from   S.  .Jos,' to  work  on  anew 
eiisionidioiisc  for  the  newly  estahlislu'il  iveeptoria.  JJcpt.  y.'ic. ,  MS.,  xiii.  (J  I— 5. 


h 


I'.li.  2;!il.      Admin,  at  .Mont,  directs  reeepioi- at  S.  F.  to  1 


IC'IU  woi 


k  at  ( 


not  to  cost    over  ysoa.     Piiiti,  JJo-.,   MS.,   ii,  40-50.     Fel>.  2(Hh. 


i:iz  lias  ITC  I 


1  tl 


10  or  !cr;  no 


material  can  be  had  from  tin  mission;  wants 


iiihority  to  take  tiles  and  Inniber  from  the  mined  l)nililin!.,'s  at  the  preddio. 


//. 


M 


•4.      F<;b.  2!); 


M. 


re  on  tlu^  same  subieel..s. 


1 


ue  ina.eria 


I  of 


ipied  lmililin;.,'s  at  the  mission  has  been 
!)■  soon  if    ■  )thinL;  is  done.   J)i/il.  S/.  I 


V  2,)th.     (iov. 


MS. 


xid.  82. 


carried  oil  as  that  at  the  jiresidio 

'<ip..  lien.,  (J.  //,,  MS.,  vni.   I  IS. 

il>a.ynient  of  exiie.iscs  for  the  enstomdioiise.    /'r/if. 

wnriiin  '11 


ithori 
.Inly  ;{ Ith.     D^az  rejiorts  tliat  most  of  his  lir 


;}sires  th.'it  some  be  [irovideil  from  .Sonoma. 


U.-li/.  Sf.  I 


II..  MS.,  viii.  IS  I.     Oct.   2d.     T 


V.  lil  soon  be  ac 


ted 


Pill/0,    /)l, 


10   receptors  sng'.;cstlon 


of  di 


;,/>. 


11. 


1st.     Di 


veil 
hat 


f.'i' the  credit  of  the  ,t;ovt  the  receipts  from  vessels  should  bo  prom;i;ly  ;ip- 


■i\  to  pay  work)  ,".1  on  the  new  b',iildiii'.r 


th 


WHO  iiav. 


lit   moac  V  lor 


lie  enter] 
liiebuildi 
*  >  M. 


.1  tl 


10    l):li 


itnieii. 


O. 


lerwisc!  the  woi'l 


ill 


have  to  s 


inierc' 


•ilU: 
III. 


.1  to  r'.im. 


1. 


This  was  i: 


iSS,     F. 


cpieiice  ot  anorc 


ler  tl 


t  ip  ail 
d 


I 


os(Mid  iinds 


li),   1S4">.     Account    rendered  b.V  recei)Lor; 


mnt  rcecdvcd,  .S2,l!2i); 


1  'lil, 


<pet 


ded  on  the  bail.l 


dill''  had  liceii  com!) 


Icted  and: 


"itt, 
i."),S  more  spent  on  i 


:i!;i.    1 


n  .Se 


tho 


t.  J)i'ii/.  .s7.  /', 


/. 


Jill. 


If. 


';!.')-().     l''el).  21', t.     Iteceptor  is  told   by  adm 


It   Nb 


)nt.  1o  let,  tlio 


liiilding  remain  as  it  is  (iinlinished  and  debts  unpaid?).   I'htto,  l)o\,  .MS. 


1.11  ted  1) 


A  Iki''  boie^'lit  (  r  Lcidesdorll'  for  ii'A).      (Tl 


II, 


V'  was  in  l;iler  \  cars 


into  ill 


I'.  .\    lioacli  to  IheSoe.  of  I'loueers.)  /</.,  ii 


.)t>. 


i'cscriptioii  of  tho  new  buildiii^  in  an  iiivcutory  of  Oct.     'Una  caaa  do  2JJ 


Ii 

y< '} 

III 

Vi 

in 

Ii 

1 

i 

;l 

670 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  NORTH. 


system  was  rcstoroJ  in  1845  bettor  fortune  attended 
tlie  bay  town,  and  Francisco  Guerrero  became  suii- 
prefect  with  a  jurisdiction  including  San  Jose  and  all 


varas  rlc  largo  y  8  do  ancho  con  corredor  al  frento  y  los  costados  de  2\  varas 
dii  iiiiclio  con  sn  balustrudo  y  escalcnv.  L;'  oasa  uonticnc  4  jdezas,  5  vontaims, 
con  sus  vidrioias,  7  puertas  con  sus  chapas  y  Haves,  I'ua  cscaleia  de  inaili  ra 
foiraila  con  nn  cuaito  peqneno;  todas  las  puci'tas  y  vcntanas  con  sus  vist.is 
fonadas  de  nuidera  y  las  4  piezas  con  sus  fajas  arriba  y  aliajo  bhuKiucadas 
por  dentroe  fuera,  pintada  de  plonio  en  el  interior  y  por  fuera  ver<k'.'  A/.,  ii. 
li)7.  I'oe.  "JOtli.  Gen.  Casti'o  orders  com.  of  8.  F.  to  lot  the  receptor  have 
ail  llie  tiles  lie  may  need  ior  the  new  buildini,'  ('!).     Id.,  210. 

Otlier  custoni-iiouso  ali'airs.  1841.  ]'"ranci.s('o  fluerrero  in  charge.  /></>'. 
iSV.  J'u/).,  M.S.,  V.  TiG.  Vallejo's  efforts  to  transfer  the  custoni-hou.se  to  S.  1'. 
This  vol.,  y).  "JOS.  1642.  Guerrero  still  in  charge.  His  complaint  in  Sejit. 
that  Itichardson  continues  to  permit  vessels  to  anchor  at  Sauzalito.  Pinto, 
JJoc,  M.S.,  i.  2i";4.  1S4I5,  tJuerrero  receptor.  The  gov.  approves  trauster 
of  custoni-honse  from  Mont.  (?)  This  vol.,  p.  37")-0.  ^lorecumplaintsaijaiuit 
liichartlson,  anl  an  order  from  the  gov.  not  to  permit  vessels  to  anclior:it 
iSauzalito  unless  lirst  despatched  from  Mont.  JJepf.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.,  MS., 
iii.  40;  Vallrjo,  JJoc,  ^l^.,  xi.  345.  1844.  (iucrrero  is  succeeded  by  Benito 
l)iaz  as  receptor  in  Feb.,  continued  troubles  with  Richardson  about  tlio 
Sauzalito  nuchorage,  other  revenue  ollieers,  their  gambling  propensities,  liglit- 
crs  on  the  bay,  new  building  begun,  site  selected  for  a  well,  etc.  This  vol.,  p. 
42[)-.'ll.  March  7th.  Regulations  for  the  receptor's  guidance.  Pinto,  Due, 
MS.,  ii.  5S-1).  May  18th.  Col.  Vallejo  calls  the  governor's  attention  to  the 
importance  of  the  p;)rt,  its  defence,  and  of  establishing  the  custom-house 
there.  ValUju,  Doc,  MS.,  .\i.  ,'i70.  Sept. -Oct.  Diaz  reports  muchsinuL'gling 
by  whalers,  he  lias  to  use  threats  to  bring  them  to  Yerba  Ruena,  has  been 
oli'ered  bribes  by  them,  and  gets  little  sn])[iort  from  Capt.  Richaidson. 
Pinto,  Doc,  MS.,  i.  270-S,'J,  Capt.  Hincldsy  w;is  accused  also  of  interaied- 
dliug.  Oct.  2Utli.  (July  one  of  the  4  cctadores  had  reported  for  duty.  /'/., 
2S2.  Oct.  27th.  Richardson  claims  that  he  and  not  the  receptor  has  l!i'' 
right  to  collect  anchorage  dues.  /</.,  ii.  101.  Oct.  ■.",Uli.  Diaz  to  11.  pivc.s 
up  all  respcmsibility  for  the  Sauzalitu  vcs.sels,  as  he  cannot  have  R.'sco-op- 
tnitiou.  /(/.,  i.  2o{)-l.  But  R.  refuses  also  to  take  the  res[)onsil>ility.  Id.,  ii. 
lOJ.  Nov.  ist.  Five  months'  wages  due  tiie  boatmen.  /•/.,  i.  28S.  l>eo. 
2'Jlh.  1>.  has  appointed  a  co.\swain  at  .SIO,  to  avoid  risking  his  life  and  that 
ofoihers  in  heavy  winds.  /'/. ,  2S1).  1S4.">.  Rafael  I'into  appointed  to  suc- 
ceed Diaz  in  Aug.,  vessels  permitted  to  go  to  Sauzalito,  minor  olliciiils,  statis- 
tics, cLc.   This  vol.,  p.  ').'y\-{tl. 

Ranehos  ttf  nortiiern  Cal.,  granted  in  1841-5.  Those  marked  with  a  *  not 
finally  co;ilirmed.  Agaas  Fnas  (Butte  Co.),  (i  1.,  granted  in  1844  to  Salvador 
Osio;  Riudallaiid  Tidil  cl,iiii;uits  before  land  commission.  Aguas  Xieves 
(But:.o  (Jo.),  (J  1.,  1844,  Sam.  .J.  ili.'usley,  who  was  cl.  Alameda,  Arroyo  de 
la  (.Mam.  Co.),  4  I.,  181J,  .Jesus  Vallejo,  who  wascl.  Alain.  Co.  ranchos,  see 
I'oaero,  S.  Leandro,  S.  Lorenzo,  and  Sobrante.  Aleatraz,  sec  Farallones,  etc. 
Alisal,  see  Rincou.  Americanos,  see  Rio.  .Vnimas,  sec  I'osolomi.  Arroyo 
Cliico  (Dutt!  Co.),  1844,  Win  Dickey;  Joliii  Bidwell  cl.  Arroyo  Chico  (Butte 
C).),  5  1  ,  IStl,  El.  A.  Farwell;  James  Williams  et  al.  cl.  Arroyo,  see  Ala- 
meda, Calzoncillos,  Piiarcitos,  Riucouada,  and  S.  Antonio.  Barranca  Colo- 
rado (Tehama),  4  1..  1844,  Josiidi  Belden;  Win  B.  Ido  cl.  Bcrrendos,  see 
I'rimer  Cailon.  Bluchor  (Sonoma),  (il.,  1844,  Jean  Vioget;  Stephen  Smith  cl. 
Boca,  see  Pinole.  Bodega  (Sonoma),  8  1.,  1844,  Stephen  Smith,  who  was  el. 
*Bodega,  1841,  Victor  I'rudon,  who  was  cl.  Boga  (Butte)  or  Fliiggc  raneho, 
5  1.,  18^4,  Chas.  W.  Flugge;  T.  O.  Larkin  cl.  Bolsa,  see  Tomales.  Bolsas, 
see  Huinbrc.  Borrogas,  see  I'astoria.  Bosqucjo  (Tehama),  5  1.,  1844,  Peter 
Laaseu,  who  woa  cl.     *J3riesgau  (Shasta),  5  1.,  1844,  Win  Benitz,  who  wascl. 


PRIVATE  RANCIIOS. 


nn 


the  scttloiiients  uortli  of  that  town.  At  tlic  presidio 
Alfcivz  Piado  ]\Iosa  with  Sergeant  Galiiuh^  anil  nine 
or  ten  soldiers,  a  detachment  ot"  the  Sonoma  com[)any, 


Biittc  county  ranclios,  sec  Aguas  Frias,  Aguaa  Xievcs,  Arroyo  Cliico,  IJoga, 
Ksf|U()ii,  lloiicut,  Llano  Seco,  and  Willy.  Also  not  naiiiuil  *C  \V.  Flu!,'go, 
.">1.,  lS4t;  L.  lloovir  cl.  (Jabiza,  sue  Sta  llosa.  Callaycjnii  (Sonoma),  15  1., 
l«t.').  i:ol)ci-t  Itidlcy;  liitcliic  and  Forbes  cl.  *(Jalzonciilos  (Stii  Clara),  111., 
J.S4;i,  .losO  -M.  C'a.slauarca,  who  was  cl.  L'anipo  de  los  Franceses  (8,  Joaijiiin), 
111.,  IS44,  Will  (iuhicic;  (,'.  M.  W(l)cr  cl.;  claim  of  Jii.sto  Larios  rejected. 
Canada  do  (luadaliipc,  Visitacion,  y  Kodeo  V'icjo  (.S.  F.).  2  1.,  ISH,  J.  1'. 
Lcesc;  K.  S.  Iviton,  II.  It.  I'aN'.soii  cl. ;  Itidlcy "s  cl.  rejected.  Cuuada  do  los 
Vainuros  (Contra  Costa),  IS14,  Fran.  Alvisoctal.;  llolit.  Livermoro  cl.  Ca- 
fiada,  SCO  also  Capitancillos,  Uainhrc,  .Jonivc,  Pinole,  and  I'ogolomi.  Cajiay 
(Colusa),  10  1.,  1844,  Josefa  Soto,  wlio  was  cl.  Capitancillos,  Cafiada,  I'll'-', 
Jiisto  Larios;  C!nadalu])o  Min.  Co.  cl. ;  Fos.sat's  cl.  rejected.  Carne  Jluniana 
(Napa),  4  1.,  ISH,  Ivl.  T.  Bale,  whose  widow  was  cl.  Caslamayoine,  see  La- 
guna.  Catacnia  (Xapu)  '2  1.,  1S4I,  .J.  U.  Chiles,  who  was  cl.  *Ca/adores 
(Sac),  4  1.,  1S44,  Ernest  Itul'us;  James  Murphy  cl.  Cerritos,  see  I'otrero. 
Cliico,  seo  Arroyo  Cliico.  Codies  (Sta  Clara),  A  1.,  1844,  lioberto;  Antonio 
iSufiol  et  al.,  cl.  Coins  (Colusa),  'J  1.,  184,"),  .loliii  Jiidwcll;  C.  D.  Semplc  cl. 
*Coluses,  4  1.,  1S44,  John  Daulieubi.^s;  X.  Tlassett  cl.  Colusa  Co.  ranclios, 
scj  also  Capay,  Jacinto,  .liiiuno,  and  Larkin.  Contra  Costa  ranclios,  seo 
Canada  do  Vaipieros,  JIanibrc,  .Iiintas,  Laguiia,  Monto  del  Diablo,  I'inolc, 
Sobrante,  and  Ulpinos;  also  not  named,  ^'raiits  to  '  Inocencio  lloniero  ct  al. 
(Sobraute?)  1844  and  ''.luan  Jose  Ca  tro  et  al.  1841,  1844;  E.  It.  Carpenticr 
cl.  Corte  de  Madera  (Sta  Clara),  'Jl.,  1841,  Maximo  Martinez,  who  was  cl. 
*Cosumnr3  (Sacramento),  1  1.,  1844,  llcleno;  Hicks  and  .Martin  el.  (Jotato 
(Sonoma),  4  1.,  1844,  Juan  Castafieda;  T.  S.  I'agu  cl.  Diablo,  see  Monte. 
Dolores,  seo  S.  F.  Embarcadero,  sec  Sta  Clara.  Estanislao,  see  ranilieria. 
*]']s(pinon  (Butte),  ."«  1.,  1844,  Sam.  Neal,  who  was  cl.  *Farallones,  Alcatrnz, 
Yerba  lluciia,  and  I't  Tiburon  (S.  F.  &  .Marin),  ISIII,  J.  Y.  Limantour,  wiio 
was  cl.  ]'\lix  rancho  (S.  Matoo),  I  1.,  1844,  Domingo  Fi'lix,  who  was  cl. 
Flores  (Teliama),  ."{  1.,  1844,  Win  Chard,  who  was  cl.  Fliiggc,  seo  JJoga. 
I'ruucrses,  seeCamjio.  (lallinas,  see  .S.  I'edro.  Centiles,  see  Laguiia.  Guada- 
lupe, see  Canada.  (lUciioe  (Sonoma  or  Lake).  (]  I.,  184.'),  (Jeo.  Kock;  Arch. 
Ititchie  cl.  (iucsesosi,  see  (^>iiesesosi.  Ilambre,  (Jaliada,  and  las  liolsas  del  — 
(Contra  (Josta),  "2  1.,  1S4'2.  Teodora,  Soto,  who  was  cl.  Iloiicut  (Yuba),  7  1., 
IS44,  'riieodorc  ("cinlna;  Estate  of  .J.  Thonipson  cl.  *l[oiicut  (Uuttc),  8  1., 
1840,  Henry  lluber,  who  was  cl.  Jliiichiciia  (Sonoma),  '2  1.,  1811,  .1.  1'.  Lecsc, 
wiio  was  cl.  Jacinto  (Colusa).  .8  1.,  1814,  Jacinto  Rodriguez;  Win  II.  .McKeo 
cl.  Jiiiicno  (Colusa),  II  1.,  1841,  Manuel  Jimeno  Casarin;  T.  ().  Larkin  ct 
al.  el,  Johnson's  (Vul)a),  ")  1.,  1814,  I'alilo  Uiitierrez;  W'm  Johnson  i:l.  Jo- 
nivo  (Sonoma),  '2  1.,  ISl.'i,  .lames  Black;  .lasper  O'Farrell  cl.  Jota  (Nap.i),  1 
1.,  ISI.'l,  iieo.  Youiit,  who  was  cl.  Juntas  (Contra  Costa),  ,'{  1.,  1844,  W'm 
Wilsh,  whose  estate  was  cl.  Lac  (Sonoma),  I.OODv.,  1814,  Damaso  Ilodriguez; 
J.  1'.  Leese  cl.  *Laguna  de  los  <  Sciitiles,  or  Caslamayome (Sonoma),  8  I.,  1811, 
Eug.  .Montenegro;  Win  Forbes  <  1.  Lagiinailc  los  I'alos  Colorailos  i Contra  C'os- 
t.i),.'{  1.,  1841,.!.  .Mora  ga  and  .1.  Bernal;  Morn  gad.  *Lagunade  losSantosCalle 
(Yolo),  II  1..  184,">,  Victor  I'rudon  and  M.  Vaca;  E.  L.  Brown  el.  Lagiina,  seo 
Taehe.  Larkin's  (Colusa),  lOl.,  1844,  F.  Larkinetal.  who  were  cl.  'Lassen's 
(Teliama),  1844,  I'etor  Lassen;  Harriet  liesse  cl.  Llajomi  (N'apa),  1\  I.,  1841, 
Tomaso  A.  Rodriguez;  Salv,  \'allejocl.  LlanoSeco  (Butte),  41.,  1841 -.">,  Sebas- 
tian Kcyser;  ('.■!.  Brcntrainetal.  cl.  Llano,  seo  Sta  Rosa.  Locoalloinc  (Napa), 
'J  1.,  1841,  Julian  Pope;  Joseph  Pope  et  al  cl.;  Rain[;ford'a  claim  under  grant 
of  184.-)  rejected.  *Lupyomi  (Xapa),  14  1.,  1844,  Salv.  Vallejo;  II.  T.  Tescli- 
niacliercl.;  11  1.,  1844,  Limantour  who  was  cl. ;  2  1.,  1844,  S.  and  .1.  A.  Va- 
llejo; S.  Vallejo  cl.     Malacomca,  or  Moristal  (Sonoma),  2  1.,  184J,  JoatS  dcloa 


G7i 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  TUK  NOIITII. 


served  as  garrison,  tlioui^li  visltoi's'  reports  raroh' 
ai>ree(l  witli  the  rosters  as  to  tlie  preseiice  of  more 
tluin  two  or  three  at  any  one  time.     Most  of  i!i 


ne 


Sanios  ]]erri!ycsa;  rookwcll  k  Kiiij,'lit  cl. ;  also  2  1.,  M.  E.  Cook  ct  il.  el. 
S(c  also  Scno.     Maio  Island  (Solano),  l.SlO-1,  Victor  Castro;  BissoU  it  Aajiiu- 
wall  cl.     Marin  Co.  ranclios,  seo  Faralloncs,  Nicasio,  Olonipali,  I'oLiohjMii,  l'„ 
Ixcycs,  S.  Antonio,  S.  <icrunimo,  S.   I'odro,  Soulajulo,  Tiuualpais,  'J'inicasi.i, 
anil  Tamaks;  also  grant  not  named  to  *Tini  Murphy  100  v.,  1844.     .Miiii])usa 
Co.,  .see  S.  Luis  (!(jnzaga.     *Mariposas   (S.  Joarj.),  11   1.,  lS4.'i.    .Manuel  l':is- 
tanarcs;  K.  Voss  d.     Mariposas,  10  1.,  1S41,  .J.  B.  Alvarado;  J.  C.   Fri'inimt 
cl.     Mendocino  Co.,  see  Muuiz,  Sanel,  and  Yokaya;  also  unnamed  giants  to 
Jos(5  Ant.  ( ialindo  JS44,  I0-1'_>  1. ;  \Vm  A.  Kieliardson  cl.     *l!;il'ael  ( larcia, '.)  1. 
1S44.     *Linianiour  80  1.,  1S44.     Merced  ('o. ,  sec  Sanjoii.     Miseria,  see  Kn- 
blar.     ]Molinos,  sec  IJio.     Monte  del  Diablo  (Contra  (  osta),  1S44,  Salvio  Pa- 
clieco,  who  was  cl.     Moqueiumncs,  sec   Sanjou.     Moristal,  sen   Malaeoinc.s. 
Mtiiiiz  (Mendocino),   4  1.,    184.1.     Manuel  1'orrcs,  who  was  cl.     Xapa  Ca. 
ranchos,  sec  (Jarne  ilmnana,  ("atactda,  .Jota,  Llajonii,  Yocoallonii,  J.,upyo!iii, 
and  'J'ulucay.     *\emslias   (Sac.  Val.K   4  1.,    1844,   Theodore  Sicard;  Claude 
Ghana  cl.     S'ew  Jlelvotia  (Sac.  and  Yuiia),  11  1.,  1841,  J.  A.  Sutter,  Suttir 
t:t  al  el.;  some  of  the  claims  rejected.     *Nc\v  Helvetia,  -"J!.,  184."),  J.  A.  Sui- 
ter, v.iio  was  cl.  (Sutter  general  title).     Nicasio  (Marin),  'J],  1.,  1844,  I'ahl.)  do 
la  Cuerra  and  .1.  Cooper;  Wm   Ueynolds  and  I).  Frinkcl.;  10  1.,  ILdlcckit 
Black  cl.     *Naeva  Flandria  (Sac),  31.,  1844-."),  Sutterand  Schwatz;  Sch.  ;iiid 
V.'.  W.  Warner  cl.     Olompali  (Marin),  2  1.,  184:!,  C.  Initia  (?),  who  was  .1. 
Oniochunme  (Sac),  5.,  1844,  Joaipiin  Sheldon,  whose  heirs  were  cl.     Ores- 
timha  (Tnohunnc),  (}  1.;  1844.  Sebastian  Miinoz,  who  was  cl.     I'alos  Coluia- 
dos,  si;e  Lagnna.     I'anocha  (S.  .Toa(|.)  ,  .">  1.,  1814,  Julian  Ursua,  who  wiis  cl. 
*l'anocha  (Jrandc  (S.  Joa(|.),  4  1.,  1844,  Vicente  P.  liomez,  who  wascl.     (T!ie 
famous  Mctiarraghan  claim.)     I'aso,  rancho  del  (Sac),   10  1.,    1814,   liiiali 
Crimes;  ,Sani.  Norris  cl.     I'astoria  de  las  Borregas  (Sta  Clara),  .'?, "JOT  acre-', 
184'-',  l''rancisco  lOstrada;  ^I.   Murphy  cl.;  also  'J  1.    called  also    Refugio,  cl. 
Mariano  (.'astro.     IVscadero  (.S.  .Toaij. ),  8  1.,  1843,  V.  Higueraanil  U.  Fcli.\;  I  (. 
Grimes  ct  al.  cl.     Pescadoro  (S.  .Joaijuin),  8  1.,  1S4H,  Antonio  M.  I'ioo,  wlio 
nud    ir.    M.    Naglee   were   cl.     Petidiuna  (Sonoma),    b")   1.,    184;!-4,    ^I.    (i. 
\'allejo,   who  was  cl.;  Watmongh's  claim  rejected.     I'ilarcitos,  arroyo  (^tii 
Clara),  1  1.,  1841,  ('audelario  .Miramontes,  who  wascl.     Pinole  (t'ontra  i'ostai, 
4  1.,    1842,    Ignacio  Martini.z;  M.  A.    >birtinez  de  Richardson  cl.     Piuo'e, 
Boca  dc  la  Cauada  del,  1842,  Manuid  Valencia,  who  was  cl.     Placer  Co.,  sc  • 
S.  .luaii.      Pogolomi,  caiiada  do  (Marin),  21.,  1844,  Antonio Caccrcs,  who  \v,n 
cl.     Posolomi  and  L'ozito  de  hn  .\nim.is(Sta Clara),  o,0t2acres,  1841,  Lope  Ini- 
go;  K.   Wabiindiawcl.     *Potrcro  (.iantaClara),  II  1.,  1843,  JosJM.  Fueutcs, 
who  was  cl.     P(jtrero  do  los  Cerritos  (Alameda)  .'l  1.,  lS4b  Toni:is  Pach"cc)an  1 
A.  Alviso,  who  were  cl,     Pt'trero,  .sec  also  S.  F.  and  Sta  Clara.     Po/.ito,  .ice  1' i- 
Kolomi.     I'rimer  Canon,  or  Rio  do  loa  Bi'rrendMs  (Tehama),  (i  1.,  1S41,  .Tub  I". 
l)ye,  who  was  cl.     Puerto  (Stanislaus),  3  1.,  1814,  Mariano  Hernandez  ct  al.; 
S.  (!.  Kccd  et  al.  cl.      '*Puntade  Lobos  (S.  F.),  184"),  Joaquin   Pill:!;  not  prc- 
se;iled  to  L.  C. ;  also  app;icaU!)a  by  B.'uito  Diaz,  granted  later.     I'luita  dclns 
Beycs  (Marin),  11  1.,  1843,  A.  M.  Oao;  A.  llmdall  cl.     Piit.as  (Solano),  S  1., 
1843,  .lou''  do  Jesus  and  .Si\to  Boi-reycoa;  .M.  Aiiastasio  lligucra  de  B.  cl. 
Piitaj  (Sulano),  10  1.,  I8b3,  J.   M.  Vaca  ami  J.  F.  Pcaa,  who  were  cl.     Sij 
also  l;,io  de  los  P.     Quescsosi  (Yolo).  2  I.,  1813,  Wm  (loiilon,  who  was  cl. 
Quito  (Sla  Claia),  3  1.,  1841,  Jnse  /.   I'ernandcz  and  J.    N'oriega;  M.  Alvis  > 
cl.      lianchci'.a  del  Bio  Jvstanislao  (S.  Joaip),  II  I.,  1843,  Francisco  llicoaal 
Jo.H'i  Ant.  (.^astro,  who  were  cl.     Refugio,  see  P.-istoria.     Reyes,  see  Punta  d'! 
]i.     *Rin(oii  del  Alisal  (Sta  t.'lai'a)  0  )0  v..  1841,  Santos  &  Sons,  who  were  cl. 
Riiicou  de  San  I'l^anciscpiito  (Sta  Clara).  1S41,  .lose  IVfia;  T.  and  S.   Kolihs 
cl.     liiucun,  sec  alao  S.  F.     Rincunada  del  Arroyo  dc  S.  FrancisquiLo  (>ta 


I 


■t  -.l.  vl 
it  Aspiii- 
ilcjiai,  l\ 
"iniwisia, 

uol    I'ilS- 

Fi('ini)nt 
griiiits  to 
:ircia,  1)  1. 
,  Kce   Kii- 

Illvii)  l\i- 
ihicuiius. 
sajia  Co. 

I;  Clauilc 
r,  SuttiT 
J.  A.  Snt- 

r.ii.io  ,!<• 

lalleck  & 
Sell,  iliiil 
o  was  L'l. 
:1.     Oas- 
is C'oloi'a- 
10  was  il. 
C'l.      (Tiic 
!1,   Kiial. 
t'.)7  acro^ 
fii.;i(),  cl. 
Full;;;  II. 
'ic'ii,  wlio 
.M.    (i. 
oyo  (*'ta 
:a  ( 'osta), 
I'iiioic, 
Co.,  siv; 
who  was 
..opi;  Iiii- 
I'u-'llSr-;, 
,li''Coaii  1 
s('C  IVi- 
,Tob  F. 
zot  a!.; 
[not  \Kv- 
ta  (Iclos 
lo),  8!., 
o  Jl.  A. 
icl.     S..0 
was  cl. 
Alvis  > 
ico  aal 
uuta  ill! 
.VL'IV  rl. 
Uoli!.'^ 
liLo  (-ta 


PRIVATE  RANCHOS. 


678 


buildings  were  at  any  rate  unoccupied  and  raj)idly 
going  to  ruin.  A  company  of  def'ensores  do  la  [)atria, 
40  rank  and  file,  under  Captain   Francisco   Sanchez 

Clara)  J  1.,  1841,  M.  A.  Mesa,  who  was  cl.     Rio  de  loa  Americanos  (Sac),  8 
1.,  1844,  Win  A.  LcidcsdortT;  Folsom  &  Sparks  cl.     Rio  do  lierrciidos,  see 
I'riincr  Canon.     Rio  Estanislao,  see  Ranclieri'a.     Rio  de  los  Moliiios  (Tehama) 
a  1.,  1844,  A.  G.  Toomes,  who  was  cl.     Rio  do  los  Piitos  (Y.ilo)4  I.,  ]S4_', 
Francisco  (iuerrero;  Win  \\'()lfskill  cl.     Roblar  do  la  Miseria  (Sonoma)  4  1., 
1845,  Juan  N.  Padilla;  David  Wright  cl.     Piodeo  Viejo,  see  Canada  de  (lua- 
dalupe.     *Sacran;cnto,  city  lands,   1841,  J.   A.   Sutter;  city  and  Uumett  cl. 
*Sacrament(),  island  of,   1844,  V.  Prudon,  who  was  cl.;   IS4o,  Robt  ElwcU, 
Jcsns  No6  cl.;  not  named,  *Suttcr  IlOO  acres,  1841,  F.  J.  White  cl.;  Munucl- 
umno  Ind.  4  1.,  1844,  .Sutter  cl.  for  Ind.     Sacramento  Co.  rauchos,  sec  also 
Cazadores,  Cosunmes,   N.  Helvetia,    X.   I'landria,   Oniochumnes,   Paso,    Jiio 
Americanos,  S.  Pucnavciitura,  Ncmslias,  Sanjon,  and   Sucayai;.     *San  An- 
tonio, arroyo  (Marin),    3  1.,   1844,  Juan  Miranda;   T.   B.    Valentine,  J.   A. 
Sliort  et  al.    cl.     San    Antonio,  laguna  (Marin),    (i  1.,    lS4."i,   15.   lj()jor([ues, 
Avlio  was  cl.     San  Buenaventura  (.Sac. ),  U  1.,  1.S44,   P.   B.  Picadini;,  who  was 
fl.     *San  Cayctano,  garden  (Sta  Clara)  l.OOa  v.   1845.  J.    B.   Alvarado;  C. 
Panaudetal.  cl.     *San  Francisco,  city  lands,  184.'$,  Liinantour,  who  was  cl.; 
^Mission  lots:  *Doniingo  Felix  40J  v. ;  *E.  and  .1.  K.  N'alencia  '201)  v. ;  Carlos  Mo- 
reno ((Jhas  Brown);  F'ran.  de  Ilaro,  1,")0  v.     *  San  Francisco,  potrero,  },  1.,  1844, 
1!.  &  F.  do  llaro,  whose  heirs  were  cl.,  also  Win.  C.  Jones.     *  San  Francisco, 
rin^un,  803  v.,  184,'3,   P.  SluTrehack,    who  was  cl.     Id.,  not  named,   Koljcrt 
i;iue.l,  400  v, ,   1842;   Fernando  Marchona,  1   1.,  1844;  neither  of  tlu'm  pre- 
sented to  L.  ( ';  *  Stephen  Smith,  two  oO  v.   lots,   184.");  see  aLso  Canada  do 
(Jiia  lalupe,  Ft  Lobos,  and  S,  Miguel.     S.  Francis(|uito,  see  Rincon  and  Rin- 
eonada.     San  (icTonimo  (Marin),  '2  1.  LS41,  Rafael  Cache;  J.  M.  Revere,  cl. 
San  Joa(iuin  Co.  ranchos,  see  Cam po,  Mariposas,  Panocha,  Pescidero,  and 
Paneheria.     San  Juan  (Placer),  4\  1.,  1844,  Joel  I'.  Dedmond;  IliramCWimea 
el.     San  Ijcandro  (Alameda),  1  1.,  1842,  Joaquin  Estndillo,  who  was  cl.     San 
Lorenzo  (Alameda),  (JOO  v.  and  1  1.,  184l-.'i,  Guiilermo  Castro,  who  was  cl. 
San  Lorenzo  (Alameda),  Ij  1.,  1842-4,  Francisco  Soto,  whoso  lieii's  wore  cl. 
San   Luis  (ionzaga  (Mariposa),  48.821  acres,   1843,  Francisco  Rivera;  .J.    V, 
I'.ichecocl.     .San  Mateo  Co. ,  see  Felix.     Sau  Miguel  (.S.  F.),  1  1.,  1  SI,"),  Jesus 
Xoe.  who  was  cl.     San  Pedro,  Sta  Maru'arita,  and  Las  (lallinas  (Marin),  5  1., 
1S44,  Tun.  Murphy,  who  was  cl.     San  Vicente  (Sta  Clara),  1  1.,  18l2,  Jose  li. 
ISci'reyesa,    whoso  heirs  weic  cl.     Santa  Clara,    Potrero,    1   1.,    1814,   J.   A. 
Foi-ljcs;  R.  F.  Stockton,  cl.     Sta  Clara,  J']nil)arcadero,  1,000  varas,  lS4,'i,   Ba- 
silio   Beriial,  \\ho  was  cl.     Sta  Clara  Co.  ranchos,  see  Calzoncillos,  Capitan- 
ciUos.  Coches,  Corte  de  Madera,    Fastoria,  Pilarcitos,   Posolomi,  (^)iiito,  Itiu- 
iiin,  Rinconada,  S.  Jo3i5  Mision,  S.  Cayctano,  S.  Vicente,  Ulistac.  and  Uvas; 
also  not  named,  grants  to  F'rancisco  Garcia,  2,000  v.,  1845,  J.  Enriglii  cl. ; 
*.los,!  Xoriega,  4  lots,  184.'),  X.  cl.;  *l5uenaventura  ct  al.,  ^  1.,  ISI4,  11.  (,!. 
Smith  el.;    **  Xarciso  Bennett,  who  was  cl.,    1  tO  v.  1  solar,  184.");    Xarciso 
Bennett,   140  v.  and  2,000-1.000  v.,  184.");    Mary  S.   Bennett  cl.;    Barcelia 
Bcrnal  et  al..  I  1.,  lS4.")-().    Sta  Margarita,  sec  S.  Pedro.    Sta  Rita,  seeSanjou. 
.'^  ta  Rosa,  cabeza  (Sonoma),  1841,  Maria  Igiiacia  Lope/.,  coiitirmed  in  (J  ilivi- 
sioiis  to  Julio  Carrillo,  J.  R.  Mayer  etal.,  J.  Eldridge,  F.  Carrillo,  Juanade 
.1.  Mallagh,  and  .1.  Hendley;  cl.  of  0.  Boulio  rejected.     Sta  Ro-^-a,  llano,  3 
1..   1841,  Mark  West;  .Joaq.  Carrillo  cl. ;  rejected  2  claims  on  grant  toJoaii. 
Carrillo,  1844.     Sancos  (Jchama),  5  I.,   1844,  R.  H.  Tliomes,  who  was  cl. 
Saiiel  (Meiido(;ino),  4  1.,  1844,  F.  Felix,  who  was  cl.,  .Sanjon  de  los  Moipie- 
liimnes  (.Sac),  8  1.,  1844,  Anastasio  Chabolla;    Angel  and   M.  Chabolla  cl. 
Sanjon  do  Sta  Rita  (Merced),  11  1.,  ISH,  Francisco  Soberanes,  who  was  cl. 
Santos  Callo,  see  Laguna.     .Seno  de  Malacoines  (Sonoma),  4  1.,  1843,  Jose  do 
lu3  Santos  Bcri-eyesa,  who  was  cl.     Shasta  Co.,  see  Brieagau.     Sobrauto  (Ala- 
HiaT,  CAL.,  Vol.  IV.    13 


•1  t 


•i 


074 


LOCAL  AXXALS  OF  THE  NORTH. 


Iii4i 


held  tliGTiiselves  ready  for  action  in  1844-5.  Tlio 
growth  of  Yerba  Buena,  in  the  light  of  later  devel- 
opments, has  a  peediar  interest,  and  I  have  quoted 
in  the  appended  note  some  descriptive  matter  hy 
visitors,  one  of  whom  has  left  a  pencil  sketch,  and  hv 
residents,  notable  among  whom  is  Mrs  Rao.  The 
town  contained  in  1845  about  20  structures  large  and 
small,  but  with  one  exception  there  is  no  definite  in- 
formation about  any  of  those  built  in  this  period.  I 
suppose  that  of  all  classes  there  were  not  less  than 
125  inhabitants,  among  whom  the  foreigners  consti- 
tuted a  predominant  clement.  Indeed  the  foreign 
infiuence  caused  a  certain  prejudice  against  Yerba 
Buena,  notably  among  Mexican  residents  at  the  mis- 
sion, showing  itself  most  clearly  in  a  controversy  be- 
tween the  rival  alcaldes  Padilla  and  Sanchez  in  1845. 
In  1844,  in  connection  with  a  reorganization  of  the 

meda),  111.,  1841,  J.  J.  Castro,  who  was  cl.  Sobrantc  (Contra  Costa?)  occii- 
liicd  l)y  Romero  brothers  in  1844.  *  Socayac  (Sac.?),  '6  1.,  1844,  John  Cham- 
berlain; E.  Pratt  cl.  Sohmo  Co.,  sou  Mare  Isl.,  Putas,  Putos,  Siiisun, 
Soscol,  Tolenas,  and  Ulpinos.  *  Sonoma,  400  v.  near  cx-miasion,  1844;  J.  Y. 
Liinantour,  who  was  cl.  Sonoma  Co.,  sec  Bluchcr,  Bodega,  Callayonii, 
Cotatc,  (luenoc,  Huichicha,  Jonivc,  Lac,  Lagiina,  Malacomes,  Pctaluma, 
Roblar,  Sta  Rosa,  Scno,  Sotoyonii,  Tzabaeo,  and  Yulupa.  Sotoyomi  (SonoiiKi). 
8  1.,  1841,  Henry  D.  Fitch,  whose  widow  was  cl. ;  Cyrus  Alexander's  cl.  to  '1 
1.  rejected  Soulajiilc  (Mariu),  '20  1.,  1844,  IJamon  Mesa;  confirmed  in  J 
divisions  to  J.  S.  Brockett,  G.  N.  Cornwell,  '^.  J.  Vasqucz,  Luis  D.  Watkius, 
and  ^I.  F.  Gormley;  cl.  of  Wm.  M.  Fuller  rejected.  Stanislaus  Co.,  seu 
Puerto.  Suisun  (Solano),  4  1.,  1842,  Francisco  vSolano;  Arch.  Ritcliiu  il.; 
also  J.  H.  Fine.  *  Soscol  (Solano),  184.'1,  M.  O.  Vallejo,  wlio  was  el.  *Taciio, 
lacuna  (Tulare),  11  1.,  1S4;1,  Limantour,  who  was  cl.  *Tamalpais  (Marin \ 
2  i.,  184."),  Ililario  Sanchez,  who  was  cl.  Tehama  Co.,  see  Barranca,  Bosfjiu  ju, 
Flures,  Lassens,  Primer  Canon,  Rio,  and  Sancos.  Tiburon,  see  Faralionc.--, 
etc.  *Tinicasio  (Mnrin),  I  1.,  1841,  Lidians  of  S.  Rafael;  Murphy  cl.  inr 
Ind.  Tolenas  (Solano),  .")  1.,  1840,  J.  F.  Armijo,  whoso  heirs  were  cl.  Tm- 
males  (^larin),  5  1.,  1845,  Juan  N.  Padilla;  James  D.  Giilbraith  cl. ;  Tuhic:iy 
(Napa),  2  1.,  1841,  Cayetauo  Juarez,  who  was  cl.  Tuolumne  Co.,  sec  Ores- 
timba;  also  unnamed  grant  to  *  Solomon  Pico,  J.  L.  Ord  cl.  Tzabaco  (So- 
noma), 4  1.,  1843,  J.  G.  Peua,  J.  J.  Peila  ct  al.  cl.  Ulistac  (Sta  Clara),  h 
1.,  1845,  Marcclo  Pico  and  Cristobal;  J.  D.  Hojipo  cl.  Ulpinoa  (Solano),  4 
1.,  1844,  John  Bidwell.  who  was  cl.  *  Ulpinoa  (Contra  Costa),  1845,  Jose  do 
la  Rosa;  Juan  M.  Luco  cl.  Uvas  (Sta  Clara),  3  1.,  1842,  Lorenzo  Piiicila; 
Bern.  Murphy  cl.  Vaqueros,  sec  Canada.  Visitacion,  see  Canada.  *  Willy 
(Butte  ?)  4  1.,  1844,  M.  C.  Nye,  who  was  cl.  Yerba  Buena  Isl.,  sco  Farallones. 
*  Yokaya  (Mendocino),  8  1.,  1845,  Cayetano  Juarez,  who  was  cl.  Yolo  Cj., 
SCO  Laguna,  Quesesosi,  and  Rio;  also  grant  not  n^mcd  of  5  1.,  to  Tlionuia 
Shadden,  1844,  claim  discontinued  by  id.  Yuba  Co.,  see  Honcut,  Johnsmi's, 
and  N.  Helvetia;  also  unnamed  grant  of  G  1.  to  *  Jolin  Smith;  John  Rose  ct 
al.  cl.     *  Yulupa  (Sonoma),  3  1.,  1844,  Miguel  Alvarado;  M.  G.  Vallcjo  cl. 


MISSION  DOLOUES. 


07."5 


rccepton'a,  or  revenue  departiueut,  the  building  of  a 
custom-house  was  ordered,  to  cost  not  over  -^800; 
and  it  was  completed  in  September  of  the  next  year 
mainly  by  tli(i>  lab(jr  of  Indians  from  abroad,  witli 
materials  obtained  in  part  from  the  j)residio  and  mis- 
sion ruins,  and  by  the  aid  of  loans  i'rom  enteipiisinLj 
citizens,  at  a  cost  exceeding  the  original  estimate  Ity 
only  $2,000.  This  structure  stood  facing  the  plaza 
IVom  the  west,  on  what  was  later  Washington  Street. 
A  long  controversy  between  the  revenue  ollicers, 
Benito  Diaz  succeeded  by  Ilafael  Pinto,  and  tlio 
masters  of  whalers  and  other  craft,  who,  with  the 
support  of  Richardson,  captain  of  the  port,  insisted 
on  anchoring  at  Sauzalito  ostensibly  on  account  of 
its  superior  advantages  for  obtaining  wood  and  water, 
but  in  truth  largely  for  the  facilities  it  offered  for 
contraband  trade,  was  the  only  other  noteworthy 
item  of  current  annals.  I  have  appciuded  a  list,  al[)ha- 
betical  yet  with  sub-hsts  for  the  different  sections, 
of  all  the  private  ranches  in  Northern  Califoi-nia 
granted  during  the  half  decade.  They  were  about 
IGO  in  number,  and  it  will  be  noted  that  half  of  them 
were  granted  in  1844,  and  that  nearly  one  third  were 
fmally  not  confirmed  by  the  courts  of  the  United 
States. 

A  few  items  have  been  given  incidentally  respect- 
ing Dolores  as  part  of  the  pueblo  of  San  Francisco; 
as  an  ex-mission  it  calls  for  but  slifjlit  mention.  I 
fmd  no  trace  of  any  resident  minister,  though  the 
})adres  Real  occasionally  officiated  and  Padre  Maro 
seems  to  have  spent  several  months  here  in  184.'). 
No  later  administrator  than  Tiburcio  Vasquez  in 
1841  is  named,  but  he  probably  acted  in  that  capacity 
for  several  years  longer.  There  were  then  in  the 
community  78  Indians,  about  50  of  whotn  I  suppose 
were  still  living  on  the  peninsula  in  1845;  but  there 
was  probably  no  remnant  of  property  besides  build- 
ings, though  there  was  a  debt  which  prevented  the 
governor  in   1844  from  acceding  to  the  petition  of 


3i«a 


'■!'■  efl 


C7G 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  NORTH. 


citizens  tliat  an  end  1)0  inaflo  of  tlie  ex-mission.  Tn 
18-15,  however,  after  warnini^  to  the  scattered  ex- 
neophytes  to  reoccu])y  the  property  that  was  theoret- 
ically theirs,  an  order  for  its  sale  was  issued,  :is  at 
other  establishnieuts." 

Padre  Lorenzo  Qiiijas  attended  to  the  *  spiritual ' 
interests  of  San  Rafael  and  of  all  the  northern  fi-oii- 
tier  until  1843,  after  which  there  was  no  resident 
curate  north  of  the  bay.  Simpson  and  Peirce  and 
ollicers  of  the  U.  S.  explorini;  expedition  visited  the 
eslal»lishment  in  1841-2,  the  latter  with  a  view  of 
purchasing  the  Novate  rancho  offered  for  $1,500,  and 
the  former  on  his  way  to  Sonoiiia;  but  these  visitors 
have  more  to  say  of  Quijas'  drunken  pranks  than  of 
anything  else,  merely  noting  that  tlie  mission  was  in 
ruins,  and  that  Timothy  ]\Iurphy  was  administratitv; 
indeed,  there  was  nothing  more  to  be  noted.  MolVas 
reports  a  population  of  20  Indians;  but  the  connnu- 
nity  was  entirely  broken  up  before  1845,  though  1 
su|)pose  there  must  have  been  about  200  ex-n(.M3phytes 
still  living  in  the  region  and  nominally  christians. 
After  the  formality  of  warning  the  Indians  to  \v- 
occupy  the  mission,  its  sale  at  auction  was  ordertil 
in  Octolier;  and  the  valuation  of  the  estate,  accord- 
ing to  the  original  inventory  in  my  possession,  was 
$17,000  in  buildings,  lands,  and  live-stock.^*     Moan- 


'■' Inventory  and  census  of  Fob.  1841;  21G  cattle,  G98  horses,  GOO  sliecp. 
)*>/.  Pap.  Misi.,  MS.,  X.  1(J-17.  Simpson'.s  visit  anil  description  in  1842;  (inly 
the  clr.U'cli  intolerable  preservatiou.  Shnii.ioii\i  -Xarr.,  i.  ;{3)-G.  The  naiiuH 
of  1 J  residents  were  signed  to  a  petition  in  ISt-l  as  mentioned  in  note  12.  'I'lio 
1  )t-i  granted  in  1S42-4,  were  to  Wni  Hinckley,  Charles  Brown,  Francisco  do 
llaro,  Domingo  Fiilix,  and  Francisco  Guerrero.  Order  of  sale  184.").  Tiiid 
Vol.,  ]).  utD-u'J. 

^*  Pi'irce'n  Jour.,  MS.,  81  ct  sen.;  Simp>,on'a  Narr.,  i.  30.5;  IR/fe.s'  Xarr. 
U.  S.  Exj,.  E.rp.,  V.  21'2;  d/o/'ray,  Explor.,  i.  .320.  Aug.  24,  1844.  Wm  A. 
llicliardson  asks  the  assembly  forajuczatS.  Rafael.  Lcj.  Jicc,  MS.,  iv.  I'l. 
Nov.  8th,  gov.  announces  the  separation  from  Sonoma,  and  tho  creation  of  tlio 
S.  Raf.  jurisdiction  extending  to  the  IVtaluma  Creek  and  Russian  River,  or 
S.  Ignacio.  Murphy  appointed  on  the  Sth,  and,  on  his  decliuing,  Osio  on  tin: 
11th.  Drpt.  lice.  MS.,  xiii.  93-0;  Dcpt.  St..  Pip.,  Urn.,  P.  <0  ./.,  ii.  24.  Nov. 
12th,  gov.  tells  Osio  to  take  .JO  head  of  cattle,  wliich  ho  had  furnished  to  tlie 

:ovt,  from  iho  S.  Raf.  stock.   Dept.  Jkc,  MS.,  xiii.  100.     April  184.'),  Tiui. 

ilurphy  elected,  after  temporary  appoiutiueu.   by  gov.,  jucz  do  i>az,  with 


f 


SAN  RAFAEL  AND  SONOMA. 


0/  / 


while  in  1844  San  Eiifael  liad  been  separated  from 
tlie  civil  jurisdiction  of  Sonoma,  and  xVntonio  ^[. 
Osio  was  made  juez  do  paz,  soon  to  bo  succeeded  by 
Timothy  jNEurphy,  who  at  first  declined  the  otHcc. 
The  |)rivate  i-anchos  of  jNIarin  county  have  been  al- 
ready named  in  this  chapter. 

San  Francisco  Sf)lano  no  longer  had  an  existence 
as  an  ex-mission  community,  and  there  is  nothing  to 
be  said  of  it  during  this  period,  except  that  J/*a(lre 
Quijas  served  as  occasional  curate,  perhaps  residing 
here  for  a  time  in  1843,  and  that  t'.iere  exists  an  im- 
j)erfect  list  of  buildings,  utensils,  and  church  propei'ty, 
a[)parently  made  in  connection  with  the  or-der  of  sale 
in  1845,  thouu'h  in  the  ihial  order  of  October  this 
establishment  was  not  named. ^^  There  were  })robably 
over  200  Indians  residing  at  Sonoma  or  in  the  near 
vicinity. 

Tlie  population  of  gonte  de  razon  in  the  jurisdiction 
of  Sonoma,  all  north  of  the  bav,  but  not  includin'J!: 
foreigners  in  the  Sacramento  Valley  or  the  newly  ar- 
rived and  roving  inunigrants  of  the  Sonoma  and  Napa 


•all 


evs. 


Ul})} 


)ose  to  have  numbered  about  800  in 


184o,  though  the  only  delinife  basis  of  estimate  is  tho 


mi 


lit, 


u 


y 


force. 


Tl 


le 


pr 


isidial 


company  m    184 1- -"3, 


and  [)robably  down  to  the  time  of  its  disbandmeut  by 
Valkjo  in  1844,  had  between  40  and  50  men  under 
the  conunand  of  Lieut  Jose  Antonio  Pico;  and  there 
were  besides  nearly  60  men  fit  for  militia  duty,  to  say 

Ignacio  Piichecoassup'.c'iite.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  Bin.,  /'.  it./.,  MS.,  ii.  •J,'U4.  In- 
ventory of  -^^ig-  -^tli;  buili!in!4S  ij^i.-t;!.");  i'unutiirc  and  utensils  >}M;  '_'  f,MriliMis 
■vvidi  "JJ  iVnit  ti'eos  ami  'JIO  vinus  .s_',(ji!'j;  land,  about  IG  leagues,  §•<,();).);  liv,'- 
stock,  chiolly  at  N'icasio,  "JliO  oattlo,  o'Xi  horses,  ,'U0  sheep,  ;?;!.0.')1;  list  of 
chui<'h  utensils,  etc..  no  value  given;  total  $17, -.lO.  .Signed  by  l'io(j  Manso, 
and  Mnr[iliy.  Pi<o,  Pup.  .l//,s.,  M.S.,  i;j'J-42.  Oct.,  the  juez  of  Souonui  elaiiria 
not  to  know  anything  alnuit  ^lurphy's  authority,  but  says  thatinen  at  8.  liaf. 
have  at  his  instigation  disobeyed  the  writer's  suunnons.  Dor.  Jliat.  Cdl.,  ii. 
20;}.  Deo.  1st,  Ciuerrcro  at  8.  F.,  recommends  (iregorio  Brioucs  and  Ignai'io 
Pacheeo  as  juozandsuplentu  for  1S4(J.  Id.,22S.  Sato  ordered.  Tiiis  vol.,  iv., 
p.  ."i4t)-.V2.  In  Maria  Co.  Jlist.,  '20ij,  wo  read  that  Ignacio  rauheei)  ami 
'Alferes  Damas'  (Damaso  llodriguoz  ?)  were  1st  and  'Id  alcaldes,  succeeded  by 
Wni  Keynoids  and  James  Black  in  ISio  ! 

'^  Inventory  in  Pico,  Pap.  Min.,  MS.,  123-6,  with  no  values  attached.     See 
this  vol.,  p.  549-51. 


1    ^ 


078 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  THE  NORTH. 


iii)tliin<jf  of  an  incidental  mention  by  the  alcakle  of  100 
t'itizeiis  ill  his  juris<liftion."'  Captain  Salvador  Ya- 
llejo  was  coiJiniandant  of  the  post  and  no  civil  authori- 

'"Sonnniti  airairs.  1841.  C'lipt.  Salv.  Vallcjo,  comandante  of  the  post; 
Lieut.  JciHi'^  Antmiio  I'ico,  t.'oniiiiaudiug  tlie  S.  F.  compimy;  Sergeant  .JosO  do 
los  Santos  llcnvyi'sa,  MO  men  rank  and  I'do  willi  4  agregados  and  (i  inviUidn--; 
'Jd  alferc/  I'rado  Mesa  with  Sergeant  Nazario  (Jalindo,  an<l  it  men  absent  a.-i  a 
ganisuii  at  S.  I'',;  pay  roll  al)()ut  $1 1,01)0.  This  state  of  tilings  did  not  vaiy 
iiiatcrially  in  1S4J-.'1.  \'al  ijo,  Doc,  MS.,  xxvii.  passim;  D('i)t.  SI.  I'aj).,  II. 
M.,  .MS.,  Ixxxv.  !);  Ixx.wi.  5-0.  For  the  next  two  years  there  are  no  original 
military  rciMirds.  Financial  items  of  1S41.  Jnne  Sth.  Ai)regii  at  Mnui. 
sends  .^.'.S  to  for  tlie  comp., !?]  ,040  of  it  in  silver.  J\dy  Otli.  .SI  ,0'_\S  more,  .'?JJ1 
in  sjieeie.  Sept.  "JIM.  Sends  5!.")00  in  silver,  ami  lias  )?1, 200  more,  .S'.K)0  (it 
the  eomii.,  IJJUH)  lor  the  genei'al'.s  salary.  Oct.  30tli.  lias.*!:.', 000  in  goods  f^.r 
till!  comp.,  S.'iOO  in  coin  has  heen  paid  to  Cells.  0<!t.  0th.  Lieut.  I'ico  has 
rec'd,':?  1,777  for  comp.  Valhjo,  Doc,  MS.,  x.  100.  '.'00,  'JS.S;  Dtpt.  ,Sf.  J'rij,., 
I'll  It.,  .M.N.,  iii.  1")0;  /'I.,  Ji.  J/.,  Ixxxv.  .">.  May.  7  guns  and  5  artillcrynii  a. 
This  vol.,  p.  1!)8.  Jan.  1st.  Gcii.  Vallcjo  to  minister  of  war,  has  suppoi  ted 
the  gan  is(jn  at  an  expense  of  about  §1,000  per  month,  besides  monntiiiL;  7 
guns.  Desires  the  Soscol  rancho  for  the  si>j;poit  of  tiio  company,  or  else  di.- 
sires  it  for  himself  on  acct  of  the  .S4, 000  due  him  for  salary  in  |.S24-;{7,  and  nf 
$';),000  which  the  barr.acks  cost  him.  Vallcjo,  Doc,  MS.,  x.  10.  .Jan.  Illii. 
V.  claims  that  the  civil  jurisdiction  belongs  to  the  mil.  comandante.  LI.,  ',]'.\. 
Alcidde  of  S.  F.  reports  that  V.  oljjects  to  land  being  surveyed  liy  civil  autli. 
of  S.  F.  Dc]!!.  St.  I'ap.,  MS.,  xvii.  07-70.  July.  Threatened  trouble  wiili 
the  Sotoyomi  Tnd.  I'allrjo,  Do^'.,  MS.,  x.  2,10.  Visits  of  Mofras  and  "f 
AVilkes'  ollicers.  This  vol.,  p.  24.">,  24I)-r)l.  Wilkes  writes:  'Zonoiiia  is  to  he 
the  capital  of  this  country  provided  the  general  has  power  and  lives  1  ni:; 
enough  to  Imild  it  up.'  1842.  Visit  of  Sir  Geo.  Simpson  in  Jan.  /(/.  ,2IS. 
Simpson  in  his  Xarr.,  i.  308  et  seq.,  devotes  nearly  20  pages  to  an  intcrc'^t- 
iiig  account  of  Sonoma  and  its  people  and  their  manners  and  customs.  Vi-it 
of  I'om.  .fones  in  Dec.  This  vol. ,  p.  ,314.  1843.  Visit  of  Dr  .Sandels  in  l'\:l). 
or  March.  /*/.,  340;  Kiinj'.i  Or/>/inii,  (j-8.  Like  Sim])son,  he  gives  no  doliiiitu 
information,  tliough  botli  narratives  would  be  interesting  did  space  permit 
tlieir  reproduction.  Juno  18th.  A  meeting  lichl  to  devise  means  for  the  s.ip- 
port  of  the  garrison,  Vallejo  presiding  and  Frndon,  sec,  also  to  ijuilil  a  town 
Iiall,  jail,  and  cemetery.  31  persons  subscribed  !?•'!, 003.  besides  lo.")  fan. 
grain,  2i)  cattle,  1,100  ft  boards,  12,700  adobes,  and  the  work  of  22  laboiers. 
i'ltllpjo,  JJoc,  Ms.,  xi.  412.  Vallejo  to  gov.  recommending  the  organization 
of  a  civil  govt  at  Sonoma,  and  suggesting  Victor  Frndon  for  sub-prefect.  /■/., 
3(iS.  In  the  same  vol.  there  are  many  items  of  routine;  correspondence  for 
this  year  on  nniniiiortant  matters.  Aug.  l.")th.  Vallejo  to  mil.  com.,  inclo-i- 
ill;;  a  pliu  of  the  town  (not  extant)  which  he  lias  followed,  and  which  sliouM 
s'iil  be  followed  in  all  improvements.  He  .says  that  his  comini.ssion  as  direc- 
tor of  colonization  has  now  expired.  Doc  llisf.  Ceil.,  MS.,  i.  4.30.  Oath  t  i 
the  new  Mex.  constitution  in  Dee.  This  vol.,  p.  3.')0.  Ind.  campaign  at  Clear 
Luke,  /c/.,  3o2-3.  Vallejo  vs  P.  Mereado  on  payment  of  tithes.  7(^,373.  Two 
alcaldes  to  lie  chosen.  IiL,  3.")!).  1844.  Jacob  F.  Leese,  1st  alcaMe,  (Jayc- 
taiio  Juarez  2d  alcalde.  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xi.  11;  xvii.  78,  and  many  otiier 
references.  Militia  company  ori,'aiiized  under  Capt.  Salv.  Vallcjo.  This  vol., 
p.  407.  List  of  .")!)  citizens  liable  to  do  duty  in  the  militia,  12  being  f.ireiL'ii- 
CIS  and  0  Iiiilians.  Vallejo,  Doc,  MS.,  xii.  o').  Vallejo  disbands  the  cavalry 
coiuiiany  to  avoid  aiding  Micheltorena.  This  vol.,  p.  404-,').  Quarrels  be- 
tween Salv.  Vallejo  and  Dr  Bale,  also  Alcalde  Lcese  and  Victor  Frudou. 
This  vol.,  p.  444-.").  Threats  of  attack  by  Sutter.  Id.,  482.  1845.  Lcts-o 
and  .)  uarez  seen  to  have  acted  as  alcaldes,  or  at  least  there  were  no  othei  s, 
until  June,  when  Jos6  de  la  Uosa  and  Marcos  Vaca  were  elected.  Deft.  St. 


ROSS  AND  SEW  IIELVI':TIA. 


679 


ty  was  recognized  down  to  the  end  of  1843,  from 
Nvhic'h  time  municipal  atl'uir.s  were  directed  by  two  al- 
caldes, Jacob  V.  Leese  and  Jo.sd  de  la  Kosa  hol(lin«^ 
successively  the  first  alcaldia.  There  is  nothin!^  in 
the  meaorr  record  of  military,  nmnicipal,  or  other 
local  ati'airs  that  demaihls  more  extended  notice  than 
is  given  in  the  appended  index  and  summary.  At 
lloss  and  New  Helvetia  even  moro  fully  than  at  So- 
noma, local  occurrences  have  been  noted  in  otlK-r  j)arts 
of  this  volume  in  connection  with  the  <le[)artur('  of 
the  llussians,  the  various  enterprises  (jf  Ca[)tain  Sut- 
ter, and  the  arrival  of  different  imnjigrant  [)arti('s  over 
the  Sierra  aiul  from  Oregon;  yet  of  these  mattei-s  an 
index  is  appended  with  some    sup[)lcmental   items,''' 

I'i'p.,  Ilrn.,  /*.  it-  J.,  MS.,  ii.  22-5,  93-9,  and  many  otlier  refuronces.  It  ap- 
pears that  (li.sorJers  causcil  by  Sutter's  oporatioiia  prevented  tlie  election  at 
tlie  proper  lime,  and  in  Marcli  Leeso  urjj;od  the  acueptaiieo  of  liis  own  and 
Juarez'  resignation.  He  says  ho  cannot  write  Spanish,  has  no  secretai-y  and 
no  funils.  Of  the  100  citizens  only  two,  Damaso  Rodrifrucz  anil  Ignacio  ('.') 
L'arri.lo,  win-e  fit  for  juecca.  The  municipal  debt  was  .?-'"!•  in  July.  Oct.  2M, 
Alcalde  Rosa's  complaint  that  S.  llafael  citizens  disregard  his  authoiity  at 
the  insti:,'ation  of  Tim.  Murphy.  Do-,  llisf.  CaL,  ii.  20;{.  Sutter  claimed  to 
have  some  Sonoma  soldiers  iu  his  army  during  the  MichcHorcna  campaiijn. 
'I'liis  vol.,  p.  4S(5.  New  fears (jf  Sutter.  /(i.,olO.  Raid  against  tiio  liid.  l<t., 
514.  Gen.  Castro's  visit  in  Nov.  and  treaty  with  the  immigrants.  Jd.,  003, 
GOO- 7. 

"Ross  afTairs.  On  sale  to  Sutter  and  departure  of  tlie  Russians,  see  thii? 
vol.,  p.  177-lS!).  Sutter's  agents  in  charge  of  the  property,  removed  to  N. 
Helvetia  so  far  as  practicahle,  were  Robert  Ridley  and  .John  JJidwell  in  ISll- 
;i,  and  later  Win  Renitz.  Visits  of  Wilkes'  and  Jones'  ofliccrs,  Mofras,  and 
l)i' Sandcls  iu  ltitl-2.  This  vol.,  p.  'Ho,  2'>'.],  310;  JJi'limli's  Jour.,  and  Id., 
Cal.,  MS.  Stephen  Smith  established  himself  at  Jiodega  in  1S4II,  buililiug  a 
saw-mill  (see  his  life  iu  I'ioneor  Reg.  and  Index),  and  obtained  a  grant  of  the 
rancho  in  1844.  Adopting  a  friendly  policy,  he  seems  to  have  had  little  or 
no  trouble  with  the  Ind.  Torres,  J\ripi:cia.<,  MS.,  S9-90.  Smith  seems  to 
have  made  an  effort  to  introduce  the  name  of  New  Baltimore  for  his  Bodega 
settlement.  Larkiii''.i  jS'o.'c^,  MS.,  109.  Early  iu  lS4o  Benitz  rented  Ross  or 
tiio  Muniz  place,  from  Sutter,  ami  with  Ernest  Rufus  as  partner  engaged  in 
raising  potatoes  for  the  S.  F.  market.  In  Aug.  he  comp'aine<l  to  tlio  author- 
ities of  outrages  on  the  Ind.  in  his  vicinity  by  a  party  of  whites  under  An- 
touio  Castro  and  Rafael  Garcia.  Drpt.  St.  Pop.,  Bin.,  MS.,  v.  .■iS.'{-94.  In 
Dec.  the  rancho  was  granted  to  Manuel  Torres,  whoso  title  was  soon  put  • 
chased  by  Benitz,  though  Sutter's  unfounded  claim  was  revived  later. 

New  ilelvetia  affairs.  1S41.  John  A.  Sutter  juez  do  paz,  or  encargado 
de  justicia,  of  tlio  Sac.  frontier  iu  this  and  the  following  years.  Mont.  Arrh., 
MS.,  X.  10;  Valhjo,  Doc,  MS.,  xi.  4J0;  .S'.  /.  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  o.  On  all'.iirs 
at  Sutter's  fort  in  1841-2,  see  this  vol.,  p.  220-40;  and  also  on  visits  of 
Wilkes'  oliicer-  and  Mofras.  /(/.,  24.V5,  2.')0.  On  allairs  of  1842-.'$,  see  Id., 
.'U,>-7,  ,387-9;  also  for  descriptive  matter  on  the  region,  Bhlwrll'n  Jour.,  Yatea' 
Sac.  I'al.,  IS/fJ,  MS.,  and  K'uk/s  Orphan.  184.'}.  Arrival  of  the  Chiles- 
Walker  immigrant  party.  This  vol.,  p.  ;>94.  Hastings'  party  from  Oregon. 
Id.,  391.     1844.     Arrival  of  Frdmont  and  of  the  Stevens  party.  LL,  438-9,. 


1 ' 


080 


LOCAL  ANNALS  OF  TIIK  NORTH. 


Private  rMiiclios  in  tlx-  SacrjiiMciito  A'alloy  an  1  in  •.<^ 
tho  iioitlicni  tVoiitici' Iiavo  !)ceii  naiiuMl  in  this  <'Ii;i|tt(r 
aliilial)i>ti('allv,  and  also  classified  rimnlilv  acdi'diii'.' 
to  the  eoiiiity  lilies  of  latei'  years;  soiiietliinj^  of  tin  ir 
oc'eil|iation  l»y  loreiyii  settlel's  has  h(;eii  ^d\eli  in  ron- 
neclinn  with  thu  suhjeet  of  ininiii^nvition;  anvi  nioit! 
will  1)0  found  in  the  })ersonal  items  of  my  IMonecr 
Kegistor.  A  connected  viow  of  the  pi'Ofrross  of  settle- 
ment, especially  of  those  ninchos  which  hecanie  the 
sites  of  towns  in  later  times,  would  he  desirahle,  hiit. 
the  mass  of  details  re!juir(>d  to  t^ivo  such  a  skLc.li 
completi'Uess  and  interest  can  best  bo  presented  once 
for  all  in  the  next  volume. 


At  San  Jose  mission  Padre  Jos4  ]\[aria  (h)\r/.\]-z 
remained  in  churj^e  during  1841  and  pait  of  ISIJ. 
In  1S42-J  J*adre  AEiguel  Muro  was  minister, 'leaving 
California  probahly  in  the  last  year;  while  Padic 
Quijas  also  otiiciated  in  184;j-4,  and  Padre  (jliitiei- 
rez  in  1845,  both  of  whom  seem  to  have  left  the 
countrv  about  this  time,  as  nothin<>"  more  about  them 
appeals    in    any    records    that    1    have   seen."^     Jo-J 

447.  Oiguiii^ation  of  a  militia  company  with  Sutter  as  ca])tain,  Siiicl  lir  iin.l 
lliifiis  lii'iitoiiinits.  /(/.,  41)7,  470.  Sutter's  cllorts  in  liclialt  ut'  Miclicltorriiii, 
anil  iii'rc'st  of  Wobur.  /(/.,  47'J-S.").  1S4.J.  Gri'at  Hoods  in  tliu  winter  ol'  1n4")- 
(!.  ]!>l(/c,>'.-i  l/i-l.  St.,  MS.,  k)0-],  and  many  otiu'r  retcrcnui's.  From  S,]!;.  i 
daily  record  of  events  at  tlic  fort,  arrival.s  aivl  depaitures  of  cmployis  and 
travellers,  ete.,  is  ^ivtu  in  tliu  X.  Jlrlretid  J^ltiri/,  .MS.  liiihvell'.s  narinw 
escape  from  discovering  g')!d.  IJidircll's  I'al.,  IS.'/l-S,  M.S.,  '2J1-.").  Uetiirn  <it 
Sutter  and  his  army  from  the  south,  and  general  state  of  airdrs  at  the  tnrt 
in  iHh"),  including  the  visit  of  Castro  and  Castillero,  anil  Sutter's  t  If  ir;s  ti 
sell  tliecstalilishinent.  This  vol.,  old,  r).'(7,  (JOli,  (j;)7-H!.  Killing  of  tile  W.ill.i 
Walla  ciiiei'.  Jd.,  .j44-.">.  Arrival  of  tl.o  Swascy-Todd,  Suhlctte,  (irigslpy-Mc, 
Fremont,  and  Hastings  partie..(  of  imnJgranta  and  explorers.  /(/.,  o"-^i>. 

'**  Miguel  Munj  was  a  Fraiicii^can  of  the  Zacatecas  college,  who  hail  h.en 
a  missiiiuary  in  Texas,  .^iihsei|;.'cn  j' .serving  as  master  C)f  novices  at  the  cnl- 
lege  in  I  ■i;i4-7,  and  coming  to  (.'.vl.  apparently  in  1S42  from  which  time  his 
name  ap;/ears  on  the  recivls  -t  S.  Jo.sC-  niission  until  May  ISI.5,  and  at  •>. 
Franeisc.)  in  June-Oct.  ot  t'lc  same  year,  lletiring  to  his  college  he  lii^'  1  nl 
cholcr.i  about  1S.")().  Davis,  r#7i;«;wc'«,  M.S.,  1714,  says  he  knew  V.  Mum 
well,  that  ho  was  a  man  of  most  exemplary  life,  and  that  he  ma<,le  known  ti 
I),  in  1S4.'(  or  1S44  the  I'xistencc  of  gold  in  the  Sac.  Valley,  as  learned  iV.nji 
neoiihytes  who  luul  come  from  that  region.  This  was  conlirmed  by  I'.  Mrr- 
cardo  of  .Sta  Clara.  The  padres  made  D.  promise  secrecy,  and  he  never  toM 
it  until  now!  I  have  several  letters  of  l*.  Muro  on  routine  matter.'^;  hut  .!! 
I  know  of  his  life  before  coming  to  Caj.  and  after  his  departure  is  derm  1 
from  a  letter  of  Padre  Homo  of  Sta  Barbara  who  knew  him  at  the  colle.:u 

Jose  du  Jesus  Maria  Gutierrez  was  one  of  the  Zucatccan  friars  who  cutue 


SAN  .TOSr:  MISSION". 


G91 


^Tiufa  Anndor  as  admiiiistriitor  was  succeeded  in 
April  I8-U,l)y  Joso  Antonio  lOstrada,  who  in  turn 
oHbred  his  ri'si'j;nat,ion  in  ()('tol)er.  IV'iliaps  it  was 
n(»t  anL'optod,  at  any  ratc3  I  Jind  no  ni(!ntit>n  of  any 
successor  until  in  Ajji'il  1H4;5,  the  nianaj^onicnt  was 
rcstoroil  to  the  padivs,  who  I'etalncd  it  thii>UL;hout 
tlie  half  duoadu.'"     lles[)uctin,i;^  tho   padros'  success  in 


witli  Garcra  Diego  in  18^3.  He  scrvcil  as  a  miffsioiinvv  at  S.  Francisco  Soluno 
ill  ls;i,'{ -4,  iit  S.  Francisco  in  l.s:U-!),  at  S.  Antonio  in  I.S-tO-4,  and  at  S.  Joso 
in  All  ,'uat  IS4,">,  wiiicli  is  tin;  last  iccoid  I  linij  of  him. 

.lose  Loi-cn/.o  l^liiiJMM  was  an  Indian  and  proiialiiy  a  native  of  Kciiador, 
who  was  a  nuilotccr  and  trader  iicforo  iiccoining  a  friar  and  joiiiin;^  tlio 
ZacUii  cas  colle;,'o.  Ho  came  witii  (laiciii  Dic^'o  in  ls.;;i,  and  served  at  S. 
Francisco  in  li>;.;t-4,  at  Sohiuo  and  S.  llafacl  in  ls:i4  -t.'l,  and  at  S.  ,l(i.-.i^  in 
1st;!— I,  lie  \\a3  a  largo,  llnudookiiig  man,  of  nioro  tiiaii  oKJiiiiuy  natural 
aiiilitics  and  education;  kiml-lioartoil  and  poiuiUir  when  sulier;  Imt  from 
about  ls;j(i  he  gave  himself  up  to  strong  drink.  Ho  made  n.i  eiieinies  ami  all 
speak  well  of  his  natural  (jiialitius,  Init  all  testily  to  his  di  un.^enness,  and 
fiiiidii(!ss  for  (lancing  and  deiiaiiuherj'.  I'eiive,  .Sitni)Son,  I'll -Ips,  and  other 
foreign  visitors  were  witnesses  of  his  drunken  p'auks,  as  well  as  many  L'ali- 
fnrnians.  Unforti  uatcly  (Juijaa  and  two  or  tlii'eo  other  Mack  sliecii  of  tlio 
Zaeatecan  (lock  were  so  situated  as  to  come  much  in  contact,  with  foreigiiei-s, 
iind  this  fact  did  much  to  discredit  all  the  friar)  in  tlio  opinion  of  tlic  i;iinii- 
grants.  Dr  Sandels  found  him  in  ISt.'l  a  reformed  man  at  S.  .los^'-,  and  tho 
same  year  came  his  appointment  as  vice-president;  hut  we  have  no  means  of 
knowing  how  long  his  reformation  lasted,  as  he  disappears  from  the  rei'orda 
in  April  1S44,  notliing  heing  known  of  thi!  circumstances  of  his  deiiartiirc, 
'Jharlcs  Urown  elaimeil  to  have  met  him  iu  Mexico  in  1S.")7>  when  he  was 
curate  at  Omctepee. 

''■•S.  ,Jos6  Mission.  1841.  Jan,  litth,  crops  of  the  past  year  $SSS,  wino 
and  hraiidy  SlioD.  St,  Pap.  Miis.,  vii.  ;>',i.  .Jan.  ."list,  receipts  and  exiiend. 
shice  (Jet.  lS4i),  balance  against  the  estate  .§100.  />/.,  40.  April  Isth,  cilato 
turned  over  by  Amador  to  Estrada  by  inventory.  ///. ,  ;!0.  Amador,  M<in., 
MS.,  J)- 1;!,  who,  however,  makes  the  date  Itil'J,  says  that  the  jios'tion  was 
taken  away  because  he  refrscd  to  obey  tho  governor's  ilemar.d  for  .'-^Ii.'jO;)  to 
pay  the  expanses  of  a  ball  at  Mont.  He  .says  the  property  was  large  when 
he  gave  it  np,  l)iit  that,  as  he  prediete  1,  in  two  years  t.iere  was  nothing  le.'t. 
Mcifras,  Exp'or.,  i.  4J;)-I,  says  tho  estate  all  went  toenrich  tlie  Vallej  ohimil  y. 
Oct.  17,  1841,  Estrada  resigns.  SI.  Ay/).  .IZ/.w.,  M.S.,  x.  17.  Meeting  betwetn 
gov.  and  gen.  at  the  mission.  This  vol.,  p.  'I'M.  1S4.>.  A|)iil  4lh,  .M;inuil,  an 
Ind.,  complains  of  having  received  (J!)  blows  for  nothing.  S.  Jos'-,  Arch.,  MS., 
iv.  S.  April  liiLii,  swearing  allegianco  to  the  patroness  cif  the  diocese.  /</., 
I'at>  ntcx,  M.j.,  '2J.")-().  March  "Jlttli,  gov.  oideis  res.Dia;  ion  of  the  teinporalil  ies 
tothepadp',  This  vol.,  p.  30!).  In  1.  not  em.aucipated  and  living  at  the  piieMo 
must  present  tiiem.selvea  at  once  to  the  person  in  charge  of  ilu;  missici;i.  Id., 
.■{71.  June,  troubio  bctW(;eu  1'.  Muro  and  the  V'allejos  ab  )ut  the  .Suisnnes 
belonging  to  the  mission,  who  were  apparently  pcnniltcd  .it  I.ist  to  return  to 
their  native  region.  Mont.  Arch.,  MS.,  .\i.  S;  N.  Jo-n'.  Arrk.,  loose  pap.,  MS., 
4.").  Visit  of  Dr  Saiulcls.  Kiii'/s  Orph  ut,  '11.  IS  11.  i'lie  padres  in  charge; 
etl'orts  to  get  back  tho  live-stock  duo  tlie  mission  from  privat?  citi/ons; 
tronb'o  with  Vallejo.  Tliis  vol.,  p.  4'_''J-3.  Tho  dues  were  from  M.  (1.  V'alhjo 
3,000  sliecp,  Antonio  Buclna  since  1840,  l.")0  heifers,  M.iriano  Castro  since 
IS40  110  heifers,  Jiian  Alvires  '200,  Rafael  listrada  100,  (luillcrmo  Castro  200 
sheep,  Santiago  Estrada  100  heifers  and  10  bull  calves.  Arce,  Doc,  MS.,  i. 
30.     Nov.  nth,  P.  Muro  to  S.  Jos6  alcalde,  wants  tho  missiou  handculTa 


''H 


M 


QS-2 


LOCAL  .VXNALS  OF  THE  NORTH. 


restoring  prosperity  wc  have  no  (lofiiiite  information; 
there  were  no  events  wortiiy  of  special  notice;  ami 
even  the  final  inventory  made  in  J  845  with  a  view- 
to  rentinij:  the  establishment  is  not  extant.  Mofras 
jH'ives  the  ex-neo[)hyte  })opulation  as  400  in  1842,  and 
thn^e  years  later  there  may  have  been  250  still  livin;-- 
at  or  near  the  mission. 

At  Santa  Clara  the  ministry  of  Padre  !Mcrcado 
continued  till  1844,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Pudi<' 
Jose  Maria  Real,  and  left  the  country  at  the  end  <tt' 
the  year  or  beginning  of  the  next.^'^  The  adminis- 
tration of  lo'nacio  Alviso,  or  of  Jose  Peha  aetiii"- 
for  him,  continued  until  tlie  temporal  nianagement 
Mas  restored  to  the  padres  in  1843.^'     In  1845,  at  the 

returned.  S.  Jon6  Arrh.,  MS.,  vi.  4.  1845.  1'.  Gutierrez  asks  to  be  relieved  uf 
the  cares  uf  the  teinponilitioa.  Arch.  Air.ob.,  MS.,  v.  pt  ii.  (J4-d.  Orders  im 
roiitini,'.  This  vol.,  \).  .■i49-r)'J. 

-".iesus  Maria  Vas:juez  del  Morcado  was  one  of  the  Zacatccan  friars  who 
came  with  Garcia  I )iego  in  IS.'i.S.  He  was  doulHless  a  Mexican,  but  of  iii^j 
early  life  nothing  is  on  record.  His  missionary  service  wiis  at  S.  llafuel  in 
lS;);}-4,  at  S.  Anionioand  Soledad  in  lS;!4-!t,  and  at  Sta  Clara  iti  lSj',)-ll. 
At  each  of  these  missions  ho  became  involved  iu  dilUcultics  wliich  iiavu  been 
fully  noticed  in  other  chapters.  Though  a  man  of  good  abilities  and  cduia- 
tion,  of  fine  presence  anil  engaging  manners,  he  was  an  intriguer,  arbitrary  in 
his  act:>,  and  always  ready  to  (juarrel  with  any  one  who  would  not  accept  liis 
views,  b'.specially  did  lie  deem  it  his  mission  to  (juarrel  with  the  secular  au- 
thorities, and  on  the  few  occasions  when  tliere  was  luj  real  cause  of  complaint 
ho  had  no  scruples  about  inventing  pretexts.  He  was  engaged  with  Ant'ol 
Ramirez  in  political  plottings  against  Alvarado's  government;  and  though 
often  appearing  as  deleuder  of  tho  Indians'  rights,  lie  did  nuich  more  h.uni 
than  good  by  bis  injudicious  acts.  Ho  is  repicseutetl  as  a  liard  drinker,  a 
gand)ler,  and  a  libertine — the  father  of  many  halfdjreed  children  at  each  of 
t!ie  missions  where  he  served;  and  all  that  can  be  said  in  mitigation  of  tliH 

bid  reputation  is  that  much  of  the  testimony,  though  not  all,  comes  fi i 

men  who  were  not  friendly  to  the  padre,  being  directly  or  ind'i-ectly  parties 
to  some  of  his  many  controveisies.  Tho  circumstances  of  his  departure  aro 
not  very  clear,  but  it  would  seem  that  ho  went  away  at  tho  end  of  1844  in 
consefpience  cf  new  troubles  witii  the  revolutionists,  possibly  not  sailing  until 
(lie  downfall  of  Micheltorcna  was  known.  Feb,  '21,  181 1,  Alcalde  A.  M. 
Pico  reports  to  gov.  continued  chaiges  against  the  padre  of  illicit  use  of  mis- 
sion pro])erty,  insubordination,  and  calumny;  he  cites  Mercadotoappcar  an  I 
answer,  liut  M.  refuses  to  recognize  and  will  repl,' to  the  gov.  JJe/it.  St.  Po/'., 
V.  .'Si,  84.  Jesus  I'ico,  Acoiif.,  MS.,  'j~-H,  says  that  ho  went  with  8  men  t) 
Sta  (^lara,  arrested  the  padre,  and  put  him  on  a  vessel  at  S.  F.,  which  cariii' 1 
liini  to  Mont.  Thence  he  went  on  to  Mex.,  after  writing  abusive  letters  to 
Alvarado  and  Castro  Dec.  11,  1814.  What  appears  to  be  a  blotter  co|iy  et 
nn  order  from  .Fos^  Castro  at  S.  Jos>,  that  1'.  Mercado,  for  seditious  conthut, 
must  (piit  the  northern  district  in  4  liours.    Va'frjo,  Dor.,  MS.,  xii.  1 17. 

'-'  Sta  Clara  mission.  1841.  Ignacio  Alviso  administrator.  Feb.,  visit 
cf  Douglas,  to  whom  by  order  of  the  gov.  1.100  sheep  and  oO  cattle  wiiu 
delivered  for  tho  H.  15.  Go.  This  vol.,  p.  104,  21-'-14.  Wilkes'  visit  and  v.- 
tcrvicu-  wiili  V.  Mercado.  Id.,  '2-i'>;  i'.  S.  Explor.  Ex.,  v.  218  ct  seq.     Ju!v, 


I 

J 


nars  "ho 

but  of  \m 

Kafuul  ill 

1  is:}0-41. 

have  tu'L'U 

111  L'iluc;i- 

Intrary  in 

fcept  ills 

cular  all- 

[CuinliUiint 

,itli  AuL'i-'l 

il  tliouu'ii 

lorc  Imi  in 

Ivinkcr,  a 

t  each  ut 

Jll  of  tllH 

mc3  fr"iii 
y  partii-vi 
rturo  ari," 
f  1844  in 
ling  until 
Ic  A.  M. 
3  of  mi-^- 
pear  aiil 
St.  Pop-' 
8  ini'ii  I'J 
h  carrii'l 
cttcM  to 
r  cojiy  ''t 
coniUii  t. 
117. 

'eb.,  visi: 
tic   WtlJ 

and  v.- 
\.     July, 


SANTA  CLAPwA  AND  SAN  JOSC. 


CS3 


investigation  for  final  renting,  there  were  130  ex- 
nc()[)liytes  left  in  the  connnunity;  the  live-stock  had 
dwindled  to  430  cattle,  215  horses,  and  801)  sheep; 
and  the  total  valuation  of  the  estate,  exclusive  of 
church  property,  was  less  than  $1G,000. 

The  pueblo  of  San  Jose  with  the  ranches  of  its 
jurisdiction,  except  those  of  the  contra  costa,  prob- 
ably had  a  population  of  900  gente  de  razon  at  the 
end  of  the  half-decade.  Events  as  noted  elsewhere 
and  indexed  in  my  note'"  have  no  importance  requiring 

cnitroversy  between  Alviso  and  the  padre  about  amounta  d\ie  the  latter. 
Half  of  tlio  weekly  slaughter  was  assigned  to  the  padre,  but  for  want  of  cat- 
tiv'  there  was  ofien  no  weekly  slaughter,  and  there  were  many  debts.  I'roiluce 
11  hand  was  a-ijjigned  fur  building  purposes.  71'J  cattle  branded  before 
.luly  J.ith;  100  killed  for  Mercado's  benelit  in  Aug.  Sf.  Pa/>,,  J/m.,  M.S.,  ix. 
41-0;  J)(pt.  St.  Pap.,  i^S.,  v.  (Jl.  Aug.  IGl.h,  g.>v.  .sells  Alviso  a  house  for  .30 
hiifers.  Alvlm,  Do'\,  .MS.,  '2.  Aug.  IDtli,  Alviso  complains  that  the  padro 
n  fuses  to  say  ])raycrs  early  enough  for  the  llshermen,  who  therefore  have  lo 
L  )  without  praye's.  St.  I'op.,  J/;.-:.'.'.,  M.S.,  ix.  9G  7.  I'i.xiienditures  for  the  year 
■  i.'il)-'.  /'/.,  vii.  'J.")-"JS.  1S4"J.  AUiso  administrator  and  juez  de  paz,  though 
.\iitonio  Buelna  seems  to  have  been  juez  in  .Jan.  Simpson,  X(ut.,  i.  IV.n, 
writes  of  .Sta  Clara,  whieli  he  did  not  visit,  as  one  of  the  best  preserveil  niis- 
f  i ms,  under  the  care  of  an  excellent  padro,  Gonzales  (?);  and  he  speaks  of  tlie 
-M.uncila  as  a  treediiied  bridge  of  earth  across  a  nioiass  of  T)  mites  between 
tlir  mission  and  pueldo,  constructed  l>y  tlie  pailres.  Mofras,  Exptor.,  i.  ^20, 
gi\es  the  pop.  as  HOO.  Ilall,  Hi-it.  S.  .foxi',  ■t2(j-7,  says  the  mission  had  1,.')00 
L  .tile,  "JJO  horses  and  mules,  and  3,0JJ  sheep,  gDats,  and  hogs.  1843. 
Alviio  administrator,  but-Josii  Pcna  acted  in  his  illness.  S.  Jo't'  Arch.,  MS., 
il.  •_".'!;  loose  p.'.p.  ").  Narciso  A.  I'ciia  juez  do  paz.  Marcii  'JOtli,  temporal 
i:i:,:Kigeiiicnt  restored  to  the  padres.  This  vol.,  p.  .'](!!).  July  17tli,  1'.  Mer- 
r  ;  1)  writes  a  sharp  letter  to  the  alcalde  of  S.  Jose  on  the  drinking  liabits  of 
lii  i  Ind.,  encouraged  by  the  grog-shops  in  town,  ami  by  the  example  of  gente 
<\  razou.  .S'.  Jo.-'C  Arch.,  MS.,  ii.  10.  Nov.  8t]i,  mission  grazing  kinds,  l.it  by 
i  \  leagues.  Dcpf.  St.  Pap.,  B>-n.  P.  .(;  J..  MS.,  iii.  10.  1844.  Padro  Jos  ■  M. 
I!  .d  minister  from  Aug.  The  p.idrcs  iu  charge;  cll'ort.s  to  collect  loaned  live- 
.--  .ick.  Tins  vol.,  ().  42_'-3.  Wii  (fulnac,  or  Jose  Noriega  for  (r.,  owed  'J;)0 
I  .us,  .luaii  Prido  Mesa  50,  I'aM  j  Pirr.i  -'0.  Arre,  Doc.,  MS.  .o.  On  Mei- 
I  ido's  linal  troubles  .see  pncedii  g  note.  Bisiiop's  pastoral  visit.  This  vol.,  p. 
4J7.  llebel  forces  at  Sta  <  lira  /(/. ,  403.  ISto.  Ivisehio  (ialindo  j.iez  de 
I  lupo.  .'\ug.  lOth,  origiuil  iu\entory  signed  by  L*.  Heal  and  the  eomisio- 
iM  In  Andri's  Pic )  and  Juan  .Manso.  Credits,  I  I  persons,  $."i.'i.i;  b!ii!din;s, 
1  ;iniLur<',  machiucry,  v;tc.,  .§0,1 '0;  vineyard,  117x73  v.,  4:10  vines,  iJJ  fruit- 
1  ■  vs,  and  a  small  house,  .S-'.OO;);  liuerta  'JO^Jxi,')!)  v.,  1,'J03  trees,  "i.'j'J  vines, 
:■  .lall  house,  in  bad  condition,  .St, ()(););  I'ai'ming  inipleiiicnts,  .SSS;  live-stock, 
■1  :>  catlle,  'ib't  horses,  800  sheep,  33, .'177;  total,  Sid,  17.3;  delit,  7  persons, 
y:\[).  The  lands  are  held  by  the  Ind.  under  title  of  .Iiine  10,  184:>  ('.').  l'o;i. 
I  ■).  Pico,  Pap.  Mi-i.,  MS.,  1'27-3S,  Oct.  10th,  four  neophytes  ask  to  be 
t  ■'• '  ■  id  the  pref:jct  grants  their  |)etition  if  they  are  under  no  personal  ol;- 
1;,':.  :  ..  J)oc.  Ili^t.  CM.,  MS.,  ii.  103.  Dec.  4th,  an  Iml.  who  was  freed  in 
1  v'.l),  but  lost  his  papers  and  was  forced  to  return  to  mission  servlrc,  asks 
f  I-  freedom  and  that  of  his  '1  nephews;  granted.  /'/.,  227  Sla  Clara  reconi- 
nu'iided  for  capital.  This  vol.,  p.  51!/.     Order  for  renting.  Id.,  iViO— ">v!. 

^'Pueblo  of  San  Joail.     I'opulation  in  Aug,  IS41.  S.  Jo»c,  Padroii  '.U  IS^l, 


I-  i- 


■   >l«il 


084 


LOCAL  ANXALS  OF  THE  NORTH. 


more  tliau  tlio  briefest  montiou;  except  tliat  San  Jdsu 
was  the  head(|uarters  of  the  rovohUioiiists  in  the  l;i- 
mous  caiii[>aigii  of  Santa  Teresa,  and  that  the  Indian 


MS.,  030,  or  214  men  (includinj;  13  forei'^ncrs),  248  women,  and  4/3  chililron. 
This  seems  to  inehulo  no  hul.,  but  docs  include  the  residents  of  eontia  costa, 
Simpson  s;iy.s  there  were  70;)  inhabitants  in  tiio  town.  A'nrr.,  i.  29.'i.  lii-Mou, 
Jliiit.  St.,  M.S..  I(i,  aay.s  300  to  4'M  people.  Mofraa  puts  the  pop.  at  ."jiHJ 
white.s  and  a  few  Imndred  Ind.  Ex/'loi:,  i.  414.  Hall,  Ilist.  S.  Jose,  13.")- 40, 
names  about  oO  foieiLrncrs  who  eanic  to  the  valley  before  1845.  There  arc  no 
original  siatislies  in  IS42-."). 

.Summary  and  inde.x  of  events.  1841.  Expeditions  ayainst  Lid.  lunsc. 
thieves.  This  vol.,  p.  107.  Antonio  8uiiol  loaned  .Sl.")7  for  one  of  theai  aii(l 
had  some  dilliculty  in  reeoverinji;  the  money.  S.Josr  Arch.,  MS.,  iii.  45.  Tlii; 
Sin  Clan  E'ho  in  1S78  had  an  item  copied  in  .several  other  pajiera  aliout  the 
hit  fr.imo  building  in  to\tn,  or  perluips  in  Cal.,  l)uilt  by  Thomas  Booiio 
(liowtn)  and  I'odro  Fei'nandez  for  Manuel  Frank  in  1841,  still  standiii:,'  on 
Alvi:=o  St  in  187S.  Forbes  a, 'ent  of  II.  K.  Co.  This  vol.,  ]i.  217.  Arriv;;)  ai  1 
arrest  of  the  Dartleson  immiLirant  party.  /(/.,  274.  ^Lirder  of  Ap.lini.y 
Campbell.  /'/.,  2S0.  1842.  Indian  troubles.  /</.,  33S.  The  wari.in;;  iMm  ■ 
from  contra  co.sta;  the  objects  of  the  plot  were  Jesus  \'allijo,  J.  A.  I'J.f.  I,', 
and  Joaipiin  Castro;  there  was  evidently  much  iHUieombo  in  tlie  te-.tuiu,!  y; 
and  there  was  also  a  coullict  between  militai'y  and  civil  autlioiity  in  '.uu 
trials.  Visit  of  ])r  Sandels  mentioned.  /(/.,  34i;.  1843.  Seizure  of  duou- 
nients  sup|io.sed  to  reveal  .a  political  plot,  /d.,  3.')().  1844.  Visit  of  fliu 
bishop.  /(/. ,  4J7.  r'il'orts  in  behalf  of  the  revolt  againsl  Micheltorena;  aiiil 
eampaiu'ii  of  Sta  Teresa.  /  /.,  4li2.  4(i(i-70.  Castro  and  his  army  waitiu'^  hie. 
LI.,  471,  481.  18to.  Additional  preparations  at  S.  J.  as  head.piii  icij 
nL;ainst  tlie  gov.,  the  army  starts  for  the  south.  Id.,  4SJ-9.  Call  for  a  nurt- 
ingof  forei;,'ners.   /</. ,008  0. 

Suli-prcfecture.  Antonio  Sunol  appointed  sub-prefect  July  31,  IMl, 
/)(■/)/.  Si.  Pap.  .Mont.,  MS.,  iv.  47;  Id.,  lien.,  I'.  A  J.,  iv.  24.  Aug.  7ili.  ap- 
pointment confirmed  by  gov.  Dipt,  llic.,  .MS.,  xii.  10.  .Vug.  0th,  pnf'.t 
transcribjs  gov.'s  order  to  take  charge.  S  ./o.w  Ar<:h.,  MS.,  ii.  21.  Aug. 
2  )tli,  SiiAiil's  resignation  not  .ijcl'^jIimI.  and  he  is  allowecl  a  secretary  at  SI  a 
dav.  A/.,  .'SO.  Sept.  otli,  sworn  i:i  and  announces  tiu!  fact  to  local  jucees.  /(/., 
V.  3;);  .Voiit.  Arch.,  MS.,  x.  12.  Drpt.  Si.  /•up..  Ben.  C'.  <i-  7'..  iv.  50.  Sept.  2Ut, 
prefect  t.J  Su.'iol,  deiining'  the  limits  of  his  sub-prefecture  as  the  same  as  lli'j-u 
of  the  j.i/gado,  viz.:  Mesd;!  il  I'ancho  dj  Don  Cirlos  Castrr  inclusive  ha^ii  il 
Kstrecho  do  Caiipiines  y  por  de  S.  Francisco  hasta  el  arroyo  de  S.  Frainis- 
quito.'  Tills  is  not  very  i:rLelli,'ible,  since  it  seems  to  exchulc  the  penin>;ila 
of  S.  F.  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  M^,  x.  01.  Li  Feb. -March  Dolores  Paehec  >  actcl 
as  snli-prcfect  in  SuTjol's  absence.  S.  Jo^d,  Arch.,  MS.,  ii.  37,  42;  EnlitdiUo, 
I)o\.  .\IS.,  ii.  37;  S'a  ('nc,  Anh.,  M.S.,  07.  Tiiero  are  dozens  of  roiuiiio 
d)c.  I'oi-  lUl-3,  showing  tliat  Suu  .1  held  the  position,  but  notliiug  in  tlio 
ro'.i.ine  of  business  that  reipiires  notice.  Jan.  17,  1841,  Sunol  turns  ov.  r  iiij 
ollL'-  to  the  alcalde.  J)rpi.  St.  Pap.,  S.  Jo^i\  MS.,  v.  70. 

.Municipalairairsanl  olUc.rs.  ISH.  Dolores  I'aeheco  and  Toin.ls  I'aclicco 
jueccs  lie  paz  till  Oct.  Antonio  IJuelna  and  Isiiloro  (Jnillen  from  Oct.;  .«ce. 
Jose  (J.nvi:i  from  .Vov.  at!?-);  jieciM  de  camp)  from  Xov.  I'edio  Cli.ili  ilia, 
Joai[uiu  lliguera,  Jesus  licrnal;  jue.',  of  contra  costa  [gnacio  Peraltatill  Oot., 
(lui.K'ruKi  Castro  from  Oct.  May  3d,  gov.  orders  prefect  to  fine  the  alcaMe 
^i)  f  jr  f.iilurc  in  duty.  Hcpt.  lice,  MS.,  xii.  9.  Aug.  20th,  prefect  li.Kes  tlio 
dividing  line  between  S.  ,1.  an  1  S.  F.  at  S.  '''••aiicis(piito  creek.  S.  J.  Arh., 
Mi.,  I  )o,sc  pap.  40.  Dec.  O.li,  jiicz  basecciies  the  sub-prefeci.  to  ii.te:o  lo 
with  the  Ljovt  for  iand.s,  especially  for  tlio  titlle^  to  boused  on  the  nnlini-liid 
pueblo  eliureh.  Id.,  4,1.  1812.  Juecea  de  paz  .Vntouio  Buelna  and  Isi.i  im 
Ouiilen,  the  former  dying  in  Nov. ;  see.  JosciA^nt.  ({ajiola;  clerk  Jos(S(.Tar>.Kij 


Ill  Jns'J 
tlio  t';i- 
IikIuiu 


3  chiMivn. 
ntni  co>,ia. 
:j.  IVl.!.",, 
up.   at  ."lilt 

i.sr,  i;;.')  Ill, 

here  aru  ui.i 

Iiid.  lidrsc- 
tli'jni  ainl 

ii.  4,').      'I'llC! 

3  about  till.' 
)ina3  Uooiio 
jtaiulin:^  nu 
Arriv;:!  :i;  1 
A  A-.'.liH-.., 
in. in",  oaiv- 
A.  K.i'.  !■'. 
i  tc-.ti!ii'.!  y; 
ority  in  i'lo 
irc  of  ilocu- 
Visit  of  the 
Itoroua;  ami 
vaitiii;^  li .I'l'. 
jicailiuartiTJ 
for  a  imi't- 

ir.  7ih.  ap- 
tli,  pn'!'''t 
•1\.  An-. 
iry  at  r<\  a 

UCCCS.    /'/., 

St-pt. -Jlst, 
lino  as  tho.-e 
sivo  hasticl 

S.  Fiancis- 
10  penin>aliv 
,clu'c  )  aotr^l 

if     IMUli'.l') 

hing  in  tlio 
rns  ovi  r  his 

:ni\s  I'acli'Ol 
n  Oct.;  M". 


PUEBLO  DE  SAX  JOSE. 


CSo 


■m 


horse-tliicvcs  were  constantly  troublesome.  This 
town  continued  to  be  regarded  as  cabecera  of  the 
partido,  and  Antonio  Suiiol,  appointed  sub-prefect  in 

jnoz  do  policia  Mariano  Castro;  jucz  do  contra  cost.i,  Gnillcrino  Costro. 
Jan.,  tlie  juez  and  snlj-prefcct  jointly  may  grant  permission  to  lionorable  luid 
laborious  citizens  to  cultivate  lands  in  the  suljurb.s,  and  any  soi-dis;iut  owner 
is  to  bo  told  tliat  by  neglect  ho  lo.ses  title;  but  it  must  bo  urderstood  tli.at 
the  new  occupants  get  no  title,  simply  the  right  of  use,  for  tlio  Ian  Is  belong 
to  the  town.  S.  J.  Arch.,  MS.,  iii.  47.  Approval  of  a  clerk  at  §15  for  the 
i  izgadoby  the  sub-prefect.  I)ej)f.  Sf.  /Vf/».,  iV. /. ,  M.S.,  vii.  4.  1841}.  Jiieecs 
lie  paz  Salvio  Pachoco  and  Antonio  M.  Pico,  appointed  by  ]in  feet  in  \hv.. 
\\\2,  and  in  oliieo  apparently  Jan.  '2d.  .S'.  Jos<^,  Arrh.,  MS.,  ii.  31;  JJ</it.  Sf. 
I'lip.,  Urn.,  P.  ,(• ,/.,  MS.,  iv.  :U;  Id.,  S.  Jusr,  vii.  l-H.  But  oi<.  March  17th 
J '.uheco  is  ordered  by  the  sub-pi'cfcct  to  continue  as  juez  on  account  of  tho 
iliath  of  the  one  elected  tlic  last  year,  .V.  ./.  Arrh.,  .M.S.,  ii.  7;  and  .March 
t').)lli-lst,  he  is  appointed  and  conlirmcd  as  juez  proprietario,  />;V.  Sf.  I'np., 
Mont.,  M;^.,  vi.  ;■)];  -/>/-/.  lU'c,  MS.,  .xiii.  47,  but  on  Aug.  '-".Itli  he  is  ordered 
til  take  cliar^'o,  as  there  is  no  juez  proprietario.  .S'.  ,/.  Arch.,  MS.,  ii.  9.  I'lco 
apparently  did  not  act  as  juez  suplente,  and  from  ■lune  Isidoro  (iiiilleii  ap- 
]i'ars  as  holliiig  the  place,  and  sometimes  acting  as  1st  juez,  sindico  ].,uis 
(jaboUa;  sec.  (iaxiola,  and  after  Jan.  Tomas  I'achcco;  d([K)sit:irio  Dolores 
r.icheco;  jueces  do  iKirrio  or  dc  ]iolicia,  l.orenzo  I'aclieco,  Antonio  ChaJinUa, 
.I'lsc  .M.  Flores;  jueces  do  campo  Joso  Ant.  Alviso  (or  Sujnilvcdai,  Lcaiidro 
I'iores;  juez  from  S.  Francis((uito  to  Sieira  Moreiia  Xarci.so  Ant.  I'eui;  juez 
lie  contra  costa,  at  S.  Leandro,  .Joaquin  l']stU(lillo;  and  jueces  do  cain|)o  ap- 
ji  .intcd  liy  him — Fi-aneisco  Moraga,  Victor  (.'astvo,  Miguel  Mesa,  liriino  Va- 
liiicia,  l)i.'sid(M'io  P.rioncs,  (iabricl  Castro,  Valentin  Amador;  Siiidico  N'i^'ente 
.MiU'tinez.  Jan.  (Sth,  tiie  juez  explains  the  duties  of  the  various  Fubordinato 
( 'iieials.  .S.  Jii«\  Arch.,  MS.,  vi.  1.  April  IStli,  juez  to  gov.  explains  tho 
ililiiculties  in  his  Avay  and  <lefects  uf  the  system  and  itsajiplieation.  He  eoni- 
I'lains  that  eitir.ens  of  contra,  costa  have  to  l.)riiig  their  claims,  complaints, 
an  1  prisonei's  t(>  S.  .lose;  that  tho  scattering  of  population  in  tho  r.uichos, 
s  line  without  property  interests,  others  with  land  or  waterillegally obtained, 
exposed  to  Iiiil.  etc.  prevents  all  progress;  that  tho  foreign  traders  an  1  hunt- 
ers do  not  eomiily  with  the  laws;  that  the  freed  Ind.  should  be  compelleil  to 
s.'ttio  so!ir.'where  an<l  f[uit  their  loving  thieving  life;  that  legal  pioeeedings 
b"t\v<.'ci\  citizens  of  ditl'crent  jurisdictions  are  eonii>licated  and  oppressive;  tliat 
i'lereis  mueli  conllietaliout  the  civil  and  military  authority,  especially  in  deal- 
ing wMi  Ind.;  that  tho  Vxiundaries  of  S.  Josi5  district  are  not  properly  fixed; 
t  v..  Ine  mail  service  is  badly  arranged,  etc.  l)<])t.  Sf.  I'np.,  Ben.,  I',  if-./., 
>H  ,  i.  8-11.  May  .Sd,  Juez  l^iclieeo  ordered  to  Monterey  on  accinuit  of 
s '(;icniaL'fea.saneo.  Sf.  ,y.  vl/v/f.,  .MS.,  ii.  7.  Pceecipts  for  lst(piarter.S>;,"i.  //., 
lo  .  nap.  ■»/.  Oriier  for  election  of  "2  alcaldes.  This  vol.,  p.  J.")!),  J.  F.  llu- 
lia.i,  '.  tor.  /(/.,  .'iol.  ISit.  Alcalde's  Antonio  .Mari'a  I'i'.'o  and  Felix  IJael- 
i;  i;  siiidico  .Tos(5  Fernai'ic;;;  jueces  <lo  ])olicia  Mariano  Castro  ami  Francisi-o 
Perez;  juec^es  do  campo  Pedro  Chaliolla,  Juan  Pernal,  Vicente  Suarcz;  gn  irda 
.1  alio  Viileucia;  (hiillermo  Cistro  juez  auxiliar  of  Contra  C  )sta  do  la  Union, 
la  .\piil  \.  M.  Pico  asks  to  be  relieved,  as  ho  has  served  for  'A  years  ('.'). 
Ji'jif.Sf.  I'<tp.,  MS.,  vi.  l.-iS.  Oct  l(ith,  gov.  giants  to  Piei-ro  Sainsev.iin  u 
titc  and  privilege  for  a  (lour  mill;  title  inalienable,  and  forfeited  if  the  mill 
d  lea  not  work  well;  water  must  be  furnished  for  irri''ation.    l>oc.  Jli^f.  Citl., 


-Mx,i.  4!t'J.      1S4.").     Jueces  do  paz  A.    M.  Pico  and   Feli.x  Bueli 


Tl 


ais  to  have  been  an  election  of  alcaldes — Dolores  Paeheco  and  Doiniii'O 


d. 


Alviso  -in  Dec.  1S44^,  liut  tli(>y  did  not  serve,  the  prefectui'o  being  re? 

J>'j)t.  S'.  Pap.,  MS.,  .xvii.  'A.     In  May  1S4.")  there  was  an  order  for  an  eli;e- 

'  11  of  jueces.  Dept.    I'n'.,  MS.,  xiv.   ',]'>;  juez  do  contra  costa  (iuillernio 

■.a'*t;u      Au^^ust,  trouble  about  tho  election  for  tho  purtido.     The  electors  ob- 


■:,  'fr 


*.;: 


iii 

I,;      I'll  ': 


II 


C86 


LOCAL  ANXALS  OF  THE  XOETH. 


1811,  sci'ved  in  that  capacity  until  the  profocturc  was 
suppressed  at  the  beginning  of  1844.  On  its  restora- 
tion the  next  year,  San  Fianeisco  became  cabeccia, 
much  to  the  disgust  of  the  politicians  of  San  Jo.-c. 
Justices  of  the  peace  were  at  the  head  of  municij.al 
afl'airs  except  in  1844,  when,  there  being  no  sub-j)r>- 
i'ect,  alcaldes  ruled.  The  succession  of  local  cIikI's 
was  as  follows:  Dolores  Pacheco  in  1841,  Antonio 
Buelna  and  Isidoro  Guillen  in  1841-2,  Salvio  Paclu"  .(j 
in  1843,  and  Antonio  Maria  Pico  in  1844-5.     Tho 

jcci '.J  to  meeting  at  Yci'ba  Bucna,  'a  place  inliabitcd  by  Yanlroes."  Tlioy 
WC/!  I,"  I'ce,  some  of  them  ut  least,  but  the  iiorthciii  fnuitler  el  .lum 
tailcL.  J.V,  unci  they  came  back  anil  excuseil  themselves  iVoiii  rciieaiin^' 

the  trip  JIIM.   Cat.,  MS.,  ii.  70,  77,  \o2,    134-0;  S.   Jos(',   Ardi.,  .Ms^", 

iii.  0.  IS^  -il,  certificate  that  Gervasio  Soto  has  paid  his  tine  of  1,000  ft  df 
boards  for  Iho  jiizgado.  Dor.  Jlixt.  CuL,  MS.,  ii.  '208. 

Adniiuistra  ion  of  justice  and  criminal  record.  1S41.  In  April  Ant!i>  ny 
Campbell  was  killed  by  lud.  at  Thos  Bowen'a  place.  C.  and  John  15iino";i 
ueie  aroused  in  the  night  by  the  barkin;^  of  dogs,  and  C.  going  out  to  (juiit 
tliem  was  pierced  by  an  arrow  and  fell  dead.  It  was  believed  to  bo  the  work 
ot  Ind.  horse-thieves,  the  only  evidence  before  the  juez  being  the  statements 
of  Durton  and  of  Gulnac  as  surgeon.  But  Ambrose  Tomlinson,  asserting  tliiic 
tiie  murderers  weio  Sta  Clar.-i  Ind.  and  that  the  authorities  neglected  their 
tluties,  wrote  to  the  com.  of  the  St.  Louis,  who  referred  tho  matter  to  tljo 
govt.  After  invcstigaciou  the  prefect  decided  that  T.'s  charges  were  iiii- 
funnded,  and  made  in  bad  faith.  Jkjit.  St.  I'aj).,  MS.,  xvii.  41;  /(/.,  JJen.  I'. 
II  J.,  iv.  L'7-8;  Id.,  Jloiit.,  iv.  53-5;  S.  J.  Arch.,  MS.,  ii.  21,  23,  27.  In  July 
1812  Manuel  Gonzalez  was  executed  at  Monterey  for  the  murder  of  an  l!n^- 
liahinan  called  Guillermo  Camilo(Wm  Campbell?).  Jloiit.  Arch.,  MS.,  iii.  M. 
Moiias,  E.iplor.,  i.  324,  mentions  the  two  murders  without  names,  and  s:i;,;i 
a  young  Mexican  was  imprisoned  at  Mont,  to  satisfy  tho  foreigners,  but  v  .:s 
soon  released.  Nov.  14,  1841,  alcalde's  instructions  to  jueecs  tie  eanipo.  /.\- 
iudi'la,  JJoc,  MS.,  ii.  20.  1842.  June,  slight  conQiet  between  mil.  authority 
as  represented  by  Com.  Jesus  Vallejoand  Gen.  Vallejo,  and  the  civil  in  Iho 
persons  of  inelect  and  sub-prefect,  about  the  trial  of  Ind.  prisoners.  .S.  ./-  <c 
Arch.,  MS.,  ii.  2.');  raWe;'o,X'oc.,  MS.,  xi.  229-30.  Aug.,  sub-])refect'Hoi  Jn-i 
against  gambling.  S.  J.  Arch.,  MS.,  ii.  44.  1843.  April,  Joaijuin  Casiro 
claims  tho  military  fuero  in  a  suit  brought  before  the  jiiez.  Id.,  8.  June  I'li, 
police  regulations  issued  by  the  juez.  Id.,  vi.  8.  184.").  May,  trial  of  Marian  i 
Duarto,  cx-alcaldo  and  now  teaeiier,  for  debauchery^  of  school-girls.  Xo  u:- 
suits  given.  J/o«^  Arch.,  MS.,  v.  20-3. 

Military  items.  Capt.  Jesus  Vallejo  military  commandant  in  1841  '-'. 
Sept.  1841,  juez  do  paz  speaks  of  10  'vecinos  auxiliares'  to  whom  payineiit  is 
<lue.  Money  had  been  advanced  by  liimself  and  by  the  sub-prefect  for  ;;!! 
Ind.  expedition.  •S'.  J,  Arch.,  MS.,  iii.  42-4.  Dec.  23,  1842,  prefect  says  ilio 
gov.  has  ordered  the  organization  of  an  auxiliary  conip.,  Angel  Castro  btiii;,' 
appointed  com.  of  the  plaza  for  recruiting  purposes.  /</.,  ii.  22.  Marcii  hi, 
184.(,  su))-prefect  to  juez,  20  young  men  called  for;  ho  is  to  send  a  list  of  tlii>  u 
whose  immorality  and  other  qualities  fit  them  to  be  soldiers  without  preju- 
dice to  their  families.  /(/.,  vi.  30.  June,  petition  of  citizens  for  a  pcnnaiii  nt 
foice.  This  vol.,  p.  302.  1844.  Company  of  defensorcs  ordered  to  be  orMn- 
iz-ed  under  Capi.  A.  M.  Pico.  /(/.,  407.  I  have  found  no  list  either  of  tli'U 
liable  for  military  duty  or  of  members  of  the  company. 


CRIMIX.1L  AND  MILITARY. 


C87 


TO  was 
estora- 
booora, 
I  Josu. 
iiiei|ial 
Lib-pi'L- 
clil(-i'>; 

Llltoll'.i" 


cs.'     Tiiey 

,«•/-.,  -MS., 
1,000  ft.. t 

il  Anlh.  uy 
ilin  Biiilo;i 
it  to  (lui-t 
)c  the  woik 
stateimiiti 
icrting  Vii.iZ 
cctcil  thcii- 
tter  to  tiio 
3  ^vc^c  \v.\- 
id.,  Uen.  1'. 
In  July 
of  an  Kiu- 
IS.,  iii.  1''. 
,  atul  siiy.s 
|r3,  but  \N  .;.i 
jauipo.   7.- 
.  auiluiiiry 
Icivil  ill  tl.i' 
s.  5.  ./■  «' 
ct'sonl' ri 
uin  C;isi!o 
Jiiiiu  I'-u 
)f  Marian  i 
3.     No  u- 

tu   1841  •-'. 

jiaynu'iit  is 

feet  for  ;;)! 
ct  says  lli'> 
kstro  Ix'iii-^ 

piareii  l'i> 

1st  of  tllO-li 

lout  iirejn- 

IjieniKUKiit 

1 1)0  or;;.'in- 

Ir  of  tlic^.tf 


juez  auxiliar  of  the  contra  costa  was  in  a  sense  sub- 
ordinate to  tlie  municipal  chief  of  the  pueblo.  The 
criminal  record  includes  the  murder  of  a  foreiijjner, 
and  a  feeble  attempt  to  utilize  the  occurrence  in  stir- 
ring up  an  international  dispute.  Military  annals 
are  restricted  to  the  frequent  complaints  of  inadequate 
l)rotection  against  roving  horse-thieves,  the  services 
of  San  Jose  patriots,  native  and  foreign,  against  ]\Ii- 
theltorena,  and  the  final  organization  of  a  company  of 
deCensores  de  la  ])atria.  Private  ranches  have  been 
Ucuued  elsewhere  in  this  chapter. 


m  I 


i^ 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 
1542-1848. 

CONTINUED  ALFHAIIETICALLY  FROM  VOLUME   III. 

Ibaficz  (Florencio),  J80I,  Sjian.  fiiar  who  served  at  S.  Antonio  and  Sole- 
da  I,  .lying  in  IS.  l;io-  ii.  ;j.S,)-(i;  nient.  l.VJ,  151),  -JO."),  SM,  IVi,  421.  1. 
(Duna  Miiriii),  moiitioiiud  at  S.  Diugo  '-21  and  '40.  ii.  o4(i;  v.  .'JJ'J.  I,  (So- 
bas.iun  ,   Mcx.  at  Munt.  '48. 

Ihaira  (Agiistin),  at  Los  Ang.  '4G.  I.  (Andrds),  at  Los  Ang.  '1!).  ii.  X")?; 
tudlv  iiart  in  luvol.  of  '.'}!.  iii.  "Jjl;  jtioz  do  cainpo  at  S.  Diugi)  'IW.  iii.  (il.j-llj; 
kt'iit,  a  draiiishop '4'.  iv.  (jli);  gnintco  of  Kncinitos  '4'J.  iv.  G-0.  I.  (Au- 
t;iiii'ii,  at  J.,(i.s  Aug.  HI,  taking  part  in  rovol.  of  ''61.  ii.  ;{.")7;  iii.  201;  at  Sta 
(jurliudis  liuiclio  ';'.!),  age  .S7.  1.  (Calixto),  at  J^os  Ang.  '40.  I.  (Desi- 
dciiii),  bcltler  at  Los.  Ang.  '14,  and  legidor  in  "iJO-JS.  ii.  ;iH),  oOO;  sstill  thiro 
in '-IS.  1.  (Franci.sco),  sirviente  at  iSta  Clara  1770.  i.  .'iOO.  1.  (Franciscu 
(lonzalcz  de),  ISJl),  Sjian.  filar  who  servcil  at  S.  Fernando  and  .S,  Lui.s  Ury, 
d.>ing  in  '4_'.  iJiog.  iv.  {i2-2-[\;  nicnt.  ii.  357,  .'504,  4;)0,  ;)(i'.l-7i>,  58i»;  iii.  •JO-'l, 
1)0,  'M'l,  ;!58,  0"_'J-4,  041,  (iUi-7.  1.  ((Jabriel),  at  Loa  Coyotea  rancho,  Los 
A;)g.  ''."),  ago  35.  I.  ((jeruninio),  at  Los  Ang.  '4(i,  wounded  at  the  Chino 
figlit.   V.  :il4. 

Diarra  ((dl),  sin<lieo  of  Los  Ang.  'HI.  iii.  0.")4.  Ito  was  horn  at  S.  Diego  in 
17S4.   In  ';{0-7  lie  was  alcalde  of  Los  Ang.,  and  was  jirondnuntasa  partisan  of 

,ovt  in  '.■i7-8,  being  more  ihan  onei^  arresletl  by  tin 


iS,  548,  555,  558,  .")0.)-(),  O.'Ui;  grantee  of  liineon  de  la 
iind  .still  at  Los  iVng.  '48.        1.   (Isidro),  .said  to  have 


tliescuith  against  Alvar 
lioilefnis.    iii,  485,  50!t,  ;' 

liiia  in   '11.  iv.  0.')5;   ai „ ...., ^.   ,»„ ,, 

been  the  man  who  killc  il  A\ila  in  the  battle  of  '."U.   iii.  208;  at  S.  Luis  Ob 
from  ';!;>.  iii.  0S2.       1.  (.losi''  .NL),  at  Los  Auz.  "40. 

II  ar.a  (Juan  Man'a),  bSliJ,  Me.\.  lieut  of  the  eseiiadron  do  Mazatlan.  ii.  251; 
Ptatione  '  at  S.  Dn^go  '21-.'!(),  taking  part  in  liid.  e.\ped.  and  other  allairs.  ii. 
f):i4-0,  ,">4;!,  ,54!),  07->;  id.  88,  Kill;  in  ':W\  inendj.  of  the  junta  to  tiy  1'.  .M:ii- 
tinez,  hseal  in  tiio  trial  nf  Atanasio,  and  dcfeiuler  of  Alcalde  l)uarte.  iii.  "JH, 
lS)v),  11)5.  In  ';)2  he  was  a  prominent  sniiporler  of  Zanioiano,  being  sent  .south 
in  enumiand  of  tlu;  northern  foiecs.  iii.  222-7;  and  in  '33-0  was  eoinandaiito 
at  .Sta  i).  iii.  050-1;  but  was  unwilling  to  submit  to  the  new  govt,  and  left 
Cal.  in  '30.  lie  is  described  as  a  lougli,  eoarso  man  of  very  ihirk  eoiniilexioii, 
but  eneigeiie  and  brave.  He  had  a  wife  in  !~>iiudoa.  1.  (Leonardo,  Luis,  and 
I'edr.i),  at  Los  .\iig.  '4li.  I.  (Rafael),  at  S.  Juan  ( 'ap.  '40,  age  48.  1.  (l!a- 
nioa  L. ),  juez  de  eainpoat  Los  Ang.  '40,  '42-4.  iii.  Oi>7;  iv,  032-3;  still  at  Lo.s 
Ang.  '40-8.  1.  (.Severiano),  at  Los  .\ng.  '3!)-48.  Ibera  (Mcolas),  I77'.>, 
cha|>lai;i  of  the  .Vrt/(//'rt,7o.  i.  32S.  Idahl  (( 'liristo[)her),  1847,  Co.  F,  3il  U.S. 
uriiil.   (v.  51.''>). 

Lie  (Win  Jji'own),  1845,  nat.  of  .Mass.  of  ])ilgri!n  ancestry,  b.  in  I7'^0, 
who  worki.'d  as  a  carpenter  in  \'t  and  \.  11.  to  '33,  and  in  '34-44  as  earpt'iitn, 
farmer,  and  sometimes  teacher,  in  Ohio  and  111.  In  '45  he  eaine  overland  in 
the  Crigsby-lde  party  Mitii  his  wife  (.Susan  (J.  Haskell,  married  in  '20),  4sniis 
and  a  daughter,  iv.  578  81,  587.  ile  encamped  for  the  winter  on  Thoim  s' 
rancho,  and  in  the  .spring  uf  '4ii  moved  into  a  cabin  on  Uelilen's  raneho,  'I  e- 
hamaCo.,  owned  by  ide  latei'.  In.lune'40  he  joined  the  Hear  party,  beiiiL; 
apparently  one  of  the  few  settlers  who  acted  in  good  failh  and  was  inducnl 
to  lielievc  the  false  reports  that  the  -Anierieans  were  in  danger.  After  the  •■>:■ 
cupalion  of  Sonera  and  the  departurt^  of  Capt.  (jlrigsby,  Ide  was  chosen  cum- 
liiaiidaut  of  the  Bears,  and  held  that  position  until  the  reorganization  vi  liio 


(  Cti6] 


IDE— INGERSOLL. 


689 


and  Sole- 
,  427.  1. 
I.       I.  (>^-- 

10.  ii.  ;i"'T; 

iii.  01-J-lii; 

I.  (An- 

2U1;  at  Sta 

I.  (lK>i- 

;  Kllll   tllfl-O 

(Fiaiiii><'') 
i.  Luis  lli'V, 
I);  iii.  2tl-l, 
rancho,  Lns 
t  the  Cliiiw 

;  S.  Diogo  ill 
:i  pU'ti^iu  (it 

iilK-Dll  ill.'  lit 

■  ad  to  havo 
S.  Luis  Uli. 

itlaii.  ii. -'il; 

■i-allaivs.  li. 
tiy  I'.  Mar- 

arte,  iii-  "J''. 
i^r  sent  south 
couiantlauto 
,vt,  auil  K:it 

|couiiiK':>i'i"' 

|lo,  Lui::!,  ami 
IS.  L  (Ua- 
stillat  Lns 
;oUu-^),    177'.', 

F, ;{.!  U.  s. 
1).  ill  17^'''. 

lis  CiU'l'^'Hli  I', 

overlaiul  ia 

1  (111  Tlioui'-s' 
rauclio,  'li'- 

Iparty,  l>i'>"S' 
was  iiuUioa 

|\.lter  tlie  '"■'■ 
cliuseu  t'oia- 
ilioii  ot  lao 
) 


forces  under  Fr(?mont  in  July,  just  heforc  tlie  cause  was  merged  in  that  <if  tlie 
U.  S.  l'"or  liis  ucts  in  this  capacity,  iiiclii<ling  much  that  throws  li,i;ht  on  the 
peculiar  character  of  the  man,  sec  v.  7S-i()U,  104,  \\{),  IhVl!),  14.')-(!;),  17.'<, 
I7!)-N4,  '_';{! ;  or,  better  still,  all  the  chapters  relating  to  the  IJear  movement. 
Ide  soon  came  to  regard  himself  as  Iciider  in  a  graiiil  revolutionary  movement, 
as  the  connueror  of  ( 'al. ;  his  men  regarded  him  simply  as  temporary  com- 
mandant at  Sonora,  clioi^jn  to  tiiat  pf)sition  for  his  zeal  in  the  cause  and  .•^ome 
educational  advantages,  and  they  were  willing  to  iiululge  liini  in  harnilcss 
eccentricities,  paying  but  slight  attention  to  his  grandiloipient  iiroclamations, 
or  to  his  jieculiar  views  of  himself  and  the  republic  he  thought  he  had 
founded,  'i  he  assumiition  of  the'  command  by  I'rCmont  was  regarded  by  Ide 
as  a  grievous  wrong  to  himself;  but  his  views  and  writings  on  tiii..;  subject — re- 
specting which  his  idiosyncrasy  came  very  near  to  insanity — are  fully  presented 
elsewhere.  After  the  change  ho  served  as  ji  private  in  the  (Jal.  IJat.  during 
the  lirst  expedition  to  the  south,  but  returned  to  Sonoma  in  Sejit.  v.  "J'.tiS;  and 
to  the  .Sac.  Valley  in  Nov.  In  April  '47  he  «as  .-it  Sonoma,  taidiig  part  in  a, 
public  meeting  in  behalf  of  Alcalde  Nash.  v.  OOi);  on  June  7tli  ho  was  aj)- 
pointed  by  (lov.  Mason  surveyor  for  the  northern  dcpaitinent;  on  the  17th  ho 
married  a  couple  at  Cache  Cr. ;  in  July  wa.s  referee  in  a  slander  case  at  So- 
noma; and  in  '48  was  at  Mont.  In  '4S-1I  he  had  some  experience  in  the  mines, 
Imt  the  home  of  Iiis  family  in  these  and  later  years  was  on  the  raiicho  l>ar- 
lauea  Colorada,  bought  of  Belden,  near  Red  Jilull',  claimed  by  him  in  '.')•_'.  iv. 
(170;  and  eonlirnied  to  his  heirs  in  '.1,').  In  Til-'J  he  seems  to  have  held  pretty 
nearly  all  tlie  county  ollices  in  Colusa  at  the  same  time,  the  highest  bi'ing 
lliat  of  county  judge,  and  the  seat  of  his  f;ovt  being  at  Monroe's  I'aiiehn, 
where  he  died  in  l)cc.  ''>'2.  He  retained  t(i  the  end  his  foiuhuss  for  Ion.,'  re- 
yoVi.i  and  for  political  theorizing,  but  with  all  his  eccentricity  he  was  always  a, 
most  woi'thy  and  honest  man,  and  had  somew  Imt  leniarkalile  tact  and  exec- 
utive ability  in  several  directions.  The  JHoi/raji/iii-  SLrf^-h  published  in  '80  by 
Ids  brother  is  noticed  in  v.  ISS-!).  It  is  stated  by  several  writers,  iiicliKiing 
belden  and  Baldridge,  that  Ide  was  a  Mormon,  but  I  have  f(«ii)d  no  posili\o 
evidence  on  the  suljjcct.  Mrs  I.  died  a  few  years  before  her  husband.  Infor- 
mation about  the  children  is  meagre.  The  olde.-t  son,  James  M.,  lived  long 
in  Colusa  and  Tehama  counties,  then  went  to  Utah,  where  he  died  in  '78. 
Will  II.  worked  for  .Sutter  a  while  in '4.'),  then  went  south  to  the  Sta(.'ruz 
region,  and  is  saiil  to  liavc  been  held  a  prisoner  by  Castro  for  a  \\  Idle  in  '4o. 
I'aiiiel  and  Lemuel,  small  children  in  '4.'),  lived  wiih  the  family  in  Tehama, 
and  1  think  one  of  them  still  survived  in  'M.'i.  The  daughter,  Sarah  E. ,  be- 
lame  Mrs  Ilealy,  and  lived  at  Sta  Cruz  in  'SO,  when  she  contributed  her 
lecolltccions  of  the  overland  trip,  with  other  material,  for  the ///o;/.  likitrh. 
There  were  4  other  children,  but  of  the  !»  only  2  survived  in  'SO. 

Idirbc  (Uasilio),  lSo4,  mr  of  the  6>»/>.  iii.  ;iN4.  Igadcra  (Jose),  1708, 
convict  settler,  i.  (iOO.  Iglesias  f.Josii  M.),  ISJ,'),  .Span,  from  the  Aqniliy.; 
named  in  list  sent  to  Mex.  '2S,  and  passport  ordered  in  '.'10.  iii.  ol-'J;  in  '',\'l 
jiKiied  the  eomp.  extninjcra  at  Mont.  iii.  221.  Hire  (Ceo.),  1847,  Co.  B, 
X.  V.Vol.  (v.  409).  Iliasovich  (Livovich),  ls;il  '^,  mrof  the  lUiiLd',  doubtful 
name.  iii.  .'181.  Hlyn,  ISOd,  })ilot  w  ith  Iiez:iuof  from  Siika.  ii.  70.  IHig, 
bcc  'Ellick.'  Imman,  184S,  at  N.Ilelv.  Iniparan  (.losej,  1770,  com.  of  the 
ist  galleon  that  touched  at  Mont.  i.  .'{."SO. 

Imus  (Clias),  18411,  nat.  of  N.  Y.  who  came  overland  from  111.,  being  capt. 
of  a  party,  and  accompanied  by  his  nephew,  Cluis  A.  Imus.  v.  520.  ISoth  arc 
s.iid  to  have  served  in  the  (Jal.  IJat.  (v.  ;!.")8);  and  later  were  stock-raisers  on 
the  S.  Joaquin.  Their  parents  came  to  Cal.  in  oO.  The  ca)>t.  died  at  Sta 
'  ruz  in  '5li,  an<l  the  nepliew  was  perhajis  still  living  in  '77.  Inciartt^  (.Inaii), 
1701.  piloto  in  Malaspina's  expcd.  i.  400.  Indart,  184."),  mrof  a  vessel.  In- 
estrnmo,  182(»;  mr  of  the  Anjosi/.  iii.  140.  Ingala  (Dav.),  184."),  doubtml 
11. line  of  an  overl.  immig.  iv.  i>~H.  Iiigalls  (Kufus),  1S4H,  nat.  of  Me,  lieut 
l.-st  U.S.  di-agoons,  came  on  the  //uiilrinn  to  act  as  asst  Q.M.;  in  N.V.  'SI  at 
a  pioneer  reunion.  Inger.soll  (Ciioster),  1847,  overl.  immig.  from  111.,  who 
bought  laud  at  Xapa  in  Dee.  in  '48  he  is  said  to  Imve  sent  instructions  east 
Hist,  Oal.,  Vol.  IV.    U 


1-  >  t 


cno 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


to  sfll  his  proj^crty,  purchase  ."00  Mils  of  dried  apples,  and  distriliuto  the  bal 


unci:  iiiiioi]'' 


rohitivus,  ii.i  he  h;id  made  ii  fortuiu,'  in  (_'al.   lie  died 


■lil. 


laviii''  a  la/nilv 


Iv. 


Jritia  {C 


chdiliiful  nauii'  of  ^'rantec  of  ((Kjiniiali  'i; 


nv,  iiu' 


((!(o.).  KS4(i,  (Jo.  Ii,  Cuh  ikit.   (v.,">.jS).        luit.'i)(J.ope),  ;,'iant. 


of  I'osolonji  and  I'o/ito,  Sta  Clara, '44.  iv.  07-.       Iuij;ues  (.liian).  ITlKi.  si  r:t 


ilalai  volunteers,   i. 


")40. 


i.  4'M. 


l(juina,  171)3,  Nootka  Ind.  baptized  at  .Mout. 


j!a,orlrca  (Cyius),  1S4(J, one  of  the  Mormon  colon j'.  v.  o4();  left  the  cli 
and  \v;is  liviDg  iu  tiie  lastcrn  Htati-S  \s4.       Ir.intc  (Antonio),  at  Jajs  Ai 


•41),  .'■aid  to  have  Ikmii  in  the  I't  Reyes  region.       Irvin  (.lohn),  Isio, 

Irwin  (Edward),  1.S47,  .ser;,'t  Co.  A.  .\. 


Irihh, 

one  of  the  exiles  to  S.   Dlas.   iv.   18. 


^'.\'ol.   V.  ."pO;!;  in  the  mil 


•4S-.-.0;  th 


after  a  year  or  two  in 


N 


leara'jiia 


— a  resident  of  Sierra  Co.,  where  he  was  sherill'  o.")-9;  lived  ;>  years  iu  Napii 
and  went  to  \ev.  in  '0;>,  serving  as  sherill'  and  U.S.  mar.ihal  in  Nye  .ind 
Av'hite  I'ine  counties.  In '70  ho  returned  to  Cal.  and  settled  in  Lake  Cu., 
Avlieie  he  .still  lived  iit  JMiddlctou  in  'MIt.  I.  (Wni),  1S47,  douhtfid  meni'i.  i.f 
K.  Y.Vol.   (V.  400);  at  S.F. '74.       Irwood  (Henry),   ltS4S,  at  JV-nieia.    Yn'iti 

Cu.  nut. 

Ishel  (.Tames  C),  1840,  jihysician  from  Oliio,  overl.  immijr.  aceomp.  hy  his 
wife.  V.  .VJil;  settled  in  S.  .Juaciuin  '47,  where  he  is  mentioned  in  conneeLi'ju 
witii  various  minini,'  operations 


;i  '4S.  His  wife,  Olive  M.,  tauLdit  the  l>t 


J'higlish  school  in  Sta,  (,'lara- 
innni''.  families  were  !/athcrei 


i" 


tl 


ily  in  Cal. — in  the  spring  of  '47,  while  t 


k; 


lei  e  awaiting  the  close  o 


)f  tl 


i: 


doctor  and  his  wife  wi'i'e  liviii''  in  Ventura  Co.  as  late  as  '70,  the  fori 


iilj.ed  aii<l   the   latter  still  a  teaelR 


Tl 


is   also  written  Lil. ell  and 


Ts-d.ell.       UuV 


Ind. 


sail 


Itoh; 


lave  lieen  Killei 


latOlc 


lali  '40.   V.  KH), 


1 


Ind. 


mentioiieil  at  Soledad  "llO.   li.  0 


Islas  (.'Santiago),  Mex.  alfi- 


eoniuiaiKliiii'  L'uaiil  a 


h 
until 


t  the  (  olorado  ])ueli!os  1780-1;  killed  hy  Ind.   i.  X>'.)A\\ 


urrate  (l)oiniii;.'o  S;'iuia;:o),   ISOO   S 


fr 


lar,  who  .■^ervei 


Ills   (lepartui 


C.il.   ill   IS'iO.  liioL,'.  ii.  154:  meiit.  i.  i~, 


1  at  S.  Juan  1!. 
ii.   KJil, 


l.'iiMJO.       Iven  (.Alfred),  1847.  Co.  1),  N.  Y.Vol.  (v.  400);  died  at  Aeapuk 


'4i). 


I 


ves. 


184."),   at   N.    Ilelv 


ith  fi 


miiy;  proli.   error 


for  Md." 


U 


(■i"liom;;sC.).  1847,  Co.   C,   -Monn.  I'.at.   (v.  400);  f;;rmer  at  S;,ipo,  Utah, 'm'. 
Ivy  (Uiehard  A.),  1847,  Co.  .\,  :\lorni.  l>at.    (v.  400);  farmer  in  Utah  '81. 

.Taekson,  184."),  at  N.lldv.,  proh.  an  overl.  iiumig.  iv.  .")78,  ."87;  said  to 
have  eo;;ie  to  Na|i;i.  w  ith  N.  ('(jomhs  iu  '4."),  and  to  he  living  at  Oaklan<l  '7"^. 
.1.  (.Mi'.-^),  1810,  .Mormon  woman  on  the  JJiunh-li/n.  {v.  .")41),  wif.-.;  of  Col  .(. 
Till  Uiji.  .).  (.\.|,  IS48,  iitev.ard  oil  the  Kr.dhiih;  later  iu  the  City  llutcl  .'it 
Mont.  ,r.  (il),  ISlS.  from  lion,  on  the  S<i;f(iil(ilwc.  J.  (I)av.  Iv ),  KS.'il,  i.f 
the  Uoehy  Mt  l'"iirCo.,  forui^ily  partner  of  Jed.  Smith  and  Sublette;  eaieo 
from  N.  ilex,  in  com.  of  a  trading  party,  iii.  .'187,  Ol.S;  iv.  •204.  J.  (fieo.l, 
1817,  sergt  Co.  (i,  N.Y.N'ol.  v.  r)04.  .7.  (Henry  W.),  1817,  musician  Co. 
D,  Morm.  Hat.  (v.  400);  rei'iil.  J.  (Fames),  184."),  passport  from  Los  Aug.  to 
Sono!a.  .1.  (hiines  .M. ),  1.840,  coxswain  of  JJ((/(',-i  \n\nn:h,  il:::eli.  at  S.F.  '40; 
later  inr  of  a  vesot  1,  and  in  the  war  of  '01-.")  ensign  <jn  the  Coma.whi';  at  S.  P. 
'8t.  Lriiirci/.  .1,  (.losejih),  18J7,  Iri.sh  shoemaker  in  Mont.  dist.  ''2'.),  age  •_'7. 
iii.  170.  ,J.  (.Iiiseph),  I,s48,  ]iassp.  from  Hon.  J.  (Sain.),  1847,  asst  surg. 
on  the  U.S.  Iii<l<  jiriidt'iin'.       ,1.  (Win),  1818,  in  S.F.  list  of  letters. 

Jacob  (Richard  Taylor),  1840,  Keiitiii  ki.in  who  aeeoui)i.  Bryant  on  tli'^ 
o\eilaiid  trip,  ami  was  cajit.  of  Co.  H,  Cal.  liat.  in  the  campaign  of  '40-7, 
letiirning  east  probably  by  way  Of  ranam:i  with  Lieut  Eiiiory,  and  being  i a 
AV.ish.  at  the  tnieof  I'Viincjiit's  eourt-inartial.  v.  .S.'i'J,  301.  4-'(4,  .")"_'8.  He  laiir 
in.'irried  a  daughtn-  if  Thos  II.  Rentoii;  was  eol  of  the  0th  Ivy  cavaliy  in  tiie 
war  of '01-.");  and  becaiiK!  lieut-gov.  of  Ky.  .Jacobs  (Sanford),  1847,  Co.  I), 
Monn.  liat.  (v.  409);  employed  by  liiannan  as  mail-carrier  iu '48.  Jacob.--i)ii 
(Andi'e.>).  1848,  .it  S.F.  from  \'iilparai.so. 

.lames,  1840,  bay  on  the  Siiraiiinih,  said  to  he  at  Oakland  in  '70.  A!/'i. 
Jaime  (.Vntonio),  179."),  Span,  friar  who  served  ehielly  at  Soledad,  and  died 
at  .Sta  Ji.  in  '20.  liiog.  ii.  070-8;  nient.  i.  500,  570,  08G;  ii.  152,  159,  385,  304, 


the  Vi.-\1- 
1.  F .  ■  I!), 

'4:!.  :v. 

Mi.  sir^t 
t  Muiit. 

;  church, 
\n-.    IG. 
11),  1SI'\ 
o.  A.  -N. 
iciu'U'jna 
ill  Napa 
Kye  ami 
^ako  Ci).,_ 
uiomii.  I  if 
;ia.    Yiilin 

lip.  h,V  I'i^ 
iDiinccU'iii 
it  the  Wt 
while  Uio 
,  r.oth  t-hi' 
(inner  ili^- 
l:il,cU  ami 
UlC).  1  i- 
[ex.  aUrvcz 
i.  ;}.V.)-i'i:!. 

s.  Jiuui  r>- 

77;  ii-  1''"' 
t  Acapiilco 

I-.'       Ivie 

I,  i:tah,-.vi 

ail  VSl. 

iS7;  saiil  to 
aklantl  '7'^. 
of  Col  .f. 

■),  ISIll,  ..f 
llcltc;  can;o 
J.  ((.icK 
Insician  Co. 

j()S  All'-',  to 

fatS.l-.'W; 

1/,,.;  atS.l^ 

:;),  age  -11. 

asst  surg. 

I'lnt  on  tho 
111  of  '4t)-7, 
]„l  l)fiii.u;iii 
Is.  He  later 
ilry  in  the 
IS-17,  C...  1', 
Jacol)--oii 

•"G.  AJtn. 
1(1,  and  dif 'I 
h,  385,  3'J4, 


JAIME— JKNXISOX. 


cr^i 


401,  ."no,  022,  G";  iii.  Ofi-T.  .Talapa  (Fran.),  Koldicr  of  .'^.F.  conip.  ':;t1-!L'; 
at  .Soiioniii  "14,  a,!,'e  2.').  .1..  1S4S,  one  of  thi;  WuIk  r".s  pro.^jpcctovs,  tor  w  iiuiii 
Janir.stowii  \v;is  iiiiincd.  .(.  (.\iitoiii.i).  1S47,  luiiil)eriiiaii  in  S.  F.  (li.sc.  .1. 
(N'oaii),  INK),  nieinli.  of  the  Doiiiu'i' jiarty  from  III.,  liclii'vcd  to  lie  still  liviir^' 
ill  'iS;).  V.  r(.'ii),."i;)4.  J.  (Zacarias),  is.'ij,  ih'litorof  i'misiina  iiii.-sioii.  .laiius  ni 
(!'.  A.),  1S4S,  passp.  from  Hon.  Jamicsou  ((ico.  Win).  1S47,  Co.  K,  'S.W 
Vol.  (v.  4'.)!t). 

Jail  ( liai'iiuliy),  17!).S,  P)0st(in  sailor  at  S.  l)ic';o.  i.  ."il."),  ()."i4.  Janes  (AhUn 
W.),  1S47,  Co.  1),  X.  V.  Vol.  (V.  4';)!i);  at  Kenton,  Ohio,  >;."!;  present  at  a 
review  of  survivors  in  X.V.  'S4.  .lanioii  (It.  ('.).  IS17,  Ihiul.  trader  v.iia 
eamo  fiiiin  lion,  on  the  Laura  Aim;  incniher  of  the  S.  F.  tiiiii  of  Starkey,  .1., 
&  Co.  in  "l7-t),  makiii,,'  srvoral  ti'ips  to  the  i.slan(l.s;  died  in  Ihigland  .--oiiic 
year.s  later.       .laiisci  (( 'oniclio),  !-eo  '.l.ilnisoii.' 

.Janssen.s  (V'icior  Ihi^cno  Aii,i,'iiste),  ls:i4,  Iklgian  who  came  from  Mcx.  in 
the  II.  &  I',  colony  r.t  t!:e  aire  of  17.  iii.  '-';::!,  4|-.V  After  tiie  coh):iy  v.,', 
broken  np  lie  worked  at  tlie  Corr.-ditos  laiiciio  witli  the  Coroiiel  family  i.i 
';!.")  ().  Latci',  ill  ';'/(!,  he  kejit  a  shop  at  Mont,  v.itli  Ayala,  Init  on  the  div  u- 
fail  cf  (jov.<  iirJen-e/  lie  wislicd  to  return  to  Mex.,  wliere  hisinother  still  live  1, 
and  I'ailin,;^  in  lliis  he  ^^■ent  soiitii,  and  in  ';{7  S  to(jk  part  in  many  of  llie  A'a- 
jeuo.s'  operations  a^'aiiist  Alvarach),  lie:  idi  .s  servin;,'  a;.;aiiist  the  Ind.  on  t!ie  : '. 
J)ie^' )  frontier,  iii.  TiDl,  r>i(i-'J(),  o.'iS.  Later  he  had  an  oiel'.a.rd  and  worked  :):i 
a  diitilier  at  JjOh  An;_'. ;  and  in  '40  2  lie  lived  at  S.  Jr.aii  Cap.,  aetinj,'  as  m.i- 
jordoni  )and  juez.  iii.  (;J7  S;  iv.  (i_'l  7;  iiatnrali/ed  in  '4  I,  and  ia '4J  inarri.  d 
Ahiri  I  Aiitoir.a,  daiij.'iiter  of  N'ii.'eiite  I'icci.  Su!ise.|n'.'ntly  lie  v.as  a.u'ent  i  .r 
A;,'uii'ru  and  ]iartner  of  l.ataillade  at  Sta  l>.,  olitainiie,'  tlie  ranches  of  J.,oii:;;.s 
do  l,v  i'lirlieacioii  in  '44.  i..  (ilj;  and  perhaps  elected  alcalde  for  '4."i.  hut  i.'.t 
.serviiii.  iv.  4111,  (172.  Jii  'I'i  ho  was  justice  of  tiie  pea/.'0  at  Sta  Inrs,  ;.;.d 
miller  the  Fiv)n's  ,ij;ovt  v.  as  mil.  com.  cf  tliat  re'iioii.  v.  .■>2.),  (i!!.").  1  le  wasa::','i!:i 
jiic,  in  '4S-!),  and  lived  on  liks  laiicho,  conlinned  in  hi:;i  hy  the  courts,  ti.l 
aiioUu  '.")!),  g^»ing  to  tlic  mines  in  '4S  for  a  time,  hut  later  residiii;,'  at  .St.i  \'>., 
where  at  various  times  in  '01-8  he  served  as  county  asses  .or,  postiiuiiM  ■, 
trustee,  and  deputy  collectf;r  aiid  Kheriil'.  In  "71^,  residin;,'  at  Sta  i<.,  he  d!  - 
tated  to  1110  his  Viihi  y  Ailri  nlnntf,  an  excellent  narrative  of  colony  aii'ai..; 
anil  of  later  Cal.  ever  '.i;  and  also  [lermitted  me  to  copy  his  col.  of  J)oi\  //,'•. 
C(il.,  containing  several  important  records,  lie  was  an  iiitclli;,'er.t  man  >f 
goo  I  repute,  a  w  ithiwer  v.itli  two  sons  and  a  dail'diter.  I  think  he  is  s'.iii 
living  i:i  \S.").  .laiiston,  ISKi,  niid.  U.  S.  N.  at  Mont.  \\il!i  Haldwin  i:i  (.mm. 
of  ;;;:ard.  Lniircij.  Jantzen  (Fred.).  1S47,  Co.  C,  X.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  4i):));  lie- 
at  S.  F.  '74-S;i.'  .JarainiUo  (.liian  .lose),  at  S.  I'lern.  '4'J,  age  ;!0.  ,l:u.  Is 
{.Iamc3.].),  1S47,  at  S.  J)ie;n:)  and  Mont.  '47-S,  rejiresenting  Fverett  of  Hon. 
Jatifiil,  lud.  chief  on  the  S.  Diego  frontier,  a  f.iitlifnl  ;il!y  of  t'.ie  viiites. 

JantlVey  (Agnstini,  inaj.  at  S.  .luan  Cap.  '41.  Jaunie  (Luis).  I77L  Span, 
friar,  who  Kerv.,'(l  jis  iiiissionarv  at  S.  l)iego  until  killed  Lv  the  Ind.  on  Xov. 
T),  177.').  i.  17.'5,  171),  !!).'<,  22! >,'2.")() -2,  2.V),  4.").'),  (m4,  (;.,7;  "ii.  L.;i  7.  .lavicr 
(Fran.),  Ind.  chief  on  the  Coloiado  17^1.  i.  .'Idi.  .law,  or  .lay,  at  X.  11^1,-. 
M7-.'';  doubtful  name  of  a  X.  V.  vol.  .Jaynith  (ivl.),  ISi7,  doubti'ul  iiar.io 
of  a,  iiciiieia  .settler. 

.leHbrson  ((Jco.),  lS4.'i-4,  at  S.  !•'.  in  trouble  iib.Hit  drl/ts,  etc.;  prdi.  a 
sailor.  JelFray  (Win),  1S4S,  iiiemb.  of  ^mic.  >.,'al.  Pioneers;  in  S.  V.  '.Sl  -,J. 
dcgge  (.lacob).  LS4(),  Co.  C,  1st  I'.  S.  dragoons  (v.  liiJG).  .1,  hero  I  Fiau.t, 
1S2.),  Span,  who  came  on  the  Aiinibs;  at  Sta  U.  '."K!,  age  ."(I,  wiili  wife  ami  ."> 
ehi.dren.  .Jena  (X.),  ISIO,  mr  of  the  .l»y'7(j.'«.  iv.  Ii)l.  .Ijnkius,  irinie  I 
by  tlie  Loa  Aug.  vigilantes  in  ";t!i  as  having  been  killed,  perhaps  sonio  j'eii:? 
earlier,  iii.  411).  J.,  1S4S,  of  J.  &  Hardy,  at  Mont.  (■.')  .1.  (.V.  and  IL^ 
l!US,  passp.  from  Hon.  .1.  (.racksoii  \V. ),  ISKJ,  ovcrl.  immig.  apparcn.ly 
with  Aram.  J.  (.lol-.n  W.)  ISlli,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Hat.  (v.  ;},jS);  perhapi  came  ai 
preceding.  J.  (Win  K.),  1847,  Co.  D,  X.  V.  Vol.  (v.  4!llt).  Jeiiks  (Ch.is 
N.),  1S4.J,  Ainer.,  at  Mont.  .Icnnii.gs,  ISLS,  in  tlic  mines,  from  Or.,  hui  r 
asst  Q.  M.  lien.;  in  real  estate  business  at  iSac. ,  but  returned  to  (Jr.  .J. 
(•lolin),  1S1.3,  mr  of  tUe  Columbia,  ii.  'i7i5-4.  Jcnnison  (Dan.),  132,'J,  at  Sta 
B.  ii.  495. 


..  i 


I      lilt 


G9'2 


rioxKioR  ri:oisti:r  axd  ixdi:x. 


I 


.Tc'ssc  (Aiclicr  C,  or  Arcliiliald  ('.),  lH4(i,  ovcil.  iimiiic;.  wlio  settled  in 
N;i]i;i  \'ii!.,  served  an  li(^ut(if  (jo.  10,  Cal.  Uat.  v,  ;t(il,  '>'2\);  luid  had  aC'al.  el:i'  a 
ol  .Vl,'),."))  (V.  4'JJi.  I  have  )U)  hitei- iiifoiiiiatii)ii  aliout  liiiii.  Jesu.s  (I'\li]io 
<li).  i'.t  Si)lechiil  ■•_'().  ii.  U'J.S.  J.  (Josj),  Iiid.  ehief  of  S.  Joaq.,  uidiii;u'  llie 
wiiites  '4;)-^>.  V.  ,'{(JU,  (J()l2.  J.  (dose  Aiit.),  .Mex.  convict,  set  free  ia  'li.'l. 
.1.  (Serafiii),  gi'aiitec  of  lot  at  vS,  (;;d)i-iel  Ml!,  iv.  O.'i?.  deiqias,  1847,  liir  nf 
the  Kciiiii' Alia.  V.  .")7!>.  .Jiwel)  (IJeii.),  IS4.S,  in  Son.  Co.;  jirob.  'Devve!!,' 
I].  \.  JeweLt  (lOnoeh  P.),  1847,  Irom  lion,  on  the  KciTuir:  owner  of  S.  !•'. 
111.  \'.  GiS.").  J.  ((ii!().),  l8.'i(J,  Ainer.  wiio  landed  from  a  whaler  at  Sta  i>., 
a  e  '21.  J.  (Thomas),  l8;i(!,  Amer.  cooper,  a;.;c  'J8,  who  eaine  \iitli  t!co.,a!id 
V. ,iM  perhaiis  his  brother,  iv.  118;  in  J.,arkin'.s  employ  at  Mout.  '40.  Jim 
(■  K.uiaka,'  or  '  Vaidcee  '),  in  chari,'e  of  llock  for  Sutter  "40. 

. limine/,  1791 -ISOO,  chaplain  on  one  of  tiie  S.  Uhis  tran.'iporta.  J.  (An- 
tonio .M.),  Mex.  jirie.st  at  S.  Gal)riel  and  curate  of  Los  Any.  from  '44.  iv.  4_'_', 
(i..l,  (i.';7.  lie  died  at  S.  (iahriel  in  T)!!.  Jimeno  (Antonio),  18'J7,  Mex.  fiiar 
of  the  S.  lernando  eolle<,'e,  \\lio  served  us  missionary  or  curate  at  Sta  (.'lu/, 
i.i  "27-'*.  at  S.  liucn.  '4,)-;{,  mA  at  Sta  IJ.  'l'D-K)  and  '44-r)(),  lieing  chosen  su- 
lil',ntopr(si(h'nt  in ';>1).  ii.  r)7ti,  <!-.").  (i."),');  iii.  87,  4l>.S-4,  (i,"i(i,  (ioS;  iv.  4.'),  4'Jl  '_', 
4J,'I,  (i4, >--.">.  I'adre  .Vntouio  is  rememluied  as  stout  and  ilark  in  person,  and- 
al  !e  in  ilis])osiLion,  kind  to  Ids  neophytes,  hut  strict  in  all  religious  nKitti  rs. 
lie  left  Cal.  in  '.'lii  or  a  little  later,  and  in  '71  vas  still  livinj;  in  the  city  of 
Mex.,  Mind  and  iMili;,a'nt.  probably  the  last  sui'vivorof  the  Feinandinos.  .1. 
(.Iosi5  Joaqiuii),  1S"_'7,  or  perhaps  '28,  Mex.  friar  of  S.  Fernando  colleL'e, 
brother  of  Antoido,  whose  ndssionary  .service  was  at  S.  Luis  Itey  in  '27-.">0, 
;-.a  (Wwv.  ■;!.)-;;,  sta  lues  ';i;V-,')U,  S.  (Jabriel  '.")'.)-:!,  and  StaB.  '.J4-0.  From  ';i8 
ho  \\as  ])i('si  lent  of  the  Fernandinos,  bein,;,'  vicar  in  '.■18-',),  and  prefect  after 
l)ji;in's  death  in  '40.  In  '44  he  was  the  foiindir  ()f  the  Sta  Im's  semaiary,  of 
v,  Inch  he  was  the  rector  to  '.")0.  In  '.J4  he  founded  the  nn.'isionary  collcL^e  of  I  )()- 
1  ires  at  Sta  15.,  of  which  he  was  jiresident  to  his  death  in  '5(5,  at  tlie  ai;c  nf 
',1.  ii.  iV);!,  ()I8-1!),  (j-2,-),  O.V);  iii.  ;iai),  .SIO,  4;i;}-4,  ()(Jl,  (i!»;!-4;  iv.  0:!-4,';(7-', 
4JI,  42.j-(j,  r)41),  045;  v.  020,  OlJ't.  A  good  account  of  his  life  is  given  liy  1'. 
(I  )U::alez  in  his  burial  record.  Sant'jf,  Doc,  ii.  144-0.  Padre  Joaquin  re- 
sembled Antonio  in  most  respects,  being  somewhat  shorter  in  .stature  and  less 
.•iliiiblc!  or  more  reserved  in  manner,  lieing  n  very  zealous  missionary,  tlnjugh 
sometimes  in  trouble  with  his  ecclesiastical  superiors. 

.liiiieno  (Jasarin  (Manuel),  1828,  nat.  of  Mex.,  and  brother  of  the  friaw 
.limcno,  sub,  comisario  and  eontador  in  the  Mont,  eustoni-liouse  in  '28-1)0. 
11.  007;  iii.  40,  Oo,  0!),  80,  l.'tO.  In  ■;i2  he  was  sindico  of  the  ^lont.  ayunt.; 
in  '34  alcalde,  and  grantee  of  Sal.sipuedes;  in  '.■5.")  njcmber  of  the  diputaciuii 
and  e(jinisionado  for  the  secularization  of  S.  Luis  Ob.  iii.  2'Jl,  .354,  07S,  078, 
()S2.  In  "M  lie  was  again  vocal,  and  in  ';!!)-42  «as  Alvarado's  .sec.  of  state, 
besides  V)eing  1st  vocal  and  often  acting  gov.  during  Alvarado's  illness,  and 
gr.mtee  of  Sta  llosa,  Sta  15.  Co.  in  '.'5!).  iii.  ."lOO,  08.'.,  .JOO,  59;5-»,  004;  iv.  Iii.'!, 
137,  103.  282,  2'.)4-5.  Under  Micheltorena  he  continued  to  serve  as  sec.  in 
'43-5,  being  the  grantee  of  Sta  Paula  in  '43,  and  the  Jimeno  rancho,  Colu.sa 
Co.,  in  '44.  iv.  .357,  300,  403,  400,  043,  07).  In  the  troubles  of  '45-7  Don 
Manu'd  seems  to  have  taken  no  active  part,  but  in  these  and  later  years  gave 
his  A\  hole  attention  to  private  busintjss,  being  also  ia  bad  health.  He  docs  not 
apjK'ar  as  claimant  for  any  of  the  ranchos  granted  to  him.  lie  went  to  iNlex. 
early  in  '.53,  and  died  there  in  Dee.  of  that  year.  Jimeno  was  a  man  of  good 
character  and  abilities;  a  faithful  ollicial,  well  lifted  for  his  position  as  govt 
secretary;  devoted  to  Mexico,  but  not  bitter  in  his  prejudices  against  for- 
eigners; small  and  lean  in  physique;  vivacious  and  witty  in  conversation. 
His  wife,  married  about  '32,  was  Dona  Angustias  de  la  Guerra,  who  later 
married  iJr  Ord,  and  is  still  living  in  '85.  There  were  1 1  children,  only  2  or 
3  of  whom  survive.  Two  of  the  sons — Antonio  and  Porfirio — were  sent  east 
with  Lieut  Sherman  in  '50  to  be  educated,  and  Porl'.rio  was  a  capt.  of  Cal. 
volunteers  in  the  war  of  '01-3.  Jimkins  (Henry),  1848,  lumberman  and 
farmer  at  Sta  Cruz  to  '01,  later  a  soldier  and  miner  in  Sev.  Jiinnicrsoa 
(lIkis),  1847,  Co.  E,  Alorm.  Uat.  (v.  409).  Joaqiun  (Eniilio),  Ind.  grantee 
of  S.  Gabriel  Land  '43.  iv.  037. 


ni( 

'4- 

Jai, 

Jai 

■at 

lia; 

(V. 

'47 

Sta 

]S4( 
l!at 
fan  I 
He 
J.{] 


w. 


jonx-.ioiiN.sox. 


b'93 


ttlcd  ill 

tl.  fl;.-  :i 
,  (I't-lipc 
liii;:  lli<! 

J  ill  ':i:i. 
7,  lur  of 
D.'WiU,' 
.,f  S.  V. 
Sta  ]•>., 
ico.,iinil 
l).       Jim 

J.  (An- 

.  iv.  4JJ, 

ilc'x.  fiiar 
Sta  L'lu/. 

hosc'ii  HU- 

45,  4-21  •-;, 

•son,  uini- 

i  iiii'.tti  rs. 

,hc  city  of 

inos.       ••• 

lo  colU";_'o, 
ill  '-^l-M, 
From  'HS 

■efuct  lifter 

iiiuuuy,  of 

IcLjc  of  1>1)- 
tiio  ivj.y:  "f 
0.)-4,  .>(-, 
iveii  by  !'• 
oaqniii  '''- 
ro  anil  If^^^ 
y,  tliou:^li 

the  friai-a 
in  '-iS-iiO. 
nt.  ayuut.; 
(Uputacioii 
i,  (173,  l>78, 
c.  of  stiito, 
illness,  and 
H;  iv.  Kin. 
as  sec.  ill 
Iclio,  Colusii 
'45-7  Don 
years  gavo 
lo  docs  not 
^nt  to  Mex. 
|ian  of  good 
,ion  as  govt 
iigainst  lor- 
,nversatioii. 
,  who  later 
11,  only  '2  or 
re  sent  east 
^apt.  of  C'al. 
|)cvmau  and 
J  immcrsun 
,d.  grauteo 


John,  is;)!!,  cook  from  ('(ir'-iMii'idil,  ari,'  40,  at  Mont.  .Tohn,  IS.'lit,  Aiiif.. 
nt  .Saiiiias,  age  IS.  .loliii  (.lames),  Is4l,  i.-.'fil.  iii':;iii,'.  of  the  Uariij.n  n 
jiarty;  went  .soon  to  Or.  iv. -J.'M,  •J7t».  -7-', 'J7.">.  Jo'.n  t  (.liian  (1 ),  IS.'U.  at 
SiJiiDiiia.  iloiiiisiin,  l.s;J4,  dimhtfiil  iiaiiiu  of  an  Kiigl.  s.iilor  at  (ioiinz' 
I'aiirJio.  J.,  I.SlC,  lilaeksmilh  (iirested  at  iios  .AliL'.,  Init  escaiied.  J.,  I,">l;i, 
•  loiilitfiil  iiu'iitioa  as  an  overl.  iiiimi,:,'.;  jierliaps  of  Cl.'jles- Walker  |)ai'ty.  iv. 
.">;)_'.  J.,  l.SKi,  niidi!'.i[iiniiii  loresteil  liy  ('apt.  Moiitgoiiitry.  .1.,  |SI7, 
eaipenter  at  .Mont.  J.,  IS47,  lined  at  S.  iJiego  for  staldiing.  v.  (ils.  J., 
J!>1.S,  overl.  iimni','.  with  Lawtoii. 

Johnson  (.Archibald),  Is:!-',  testified  in  'tiS  that  ho  had  livcl  in  Ciil.  sjniv 
'."I'J.  iii.  4'VS.  J.  (.\,  15.),  Ls,'{7.  trader  on  the  coa.^t;  also  lalK'd  r>tiiiamiu. 
J.  (A.  -M.),  lS4(i,  mid.  on  tho  L'.S.  U'lirriii.  ,F.  (('has),  |S4(),  doubtful  in.ii 
tioii.  J.  (Cha.s  F.),  IS47,  Co.  K,  N.V.  V<d.  (v.  4!l!l);  owner  of  ,S.  ]•'.  |,,t. 
J.  (Ciias  15.),  1S4S,  mend),  of  I'ioli.  Soe.,  at  J.,os  .\lig.  '.'i4.  Ami'il.-:.  .1. 
(Clias  11.),  l,,4s.  iiat.  of  .Md;  S.F.  trader  in  '4.S  ll,  of  lirm  Fiiidley,  .1.,  X  Co,; 
in  'ii\  rciiresentid  S.  Luis  Ob.  in  the  le;.'islature.  J.  (Chas  Iv.),  IsK!,  aue- 
tioiKU/r  ill  ,S.F.  '4S,  whoat  Los  .Vug.  '7li  lestilied  that  ho  was  in  (  al.  "4(1.  'J'lii'ic. 
i  f  inoi).  .some  eonfiisiun  between  this  man  and  the  "J  jirceedini,'.  .1.  (Cuiiie- 
liii  i  .Vdre),  bS'Jii,  ( Iciinaii  .soldier  fi'oiii  .Mex.  iii.  l7o;  at  work  on  llartnc'.r.s 
i:iiicho  ','{(>,  age  (JO;  in  '40  workecl  for  Leese  at  S.F.  His  name  was  i)ei-haiis 
Jaiison. 

.louiison  (David  W.),  lS4(i,  farrier  Co.  K,  (",  1st  I'.S.  drat/oons;  killed  at 
S.  I'asiiial.  V.  ;il(i.  J.  (I'M  ),  ls4.-),  nat.  of  .Md,  sailor  on  f.w.  l'.:<.  /.'/•  f 
'4.J-S.  iv.  587;  came  back  to  ( 'al.  "41)-5(»,  and  again  in  "54;  lived  at  S.  .lose 
'5S-.S1  ami  later.  .V.  J.  I'ion.  J.  (I'raiieis),  lS4il,  siij).  of  the  J>.  (JiiUv'n 
and  Mtirijl'iii'l  '40-1.  iv.  KKI,  I'JO,  5tJ7.  He  w.is  a  Mass.  m:in  who  hail  bciu 
clerk  fill  I'eiiee  it  15i(nver  at  Hon.,  and  later  in  biisiiies)  hjr  himself.  He  died 
ill  Mass.  abt  '4>S.  J.  (Francis),  Isl5,  at  Los  Aug.,  |>leadiiiu  exemiition  from 
mil.  service;  went  to  Hon.  on  the  l'i,i\^-iiuiiilh;  perhaiis  the  son  of  I  )on  Santi- 
ago. J.  (Fred.  I,  I>.17,  Co.  (i,  \.V.  Vol.  (v.  4',);i).  .).  (Oeo.  A.),  IS4S,  n.-it. 
of  \.^'.,  wlio  in  tlie  le;;islatllle  of  '(J.'J  ie|il  eselitrd  S.  Hic^o  Co.,  ago  ;!7.  ,1. 
(Ileniy),  lS47.Co.  A,  .Monii.  lliit.  (v.4(ill).  J.  (Ira),  1847,  Co.  l,^.^■.  Vol. 
(\.  4)11);  sniu:,"^dcr  at  .S.  Oiegoand  build  rat  -Mont.  '48.  J.  (Isaac  C.),  KS47, 
C.I.  i:,  X.Y.  \ol.  (v.  40!»);  at  Astoria,  Or.,  'SJ. 

Johnson  (■lames),  bSli.'i,  I'Jigl.  trader,  S  years  nt  (Jnaymas,  eiigau'ed  idoin 
)ie  irl-lishing,  who  c.ime  to  (,'al.  both  by  h.iid  and  on  the  Furin,  making  sev- 
eral tiijis  to  .'^oiiora  and  back  iii".'iJ-4.  iii.  iis'J,  4ll!l.  lie  icprescnled  .■;oiiie 
kind  of  a  Soiioia  company  and  boiiLrht  the  right  of  Maniud  ( iutierre/.  in  the  S. 
IVdro  ranclio,  with  large  (piantities  of  live-stock;  but  presently  became  linan- 
cially  eml.'arrassed.  Ho  was  aciused  of  comjilicily  in  the  Apalate^ui  iev,)lt 
of  '■')5,  and  is  mentioned  occasionally  in  Los  An;,',  annals  of  ';i(J-4().  iii.  "28.5, 
511);  iv.  14,  117.  Oranteeof  S.  .laciiito  and  S.  (iregorio,  S.  Hiego  (-'o.,  in '4:4. 
iv.  OlM,  ,5(i.'5  J)on  SantiaLro  was  ,i,  larie  stout  man  of  variable  temperament. 
He  died  ill '17.     His  \\  iilow,  (.'.'nine  n  Cuiiado,   sister  of  llafaelC.  and  Mrs 


Mi 


An 


eiiiieiia,  still  survived  m    < >>,  as  dois  a  son  J'laneis  ui   .s.i,  In 


F 


Ir 


mentioned  at  Hartnell's  school  ill  '."Hi,  anil  as  the  owner  of  I..0S  Aug.  laiid-i  ii 
'■i-i.    '1  here  was  another  son  named  .SantiaLTO.    The  ',\  dan;,diters,  Anita,  Ade 

lis  a  111 


laide,  and   Margarita,   iiiarricd  resjtectiv  eiy  Jleiiry  and    Frai 


H.  Landc 
at  Mont.      J.  (Job 
bapti/.ei 


.1.  (lames),  IS.id,  Amer. 


a''e 


:{J 


Wllo  Will 


is  Mell 
ke<.  IV 


IS  I." 


Mont 


1  at  .S.  Biicn.  ii.  444.       J.   (Ji 


J.  iJi 
W. 


Ill  Michael).    IM'I,  iN.Ni'    l.i.i.a 
I.S4(i,    Fauiit!eroy"s   >'riij,uoii.s 


(v.  \l',',-2.  247).         J.  (Josepii),  bS45,  deserter  from  the //"/iivci// at  S.  Di '.ro;  in 
teiiced  to  '2  nimiths  of  i)ublie  works  and  .S.")0  line  for  htabliiiiif  (iaiiia  at 


/   sent 


Sta  Isabel. 


Johnson  (Robert  E.),  1.S41.  in  U.S.  ex.  ex.  iv.  '241. 


184(;,  \iriri 


(^ 


W.^ 


man  and  over 


rl. 


1  via  Or.,  who  served  in  Co.  F,  (a  I. 


Hat.    (v.  ;5kS);  in   tho  mines  '48-'.l;  at  S.  .) 


i)  4,  .serviii 


as  constahic; 


tanner  in  S.  .1 


Jl 


0  man  lei 


1  Al 


oaq. 


)t-!l;  ki'iper  of  a  stihleat  I'acheco  aid  .M  irtine/.  'liil-NO. 


McC 


luhaii  111  01 


0. 


J.  ( 


>alii. 


,f  .Ml 


.1. 


J.  (Win),  1832,  nieuib.  uf  the  cunip.  extraiijera  at  Mont.  iii.  '221. 


Ladd. 


!»*( 


■M 


_,^iM 


f^ 


604 


]'I()N-i:i:il  HKOISTKK  AND  INDKX. 


.T.ilinpon  (Will),  ISJO,  nat.  of  l',(ist( 


111  iniiti'  (if  tlio  Afi'liipf,  en,. 


•>} 


trndu  ill  S.  !•'.  iiml  -citin;,'  ii  i^i.^s.  in  June  'II;  also  ^-liiiiti  r  ct  tuw  n  l^it  in  '41. 


(;:,'J;  V.  (iT!).   !• 


Ii 


a  11  ,litir  ill  i'iiiii|i:niv  «  i 


.U  1 


ic  I';  asl;'. 


'44  fur  a  liiciisc  ior  iii.i  ln.al,  lii'  ciillcil  Innisrlt  an  li  isliiii.'ui  an.  I  ii;itiiializiil  Mis. 
(  I'll!  11!  ail!  iiuliiati'iiis  that  in  'l;l-  I  tin  ri'  \m  re  "J  nf  tlic  n.iiiiL'  at  S.  1'",,  (mc  nf 

uii:) 

ell  I  on  licir  i;iv(  r,  wlicrt!  he   liviil   timii  that  tinii 


111  caMic  as  iiiiot  (111  tho   Triniitu'l.)  Jii  'l.'thi;  liniiL'ht  the  (iulierii;'  ran- 


N.ll,h\l>i 


•ill','  iittcii  iriinc 


ilin  tl 


/■//  lis  iiiakiii'^  Iriiw  \i|i  a 


'lUll  tllf  iivrr. 


II 


II' 
i.s  I'aiii'h  was  mi  thii 


iii;;.uj,'.  r  iitd  a. Ill  h  iiiciitiuii 


<1   l> 


jiarties  fimn  'l.').   v.  "J.'t,  4.')"J,  4'^'4.   in 


.111. If  '  17  \w  man  it'll  .Mary  .Mur|ihy,  w  iio  in  N'nv.  wa.s  ailvcrtiscil  a><  liaviu'.'  Idt 


Ii 


il  iatiT  lid'aiuu  .Mi'.i  rii\iliailil.    Ii 


as  tiio  claimant  t'l 


f'.io.   iv.  fi7l;  anil  a  iitth:  later  (iir  lai'lici',  ai  wniilil  apiiear  Imt  tnr  the  laiiil 


(.•aim)   111!  cither  ilii  il  or 


it    t(»  th  •  .S'l 


'Il   I 


iniu 


8■.l^,^'.  L'.S.N.  at  .Mont,  .l/ar/n //.       .1.  (Wm).  l.slT.  seryt  ( 'o, 


.1.  (Willi,  IM'.', 
('.  X.V.Vul.  V. 


rAl4:  owner  of  S.  !■' 


.1,  (WmS.K   1S17.  Co.  I>,  N.V.Vol.  (v.  4'.l!l);  lat.  i 


a  |ii'oiniiiei 

for  I'.l  I'icito.   is-. 


it  cilixen  of  .Monterey  Co.,  ImMin''  .'^^escral  eoiintv  o 


to 


liii 
sier  of  the  Sulina.s  City  haiili  '>S'_'.    lit 


IVC  ilVCll  111 


(i,',.i; 
'lS-;>  ami  '7")  lit  .StocUton. 


lun.'mt 

>ii   s.lil 


.lohnstiin  (Aliraluim  Il.l,  I,s4l!,  caiit  Co.  C,  Int  U..'^.  (Irajioons,  \\  ho  ram  i 
\.  iJi  Kearny  from  \.  Mex.,  ami  vas  Uilli  il  at  S.  I'asenal.  v.  .'i;'.'!,  "I.'i  I; 
a-.Uhor  (if  a  imlili^lieil  .lurnul  of  the  m.in  li.  .1,  (W'm.I.),  I.SI7,  Co.  ( ', 
I.ltJiin.  Hat.  (v.  4(i'.));  in  Snlur's  cniiiloy  in '-17  s,  ami  at  the  (  ol.iiiia  iiiill 
^  I.in  j,;(/]il  uas  .li..;'i)\ereil.       .lohmitonc  (.\.),  KM7.  at  S.  1''.  fr.na  Hon.  on  tii(j 

.1.  (Charli'H),    1,S.")4,   Dane  in 
.loiia.s,  is  10,  (linilitfnl  naiin! 


!•'/    I.H-i 


lent  hack  on  the   f'a/iirilii 


Mont,  ili.st  'Ml.   iii.  4I'J.   LarL-l 


.  I  ('('/,< 


i.i  raiiiham' ■•  list  of 


.)( 


1841. 


iri'csleil  foni'/ners. 
,  of  1 1.  15.  .M.  ,•<.  < 


iircf'1'i. 


tlie 


Liu 


.iti7 


iv.  .'{S.  .-.lit. 
.1.,  1;'.4(),  orilerly  scrgt  Cal.  li.-il.    /, 


.T.,  1S4I,  inr..f 


'III'-'  V. 
of    tht 


.1. 


-ii;, 


f^i'orof  \hc  S(ir  iiniali;  in  tlic  mines '4S.       J.,  IS17 
<'/i.,/.   V.  ,")77. 

.Itii'-i  (.\.  I''.),  1S4!),  eaiue  to  S.  .list'  with  wife  ;iml  .'!  eliiMii 
Irrx  the  .1.  iii'.'iit.  in  tho  mints  from  S.  .lostj  '-IS.  .).  (.Mhert  ( !. 
who  ;,'.it   iiatr.rali.'ation   jiajiers.   iv.   l.'iH.       .1.    (('.),    ISI.S, 


,:j'''la 


it  ai'.os) 


I. '47,    Co 


I'- 


ll u.,s. 


.F.  list  of  letter.- 


rtill.   (\ 


il.s). 


sp, 


.1.  (Chas  !•;.),  I'.i: 


(r!.).  lN4li,  )iiirstr'.-'  elei'k  mi  tl 


.1.  (Daviil  II. 1,  1S47,  Co.  I'.,  Mmni.  IJat.  (v.  fCH).       .1. 


ir. 


it  Mont.  '-IS. 


ones  (I'.,il)ert  I'.),  IS4('i,  Kentiii'kian  la\v\er  lui'l  oxei 


( 
ti;e(l  law  in  S.  1'' 


IS  the  l.•^t  eilitor  of  tl 


le  S>(tr  II 


iii'ini;,'.  who  |ii'ar 


1  '17,  kept  the  I'ort.  ni'iiilli 


ioiise,  was  meniher  an 


1 

ieal  wran','lcs,  b' 

irnii!  to  Jones  ,st.  v.   (i4.\  04.'^-,\'?,  (m7-.S,  (;7(>,  (i7S.  (i.so.  (is,".,    lie 


tl  see.  of  the  town  council,  took  an  active  jiart  in  polit- 
tiie  owiiei    of  many  city  lots,  ami  ]   think  gave  h 


Kittlt 


if  tlr 


lormoii  colonv  in  '47 


il  liveil  in  ."^.F.  till  after  Ku\ 


(h 


at  Charleston  .S.C 


■)•_>.  J 


ones  Mas  a.  man  ot  mncli 


t.ileiit  anil  ver. 


tility,  not  in  all  respects  of  mmlel  character.       .1.  (Kli),  1.S47,  at  lion,  fr 


.F, 


the  ( 


iin'i  iirij  Jj('. 


'47 -.S;  hail  a  family.       J.  (llarolil),  lS4ti, 


I.  (II.  L.),  IS47,  lilacksniiiii  in  .Sutter's  cniiiliy 


II  the  U.S.  lUdc 


Jones  (.Mrs  Isaliella),  lS4ti,  one  of  the  Mormon  col.  v.  .TKi;  owner  of  a  S.]'. 
lut  "17;  never  went  to  Utah.  J.  (.rames  ]\.\  1S4'_',  .\nier.  farmer  natmali;:i'l 
i:i    14 


never  Went  to  Utah 

liniiiii^  ■_'  years'  resiili'nce,  hcinf;  then  a.  resilient  of  X.IIelv.,  v.'liere  \v 


still  livetl  apparently  in  '4.")  7.  iv.  .'!41.       J.  (.lolin).  lMi7,  tr 


itS.F, 


( lu!;n),  ISKI,  at  .S.  .ft; 


Hull. 


ll.  Ill 


I.'},  when  his  wiilow,  Sarali- 


J.  (.lohn),  l,Sf7,  Co.  C,  .V.Y.Vol.  (v.  4!):) 


-who  came  wi 


thi 


MeC.  Murray.   She  lived  at  I leaMsliurcr,  where  she  ilieil  in  '70. 


lini  in  '47 — marrietl  I  •. 


)nt'.s  (.lohn  Ciillin,  Jr),  l.s.'il),  l>ii.-<toii  n 


V.  hcie  he  w.'is  a 


l.so  U..S. 


\\.   He  li.iil  hircre  trai 


r.an  ami  Imi'J!  a  nicrclui 
isaciimis  wii 


nt  at  Tlonolul 


h  ( 'al.  wi 


\  isiteil  nearly  every  year  in  '.'lO-tH,  jis  nir  or  sup.  of  his  own  vess  Is,  the  1'"'- 
";.'/i  1 1;  Loiii^ii,  lliirr'K  I  Jllrtinlirinl,  A  ron.  lio'intr.  Griffon,  and  Uitssfl(u,  liiially 
Tiiarrvini,'  Mamiela,  tlaiiLrhter  of  Ci'irlos  Carrillo.  iii.  S.5,  14.->,  ISO,  ,",81,  ;is;!-l, 


4.il:  IV.  101,    104-.->.  117,    111.   Aftei 


i'tt'li 


his  atl'airs  at  the  Islands  an  1 


ni 


liking  a  visit  oast,  he  came  back  on  the  Julia  Ana  from  ranuiud  in  '41  and 


JOXKS-.IOYXi:s. 


093 


vlio  cam  I 

;!u,  ".;;!  v, 
17,  <■"•  •'. 

il'.ilil^i  null 
.(III.  mi  I'll; 
I,   l)iiiic  ill 

itl'lll     llllllH' 


eeUlnl  at  Stn  T>  ,  tlmu^li  still  iiiiiiiiiiL^  \i.sit.s  to  Hun.  T  liavp  imiiiv  of  his 


Icltc'is,  ami  olliors  dii  iiirri  iiL  (Vuiits  in  the  smitli  w  liifli  havo 

nni.  h  hniiiiir;ii  \iiiiic.  iv.  •_'!»!,  ;t;;;{.  't_':i,  :i(;;»,  ricii,  cr.o.  limiv  in  'kj  in'  saiU'd 

iiro  hu  (iicil  II.  fiw  Mairt 


(iiimnal  iiiisiiii'.M^ 
il 


w  itii  liis  til 


(in  tiie  AdiiiiNdiirr.  fill    r.dstiin,  \v!i 


later,    lii.-i  wiiliiw  wii>t  I'l.iiin.'int  fur  Stii,  jlnsa  l.-l.   i\.  (it.'!;   whit li  .loiica  with 
A.  1>.  'riMHiiii.-i'iii  hail  .stiickcil  w  itii  cat  th' ami  ilii'iji;  alsn  fur  i.aralcia.  ."»iio 


is  still  li\  ill','  in  'S.'i   h.'ivin''  in.inii  d,  1  think,  u 


nai:ii'il  Kittlo. 


.1.  M( 


M. ),  I.S Kl,  Mat.   (if   Ivy  ami  iM'oli.  ovlt 
i.icnili.  (if  ciiiistit.  cdiivi'iitidii  'H). 


it  .S.F.  ami  .S.  Jo8(5  '48-o(); 


Idiiis  (.Nath.i"i('ll,  ls4(i,  nat.  df  Timhi.;  nvcrl.  ininiig.  with  wife  anil 


ti'dUi  .\lo.     J..i'a\iii^'  hi  I  family  at  Chiles 


in  N.iii'i  \  ill.,  hu  si'ivril  il 


tiie  Saiifhe/,  (ir  "  tii  ( 'iaia.  i'ani|i;iiu'n,  anil  tlie.'i  settled  in  Cuiitiii  ( 'ustii,  w  hen 


hi;  .still  livc'il  in  ',S'_'  w  illi  wifi; 


aiHl  •)  elnlili'cn. 


I'dit 


rait  111  <  iiiifrii  (  .  ( 


Hi  t. 


il.   II 


served  as  sherill',  puliliij  adiiiiiii.itratiir,  and   edimty  .silliervisdr.    liis 


iter,  Maiili.'i  A.,  Iidili  in  '17,  inairied  .luliii  ."^lit/,.   The  sun  who  e. 


uiie  witll 


him,  at  till!  ii.;u  of  '1  years,   was  Itiiliiiisoii  M.,  u  iiev,  .^jiaper  man,  farmer, 
teiiclitr,  I'diiiitv  siirvcvdi',  ;ind  \\,ireluiiisL'nian,  liviii:'  at  Martinc:'.  in  ".sJ  \\[.\\ 


w  ill',  Ni'ttu; 
1 1.   Mdiin.    I 


li 


(  nwii 


am 


1  :t  uhil 


ill'ell. 


it.;  ill    Keariiv's   I'etnrii   cscdit.    v.   -I"!;!,  W 


J.  (Xalhaniel  \'.),   1S47.  ser.'t  «' 


l!)'J 


.1.  (t)ueii), 


Ivll,  at  S.I''.  .1.  (I'etei),  IVtJ-.'),  Frenehiiian  at  M.'nt.  .1.  iKiilieitl,  ls;j(i, 
liiimed  ill  Miilit.  aeeiiiints.  ,1.  (.Sam.  \\.),  ISKi,  smi  of  /acirias:  re.'.idcnt  of 
Nidi'.t.  Co.  ':.'.)  ~0.  .1.  (T.),  |S4S,  ii.issii.  from  lion,  ,|.  (Tlidmi;  ■),  IMO, 
(;;ie  of  llm  .S.  lilas  exih  s,  arrested  at  l-iis  Anu'.  iv,  II,  IS.  ,1.  (i  hoiiia;.), 
Isjl,  Amer.  iiiiini;,'.  of  llartlesiin  j^arty.  iv.  'J7(>,  -7-,  '-7."i,  -7!l;  in  'I,')  si^;lu'll 
till'  .S.  ,l()se  call  to  l'd!'ei'_'iiers.  iv.  ."illll;  in  'lli  .'iiililii  d  loi-  land  at  .S.  .Jo.-ie.  J, 
(i'.  II.  or  -M.),  ISIS,  at  \.  ilelv.  .M.iy. 

JoiU's  (1  lid»  Ap  Catesliy),  ISI'J,  ( (iiiimoiioi'e  1  .S.X.,  in  enni.  (if  llic  I'ae, 
siiuadron,  t.d.iiig  pi  hoses'- ion  of  .Mont.  Sec  iv.  ;{'.!,  •_';)S-.",-j:),  ,"ili'.>,  C'il.  (i.'id,  {'A\\ 
(!..'J,  (li.'i;  V.  .-<7!).  He  \va.4  a^aiii  in  com.  of  tlie  si|ua(lroii  in  '4S  'I.  .1.  (Thiim.s 
.leri:mi;ih),  IS'JI,  J'ln^l.  sawyer,  liaptized  at  S.  .lu.iii  15.  in  ':2,'i.  and  iiaturaliiied 
i:i  11,  al  wliii'h  time  he  had  a  ii'ilivo  wile,  .hri  miiii  .1.,  often  iiiriit.  in  leeoi'i'.s 
of  ■;>!)— 10,  i'.nd  ]ierliaps  one  of  the  arrestud  foreigmrs,  ma}'  have  lucii  tli"  same 
man.   ii.  -11 1.  ItKi:  iv.  17. 

■lunes  (Walter),  ISid,  at  S.  .Jos.''.  Ilall.  .7.  (Wm),  ls:!,'<,  d  uilitful  name 
of  an  .\iii(;r,  eaptiired  liy  .Mi;\.  jiiiate.i  iuid  foivid  tu  work  a.s  a  iilave  in  the 
mines;  at  .Mont,  with  vife  and  •_'  ehildreii  in  '-I4,  aee.  to  tieo.  lieed,  in  S.F. 
Car,/.,  -May  V-'J,  '17.  iv.  ll!t.  .).  (Win),  lS4:i,  immij,'.  IVom  Ur.  in  the  llas- 
tiii'4<  I'arty.  iv.  ;);;();  nothing;  nidie  knoun  of  him  unless  he  is  t!ie  .J.  who  Uft 
-N.'lielv.  ior  Or.   in  '40.   v.'.VJti.       ,1.  (Wm).  IS47.  Co.  C,  N.V.Vol.  (v,  4!);)); 


at  Sdiiuijia    I 


1-4.     .1.  (W.D.),  1847,  ill  L'.S.X.  •47-.'i4,  spend 


ill''   the  I'lst  of 


l.wN 


life  at  N'alh'jo,  where  he  died  in  '7t).       •!.  (\Vni  Owen),  ISIO,  jiilot  of  the 


'.    11.  Zi-i. 


.J.  (Za 


IS4i 


I,  overt,  iiiimi''.  w  lio  set 


tied 


\'.  iL!i  Viil'e  and  .">  children,  .Margaret,  lleiihi 

hnicl  ill  '47,  Imilt  a  sa 

of  his  daf.yhU'i's  inari'i 

e.iiii.  of  il  gun  in   Marston's  Sta.  Clara  eam|iai 


!•: 


dChi 


llek 


opt  u 


w-mi!l  at  J.ns  ( latos  "  !S,  and  '.vas  still  liv  n:,'  in  '00.  One 
cd  .losiah  J'.eldeii  in  '10.       .lon-h  (Win  l''.l).).  IS4ii,  in 

Jouvcra  (Lo'.iis),   IsJ!), 


■  ivncliman.  a.''e 


it  S.  ,l( 


^i: 


Jordan  (.J.),  IS4I,  carpenter  on  llio  U,  .S.  St  JAUih.       J.  (.Jakson),  1.S4S, 
ovMieidf  S.F.  lot;  ]nr!iaiis  the  s.ime.       .J.  (Louis).  KvpJ,  trader  at   Lo.s  Ai 


'I'J-ti,  biiiiit  re^;idor  in  '4.')  (i.  iv. 


541,  C>.:.\-\: 


V.  (i 


.M.iriaiio),  IS  lli,  at 


L'l.i  Aii.Lt.       .1.  (I'hilip),  I.S47,  Co.  F,  X.Y.N'ol.  (v.  40!)).       .I»iirdam  (lAiennc), 


IS47,  at  Los  Al 


1' 


ihir 


it  at  ,S.F.   'IS.  V.  1114- I.- 


Joy (.Man- 


uel), lS4li,  Cd.  F,  Cal.  IJat.  (v.  :i:)S);  Cd.  claim  of  .'J-'O  (v.  4i;j).  .1.  \\\ 
iSl's,  cle:k  for  C.  L.  llo.-s  at  S.F. ;  still  in  S.I''.  ':>{.  .loyce  (.Idliii),  l^lli,  one 
of  the  .Mormon  col.,  wit'i  wife,  Caroline,  and  '1  dau'ihters,  Aiiirnsta  and  ileUu 
F.  V.  .'')4{).  Ho  was  a  e.iriieuter  who  got  a  tov.  •.  jut  in  '47.  v.  O.ilj;  \\cnt  to  t!ie 
mines  iu  '48;  was  still  at  S.l''.  in  '."lO;  and  in  (it  luid.  at  (,'entreville,  Alameda 
Co.,  a','e  42.  I'ossihly  there  was  another  .Mrs  ,1.  and  fam.,  who  went  to  Utah 
and  died  before  '84.  J.  (Thos),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  Jnyiics  (J.),  1840, 
fcailmuker  o;i  the  U.S.  ]VarriH. 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


Jnan  (Lui.i),  1840,  rcwar.l  ofTcrcil  for  the  iliacov.  of  his  uinrilcrcrs  at  S. 
Diego.  .Juan  (Ricanlo),  1S4;'),  Frencliinan  at  B:;uic:foi'tc,  a';o  'JS,  wife  Mar  a 
Cota,  cliihl  .Icsus.  .Tnan  JJuutista,  18o(J,  (iiccl;  li.sliuiiiiau  ai  .M(..it.  Jiiau 
<lc  Dios,  executed  at  Mont.  'l').  .liian  Evanirclista,  ncmihyte  taken  t.) 
Mex.  by  P.  .Serra.  i.  .'J'Jl.  Juarez  (Andres),  soldier  of  Mont.  comp.  ".'JO,  a^c 
I'J;  juez  of  valley  raiiehos  '40.  v.  ^j'^~. 

Juarez  (C'ayetaiio),  nat  of  Cal.;  soldier  of  S.  F.  comp.  '•2S-.'?1.  eorp.  ','!J- 
.5;  bat  ajiparently  aeting  as  sergt  froii  "3.'!,  beinj.'  niajordonio  at  Solano  in 
'.'iO,  and  later  eajjt.  <if  niilitia,  engaired  in  many  Ind.  ixped.  ill.  701  "_',  T'U, 
7211.  In  "4!  ho  wa;i  ;^'rantec  of  the  Tulucay  I'anelio  in  Napa  \al.,  wliciu  lie 
built  an  adobe  house  and  spent  t!i  ^  re.-t  of  his  life,  beiny;  ale:dile  at  Sononi:i 
in  '4.'),  and  j^rantee  of  Vukaya  (Ukiah)  in  tiio  same  year.  iv.  074,  078.  In  '4!i 
he  somewhat  distinsuished  hiin.self  by  his  plans  to  re.seuc  the  ISear  pri-'^oiiLrs. 
V.  1"_",);  and  by  a  fainoua  swim  of  some  !•  ndles  to  escape  eaj)ture.  In  '7i  !.c 
g:ive  iw.  siinie  ramliling  Xofas.  He  died  at  Nap.'i  in  '>-.;!,  i;t  l!:ea  ,'(;  of  about  T'l. 
I'ortiait  in  Anjxi  Co.  IliM.  J.  (Francisco),  at  Branciforto  '"iS-IiO.  ii.  0.'7; 
sindieo  '■%.  iii.  0!)7;  hiy  wife  was  Dolores  Cota;  children  in  '"28,  Mateo  ami 
Antonio.  .1.  (Franci.^co),  at  S.  Josi''  "41,  age  ;{.">.  wife  .Andrea  Pinto,  uli:!  1. 
Xarciso  b.  '"J!),  Juan  ";{ I,  Maria  '3'J,  Jesus  '."U,  I'auki  '110,  .Juan  <le  Dio.s';;;, 
!\atividad  '40.  J.  (.loarjuin),  at  lirancif.  '.'SU-l."),  age  (lO  in  "4J,  wile  I'aseiia'a 
l.oren  .ana,  eiiild.  Luis  1>.  '17,  .Solano  '.'{Ii.  ii.  027.  J.  (Jo:ie),  solilierof  S.  1'. 
eoni]i.  ".'17-1.'.  J.  (. lost'' (.'.),  at  Prancif.  '4."),  age '20,  wife  Fernanda  l'i.;uerii:i. 
child  .lost''.  J.  (.lose  flannel),  at  lirancif.  '28;  at  S.  Isidro  ','{0;  at  S.  ,J«r:,; 
'41,  age  ;*;!,  wi.'-j  i'aseuala  F'igucroa,  children  Benjamin  b.  '29,  (lertrudis  ';i  I. 
Andrea,  ";J5,  Jose  M.,  Jr,  '150.  J.  (Jose  Maria),  at  Braneif.  'liO.  ii.  027.  J. 
(.Marcos),  soldier  at  Mont.  '31.  iii.  07.');  at  iSonou'a  '44,  age  4,").  J.  (.Mate.)), 
at  La  Brea,  !Mont.,  ';{0.  ,ige  '2;i,  uife  Toniasa  (.ialiiulo,  chill  Trinidad.  .1. 
(X'icente),  at  S.  ,)(>s,'  ';;;')— II,  age  2.'}  in  '41;  also  a  soldier  in  S.F.  eomp.  ',".7. 

Judcl  (iliivun),  1  S47,  Co.  10,  Mv^nn.  Llit.  (v.  41)0).  Judd  (Zadock  K.), 
1.N47,  ditto;  in  Utah  'S2.  Jud.son  (llem-y),  1S47.  Co.  I>,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  40;/); 
died  M(jke!uuine  Hill  "4!).  Julian,  184.'),  at  N.  llelv.  iv.  •")7S,  .j:i7.  Ho  v.:s 
a  I'rencli  Canadian  who  settled  on  a  rancho  in  the  upper  ;>ae.  Val.,  and  is 
laid  by  I'lidwell  to  have  joined  (lillesjiioand  Fremont,  and  tr.  have  been  killed 
by  t!ie  Ind.  in  May  '40.  .Julii^  iieoi)hyto  aleahle  Uid'j'I  in  'Pi  near  r\Ii^i.si(:;i 
S  Jose.  ii.  ;(2t-.">.  Julio  Cesar,  ex-neophyte  of  S.  Luis  Jley,  living  in  78 
vlthasonand  .S  grandchidren  at  1'res  I'inos,  S.  Benito  Co.,  where  he  gave 
i:ie  Jin  interesting  luirrative  of  old-time  Coxa-i  (/>'  Imlhix.  Juncosa  ( Domingo), 
1771,  Span,  friar,  nat.  of  ( 'ataluua,  who  came  on  the  ,V.  Aiitoii'iO.  Jlewasone 
of  the  first  mission. iries  of  ,'-1.  Luis  (Jb.,  though  not  present  .'J  tiie  foundiag, 
an  1  he  scrve<l  there  until  1/7!,  when  he  retired  to  hiscollegf,.  A'eiy  litile  ap- 
pears in  the  rcconls  about  this  ])aiiie;  mention  in  i.  17^>,  17  >,  178,  188-!),  I'.lO. 

Kaan.  1S4S,  at  N.  Ifelv.  Kal  (C.l,  1840,  doubtful  luune  at  Los  Aug. 
Kalohe,  184S,  passj).  from  Hon.,  with  wife.  Ivr.mp  (Harold),  1S47,  Co.  C, 
N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  490);  at  Sonoma  '71-82.  Kampt,  18!0,  blacksinitii  at  N. 
Ilelv.,  had  a  fight  with  Daylor.  Kane  (IClias  K.),  1848,  lieut  of  diagoons 
in  Graliani's  battalion  from  Mex.  v.  ■")22;  eapt.  iind  asst  Q.  M.  at  Mont.  '.'•.(). 
K.  (Peter),  1847,  Co.  1,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  490);  di"d  before  "82.  K.  (\Vm  S.l, 
1847,  at. S.  Pedro.  Kapuwa,  1848,  pa.^sp.  from  Hon.  Kappis  (Ceo.),  1847, 
<  o.  C,  N.\'.  Vol.  (v.  409).  Karr  (\Vm),  1847,  Co.  F,  :!d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  .")18). 
Katt  (Win)  1708,  P>oston  .sailor at  S.  Diego,  i.  .")4."),  0.')4.  Kaufman  (Julius). 
18.!7,  Co.  V,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499).  K;,y  (James),  18;;8,  at  Mont.  Kay.s  (John 
C),  1840,  at  Los  Aug.;  at  .Sta  B.  from  '48  to  '8.");  his  wife  was  Josefa  Burke. 
•See  '  Kcyes.' 

Keaimell  (Fred.1  1847,  Co,  D,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Kearnev,  184.1,  eoni. 
of  the  U'.S.  </oiisl,l/nfioii.  iv.  .")()4.  Iv.  (.lames),  IS47.  Co.  F,  :!d  V.i-''.  artill. 
(v.  518).  K.  (John),  1840,  (•;>.  F,  Cal.  Bat.,  enlisting  at  S.  .hum  Oct.  (v. 
.•).")S).  Kearny  (Steplu.'U  \V.),  1840,  nat.  of  N.J.;  lieut  of  l.'itli  U.S.  in- 
f::ntry  fiom  1812;  col  1st  dragoons  ';iO-40,  stationed  nuieliof  the  time  at  Ft 
Leavenworth.    In  '40,    being  put  in  com.  of   the   cxped.   to  N.    Mex.,   ho 


KEARNY-KELSKY. 


007 


Ml  Idlk  1 

Mi^sir'.l 

;  in  TS 

ho  ,l::ivo 

oiiiiliL'"), 

\va:i<->iic 

iiuiuli'.ii.', 

litiloi.p- 

88-0,  I'.HI. 

1,09  All;,'. 

Co.  *\ 

ith  iit  N. 

(Iragociiis 

,l()iit.  '.■<). 

Will  .•^.*. 

:().),    I  SIT. 

,  (V.  .")!;•>). 

(JuUu-K 
lys  (.Itiliii 
■a  ]Uirk>'. 

Is43,  com. 
Is.  iirtill. 
Oct.  (V. 
U.S.  in- 
line at  l''t 
Nlcx.,   lio 


was  ma'lj  brigadicrgcn.  ami  i-;pnt  acro.ss  tlio  continent  to  occupy  C'ul.  His 
ni.'Tcii  to  ("al.,  ilctuat  at  .S.  rusciial,  and  linal  mil.  opcralloii.s  of  '47  witil 
litocliton  arc  rcconlcd  in  v.  1!!7,  .'iJ.S,  ."li-f-.K!,  ;{8.')-!)!),  473,  4SU.  For  his  con- 
trovi;!sii'.s  \\itli  Stocicton  and  Fivnioiit,  his  rule  as  iniL  gov.  from  March  1 
to  ^hly  .'51,  '47,  hi.j  rutiirii  cast  overland,  and  his  jx'osccutioii  of  Fremont, 
SCO  v.  411-(i'J.  481)-'.)!),  .".4;{,  rtiil,  04.'),  4(i,)-'-'.  The  all'uir  at  S.  I'ascual  inii^t  he 
rcgai'ilcd  as  an  incMciis:d)le  hlundoron  Kearny's  part,  hut  otherwise  his  course 
in  1,'al.  was  con.si.stent  and  dignilicd  in  the  midst  of  ditllcult  cii'cuni.italices,  and 
his  military  rec(nd  tiiroui;hijut  his  whole  career  wa.s  an  houoiaijle  one,  the 
violent  tirades  of  Fieiiton  and  other  jiartisans  of  Stockton  and  Fremont  being 
lor  the  most  jiart  without  foundation  in  ju:jtiee.  Ho  died  ii.  '48.  His  name  is 
borne  l>y  one  of  San  Francisco's  principal  streets.  His  wife  was  u  step-daughter 
of  Clarice,  of  Lewis  and  Clarke  exploring  fame, 

Keeiiey  (.lonatiiniO,  1S48,  ndiier  from  Or.,  where  he  still  lived  in  '8"J. 
Keeiiy,  184."),  of  tiriiishy-lile  Jiarty.  iv.  .")79;  proh.  'Kinney,'  (|.  v.  Kelu.T 
(>].  L.),  1847,  commaiidtr's  clerk  on  the  U.S.  ColiDiibiin.  Keiioe  (,)o.seph  H.), 
1847,  Co.  H,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  41)!));  d.  at  Mont.  '48.  Keith  (WmV  Hilili,  Amer. 
phy.--iciaii  w  ho  had  lived  some  years  in  Soiiora.  He  caiiu^  to  Cal.  proh.  wi;li 
iSantiago  Johnson  and  Juliii  For.i^ter.  iii.  4()'J;  and  lived  at  l,os  Aug.  for  .'{ 
years  as  surgecm  and  tradei',  going  hack  to  Hermosilhj  in  'Mi.  He  returned  to 
Cal.  in  '4S,  went  to  the  mine.s,  and  died  at  or  near  Stnektoa  soon  after  '4',). 
The  Soiiorcii.-^c  of  Oct.  ti,  '48,  contains  a  very  flattering  notice  of  his  services 
in  Soi'.oia.       Kekuacaca,  1848,  pass]),  from  Hon. 

Kell  (.John  M.),  1844,  mid.  U..S.N'.,  who  took  part  in  Marston's  Sta  Clara 
campaign  of  '4(!  7.  v.  oSO.  K.  (Thouias),  184t),  iiat.  of  J'Jigl.  and  oveil. 
immig.  from  ^I".  In  iho  mines  '48-  •),  and  later  a  resident  u(  .S.  Jose  or  vicin- 
ity, tid  ids  de.itli  in  '78  at  the  age  of  84.  He  left  4  or  more  ^ons  and  2  daugh- 
ters, the  latter  heiug  the  \\  ives  of  C.  Colomhet  and  T.  Carrol.  Kellett,  l^l{7, 
licut  in  com.  of  11.  I'..  M.  S.  Sl(iiiiii<j  of  Belcher's  e.\ped.  "37,  '.')'.).  iv.  100: 
14u'-();  e.ipt.  of  the  llinild  in  "!•;.    v.  .■)78. 

Kelley,  184(i,  at  X.  He)--.  K.  (iieo.),  1817,  Co.  K,  :\Ii)rm.  IJat.  (v.  400). 
K.  (Hall  J.),  18114,  iViner.  enthusiast  on  tlie  suhjcc  t  of  I'acilic  coast  coloni.'.a- 
tioii,  who  visited  Cal.  cii  route  to  Or. ;  writer  of  l)ooks,  pamphlets,  and  letters 
on  his  favorite  iuihjeet.  See  iii.  4011-11;  iv.  I'Jl),  147;  also  Hist.  Or.  K. 
(Henry),  1831,  Amer.  sailor  on  the  Lruimr.  iii.  40");  at  Sta  15.  '30,  age  40  and 
single.  K.  (James),  18^0,  in  I'arnluim's  list  of  ari'estcd  foreigiirij.  iv.  1". 
K.  (John  II.),  18PJ,  sailor  in  Suiter's  employ  at  Itoss;  at  S.  Jose  '44;  iit  N. 
Helv.  '4.1.  iv.  r)78,  087;  Jiroh.  one  of  the  Hears  in  '4(1.  v,  110;  in  Co.  K.  t'al. 
Bat.  (v.  358);  in  the  mii;es '48-.J!i;  last  seen  hy  Bid>'cll '.")!.  K.  (Nicholas), 
1847,  Co.  A,  .Monn.  Bat.  (v.  40!)).  K.  (U'm),  1847,  Co.  A.  Morm.  Hat. 
(v.  401));  in  Sutter's  em])lov  '47  8  ag  hoat-huilder  and  lumherman.  K. 
(\Vm),  IS'.'O,  nir  of  the  \V(i^llhiiii„ii.   iii.  111).    See  also 'Kelly.' 

Keliiher  (leremiah),  1840,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  .'{.'iO).  Kellogg 
(renjamin  F.),  1S4(!,  Co,  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  .'i.")8).  The  K.  family  seem  to  h.ive 
been  overl.  immig.  of  this  year,  but  1  am  unal)le  to  distinguish  between  the 
mend)ers.  K.  (Frank),  bSlO,  lesid.  of  Napa  (,'o.  to '08  and  later.  K.  (I''. 
K.),  18)0,  overl.  imndg.  from  111.  with  a  fauiil\  ;  Xaiia  Co.  otheial  '.")l),  ",,0; 
perhaps  same  as  l''rank.  K.  ( I'led.),  I84.'>,  mid.  on  U.S.  Wurnii.  K.  (il.i, 
184^,  named  in  Mont,  accounts.  K.  (Irwin),  l.s40,  iieai'  St  Helena  '(it); 
father-ill  law  of  \\'m  Xasl;. 

Kelly,  1810,  mrof  the  .l/a/.r  ii.  'JS-J.  K.,  Is-Jt,  mr  of  the  IhiimU.  ii. 
niO.  'K.  (James),  1817,  mn,ieia;i  Co.  I,  N.Y.Nol.  (v.  4'.il)).  K.  (.John), 
1817,  Co.  K,  ditto;  at  N.  Helv.;  owner  of  S.  F.  lot.  K.  (I'hiliiii,  Ij17, 
Co.  I,  ditto;  died  in  Calaveras  "00.  K.  (Thomas).  l8;i!l,  pilot  of  a  I'eruv. 
bri.;  at  S.F.  K.  (VViii  H.),  1S47,  mi  of  the  American  whaler  luunjiuii; 
died  '7-*. 

Kelsey  (.Andrew),  1841,  overl.  immig,  of  the  Bartleson  party,  iv.  '.370.  -'I'u 
2711;  went  to  (Jr.  in  '43  with  his  brothers,  hut  returned  in  '41  with  the  party 
bearing  his  name.  iv.  31)0,  444-5.  Ho  prol).  served  under  Ca])t.  (ianttiu  tiie 
Micheltoreuu,  campaign  of  '44-5.  iv.  450;  and  took  part  in  the  Bear  revcit. 


ii 


1 

Ill 

] 

1 

!: 

1 

in 

\l      .;! 

iM 

ikk 

il 

COS 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


V.  110;  perhaps  joining  the  Cal.  Bat.,  tliough  I  finil  no  dolinite  record  of  his 
name.  In '17  he  and  his  l)r()ther  with  olliers  l)oiif^iit  li\'jsti)ch  of  S:ilv.;il'ir 


Vadojo  ;ind  obtained  the   privilege  of  gn 


til 


eattle  near  t 'lear  La 


And 


rew  a;i(l  a  man 
-so  named  for  h 


named  Stone  went   to  live  at  the  plaee 


JveL. 


■yviUe 


>\v  stanils,  thus  heeondnir  the  l^t  settlers  of  Lake  t ' 


Tl 


le  natives  were  numerous,  and  under  oppuj-ion 


heeame  hiislilc;  K. 


.1: 


uere  men  who  seorned  to  use  eoneiliutory  nietluids  willi   '  Injuns  and  .<ni  h 
varmint;'  and  tliey  were  hoth  kided,  as  tluy  well  deserved  to  he,  in  '4'.);  Imt 


S( 


)on  a  loree  was  sent  to  l)Utelier  linndrcils  of  tlie  Ind. 


in  ven';(anee. 


Kelsey  (lienj.),  1S41,  hrother  of  And 


lew,  ami  one  o 


)f  the   liartleson  parts 


aceomp.  Iiy  his  w  ife,  Naney  A.,  the  Jst  woman  w  ho  e.iine  to  Cal.  hv  the  diieet 

lOVO 

■Ml 


('Vei'laiul  route,  iv. 


7!».  \Vliat  h, 


saiil  of  .Vuiliew  al 


n.ay  he  a|iplied  to  Ueiij.,  exeept  what  relates  to  th'.'  hirmirs  deiili.   i\ 
•114-0';  V.  110,  148.   'ilie  hrulhers  ealled  X-'ijia  \"al.  tlieir  home  from  'l."i,  ;:iid 


tlr 


h    tlu'V  woi 


ked 


son 


letimes  at  N.Helv.  they  prefcri'id  the  advent 


irons 


life  of  hunters.  '1  liiy  were  ioii;,di  men.  often  in  trouhle  with  the  aiitholities. 
'IhoULdi  one  of  the  owners,  Ileiij.  did  not  live  at  the  Clear  Lake  estahlishimnt, 
but  liis  treatment  of  Ind.  earried  praetieally  as  slaves  to  the  mines  did  nmeli 
to  jirovoke  the  killiiii,'  of  his  hrollier.   'J'lie  fnmily  lived   in  Or.  a;^'ain  "   ' 


>1- 


iler  m  iexa 


mil  at  variom- 


1" 


lis  (.f  siaithern  Cal.  in  '(iO-TS  or  later.  Tlieii 


■we'.c  '2  eliildrin  in  '4.">,  and  the  seal[iin,!,'  of  a  dan;;hi(M'  on  the  way  to  'i'e.xas  is 
mentioned.   KUen  Jv..  said  to  have   Iieeu  horn  at  N.Helv.  .Vu''.  '2,  '4."i,  uiav 


h; 


jeeil  Ins  (laui 


iter. 


Kelsey  (Davitl),  1S44,  brotlie:  (or  possibly  father)  of  Andrew  and  I'tiij.; 
came  to  Or.  in  '4I(,  and  to  Cal.  in  tlie  Kilsey  party  of  '44  wilh  his  \\iiV,  :! 
dauiihters,  and  ))erliaps  a  son.  iv.  444-.").  He  si'ttleii  at  Fremh  Camp,  Imt  died 
at  Sloekton  in  "4.'»  of  small-pox,  fnini  the  ell'eets  of  which  disiase  .Mrs  K.  ie- 

larried  daUL,diier,  ^h's 
-<ulter.  ill   Dee.  'i.-|,  Ut 


cime 


bli 


()74.   Of  the  .sou   iiothii 


1! 


Tl" 


•a  Fowler,  left  her  husband  and  w:!S  ir.arried  1 


(jrove  Cooii.   Josephii 
Aiueiiea  married  (!eo 


>i  WiUa 


ril  Ijiiz/.ej 


K.  ( 


rried  J)r  C.  CrattJi 


y 


d  died  at  Stockton  in  '71. 


man  in  "40;  and  a  4th  dauL'litcr  liecanie  tl 


Sanuiel),  1S44,  brother  of  A 


mlrew  am 


,d 


Viieniber  of  the  Kelsey  party  from  Or.,  liaviiiij;  started  with  llastin'4.s  in  '4."i, 

but  turned  liaek  < 

lea 


iieeiiii'' bis  brothers,   iv. 'Jlilt,  tH- 


4.- 


11 


lave  hisaiuo! 


er  of  Se]>t.  7,  '44,  at  Sonoma,  on  troubles  in  wl 


jlveil 


in   eonncetion   with   tin;   Uale  aliii 


lie   hrotliers  were  ni- 

i; 


ie  was  ]U()minent  in  the  l>car 


rcvo.t  and  a  signer  of  tlitMirigiiuil  protkinir.tion  of  .Mine  I  !  l!i,  in  my  pos-^es.-iuii 


v.  Sl.'i,  104,  110,  !.■).■{;  also  one  of  the  Cal.  claimants  (v.  4(1-J|.    Xi 


it  his  family  or  what  beeanie  o 


f  h 


X.li 


K.  (\Vi 


in)  isp; 


th 


Kembh'   (I'Mward  ('.),  1S4(!,  jirinter  who  eamc  \',ith  the   M^ 


Inn.;  aiipear^< 
i.vt-bnildi'r  at 


ninon  coli'iiv, 


ougli  jiosslbly  not  a  member  of  the  e 


liurch 


■)10.   i  le  served  in  Co.  G,  Cal 
li 


siieoeeilm 


l!at.   (V.   ;}."iS);  and    from   April  '47  w:is  editor  of  the  S.  J'.  S/ar 

.tones.   V.  Vhu-'.k  His  connection  with  theiV/arund  its  successor.;,  the  S/drai.il 


V.d 


ilunnrni  am 


I  Air,  r,,./ 


tliouiih  he  was  also  the  foundt 


litor 
r  of  the  Sac. 


iiofiiin,  us    ei 


or   proprietor  eontiniie 


ri 


T 


iiiti.-i  and  Its  ei 


1  to  '; 
ditor 


Apiil-.liino  '4'.).   He  was  .-^cc.  of  the  S.F.  council  in  '4S,  ami  somewhat  proiiii- 

ncnl 

abil 


t  in  local  niatier.s.   v\.  Gi!(.  (i.")li;  1 


leuii;  re::an 


illiHes  and  character 


:\ftcr 


Ir 


led 
d 


[IS  a  vouiK'  man  of 


..1 


went  east,  and   iii  tlie  war  o 


f  '01 


conne 


cted  with  the  arn.y  as  paymaster,  subseipiently   spendiii'4  some  years 


from  '07  on  the  I'acilie 


nected  with  the  Associated  1' 


coast  as  iiispeoior  o 


f  !nd.  all' 


N.Y, 


wliero  lie  sti 


aid  biin'^f  la 
1 


ivi  s  ill   ti.i,  a  ca.cl 


from  him  in  Mvarly  journalism  in  S.F.'  appearing;  in  tlio  liulhtiii  of   I'cb. 
"eii'pscy  ( r>arlhol:iiiK  V  ),    iStS,   died    in  '01.    ihrnlil.        Kenipst   (Geo.  AV.), 


1S4: 


I,  X.V.\ol.  [\ 


4'.i'.l).       Jvemscy  ('riioma; 


;)    )S40,  Co.  F,  Cal.   1! 


:i.)S 


Ken   (.(ohn   M.),    ISb'),   mid.  on   the  U.S.  Sdrannnh.       Kendall  (Aha), 
1.S47,  Co.  K,  X.Y.  \'ol.  (V.  41/',)).        Kemlrick  (.b.hii),  I7s!»,  mr  of  the  Cnlnm- 


liin,  the  1st  Anier.  \issel  ti 


it  the  N.W, 


oast,  m:Ii 


tlie  way  nor 


th.     He  vi..;ii;ei.l  Mont,  in  com.  of  the  ..li 


,in^  the  C 


in  llHi,  and 


KENDRICK— KEYSER. 


699 


rl  f)[  Ilia 

Ueyville 
^uki;  >  i>. 

[.  ilUil  >. 

ml  sui-U 
'411;  but 

m  i':ivty, 
hu  ilivcct 

.  iv.  ;v,n), 

I  '15,  ;;inl 
,-eiit!irou.s 
thoiitios. 

ili-iilUKlll, 

dill  iniicli 
;aiu  '.'>l  ■">, 
;cr.  TlKiii 
o  T''xa.i  is 
,  '4,-),  ll::iy 

iiid  I'.'iij.; 

lis   w  iii',  •> 

[1,  liui  (linl 

Mr.-,  K.  ii- 

filler,  .M'.'.s 

Dec.  '15,  I'l 

.ton  in  '7  I . 

le  the  N^  i.f 

\W-v].,  ir.i'i 

ul;.-;  ill  'V-^, 

lli.^alU^■;^ 

ll-S  Wl'lV  !U- 

iii  till'  Hoar 
-i-.-i'iii. 
^1.;  alHii'ai'>< 
l-l.liil<i>'i'  at 

[on  ciili'iiv, 

u,(;.;i. 

j^ui'cci-'iliii.i^ 
lo  Star  II I. 'I 
\e<\  ti)  '55, 
editor  in 
liat  pniiui- 
III  i)t  uii"! 
'li  1-5  was 
line  yi'iiis 
I  latci'  coll- 
LS5,  a  cai'il 
|t(.   of    I'll'. 
;!e().  ^V.), 

ICil.  r.at. 

Ill  (Alva), 

ciiast  mi 
1 1,  and  ii. 


'09  was  perhaps  sup.  of  tlic  Eliza,  i.  445,  r)'23-4,  545.       Konncdy  (Andy),  1S48, 
paid  to  liavi!  como  to  Cal.  ■\vitli  Col  Davis.       K.  (Ivlni.  P.),  ls;{(i,  <■( 


if  tho 


U.S.  P> 


'eurod:  iv.  104-5,  140-1.  K.  (Edw.  P.),  1847,  Co.  D,  X.Y.Vol.  (v, 
409).  K.  (.ranics),  is;il,  Irishman  who  in  '.'55  j^ot  a  lot  at  Mmit.,  and  in  "?>Q 
was  a  clerk  for  Watson,  age  40,  and  -sinL'le.  iii.  405.  Natiirali/cd  in  '41, 
wlien  he  lived  at  S.  .lose,  and  chiimed  10  ytars  of  re.-^idence  in  Cal.;  at  .^ta 
Cruz,  '4'2-;i.  K.  (.]ose]ili),  1840,  Co.  C,  IstU.S.  draLTOons;  fatally  wound' d 
at  S.  Paseual.  v.  .-540,  ;{4.5.  K.  (Wni  A.),  1S47,  Co.  (!,  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  4!)'.»). 
Kcnner.sly  (A,  J.),  1847,  Co.  E,  ditto.       Kcnney  (('has),  1817,  wateliuian  at 


Mont.  '47-8. 


(\Vi 


<  luillernio 


S.   Kc 


S.),    1847,   inspc^etor  of  hid('>3  at  S.    I'e 


ciro;    ea 


;T.),  1841! 


le  of  tlic   l)onn"r  relief 


had  a  claim  on   tlic  CoHumncs;  at  Stockton  in  "SO.  Sue.  Co. 


/list. 


i.urg  (Adolpluis),  1847.  Co.  (',  X.Y.Vol.   (v.  4!)!)).       Kcnuay  ((i 
irom  lion,  on  the  0<  ii.  Kvannj,  and  went  hack  on  the  Toitln 


lied 

party  (V); 

Kcntz- 

S.),  1817, 


Kcrhy  (.lohn),  1844,  sailor  on  the  schr  Ciili/'j 


1845,  artist  of  Fremont's  exped.,  and  author  of  .a  published  Jn 


Kern  (Ivlward  ^I.), 


tlr 


ilhreak  (,f  the  1 


jear  Jievo 


lit  h 


e  cuinmaiii 


led  tl 


10  '^ani.son 


at  X.  llclv 


nkinif  as  licut  iu  tlie  Cal.  liat.     He  started  east  with  Stockton  in  '17,  hut 
IS  left  hehind  ill,  and  saik-d  fiom  S.  F.  in  Oct.  on  the  Com.  Shiihrh'l;;  owner 


if  a  S.  F.  lot;  Ken 


1  ri\  cr  and  county  are  named  for  hiin.  iv.  5^.'! 


(I,  1  •_';?,  '244,  '298-9,  :i.")9-(;0,  4."iO,  45:;  4,  .5;iS,  07.5. 


uiKtriu 


l/rlr 


UM'phy, 


1847 


)f  tlr 


Kerr  (Tiionias),  1847,  owner  of  S,  F.  lot. 


Keseheig  (Louis),  184(1,  Prussian,  memiier  of  the  Doiiner  party,  with  wife 
Philipine,  and  children  Louis  and  Ada.  lloth  the  children  pi  rishcd,  tho 
parents  surviving,  v.  5.'il,  oM,  541,  544.     K.  was  tho  last  of  tho  party  to  bo 


rescued 


w 


IS  forced  to  subsist  on  liuuian   llcsh  louL'cr  than 


anionu  whom  lie 


had  U 


unpoiiiilar  from  the  tlrst. 


d  liy 


s   eouipanions, 
some  of  wlioni — ■ 


but  cliielly  by  Capt.  Fallon  and  his  disaiipointed  trc;;snre-seckefs  of  tlie   last 


relief  party  —  ho  was  tiir.rged  w'lU 


■rv  and  murder.     On  this 


incentrated  in  the  public  iiiiud  all  tlie  horror  and  loath 


the  events  of  that  terrible  wiiiti 


liccn  ]'icturcd  as  a   ticnd  exult i 


in  liis  cannilialism.     It  is  fail' to  .--tate  that  tha  char'^^es  icst  on  no  taii;.;ili!c 
evidence,  and   that  K.  is  entitled    to  be  regarded  as  an  unfortunate  viclim. 


II 


is  iiarrativi 


by  ^Ictilaslian  beais  every  niaik  of  trutli,  wh 


th' 


statrmeiits   of  his  accusers  arc  clearly  tainted  wi' li  exaggeration  am 
liofiil.     A  portrait  is  given  by  Met  1.,  p.  "220.     Kc*  ln-rg 


■d  fo 


I  false- 
utter  as 


supercargo  of  his  launcli  in  "17,  and  later  for  Valli  jn  at  Sonoma;  went  to  tho 


in  48- 


kept  a   boarding  liiinse   am 


brewei'  at  Calisloga  and  Sac,     He  niai 
victim  of  siu:eessive  reverses  by  lire  ai 


d   lioti  1  al  Sac;  and 
d  lost  several   fortiiii 


Wis   later 


tlio 


dlhi 


Hi 


ife   died  il: 


'8!) 


le  was  livniL'  a 


1 1; 


ni'liton.  a 


t  tli^ 


grow  n-ui)  ilau'jhters 


boti 


of  ()(■),  ill  extreme  jioverty, 


«  i 


t  u  o 


1   idiots. 


wo  other  niarriei 


I  7  of  his  children  had  died.      H 


am 

lion,  and  luucli  business  aliilitv 


e  was  a  ma 


I  di 
n  of  intclli'. 


in','iitcrs  sr,r\  ivt 


:eiice, 


id  cd, 


<1  h 


record  in  Cal.,  except  as 


S]l 


•!'>I1S  'MOW 


ing  out  of  the  all'air  of  '4i 


(,  was  a  irood  one 


d  by 


In  "85  1  have  not 


)f  his  death. 


Kctchum  Criioinas  E.),  1SI7,  lieut  Co.   15,   X.'S'. Vol.,  leaving  X.Y.  with 


its  after  the  d 


nnti 

of  Stoekto 


eparturt 
in  the  war  of  '(il  -." 


the  rc'^^iinent.   v.  oO.'l-I,  511;  cai>t.of  C. 


later  b 


dicr- 


-82. 


Kettle,  1848,  at  S.  F.  fri 


dent 
Tahili.        Kettlemau.  see 


en.  (if  militia. 


luttlcman.        Keyes  (.Tc 


ISl.-i,  1 


risli  stewari 


I  on  the  Siiliilwl, 


larber-shop  at  Mont.,  but  went  soon  to  Lij-i  Aii'^.  and  St.'i  15.,  w  hen 


Misa  IJurkc,  and  still  li\eil  in  ■7O; 


a«t  for  C; 


da  d 


400,  (1 


e  >>alsipucili  s 


had 


( 


Apparently  identical  with  ,1\ikm  ( '.  '  Kays,'  ip  v.         K.  (1 


''.  of   the  ( ili''sbv-ldc 


"4(i,  but  came  banc   in  '47;  at  Mont.  '4S;  shcrilf  at  S.  tb 


irt 
p;ir*iy,  who  went  to  Or.  caily  in 


'49. 


),  587.       K.  (.Mrs),  184(1,  of  the    Domicr  party,  but  died  licforo   reaehii 


the  .Sierra.   Sh<!  had  a  son  in  Or.,  whom  siie  CNpected  to  meet  at 


Ft  Ha 


d 


as  possibly  Uobt  C.       Keyser  (Cuy  .M.),  1847,  Co.   15,  Morin.  Pal.  (v. 


40!));  in  Utah  "&i. 


T'i 


i-Ui 


■■  1 


'"'■«S-  si 


700 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


Keyscr  (^Ichastiaii),  l;,!0,  iiat.  of  tlio  Austrian  Tyrol,  a  trapper  who  canu^ 
oveihiiul  to  Or.  wicli  Sutter  in  '33,  and  iigain  joined  liiin  lit  N.  liclv.,  possilily 
not  till  "41.  The  liist  delinito  record  id  a  letter  of  introd.  from  Sutter  to 
Sufiol  in  Aiij,'.  '41.  iv.  117,  1-0,  ll/J.  He  accompanied  ])r  Sandels  in  his  val- 
ley travels  of  '4I>,  having  vheii  aeleeted  a  ranclio  adjoining  l>ieliey's;  was  nat- 
uralizjd  in  '44,  getting  a  ,';rant  of  the  Llano  Seeo  rau'jho  in  IJutte  eo.  iv.  1)71; 
in  '4.">  settled  on  ISear  liiver  as  half  owner  of  Johnson's  rancho,  servin',' also  in 
C'apt.  (iantt's  company,  iv.  4130.  In  '4(1  he  was  prohably  a  liear  I'liig  man; 
may  have  .served  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  .'J.'iS);  had  part  of  his  left  hand  hlown 
cli;  and  married  Ji^lizabetli  Rhoaihi,  who  left  him  soon,  but  returned  to  make 
him  hajipy  in  "47.  He  was  one  of  the  4ili  Donucr  relief  iiarty.  v.  541;  suhl 
hio  int(  list  in  the  ranelio  in  '4',);  and  subse(|uently  lived  on  Daylor's  ])la(;e, 
running  a  feiiy  on  tho  Cosunmes  lor  Daylor  and  Orimshaw,  by  the  sinking  of 
v.hii.h  ci;. ft  he  was  drowned  in '.JO.  He  left  one  child  an<l  .si  3,000  in  goM 
daat.  liis  widow  be;aino  Mrs  I'iercc,  and  was  living  in  Fresno  Co.  '12.  1 
have  a  letter  of  that  year,  in  which  she  gives  infornuition  about  Kcyser. 
Khlcljiiik<<f  (Cvril),  1H20,  agent  of  the  Rii.ss.  Anier.  Fur  Co.  at  Sitka,  v>liu 
visited  Cal.  in''-JO,  '•J.". -0,  and  T.O-l.  ii.  -JO:!.  317-10,  3S:J,  (li4,  04S;  iii.  UH, 
21,";  iv.  I()0.       Khorstof  (Xiehola.s),  KSOd,  mrof  the  J»//o.  ii.  70. 

Ivilljey  (James),  1JS47,  (^'o.  A,  Morm.  I'.at.  (v.  40;)),  reiid.  Kiddey  (\\  iiii, 
1S4S(?),  jMigl.  li(jui)r  dealer  at  Sta  Claia '7t).  Kiernau  (lohn  15.),  1S47.  C). 
E,  N.  V.Voi.  (v.  4'I0);  d.  Stockton  after  '00.  Kiesler  (Lafayette),  I.S47,  Cn. 
€,  N.Y.Vol.  (V.  499);  at  Sono'na '4S.  Kilborn  (Wni  K."),  1S47,  mra:id 
ov.ner  of  ilio  llciirii  '47-S.  v.  578;  of  the  S. F.  firm  K.,  Lawton,  &  Co.  '4S-!). 
Killuirn  (Leiij.),  1840,  Cal.  Lat.  Co.  J>,  artill.,  enlisting  at  S.  Jose  (v.  .'i.');-); 
owner  of  a  S.F.  lot '47.  v.  070.  K.  (Ral(ih  I..),  ISli'l?),  a  settler  of  Na;ia 
Val.  from  '41,  but  generally  accretlited  to'4"J.  iv.  341.  In  later  years  lie 
stated  that  he  built  a  mill  on  l)r  ilah's  rancho  in  43.  I  lind  nothing  about 
the  mannerof  his  coming.  Naturalized  '4."),  and  subseipuntly  married  liy  Sat 
tci';  m  '47--8  had  an  interest  at  Eenicia,  where  he  l)uilt  houses  for  Larkin.  v. 
073.  Alcalde  at  Napa  '49;  county  treaiaircr  "."iO;  cl.  for  hauls  in  ',">'_'.  He  died 
at  lintlieri'ord  in  '79,  ago  70.  His  daughter  married  a  man  nr.med  Loekuooil. 
Kild  (A<hii:i  II.),  183."),  named  as  one  of  the  owners  of  I'alo  Colorado  ranelri, 
Mont.  Kileven  (Toui),  1800,  mat ;  of  the /'tactlC^•,  in  prison  at  S.  Juan  Cap. 
ii.  3;i;  jierlKips  tlie  foUowing. 

Ki::ib;i!l,  1800,  nu'of  iha  l\acm-L  ii.  37-S,  109.  K.  (Ha7.en),  184S,  over- 
land .'^.lorniiin  ininii,'.  met  \>y  Ligler  at  the  Ihunboldt  sink  in  .Vug.;  menib.  of 
Soi-.  C.d.  rion.,anda  resident  of  S.l'\  '83.  Kimsey  (Alvisand  ThosL.),  1  U7, 
ov.nersof  S.F.  lots.  Kinch,  1S47,  mr  of  the  C"/*).  <'i7o(7./ti/i.  v.  577.  Kiuu 
(Ld  A.),  1847,  mrof  the  El'zu'nth  and  purchaser  of  tho  I'riiwivi  ni;  mrof  t!.e 
lliijii'  in  '48.  v.  iTi77,  oSO;  lumber  de:der  .ind  iiniierwrite'.s'  ;igent  at  Meat.  '1  ->; 
lanljormasUr  '49  at  S.F.,  where  he  still  lived  in  '54.  K.  (Henry),  W>M,  cleri; 
in  Sutti'r's  employ. 

King  (Henry),  184."),  one  of  Fremont's  party,  who  serve(l  as  capt.  and 
coimni.-i.iary  iif  the  Cal.  liat.,  and  went  east  on  the  Co))}.  Shitbrirh  in  Oct.  '47. 
V.  91,  300,  4")t),  4.")3-l,  .")83.  Joining  FViinont's  4th  e.vpctl.  in  '48,  he  was  fro;:;  u 
to  death  befoie  reaching  Sta  1\'',  and  probiibly  eaten  by  his  eonijianion.  lie 
seems  to  have  been  a  brother  of  James  King  of  William.  K.  (.lohn  II.  I, 
1810,  overland  innnig.  who  jL.yed  poker  in  i']nreka  down  to  a  late  d.ite  ac;'. 
to  th('  papers.  K.  (.lohn  M.),'l.s47,  Co.  H,  Morm.  liat.  (v.  409).  K.  (.Ma.i- 
uil),  ls3,"),  Portugucoe  on  Laikin's  books '3.')-8.  iii.  413.  K.  (Robert),  l-'ol, 
Kngl.  hnnbcrniiiii,  who  wiis  one  of  (indiam's  men  in  '30 -S,  and  was  arres;ed 
in  '4.1,  but  lefi,  at  Sta  B.  sick.  iii.  4I'J;  iv.  17.  Naturaliz.  d  in  'II  and  arri'st.  d 
for  btealii'g  banber  at  Sta  Cruz  in  '4"J,  but  escaped  from  jail;  ])erliaps  tho  m  u 
iiavu  il  in  L'ii-Li)i.\i  Arcts  '4.').  K.  (Thomas),  1848.  )iass|i.  fioui  lion.  K. 
(W  in),  1810,  came  to  S.  Josc^  IJall.  K.  (Wm),  1847,  Co.-  F,  N.V.Vol.  (v. 
49..). 

I\ing  <jf  Wdliam  (James),  1848,  nat.  of  Ceorgotown,  D.  C  ,  assuming  tho 
nfli.N  'of  AVilliam'  at  tliea.,'e  of  10,  from  his  tailier's  jjiven  nam',  to  ilistin^'ui  h 
hin.st'lf  from  oihcra  nametl  James  King,   lie  came  to  Cal.  by  way  of  I'ananui 


fSj 


KING-KITTLEMAX. 


701 


>1S,  dVr'.'- 
llClllll.   "t 

Km.; 
iiir  <if  t!.L' 
■nt. 't-; 

:;'.»,  clcM  1; 

■ajit.  ami 

Oct.  'i:. 

as  fro/;  !i 
nion.  lie 
dim  il.t, 
late  ar.-. 
K.  (:.i;i.i- 
rt),  I-.:.!. 

anv.d.a 
;  tlio  111  11 
on.  1\. 
.Vul.    IV. 

iiiii;.^  tho 
<;in''-,u!i 

I'diUHlKl 


and  Valjiarafso  in  Nov.  '48,  made  some  money  in  tlie  minos,  worked  ns  clerk 
for  Itoadiiig  &  Co.  at  Sue,  and  in  '4!)  opened  a  liank  at  S,F.,  hi.s  family  from 
tlie  east  joining  liini  in  'ol.  In  '54-5  lie  was  ol)liged  to  close  liia  luisiness,  and 
was  employed  by  Adams  &  (.'o.  until  the  failure  of  that  iirm.  In  Oct.  '55  ho 
started  the  H.F.  J.'roiin'i  JJiil'etiii,iind  liegan  Ji  violent,  fcailess.  and  desperate 
crusade  against  prevalent  corruption  in  the  city.  Though  harsh  and  often  in- 
judicious in  his  methods,  hitter  in  his  prejudices,  and  generally  disposed  to 
a'lusu  all  who  did  not  agree  with  his  ideas  of  reform,  he  was  honest  in  stating 
fact.;  and  aimed  to  he  just  in  his  attacks;  and  he  was  indirectly  the  instru- 
ment of  great  good  to  the  community,  lie  was  shot  in  May  '5()  liy  James  1'. 
Ca.wy,  a  jiolitieian  and  newspaper  man  whose  unsavory  record  he  had  ex- 
(KiHed,  and  his  murder  led  to  the  organization  of  the  famous  Vigilance 
(  omniittee.  In  my  Popular  T.ihuiuil't,  vol.  ii..  the  reader  will  lind  much  in- 
foiination  aliout  King;  and  there  is  a  sketch  of  his  life  and  a  portrait  in  the 
< 'o-.ili'inp.  liiiiiirnp/i;/.  lie  left  a  widow  and  (5  children,  some  of  whom  stiil 
live  in  S.F.  in  'Ho.  Kingery  (Sum.),  1)S4H,  nat.  of  Oliio;  resiil.  of  iS.  Luis 
Oil.  Co.  'OS-.S.'}.  Kingsbury,  iS4(i,  doubtful  mention  of  a  major  at  i^utter- 
ville.  Siit/<!r(  'o.  //;>/.,!«.  k.lElisha),  ISIS,  on  roll  of  .Soc.Cal.  I'ion.  Kings- 
1l>v  (Francis),  1840,  Fauntlcroy's  dragoons  (v.  '2'.V2,  247).  Kink  (Roiiert), 
bSl.'J,  doubtful  name  of  an  Fnglishman  at  Branciforte  in  '45,  age  30,  wife 
Kstefana  Juarez,  child  Robert,  v.  43.  Kiidcy,  1840,  doubtful  mention  at 
J  lock  l'"arm. 

Kinlock  (Oeo.),  1830,  Scotch  carpenter  and  trader  at  Mont,  with  his  wife, 
Mary  Anderson,  also  Scotch,  and  the  1st  foreign  woman  wlio  lived  in  Cal.  As 
their  son  (Jeo.  David — the  1st  child  of  foreign  parents  born  in  Cal. — was  born 
ill  "30,  they  may  have  arrived  a  year  or  two  earlier.  l''iom  '30  K.'s  name  ap- 
))cars  constantly  in  all  kiiids  of  Monterey  records.  In  '3()  his  age  was  30.  Ho 
d;ed  about  '58.  His  son  Geo.  D.  in  '48  0  was  with  Itosi?  k  UeynoMs  at  Rose 
Bar.  There  wns  a  ihuighterCatalina,  born  in '33.  iii.  170-^0, 'J:.'l,  00!);  iv.  17. 
Kinnane  (Patrick),  1847,  Co.  F.  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  51S).  Kinney  (A.  and  S.), 
1S45,  ovcrl.  imniig.,  pciliaps  of  the  (^rigsby-Ide  jiarty.  A.  had  a  family  and 
perhaps  went  to  Or.  in  '40;  S.  was  a  'hard  case,'  employed  by  Sutter  during 
the  winter,  and  went  back  east  in  the  sprint;,  v.  5'JO,  570.  K.  (James),  1847, 
teamster  in  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  5I>S).  Kiuns  (.\lex.),  1847,  Co.  C, 
N.  Y.Vol,  (v.  40!>);  d.  at  Sonoma  Dec.  '47.  Kinscy,  1845,  at  N.  Ilelv.:  and 
a  l)an.  D.  Kinscy  is  nameil  in  one  list  as  one  of  Mio  Stevens  party  of '44. 
Kiiitring  (Cluis  M.),  1847,  Co.  K,  X. Y.Vol.  (v.  490). 

Kiiby  (Henry),  1839,  Engl,  stewaril  of  the  Cornnir,  who  kept  a  restau- 
rant at  II  V.  in '40;  a  witness  against  Capt.  Hinckley  in '40-1.  iv.  110.  K, 
(.James),  1S44,  attendant  of  a  sick  sailor  at  Mont.;  jierhaps  same  as  John  K., 
a  sailor.  K.  (Richard  C),  I84ti,  Fngl.  tanner,  who  left  a  whaler  on  the 
Or.  coast  in  '45,  and  came  l)y  land  to  Cal.  witii  a  party  the  next  year.  v.  5'JO. 
He  worked  at  his  trade  for  Sutter  during  Bear  Flag  times,  and  later  had  a 
small  tannery  in  tlie  Xorth  Beach  region  at  .S.  F.  In  '47-8  ho  workeil  at  Sta 
Cruz;  as  niiiier  and  trader  in  the  mines  '48-0  he  made  a  small  fortune,  which 
he  soon  lost  in  a  city  8;ici'ulation;  and  from  '50  he  was  engaged  in  the  iiianu- 
lacture  of  leather  at  Sta  Cruz,  where  he  still  lived  in  '70,  and  I  tiiink  in  '85. 
I'ortrait  in  Sta  f'ruz  <.'o,  ilinl.,  l(i.  Kirehncr  (Henry),  184'*,  partner  of 
Weber  at  Stockton.  Thikhrim.  Kirk  (Thomas),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat. 
(v.  400).  Kirkwood  (.lames  and  .lolin),  1840,  Co.  B,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  .3.:8); 
tlicrc  was  also  a  James,  Jr,  at  Mont,  in  '47.  The  K.'s  were  overl.  imniig. 
mentioned  by  Bryant.  Kisling  (.John  W.),  1840,  Danish  sailor  at  S.  F., 
who  got  a  lot  in  '47,  went  to  the  mines  in  '48,  and  returning  lived  in  town  to 
'50,  later  at  S.  Mateo,  and  died  in  '01,  leaving  a  widow  and  'J  children. 

Kittleman  (John),  1840,  one  of  the  Mormon  colony  with  a  family;  owner 
of  S.F.  lot  '47;  died  at  Sta  Cruz  "52.  His  children,  each  of  them  obtaining  a 
S.F.  lot,  were  (Jeorge;  Thomas,  who  married  Angeline  Lovett  at  .S.F.  in  '47, 
and  was  a  constab'.o  in  the  same  year;  Sarah,  who  married  E.  P.  Jones;  and 
Win,  who  diccl  in  Utah  '55,  leaving  a  widow  and  G  cliildren  living  at  Centre- 
ville,  U;ah,  '85.  None  of  John's  4  chilurcn  survives  in  '85.  v.  640,  078,  080, 


I 


702 


PIOXKEU  RKGLSTKIl  AND  INDKX. 


6S.").  KU;i!ibrotli  (lolm),  1S17,  musician  X.Y.Vul.  (v.  4!)!t);  owner  of  S.  [■. 
lot.  V.  (JT'S.  J\.l>  inst;|]i(j(jtli  (.iuliu),  1S17,  Co.  *i,  ditto;  oviicrof  iS.F.  lot;  in 
S  F.  o'J;  in  (iorniiiny  "s-J.  Klonyd  (Fianci.-*),  IS17,  C<j.  (!,  ditto.  Kiii  r 
(Win),  1S17,  Co.  F,  :iil  U.S.  iirtiil.  (v.  ols).  KlopiJcr  (.Miciuicl),  1847,  O,. 
K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  4'.)<J). 

Knapp  (.Mlnnti,  lSt7,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  4fi0);  at  Mont.  MS.  K. 
(.Tori  IJ.),  KstS,  tiiino  from  lion,  and  wint  to  the  mines.  K.  (M.),  ISlS, 
fioni  lion,  vu  tliu  Jitl'ni.ii.  Knight,  |S4(i,  saiil  !)>■  Lanciy  to  iiavo  conio  w.tli 
Ivoanij';  ii  iiow.s])ai)i!i'  writer  ia  S.  I".  \S  L  Kni;4lit  (Henry),  ISK),  one  of  tliii 
S.  iUas  exiles,  iv.  IS.  K.  (Henry),  ls44,  Swiss,  at  S.  F.;  age  40;  peiiia.H 
same  aa  jii-ecedinLr.  K.  (.John),  Ih47,  Co.  K,  X.V.VoI.  (v.  4'.lil);  at  I'liiali 
'71  >'2.  K.  Criiomas).  ISJl,  (iernian  sailor  and  .sawyer,  who  left  tiie  Ah  rl. 
and  got  ii  p.issport.  K.  ('riioinas),  l,sl">,  native  of  Me;  tr.ader  in  La,  Ar'c, 
and  .\lo.;  overl.  inmii^'.  of  tlie  (;ii;^sliy-ldi'  party,  or  of  tlio  Swasey-Todd 
br;,nrli  of  tiiat  jiarty,  iv.  ,")7<!,  ")7!),  ")''>7.  All  lu.<  propcity,  ineliidinf,'  a  .^todi 
of  i:oiiil.>t  for  sale,  was  destroyed  liy  the  explDsiou  of  a  Ucl;  of  powder  luidcr 
liis  v.agoii  i:i  the  Sitrra.  lie  setthil  in  N.qia  Val.,  tonk  jiart  in  the  Jkar  re- 
volt. V,  11(1;  ami  ha  1  soinc  exjierienee  in  tlio  mines.  In  '.'M-70  lie  was  a 
fariner  in  Napa  ai.d  Sonouia  eounties,  lieiiiL,'  (iwnerof  the  Mmistal  or  Uerrey- 
tsa  ranclio.  v.  ti7l--;  and  later  u<lt'aler  in  real  estate  ut  .S.  F.  In  '72  he  wrote 
for  nie  his  I!i  rdllrrtinii^,  eontainin;;  nuieli  intomiatiiin  ahoiit  <'arly  times  arid 
men;  anil  in  '7;'  lie  dietated  another  and  hric  Icr  ..'.atenient  of  J-.'iirli/  iin  iit-''.ii 
(-\il.  ll;s  v.ife  was  Siiiena  Haines,  inari-ied  in  ".*)!;  and  in  '7-  they  had  two 
chililren,  Ciias  I'.  S.  and  Tlios  (i.   Ih'still  lesides  in  S.F.  'S.'),  at  tin-  ai.ceof  (;.'i. 

i\ni^lit  (Wni),  l;>}|,  nat.  of  Ind.,  natnrali/ed  and  married  to  a  native  in 
X.  .Me.\.,  wlioeame  with  the  Workman-Iinwlanil  party,  returning  in  '1"J  t) 
hrinn  Ills  f;iniiiy.  v.  '_'7S-0.  Ho  settleil  in  '4H  on  the  Saerainento,  at  the  place 
named  for  him.  Kniglit's  Lancling— ohtaiiiing  in  '44  a  reni'wal  of  his  na;u- 
rali/ation  papers  that  had  been  lost.  He  served  ^dieheUorena  in  Cantt's 
conip. ;  was  ;i  signer  of  the  S.  Josi';  call  to  foreigners;  got  a  liind-grant  in 
'4(i;  and  t.iok  an  active  part  in  the  liear  revolt,  peiliaps  serving  in  t!ic  Cal. 
Bat.  iv.  4;.(i,  rm,  :u.\  ,V,)!):  v.  lOO,  110,  114-19,  (J.'J7.  After  the  di.-xovery  of 
gold  he  estahlislud  Knight's  Ferry  on  tlio  Stanislaus,  where  he  ilied  in  '4I>. 
Ho  was  a  great  hunter,  and  though  said  to  have  been  educated  as  a  phy.d- 
cian,  was  a  man  of  very  rough  ways,  violent  in  temixM',  always  ready  t )  tal;e 
olVcnue,  and  to  settle  all  dillerences  l)y  force.  His  title  to  lands,  resting  <iii 
S;itier's  gciH'i'al  ti  J.e  and  a  fraudident  ,1,'rant  from  I'ieo,  w.aa  not  confirmed; 
and  thougli  re]iuted  to  be  rich,  his  heirs  arc  said  to  have  received  very  little. 
'1  lircc  of  his  daughters,  still  living  in  '>'>,  I  tlnidv,  married  lespcetively  Ch."s 
I'.  Keecl,  .1.  X.  .Snowljall,  and  Natlianiel  Jacobs.  A  good  sketch  of  Knight  is 
given  in  Yo!o  Co.  Ilixt.,  'M. 

Knos.s_  (M.).  1S4(),  Co.  B,  artill.  Cal.  Bat.,  enlisting  at  Sac.  in  Oct.  (v. 
3.")S).  Knott,  1.S47,  nn'  of  the  Sir,<liii,  bringing  recruits  for  tlie  X'.Y.Wd. 
V.  Til  1.  Knowles  (Richard),  lS4(i,  one  of  the  Moinion  c<jlony,  with  his  wife; 
owner  of  S.F.  lot  '47.  v.  .")l(i,  (J7S.  He  died  in  the  faith,  and  his  widow  was 
living  in  Utah  '84.  Kuo.x  (Sam.  P.),  1841,  com.  of  tlic  I'lyliKj  Finh,  of  U.S. 
ex.  ex.   iv.  '_'4),  oO."). 

Kob((;eo.),  1847,  Co.  K,  X.V.Vol.  (v.  409).  Kocger  (Henry  E.),  ISKI, 
at  S.  .losi^.  //ulL  Kohler  (l)eoden),  1S47,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  K.  (Tlno- 
doreG.),  1S4."),  ^'aid  to  have  arriveil  tiiis  year.  iv.  587;  in  '40a  clerk  for  Wells 
it  Co.,  S.F.;  later  connected  with  the  Cal.  press;  died  at  i.l''.  '7'>.  Kolan, 
lS4(i,  doidjtfnl  name  in  a  Los  Aug.  list.  Kolmcr  (Michael),  1840,  accomp. 
by  wife  and  .'1  cliildicn;  settled  lu'nr  Bodega,  one  daugiitcr  mari'ying  Win 
Howard  and  another  Wm  Benitz.  Sonoma  Co.  I/isf.,  '201.  Koonig  (Wnii, 
1817,  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  409);  drowned  in  Sac.  Kiv.  '47.  Kontz  (JoimiJ.i, 
1S47,  Co.  F,  ditto.  Kook  (Chaa),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).  K. 
(Theodore),  18.39,  at  S.  Diego. 

KoosiT  (Benj.  Park),  1847,  Co.  F,  .Id  U.S.  artill.;  nat.  of  Pa.  He  .vas  a 
printer  and  coimectcd  with  tho  press,  even  before  his  disciiarge,  working 
as  pressman  on  the  CaliJ'ortiian  in  '47,  and  writing  letters  lor  the  eastern 


koosi:r-lafrkxz. 


703 


pnpcrs.  To  one  of  liin  letters  on  t!ie  g  ilil  discuv.  i;i  tlio  N.Y.  If<nilil\n  at- 
ti'iliu'.cd  iinu'li  iiilliliiii.(' ill  (lircititig  tlie  lat  Klre:iiii  nt'  ^'oltl-scfkii.s  to  (';il. 
AIMt  qinttiii;^  iiw  mil.  .scrvict-  he  was  cdnnectcd  liiiclly  willi  S.  ,l(i;ii|iiin  (.'u. 
jiajii'i's  till  '().">,  bavin;,'  inanicil  ISi'He  W'aiil  df  S.  .IcisO  in  '(j_'.  'I'lieii  ho  hcfaino 
eduiii-  aiiil  imhli.shcr  of  tlic  Sta  (,'riiz  Scitliiul  tor  1 1  yoaiH,  his  valodiutmy  ad- 
drct'-i  upiicaiiiiu'  May  "JT,  7ti.  Jle  tnuk  a  derp  iiitiii  st  in  jiiniiccr  iciiiinis- 
cciu'fs,  and  WTDto  many  articles  on  the  suhjcct,  his  J'ioncrr  XoA//' r.s  I'j'Cul., 
(Ill  account  <!f  tlie  ailill.  cdnipaiij',  hcin;,'  |iul)lislu'd  in  the  Alta  nf  'OL  v.  .")'2l>. 
In  "7l>  ii"  went  cast  as  centennial  cdlnnu;;.  ioner  fir  Cal.;  and  dicil  at.Sta  Criv. 
in  "T'^.  at  the  a;,'u  of  ."iti.  K(irn  (Fulius),  ISlT,  jicihaps  <if  X.V.V'oI.  under 
nnolher  name.  IvDrni.sh,  1S47,  iliito.  Knsier,  l.iis,  nir  of  a  laiinih  .it  N. 
liclv.  Ivij.stroniilindf  (I'eter),  IS'J!*,  lluss.  niana;.er  ol  ]liis.<.  '•JD-.'id;  ami  in 
'!(;-!  a;^'cnl  fur  tin'  sale  of  l^iss  and  setlliii;^'  \\\\  all  lliis-ian  Imsines;  in  Cal.; 
als  )  vir,iti:i^'  the  conntry  sevenil  times  in  later  years  on  the  same  missinn.  ii. 
«:d;  iii.  -IJti;  iv.  l(d-4,  171-."),  I7.S-SI).  Kot/ehue  (Otto  von),  l.sMi,  com.  of 
the  Un.'^s.  c.\|  hjvin^'  fliip  I'lirU:,  ami  author  of  a  Voij'tije  of  JJiKCoriri/;  and 
aj.^iin  com.  of  tlie  I'ridjirUiti'  in  'J  I,  and  author  of  a  Nun  Voywic  For  notice 
(f  lii'i  visit  I'.i'.d  \vritinL,s,  containing'  nnich  useful  information  about  (a!.,  see 

ii.  -Ji-J-i:!,  'J7S-M),  'J'.)!!, ;{;;!»  10,  ;{7.'(,  oi7,  .")1!),  rrJ-J-."),  riS7,  :>'.w,  iV.rj,  ,-,;i7,  m-i- 

o,  ()).>-().       Kounti:  •  (Win),  I.SI7  S,  Mormon,  at  Sutter's  mill.  H'njl' r. 

Kraft  (Chas),  1847,  Co.  F.  :!d  l^  S.  artill.  (v.  .'ilS).  Krau.ss  (('has).  1S47, 
innsiciiui,  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  AW).  Kreut/er  (.John),  lS47.  Co.  W  lid  artill.  (\. 
51o).  Ivrewzliur;,'.  l'M7.  ni.med  at  \.  Helv.  as  one  of  the  X.  V.\'ol.  Ivrii- 
iian,  1S17,  named  in  MS  as  a  deserter  from  the  N.Y. Vol.  Kiohii  (lohn  M.i, 
IM7.  Co.  C,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  4<J}I).  Kru,sof  (Stephen),  \sll,  nir  of  the  Ajioll.. 
ii.  «i:!. 

Kunhardt,  1S4S,  from  flon.  on  the  Smiin/rihor.  Kuntze  (.Fohn  C. ),  1S47, 
atN.  Ifelv.  and  'vl'".,  «  here  he  owm'd  a  lot.  Kuppcrtz  ((leiardt,  ls;!(i,  mr 
of  the /'' o/- (.f  Xiiilii.  iv.  lO,-);  in  ";{7  (or  "lil )  he  announces  that  he  has  su( - 
cccded  Sill  &  Co.  as  a  haker  at  St;i  ]>.       Kuprianof  (Ivan),    1S40,  ex-;:ov.  (  f 


the  lluss.  cstah.  in  .Maska;  visited  Cal.  on   tlu 


ML; 


iv.    I(),"(,   1(;7,  174-1; 


Kurtz  (Lev 


1.S47,  <'o.   (;,  N.Y. Vol.  ( 


v. 


4<l!»). 


-f  (I 


I'uss.  explorer  of  the  coast  in  ISOS-ll;  founder  of  I! 


van    .\.).  ISO; 
,  and  manau'i 


)f  tii.-it  <'staljlishment  un 


til 


.led   1. 


in  'l(i 


SI )-•_>,  ss,  i!)S,  •jo:i-4. 


y  ;-chmidt  m 


10,    21-J   !,•{. 


'-I,  1 
•2S0. 


laviii''  VI 


M-.MS, 


.-ited  S.F. 

(j:>v». 


2  :!.       Kulchhack  (Clias),  1S47,  Co.  I>,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  4!>'.l). 
Kybnrz  (Daniel),  lo47,  owner  of  S.F.    lot.       K.  (Sam.    K.),  lS4(i.  overl. 


imnii'f.  troni 


Wisconsin  Mith  his  wife  and  her  lirothi'is.    I']ntered  Sutter's  em- 
]iloy  as  a  kind  f)f  sn))elintendeMt,  and   is  oiten  mentioned   in   tlie   A',    //rlr. 


I) 


iitn/ 


'47--S, 


lingaS.l'.  lot  in '47.   He  took  an  a(.'ti\e  ]iait  in  e\ 


-)l)-  I 


connected  with  the  uold  discovery;  and  in  'IS-O  kept  a  hotel  at  Sac.  Ii 
he  seems  to  have  heeu  a  trader  at  .S.  F.  Mrs  K.  had  two  ehildren  hoi  n  at 
Slitter's  l'"ort,  one  of  them,  a  son,  in  Feb.  '48;  and  she  was  living  at  Clarks- 
ville,  VA  Dorado  Co.,  in  '80. 


p.),  181!;, 

k.  (Theo- 

ffor  Wells 
Kolan, 
aeconip. 
lyin^'  Win 
IfT  (Win), 
Ijohnd.', 
Il8).      K. 

|Hc  ams  a. 

working 

le  eastern 


Lahastida,  soldier-teacher  at  S.  .Tost''  '-J'l  ii.  fiOS.  Labra  (.Tiiau  Ant.), 
soldier,  sentenced  to  death  at  Mont,  for  rolibcry  1781.  Ijaeousse,  In4S,  Can.i- 
diin  at  Hear  liivcr  and  Mormon  DiLr:,'int,'s.  /j/oo/,x  Lacy  (Sam.),  1  i,'",!, 
nil' of  a  I'criiv.  brii,'atS.F.  Ladd  (Milton  I,  1S4.">,  one  of  the  men  lost  on  the 
nVrrc//'.s' launch  '4(i.  iv.  ;!84,  ")S7.  L.  (Sam.).  ISKi,  one  of  the  .Mormon  col- 
ony, who  went  by  the  name  of  Johnson;  fonmrly  a  soldier,  beimr  a  teacher 
of  taeties  on  the  Ilrouldini;  went  to  Utah,  where  he  still  lived  in  "SI.  v.  ."(4  >, 
TwO.  L.  (S.  (!.),  1S47,  at  lienicia.  Laez  (Mazario),  elaimeil  to  have  been 
grantee  of  land  in  Sia  (,'lura  Co.  178."). 

Lallenr  (Louist,  I84'5,  Canadian  in  Co.  G,  Cal.  Bat.,  enlisting  at  S.  .Tos^ 
Nov.;  went  cast  with  (,'oin.  Stoekton  '47.  v.  4r)4;  but  returned,  and  in  Dec. 
'48  was  drowned  in  the  Yuba.  Laframboisc  (Michel),  ls;j-J  (?),  chief  of  the 
H.  P>.  Co.  hunters  in  C^il.,  making  half  a  dozen  or  more  visits  in  ';i'_'-4li,  espe- 
cially in ';$3-4  J.  The  date  of  the  1st  visit  is  uncertfiiii.  iii.  ;J!)'2-;J,  40S;  \\\  I.S.j, 
213,  •J20.      Lafreuz  (C.  F.),  1847,  from  Hon.  on  the  Xylon.      L.  (J.  JI.), 


VJ 


.•■»SS    L 


704 


riONEEIl  REGISTKR  AND  INDEX. 


1S4S,  pnssp.  from  lloii.  Lagos  (J.  V,.),  1848,  ditto.  Lagrace  (Fran.),  1340, 
pi'iliaps  out'  of  tlio  avrosted  loruigiitTs.  iv.  17. 

J^udliiw  (Cfo.),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  49!)).  Laighton  (John  15.), 
IS.I.'i,  licut  ill  -Mux.  navy  statioiifd  at  Mont.;  went  to  S.  IJlas  to  join  liiscoips 
in  ".Hi.  llu  was  an  Aniciican.  Laint;  (Tlios  II.),  1847,  nat.  of  Mo.,  vvliocanio 
to  (,'al.  at  tliu  uge  of  I.'),  and  bocaniL-  a  prominent  lawyer  of  Sta  Clara;  naml). 
of  the  state  senate  '74-7,  and  of  tlie  constit.  convention  of  '78.  Laird  (.Jciliu 
\V.),  1847,  nat.  of  I'a  and  overl.  iinniig.  with  hi.s  family.  In  Feb.  '4S  he  kipt 
a  terry  on  tlio  .Sac.  liiv.  at  Montezuma,  v.  (i74;  ace.  to  the  newspapers  Mis 
L.  had  a  son  horn  on  tho  Amer.  Kiv.  in  May,  '47,  bnt  it  was  prob.  in  '4S. 
L;iird  kept  a  store  at  Angels,  living  also  at  Stockton  and  other  places;  but  in 
'.")()  Settled  in  Stanislaus  Co.,  where  he  died  in  '78,  leaving  a  widow — a  sister 
of  Thos  I'ylc— and  .'1  children. 

Lajenucs.so  (Basil),  184,j,  Canadian  trapper  and  member  of  Fri^moiit's  cx- 
ploiiii','  party,  who  was  killed  by  Ind.  on  the  Or.  frontier  in  the  night  attaelc 
on  I'liiiionl's  camp,  April  '40.  iv.  oS;},  u87;  v.  'J4.  L.  (Francois),  ls;i;{(?), 
pi'oLably  brother  of  Basil,  s;iid  to  have  visited  Cal.  either  in  the  Walki  r 
party  or  in  one  of  tiie  II.  IJ.  Co.  jiarties.  lie  wa.s  one  of  Fremont's  men  in 
41,  but  did  not  reach  Cal.  iii.  3'Jl.  Luke  (John),  184ii,  Fauntleroy's  dra- 
goons (V.  -.'.'i-J,  •JJ7). 

Lamaiiou,  178(),  with  La  Pi'rouse.  i.  43.1.  Lambarcn  (Juan),  1842,  adj.  of 
the  liatallon  lijo,  who  died  '44.  iv.  'J8!».  Lainbdon,  1847,  at  X.  llelv. 
Lainb'Mt  (.John  A.),  18t7,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  4',)!»).  Lamoine,  1847,  mr  nf 
the  ri'iiiroU.  Lainorcux  (Louis),  1840,  Canadian  carpenter,  age  37,  at  Los 
Aug.  witii  a  N.  Mex.  jiassport;  perhaps  hi.s  name  was  Lamoreau,  .still  at  Lus 
Aug.  '48.  Lamottc  (Francois),  184."),  negro  deserter  from  tho  llrro'iiii'  i\i 
Mont.  Lam|>licii'  (Wm),  1824,  mate  of  the  Jtorcr.  Lampman  (W'mL.), 
1847,  Co.  A,  X.Y.Vol.  (V.  4!)!));  in  Mexico  '8'-'.  Lance  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  E, 
Morm.  Bat.  (v.  40!));  reenl. 

Laiiecy  ( Tliumas  Crosby),  1840,  nat.  of  Me.,  born  in  '24,  an<l  a  sailor  from 
'42;  a  coxswain  <in  the  U.S.  Da!f  in  '40-9.  After  his  discharge  from  the  navy 
ill '4'.)  he  took  ciiargo  of  a  store  at  Mormon  Isl.,  and  later  was  (iiaymaii, 
tfam.ster,  and  sta'^e-ilriver  in  the  Sac.  region  till  '.")!,  when  he  came  to  S.  F., 
u;id  has  since  resiih'd  here  as  mining  agent  and  painter.  For  4  or  .">  year.*,  in 
'8,'),  li(!  has  been  contined  to  his  room,  and  much  of  tho  time  to  his  bed.  lie 
kept  a  journal  iliiring  his  service  in  the  navy,  iuipplemciited  witii  many  iicius 
obtained  fi'oiu  laterol)servations,  reading,  and  asssieiation  with  pioneers,  wilh 
a  view  to  jjiiblicatinn  in  book  foi-in  as  materiiil  for  history.  Being  ineventcd 
by  failing  healtli  from  carrying  out  his  ])urpose,  he  furnished  a  jiait  oi  his 
historical  glear.ings  to  tlic  S.  .1.  I'ioiiri-r  for  publication  in  '7'J-81.  'riie  result, 
J,(UU'i/\t  ('rniKc  <>/ l/ie  J)al>;  preserved  in  my  Library  in  scrap-book  form,  v. 
l!)i),  is  in  many  respects  the  most  comiilete  collcclion  extant  of  data  on  the 
<-oii(|iiest  of  Cal.  The  author  has  shown  not  only  indefatigable  zi.'al,  but 
marked  ability  in  his  resc^arches.  The  m.ittcr  is  not  always  systematically  ar- 
ranged; the  eli'ect  is  marred  by  tyjiographic  errors,  resulting  <hiei!y  from  tlic 
ncwsfjaper  medium  of  publication;  the  author  is  often  in  error  resjicctiug 
mattcra  resting  on  Spanish  doenment^uy  evidence;  and  he  is,  in  my  opinion, 
excessivily  .\mcrican  in  his  views;  but  witli  all  its  faults,  the  work  meri;s 
jirai.se,  ami  justifies  ni>^  in  placing  the  author  high  in  the  list  of  those  who 
luive  done  faithful  work  on  Cal.  history,  Lancey  also  wrote  a  sketch  of  the 
>i. Y.\'olunteers,  jiuljlishcd  in  <'l'irh'x  ?•'/>>/  I'/'jimciit,    (Died  in  '8").) 

Landaeta  (.Martin),  1791,  Span,  friar,  who  served  ehielly  at  S.F.,  and  died 
atS.  Fern,  in  1810.  Biog.  ii.  Iir>  10;  mention  i.  .'ilO,  .jl4,  r)70-7,  700,  712, 
721;  ii.  I."')-!,  l.")9-00.  Landers  (Kbenezcr),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v. 
40!ij;  at  Salem,  Utali,  'S2.  L.  (\Vm|,  1847,  Co.  II,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  shci- 
iH'iii '48;  dieil  at  S.  ]''.  'oO.  Lane,  1848,  sutler  in  (Jraham'a  battalion  (v. 
.'")22).  L.  (ianmeline  A.),  1840,  one  of  the  Mormon  colony,  v.  540.  L. 
(.lo.sepli),  184S,  pas.scd  througli  Cal.  on  his  way  from  Sta  Fi5  to  Or.;  a  pi'omi- 
leiit  man  in  the  north.  See  //«.^^  Or.  L.  (Lewis),  1847.  sergt  Co.  D,  Morm. 
Ikit.  (v.  409).  L.  (Samuel),  1840,  one  of  the  men  lost  on  tho  IKa)-jr//'.<  launch, 
v.  384.       I.ane,  lo42,  doubi.ful  name  of  a  ranch  owner  near  S.  Luis  Ob. 


ailor  from 

I  the  navy 

diiiyiiKiii, 

t<)"S.  1'., 

vuar.i,  ill 

'h.a.  lie 

any  iiL'uis 
n'oi-s,  Willi 
iic'vcnti'l 
lit  of  liis 
he  result, 
iovm,  V. 
a  iiu  tliu 
/.(.■al,  liut 
icaliy  ar- 
from  tl:e 
csincliui; 
(Hiinioii, 
k  nic'viis 
lose  who 
h  of  the 

iinil  <lio(l 
iTOO,  TIJ, 

Bat.   (V. 

M);  slu-v- 

lalion  (v. 

\ni.       L. 

a,  pL-onii- 

1),  Morm. 

j,i  launeh. 

lub. 


LANG— LAPwIOS. 


708 


Lfing  (Charles),  1S2S,  Anicr.  smuggler  at  S.  Piego  'CS-O:  ii.  r).")!;  iii.  1.')!), 
KiS.  J.,  (Clias),  IS4S,  from  IJostoii  on  the  Sidiiiic.  L.  (.lolm  1'.  ami  Wil- 
lis), 1S4S,  i)rothers  from  iMo.,  at  Sutter's  Fort  anil  in  the  mines.  i^aiigdon 
(Maurice),  1S4G,  came  with  Kearny.  Lincnj.  Langeiiheiger  (  A.),  ISIS,  (ier- 
nian  minor  on  the  Yuba  and  Slani.slaus  '48-9;  later  a  tiader  at  S.  ( iaiiriel  and 
Anaheim,  where  he  lived  in  'SO  with  7  children  hy  his  Ist  wife,  a  daughlei'of 
Juan  1'.  Ontiveros,  married  in  '■'(().  Langlc,  ITSO,  with  ha  I'l  rouse,  i.  4JS, 
4:il-ri.  Langlois  (A.),  iS4S,  pa-isp.  from  Hon.  Langlois  ( Widianii.  ISll), 
Canadian,  e.xiled  with  the  CJraham  party,  who  returned  in  '41;  peiliajiH  the 
Laingles  named  at  .Sonoma  in  7)0.  iv.  IS,  3:t,  .S7,  1-0.  Langsdoilf  lit.  |[. 
von),  IhUU,  Cerman  naturalist  with  Kc/iinof  at  .S.F.,  and  author  of  a  houU  of 
Voiiii'iis  atid  7'raf(./.'*,  containing  a  narrative  of  the  author's  visit  and  ohsir 
valions  in  Cal.  ii.  40-7,  (JJ-7U,  ll.>,  I'JH,  l.'iO,  l.;S-40,  Kit,  17().  l.annian 
(.Joseph),  JS47,  lieut  U.  S.  X.,  com.  of  the  Warrcit.  '47-S.  v.  ;"i,sl.  \,. 
(.Ste|  hen),  1840,  sailniaker  on  the  U.S.  Dali'.  Lansing,  1S47,  nirof  the  ('itl- 
zdi.  v.  .577.       l^an-son  (J. ),  1S47,  blacksmith  at  S.  l>ie;^'o. 

La  I'l'i'ouso  (.Jean  b\  CI.),  1780,  Freucii  navii;ator,  the  lirst  foreign  vnyagor 
to  touch  the  coast  of  Cat.  after  Span,  occupation;  ami  author  ol  a  I  o//'.7rt 
w'dch  contains  much  valual)le  information  about  Cal.  .See  account  of  his 
visit  and  Iwok  in  i.  4"JS-40;  also  ment.  i.  '26'2,  -il't,  ."i()!),  olJ,  ,")1!),  .')J7,  01'.!; 
it.  "J."},  !.■{!,  010.  La|iieiTC  (Louis),  1S4,'),  Canatlian  ijoat-maker  of  I'r.inont'a 
]iarty.  iv.  TiSlt.  He  is  said  to  have  built  a  schooner  for  Sainsev.iin  at  .Sta  Cruz 
in  later  years.  I..aplace  (Cyrille  1*.  T.),  IS.'-i!),  com.  of  t!ie  Ficiich  nuiii-of- 
war  Arlciiu^c,  and  author  of  a  CamjMiiiii'  tic  Cir:n)n)t(i>'ii;(ttton.  iv.  l.'i2-">; 
ment.  iii.  O'.l."),  701);  iv.  [)'.\,  101,  lOo.  Lappeus  (.lames  H.),  1817,  Co.  11, 
X.Y.Vol.  (V.  49!));  owner  of  )S.F.  lot;  trader  at  Sac.  '48;  married  in  'ID  to 
Ann  Hitchcock,  jle  went  later  to  N.Y.  and  Idaho,  and  in  '82  lived  at  Port- 
land, t)r.,  where  he  had  been  city  marshal,  ami  for  VI  yeai's  chief  of  police. 

].,ara,  .sentinel  at  Los  Ang.  ',(7.  iii.  519.  L.  (.Vntonio),  alguaeil  at  Mont. 
';!G.  iii.  07'>.  L.  (Casiniiro),  invalido  of  Sta  15.  conip.  '.'iJ.  L.  (I'ran.),  sol- 
dier of  S.  F.  comp.  ';W-4l'.  L.  (Fran.),  killed  at  ,S.  I'ascual.  v.  .'U7.  L. 
(.)osi'),  one  of  the  1st  settlers  at  Los  Ang.  1781;  Span.,  with  an  Ind.  wife. 
J.,.  (Juan),  soldier  and  corp.  S.F.  comp.  ';{7-4'_'.  L.  (.Julian),  soldier  at  Sta 
15.  Iieforo  '.'{7.  L.  (Itomualdo),  18;!7,  Mc.x.  of  the  11.  &  l*.  colony,  impli- 
cated in  the  troubles  of  '.'5,'),  and  sent  to  Mcx.  under  arrest,   iii.  "iSi,  "J.SO,  I'SS. 

Laril  (Fielding),  1840,  overl.  imniig.  with  his  family.  The  >naniage  of  his 
daugliter 'Mary  toll.  S.  Moultrie)  on  the  trip  is  mentioned  \\y  ]5iya:it;  at 
Sutler's  Fort  in  '47,  and  owner  of  a  .S.F.  lot,  liut  settled  in  St.i  ('lara  Val., 
v.  here  he  still  lived  in  '(iO;  often  callcil  \Vm.  L.  (Joseph  A.),  1840,  c.ime  ta 
.Sta  Clara;  prob.  son  of  Fielding.  Lardner,  1S4"_',  lieut  U.S.N. ,  with  .Joiic.j  at 
Mont.  iv.  oOS.  La  Rointrie  (llcnry),  1S4'J,  commander's  sec.  on  tlu;  i'^rk- 
loirn. 

Larios  (Gracia),  sent  to  Mex.  as  a  prisoner  '30.  iii.  So.  L.  ('ose  Mari'a), 
Mex.  sold,  who  came  between  1780  and  '1)0;  from  '91  a  settler  at  .S.  Jose,  ami 
later  at  Las  Aromas,  near  S.Juan  JJ.  lie  was  a  blacksmiJi  and  laiildir  ot 
mills,  but  was  chielly  noted  as  a  bear-hunter,  being  kdlcd  by  a  gri.'./ly  in 
IslS.  i.  (iJ-J,  710,  718;  ii.  l;>.">,  170,  ;!87.  His  first  wife  was  Juliana  j.iiiari's, 
and  the  'Jd  iMiscbia  Alvarez;  his  chihlren  were  Antonio,  Manuel,  Jose  Do- 
lores, J  usto,  Mari'a  del  Pilar,  Antonia,  and  Anlonina.  L.  (.(usto),  son  of  Josii 
M.,  b.  at  S.  Jose  ISOS;  soap-maker  and  ranchero  who  served  as  mili,ia  artil- 
leryman in  the  war  against  .Miclieltorcna  "41  o,  and  for  a  short  time  umLr 
Castro  in  '40;  grantee  of  Cafiaila  do  los  Capitanciilos  in  'I'J.  iv.  071;  all  Ids 
hinscs  were  taken  by  Fremont.  He  made  two  succcsslid  visits  to  the  mines 
in  '49-.")0,  but  in  later  years  lost  all  his  land  and  other  property,  through  no 
fault  of  his  own,  as  he  believes.  In  '7S,  living  at  Gilroy,  he  gave  me  an  in- 
teresting narrative  called  t'ouvid/iioiiC'^  en  Cntiforuia.  His  wife  was  Cecilia, 
daughter  of  Joaquin  Castro,  married  in  '33;  children  '41,  Ai'  -lino  1).  '34,  .Juan 
'.'>0,  Olivcro  ',39,  Soledad  '38.  L.  (Manuel),  son  of  Jose  M.,  b.  at  S.  Josii 
1798.  He  seems  to  have  served  as  a  soldier  in  'l.'»-J9,  aid  was  later  an  iilfOrez 
of  militia,  serving  .'n  (lov.  Alvarado's  time.  lu '39  ho  was  grantee  of  Sta. 
Hwr.  Cal„  Vol.  IV.    45 


; 


III 


ill! 


706 


PIOXRER  REGISTER  AXD  INDEX. 


Ana  ranclio  near  S.  Juan  11,  Avliifli  was  finally  confirmed  to  him.  iii.  070, 
71.'t.  Jn  '10  lit!  was  jiic'Z  at  S.  tliiaii,  ami  took  jiart  in  tlic  arrest  of  tin;  f(jr- 
cii^nevs.  iii,  (]!);>;  iv.  '20.  llu  was,  lilic  lii.<  fatiicr,  a  famous  bcar-liuntcr,  t  )ol; 
part  ill  various  t'xpe<l.,  and  lii.s  lancln)  sullurcil  niucii  from  Ind.  depredations, 
IV.  ;i()_';  \ .  t)(J-.  iJc  died  in '().■).  iii-i  wives  were  aucce.ssively  Maria  A.  I'aclicen, 
(iuailalupe  Casti'o,  and  Kosario  Annas,  l)y  wliotn  he  is  said  to  have  had 'JJ 
ciiildren.  In  '7H  his  son  (or  grand.son),  Kstidano  Larios,  gavo  me  some  informa- 
tion on  tiie  I'iilii  1/  Advdituir-i  (>(  Don  ^Manuel. 

I.aikin  ('i'lioinas  Oliver),  IS.'VJ,  nat.  of  .Mass.,  h.  at Charlcstown  in  lSO-2,  in 
Inisiiu^.s  at  Wilmington,  N.(J.,  front  '21  to  'S!>,  and  in  '.SI  necepting  nn  invitn- 
tioii  fiomCapt.  Cooper,  his  lialf-l)roth('r,  to jcin  hinuit  Monterey,  lliamotlitr 
w.'i-'.  liien  married  to  a  ;{d  l;iisl)and,  Mr  (,'hilds,  L.'m  p.assport  from  the  gov.  of 
Mass.  ii  dated  Sept.  '2,  '31,  and  lie  canie  on  tin;  Kciccanllc.  via  Ilonohilii,  ar- 
riving in  April  '.'!■_'.  iii.  .'i(J4,  40S.  Jn  ",V1  he  was  emiiloyed  hy  Cooper  as  elerk, 
or  aeciiuntant;  in  Feh.-.Sejit.  '.'i.'!  hi'  did  a  small  eoniniission  husiiiesa,  and 
tiieii  wiiii  a  capital  of  !?,")00  he  opened  a  little  store  at  Mont,  for  the  sale  of 
yrocciic^,  grog,  produce,  an. I  ilry  gooil.'i,  stai'ting  a  ilour-mill  the  next  year, 
and  dealing  to  a  eonsiderahlc  extent  in  lumher.  In  ';>."{  he  wa.s  also  inarricid  on 
ho;ird  tiie  ['olinifcir  at  Sta  15.,  hy  Consul  Jones  of  Honolulu,  to  Mrs  llaclul 
If  ilnus,  lu'o  Ilohson,  his  fellow-pa:  senger  on  the  .\'('iira-lli-,  who  had  eonic  to 
Join  her  husband,  Capt.  John  C.  llolnie:-;,  hut  on  arrival  had  found  herself  a 
Viidow.  iii.  'M'l,  40S,  (),"j2.  She  was  the  l.st  Anier.  woman  to  live  in  Cal.,  and 
lier  son  Thomas  ().,  horn  in  Ajiril  '."il,  was  the  1st  child  hornof  Anier.  parents 
in  Cal.  Having  the  proverbial  Yankee  shrewdness  in  trade,  with  no  incon- 
venient Veneration  fur  the  revenue  iav.s,  l.arkin  prospered  frc  ni  the  hrst.  In 
his  ledgers  he  has  left  careful  mcmoianda  of  hii  wealth  on  .l;in.  Istcifeaih 
year  as' follows:  ';{.">,!?-',().'>();  '."jO,  iii'KTOS;  ';!7,  S'),(!-'()  (ehieily  in  house  and  mill, 
for  he  had  spent  all  his  nu.ncy  en  the  house  and  liad  no  goods);  ".'{;•;,  .'^i  1,01:!; 
'.Si),  !?i:!,7.SS;  '40,  ,'?15.sn.-);  '41,  .'?-'l,4:);{;  '4'-',  .S:i7,l).'>S;  '4;;,  S!l!t,147;  '44,  .stc.,- 
0'.;,");  '4"),  iJODino;  '4(1,  .V;;(),(i44.  He  did  not  seek  to  hecome  a  Mex.  citizen. 
hut  in  ';i'.i  ohtaini'd  a  carta,  which  v.as  renewed  fr<im  year  to  year.  Do  took 
no  part  openly  in  ]iolitics,  hut  quietly  sujiported  Alvarai^o's  movement  in  'll'l. 
iii.  4(il;  iv.  111.  I  have  much  of  his  business  coriesp.  from  the  liist.  In '.'I'.i 
he  made  a  special  cHort  to  iiiduco  whalers  to  touch  at  Mont.  iv.  irj.  In  '1',)  he 
did  all  that  lie  could  for  (he  comfort  of  the  arrested  foreigners,  but  hecause 
he  did  not  jiiin  in  the  loud  protests  and  absurd  threats  of  (.irahain  and  his 
gang  he  v.  as  the  subject  of  some  unfavorable  criticism  at  tlio  time  and  later,  iv. 
><,  0.  'J4,  :V2-{i.  He  visited  Me.x.  in '40-1  on  business,  iv.  102, '207:  on  hisretu.n 
took  ft  contract  to  build  the  Mont,  custom-house;  and  in  '4"i  ditl  good  serviro 
in  maintaining  friendly  lelations  between  Com.  Jones  and  the  Californians.  iv. 
307,  310,  .'!_!•.  The  same  year  he  established  a  branch  store  at  StaCruz  in  c!iari;c 
of  .Josiah  lulden;  l)ut  an  incendiary  (ire  destroying  §0,000  worth  of  lumber  in 
'43  made  this  part  of  his  business  unprofitable.  In  '43-4  lie  had  somewhat  inti- 
mate business  relations  with  Gov.  Jlicheltorcna,  making  loans  to  the  govt,  and 
<loublless  was  induced  by  personal  interests  to  look  with  too  much  favor  on 
the  cholo  cause,  making  also  another  visit  to  Me.x.  on  govt  business,  an  I 
bringing  back  the  small-pox,  among  other  results,  iv,  3(i4,  3G(),  401-3,  40.'i, 
473,  47r<-0,  ;jJ8-9,  iiCt'S,  (j~>\.  On  his  return  he  assumed  the  position  of  U.S. 
consul  at  Mont.,  his  appointment  having  been  made  at  Wash,  in  '43  and  re- 
newed in  '44,  and  from  the  first  was  active  in  sending  accurate  inforinaliou  to 
his  govt  respecting  Cal.  aQ'airs,  as  well  as  iu  the  routine  duties  of  his  ollici'. 
iv.  3S:),  408,  4'2S,  430,  4."j0,  454,  .%1,  aSO-OS.  Larkin's  closeness  in  moiie.\ 
matters,  in  contrast  with  the  reckless  prodigality  aficcted  by  many,  prevented 
lii.s  ever  reaching  in  a  certain  sense  the  highest  popularity,  hut  he  was  alway; 
respected  by  the  better  classes  of  natives  and  foreigners  as  a  nian  of  iionora 
Lie  conduct,  of  sound  judgment,  and  of  conservative  though  not  seltish  viev.  ; 
on  general  topics.  Ho  was  .a  man  of  slight  education,  but  of  much  tact  ami 
practical  good  sense.  Duly  devoted  to  the  interests  of  his  govt  and  of  the 
Amcr.  immigrants,  he  had  no  sympathy  with  filibusterism,  and  did  not  ignore 
the  rights  uud  prejudices  of  the  CuUforuians.   Ho  fully  believed  that,  either  iu 


LARKIN— LA  ROCQUE. 


707 


tlio  event  of  w.ir  vi'itli  Mcx.  f)r  liy  purchase,  the  pt'oplo  nml  local  rulers  miuiifc 
lie;  induceil  Voluntarily  to  trauslei-  tlieir  alleLjiaiKji'  to  tin'  U.S.  At  tlif  iml  of 
'•l.">  lie  was  formally  apiiointed  a  sctiet  aud  coulidfUtial  aj.'eut  of  tin-  ailliiiuis- 
tratiou  at  Wash,  to  hring  ahout  this  result;  ami  from  tiie  lit^iuuiiiL^  of  '1(1, 
turiiiu),' over  ilia  ))rivato  busineA  to  'J'alliot  II.  (Iriiii.  ho  woiked  eari'iistly, 
and  as  lie  l)cliev((l  with  good  prosiieetsof  success,  to  make  fiicnds  for  tho  I'.S. 
and  to  c(juuteract  tiie  ellects  of  the  few  who  favored  an  luiLjlis!'.  protei^torate, 
V.  4  '-'S,  j4-7(),  10!»,  14l',  I'lJI-'JO.  Fremont's  foolish  liravado  at  (Javihm,  and 
the  still  more  foolish  and  criminal  P.ear  revolt,  vere  wellui;;h  fatal  lilin\s  to 
his  plans;  hut  still  ho  did  not  despair,  and  havini;  used  his  inlluence  w  itli 
C(jni.  Sloat  successfully  in  favor  of  a  conservative  policy,  v.  '2'_'l-.")4,  he  wmt 
south  with  Stockton,  hopiii;;  with  the  aiil  of  his  associate,  Alxl  Steal  lis,  to 
induc(!  Castro  and  I'ico,  with  tho  peo|)lo  of  tiie  south,  to  submit  without  rc'- 
sistauce,  artfully  presentiu},'  to  them  the  danger  tiiat  the  U.S.  forces,  in  caso 
the  re)K)rt  of  war  .should  prove  unfounded  as  in  '4'-',  would  rctiiv  and  leavo 
Cal.  at  the  mercy  of  the  jjcars.  That  Stockton  took  cU'ectixe  and  dishoiioralilo 
steps  to  prevent  the  success  of  these  plans,  fearing  tliat  the  siihmi.ssion  of  tlio 
gi>v.  and  general  would  iuterfeie  with  the  ininic(liat(,'  jirospccts  of  him~c!f 
and  his  associate  (ililnistcrs,  is  no  discredit  to  l.,aikin,  \\  lioso  course  tiiroiigii- 
out  is  worthy  of  all  praise,  his  statesninnship  lieiiig  iiicom|iaral)ly  superior  to 
that  of  the  opera-lioulle  'coiii|iierors'  of  Cal.  v.  I'TI--,  "JSI.  Iteturniiig  to 
^lont.,  L.  was  aiijiointed  acting  U.S.  naval  agent,  iiileiusting  liim.self  also  in 
the  release  of  tiie  Hears'  captives  at  X.  Helvetia,  v.  'JSl,  -JILS-',!,  'ML  In  Mo  li 
he  was  a  coires[)ondent  of  the  N.Y.  Ilcrahl  and  Siii>.  Jn  Nov.,  vliile  on 
his  way  to  vi.sit  a  sick  dauyiitcr  atS.F,,  L.  was  captured  hy  tin;  Calilor- 
nians  under  Manuel  Castro,  hccaiue  a  witness  of  the  tii^ht  at  S'atividad,  and 
was  carried  south  to  he  retained  as  a  captive  till  tlu'  cud  of  the  war.  He  was 
kindly  treated,  there  being  no  ill-will  toward  him,  al.d  the  intention  being  to 
utilize  the  possession  of  so  pidiuincut  a  man  eithi  r  in  exclian.ue  or  in  making 
iav(ji'able  terms  of  capitulation,  v.  SoS,  ;j(i4-r>,  ."(17  -70,  4(IJ.  Returning  iioi  tli 
in  '17,  he  served  as  naval  storediceper,  and  his  appointment  as  naval  agent 
was  (joniinucd  in  Wash.  v.  (il4.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  lenislativu 
council  wiiich  never  met.  v.  41!;!.  He  took,  however,  but  slight  part  in  publiu 
ali'airs.  v.  4  tl!,  I4S,  4."),"»,  "t\;  being  notilied  in  duue  '!S  that  his  function.s  :;s 
counsel  and  conlidential  agent  terminated  in  ^lay  witli  the  treaty  of  peace. 
He  had  become  the  own  r  of  various  S.F.  lots,  and  in  jiaitiiership  with  Sem- 
pie,  the  founder  of  Iknicia  in  "47.  v.  (ioIJ,  GOO,  (i7  1-4.  In  '4'J  he  was  a  nieiiib..T 
of  the  coustit.  convention,  ainl  his  naval  agency  was  iliscontiiiuetl  by  order.s 
from  Wash.  In  'oO-.'!  he  resided  with  his  family  in  N.  V.,  but  ret  in  lie,  I  to  S.F. 
auil  gave  his  attention  to  the  care  of  his  (iroperty.  'I'hough  unable  to  siist.iin 
his  title  to  a  S.F.  giant  and  the  Sta  Clara  orchard,  he  was  tiie  successful 
claimant  for  the  I'liigge  aud  Jimeno  rauehos  in  the  S.ic.  Val.  v.  (ili.'i-d,  (i70-l; 
aud  these,  witli  his  jiessessions  in  S.F. ,  Mont.,  and  IScnicia,  made  liiin  a  very 
rich  man.  His  .sons  had  also  been  the  grantees  in  '41  of  a  ranclio  in  Cohi^a. 
iv.  (171.  l^arkin  died  at  S.F.  i.i  'oS.  He  was  a  man  to  whom  nothing  like  Jii  fc 
credit  has  hitherto  been  given  for  his  public  services  in  '4,5-0.  I'oilraits  are 
giv(  ii  in  C''j//uii's  Three  Yiitrs  in  ( 'uL ,  A nual.-<  o/S. F. , and  there ai e  iijiotogi:!.;  lia 
in  tlie  library  of  the  Soe.  Cal.  I'ion.  A  street  in  S.F.  bears  his  name.  .Mr-  I,, 
died  in  '7.'<,  at  the  ago  of  GO.  The  children  were  Thos  I),  b.  in  'HI;  an  iiif.-.i.t 
son  who  dieil  in '.'JO;  l''rcd.  H.  b.  in  '37,  d.  'GO:  Ailelaide  who  died  at  S.  i'. 
in  '40;  Francis  R.  b.  '10,  d.  '74;  Alfred  O.  born  in  '4S;  and  a  daughter  wl.o 
married  Sampson  Tanis.  Thomas,  Alfred,  and  Mrs  Tanis  are  still  li\in.',  I 
think,  in 'So.  The  Larkin  nianuserii)ts  furnished  for  my  use  as  mateiiilior 
history  by  representatives  of  the  family  have  been  named  in  my  list  of  au- 
tlioritics,  with  some  comments,  in  i.  4'J-jO.  They  constitute  a  most  ma.:niti- 
cent  and  uncfiualled  contribution  to  the  history  in  which  the  father  ot  tiie 
donors  took  .so  jirominent  aud  honorable  a  part.  L.  (\Vm  M.).  lJ54.'i,  on  tho 
roil  of  the  Soc.  Cal.  Pion.  iv.  400.  Larragoyli  (Rafael),  IS-J-J,  nir  oi  tiicN./''. 
(/(•  Paula,  ii.  474.  I^i  Roche  (Eugene),  1840,  witness  in  tho  Santillan  caso 
'oj,  age  33.       Lu  Rocquc  (Geo.),   1S4S,  Cuaiadiau  miner  from   Or.  on  tho 


_jt\l 


708 


riOXKCK  KIXilSTKli  AND  IXr»KX. 


Ill  iini;  went  liuck  in  MO  to  Or.,  wliiTr  lio  died  in  '77.  Ifnvin?  n  widow  nnd  \ 
iliiMiVn.  Lusiv.y  (Alex.  JJ.),  Is47,  Co.  1>,  X.V.Vol.  (v.  -J!!!));  iiillcd  l.y 
ilicl.  'IH. 

Liisstin  (I'otcr),  IMO,  'PuniHii  Iducksinitli  \\]\<>  (•.niic  to  .\\wv.  in  '!!>,  to  Of, 
oVL'ilaml  in  "M,  and  to  ("id.  Iiy  tlio  /,  iitniiinii'f\M\A\\vi  at  iludi'ja,  and  iIk  ncu 
iniui'ilin;^'  to  ^Sllttc^'.■^  I'oft,  S.F.,  and  S.  .|(i.s(',  vln  ro  lio  workcii  at  liis  tiado 
tliou^'h  the  wintcrof 'IK-I.  iv.  117,  l--'0-l,  !;;(;.  In  the  Minin,:,'  of  '»!  iio  l,iiilt 
a  saw -mill  near  ,Stii  Crn/,  wliitli  in;  soM  to  llialiani  <'aily  in  'l.'l.  J)i-  .Sundc  Is 
d:'.-^i,Tilii's  liini  tliis  ycir  as  a  trav'tdlint;  Maclisniitli  and  iiiintcr  lic(\vf<'n  S..liwu 
and  Sic;  In' liad  a  litit  on  the  Cosnnitics  in  Nov.;  applied  for  iiatiira'.i/ii' 
tion,  iind  .sLli'utid  II  rani'lio.  In 'II  he  j,'nt  his  |ia[)(is  and  his  land-j.'runt  ff 
i;os(|ncjo  on  l>c  PI' (,"r. , 'J'lhaina  Co.  i\.  ()70-l.  His  ]ilaio  u  often  nuntiuneil 
in  'l."p-(i.  iv.  ■_••_'!»,  ShO;  v.  'J'.',  '-'l-o,  lOJ;  he  was  uilh  ( Jillopit'  ami  I'lenioiit 
and  pi()l)al)ly  oni^  of  the  itears  in  '1(1;  1  nt  is  said  to  have  p)ne  east  in  the 
Stoiklon  party  of '47,  retiunini,'.  jilol).  with  Chile:!,  in  '-IS;  Imt  I  thini;  tlieits 
may  lie  an  cii'or  in  thi.s,  and  that  I...  went  no  farther  cast  than  Foit  Hall,  his 
niis:.i(in  lieiii;4  to  divert  imnuj^ratifin  into  the  La-^sen  routtMo  the  >i]iper  Sae. 
\i\\.  He  was  owner  of  a  S.I''.  lot  in  '17.  In  '.">()  he  sold  h.df  of  his  raneho  end 
stiek,  en,i;auiu^  in  unl'ortunato  .steaiidioat  speenlation  at  Sue.  whieii  iiooa 
iinned  him  linaneially.  In '.")!  hesettltil  in  Indian  \'al.,  I'lnuiasCo.;  and  iii 
Vi."),  as  miner  and  farmer  in  Honey  l.aki'  \'al.,  I.assen  Co.  In  '."i!l,  while  on  a 
pro.s]ierling  tonr  in  the  re;^ioii  noith  of  I'yramid  hake,  he  was  killed  hy  Ind., 
M-  possibly  white  man  disj;uiscd  as  Ind.,  huiii;,'  th<  ii  ."i',>  years  old.  I'ortrait  in 
J'liimrix,  i.dssfii,  ami  SicrrnCi).  lI'iM.,  M.  His  nuniory  is  preserved  in  the 
name  of  Lassen  jicuk  and  eounty. 

ha.sso  do  la  Vefja  (liamon),  17S1,  Mex.  alfi're/  of  the  S.l''.  romp.,  nnd 
pomelimes  habilitado;  retired  on  half  )iav  in  '!)!;  later  a  teaeher  at  S.  .)i.>s'; 
died  in  IS'Ji,  at  the  ago  of  Gl.  I)io;r.  i. "470-1;  nu  lit.  :i4(t,  \'A1  W,  .'13.'.,  r.S4, 
(il'J,  (i'.t.'S,  7l'i.  Lasuen  (Fermiii  Fi-ineiseo),  177^',  Span,  friar  whof!er\('d  i;s 
missionary,  chiefly  at  S.  L)ie;,'i)  till  I7''^">,  when  he  was  ehoieii  president  of  tlio 
missions,  a  position  held  until  his  death  at  ?■!.  Ciirlos  in  IMKI.  In  .'ul  tlieaniiali 
(if  the  Fernandinos  there  ispresentc  '  no  moi-e  admiralile  eharaeter  than  lli;:t 
of  I'alrc  I'crmin.  ISioji.  ii.  8-10;  men',  i.  I'J_>.  P.U-O.  'JIS-O,  ilOG-^,  .'iOO,  .'i;.lj-  I, 

;;!(;,  wis,  .'iss,  ;i'js-4()(i,  417,  aii  o, 4:j-j,  4:j'.i,  4 n,  4.-)1  ;i.  4(;'j,  171, 47 1, 47(>.  4;,.', 
4!)!-:?,  4()S-it,  ")i-->-i;t,  re_»,  ,-):!i,  "):i7,  oi-',  r)44,  .v.;i  .->,  .v.7,  ,V)!)  (M,  ."os,  .■,7.!-}, 

f.7().  r.78-l)9,  000--j;i,  G'JO,  0:)5,  080,  081),  70U-I1,  7i'7-8;  ii.  .*!,  140,  l.V.),   Id.-, 

y78,  0-j.-]. 

Lataillado  (Cesiireo),  184'2,  Span,  of  French  ileseent,  and  ineml)er  of  a  Mes. 
tradini;  firm,  who  eaiiic  as  sup.  of  the  Trlnidiiil.  iv.  .'it  I , .")()!).  \\v  beeaine  v.eil 
known  as  u  man  of  Imsiuess,  makin;.,'  Sta  15.  his  lioiiic.  From  '40  he  was  viee- 
consnl  of  Spain  at  .Mont.,  bcin;,'  ailowid  to  i-eside  i.t  Sta  Ii.  from  '47.  anil  be- 
in;,,'  the  ;;rantec  of  Cnyamas  raneho  in  '4'i.  iv.  .'lOO;  v.  '218,  (d."i,  OLi'J.  liia  iiamn 
(ifien  ap[ieurs  in  oili<'ial  commnn.  during  the  mil.  regime  of  '47-S;  lie  was  men- 
tioned in  eoniu'ction  with  idle  runiora  of  revolts,  v.  oSO;  r.nd  took  a  promi- 
nent jiart  in  arresting  the  murderers  ii  the  lieed  family,  v.  (ilO.  He  acii- 
deiitally  shot  and  killed  himself  atStali.  in  ■40.  His  wife  was  >.laria  Aiit(jnia, 
de  la  (luerra,  who  waa  claimant  for  sevei'al  ranehns,  iii.  O.'i.'i;  iv.  (!I'_',  becuiie 
the  wife  of  Caspar  <lc  Orcfia,  and  is  still  living'  in  "i*^.").  Latham.  IS4(i,  Cal. 
Bat.  (V.  ;{.-)8).       Lathrop  ((Jco.  \V.),  1847,  Co.  II,  X.  Y.Vol.  (v.  400). 

Lauber  (Matthew),  1840,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragonn.s  (v.  ?iM).  Lanfr(Chas 
August),  1844,  (icrman  sailor  on  tlio  Whaler  Wnrrcii,  transferred  to  the 
T'i-<!iO,  and  making  a  trip  to  Callao  with  Cajit.  Cooper,  iv.  4.');).  In  'l."i  (i.  he 
Worked  as  a  Inmberman  in  Marin;  in '4;i-7  served  in  the  Cal.  ] Sat.,  Co.  I!, 
artill.  (v.  ;i.)S);  went  to  the  mines  in  '48-0;  and  in  '4!)  was  pilot  on  t!ie  bay 
aii<l  S.  .loaquin.  From  'oO  he  lived  at  dili'erent  jilaccs  in  Marin  Co.,  licing  in 
'^0  on  a  ranclio  near  Bolinas,  with  wife — Maria  . I.  Cilnian,  daughter  of  ( Jre- 
gorio  Briones,  married  in  'O'J— and  0  eliildren.  I'ortrait  in  Mur'ui  ('o.  Hist., 
Of.  Laughlin,  IS'27,  sec  iii.  100.  L.  (.lames),  1848,  iiat.  ofS.C.  who  came 
from  Or.  to  the  mines;  died  in  Stanislaus  Co.  '78.  L.  (Itiehard),  1S2S,  Anier. 
trapper  who  came  from  X.  Alex,  with  Fattie's  party,  with  a  passport  dated 


LAULiULlN-LIlAVl'X'.VOUTn. 


''» 


(t. 


mp.,  mill 

t  S.  .)os-; 

put  of  iIk; 

'      inn;'.!; 
;ii>  tli;.t 

,:i02- 1. 

7(i. -J''. 
--•►     * 

,  .'l.'    '1 

V.I,     Hi-'. 

,f  a  M.'N. 

lUllO  will 
wan  viri'- 
;uiil  1"'- 
liisiianii' 
was  lucii- 
a  proini- 
11c  ac  i- 
Antonia 
licoauu; 
8411,  (All. 

iiff(Chas 
il  ti)  til'' 
M,'>  f).  ho 
.,  Co.  1"'- 
tho  liay 
licili;.'  ill 
[v  (if  <  iri'- 

\o.   Hist., 

ho  I'amc 
|S,  Aincr. 


Tiiw  (111  \(irt(>,  Apr.  is, '•J7.  iii.  Kill,  17s.  Husittlcdat  I.os  Ancf.  nsnoni'pcii- 


U-r.  il. 
a  ii.itivi'. 


,).)S;  ^ul  a  ciiitii  III  '•> 


am 


1  lat( 


IK 


(.'!•  (ivMicil  II  viiiiyaiil,  ]i(iliai>(  111.11;  \  i;ii{ 


o  i<  iiaiiK  il  ill  Vi.riiiii.s  riironU  nf  ';U-tl!,  liok  p.irt  in  tiiu  .Mi 


loniia  c.iiniiai-ii  of  "I."),   iv.    lIK'i;  and   is  saiil   to  haw  Kail  a  ^aiilcli   mar   S. 

La  1 1  re, 
iii.  IM). 
I  lit  Sou. 


I'.iuii.  in  '4ti.  lie  (lird  at  tlu^  iiid  of  tliat  yoar,  lit  the  auo  of  II. 
IS.'iO,  (Udwiitd  at  S.  Luis  Uli.  in  attciiipliii^'  to  land  from  11  t^hii 
J,  m:.  lid  (.M.),  I^IS,  jKissp.  fioiu  lion.       I 


aiii'i'iio  1 1 


llilflilX  1,  INIS, 


La 


LavallLllu  (LriOi\.  I''.),   |S17,   com.    of   tin:  I'.S.    linh  iii'mlinvc. 


I'ion. 
\  in  ('i'h' 
Lavvlor  (Jolin),   1'<'.'7  s,   mr  df  tlic  K 


IS.14,  lin-I. 


w  no  ic  I  I'lil  a  iia-.s 


</.■'),  in  ticiulilc  ill  thi'  sniitli   hy 
latioii.t.  ii.  ."i."il,  .'(li);  iii. '.II  ."1,  Ml-."),  117.    Ilcwa-t 


roa.soii  (II  lii.i  tilling';;! inj,'  o|it' 

lostoii  a  voy,  fium  llmi.  to  .\u.->tral;a  in  ';]!,  a;)  iiir  of  tiii^  A//ihii.       Liwrcm 

1S4S,  sailor  on  tho  Isnm'  U'alfv 


4!l!l).       L.  (.1.   v.),   IS4H,  died   ill  Utah  W: 


L.   (Ilonry),  ISJ7.  Co.  (i,  X.Y.Vol.  (v. 


L.  (.loiiii),  I  Ml).  I'aiiii- 


tlei-oy'.s  dia','oiiiis(  V.  'Jo'J,  •JI7).  L.  (.lo-;i'pli  N'icintc),  |sj|,  nut.  of  .N.N',  who 
Ian  'id  from  tlio  JU  f/./cooi/  at  I'ndi';,';!  and  (.amu  to  .'v  K.  in  a  hoat.  ii.  17s.  In 
'I'ii  ho  went  to  Los  Any.,  wiiciu  hu  waa  liaptizcd  in  '"J  I,  iiiarii(_d  .Maria  ,\i  rinl.i, 


nil 


III   M  wiis 


■;till  th- 


ith 


w  ifc  and  Hon,  a^'o  ,'{2.  ii.  I'.Ki,  .")'_'(!,  .'j.^S;  iii.  17 


I7!l. 


Liuvrcy  (.\:no3  (c.),  ISKi,  Anicr.  mason  ami  ]ii;iiiaiis  ovcil.  iinini.;.,  who 
in  '47  woilicd  on  t!ii.!  l.st  hriik  house  hiiilt  at  .Nloiit.  for  (!.  |).  liicUons  m, 
whii-io  (h  ii^litir  Mari.aiTl  hi!  liianiid  a  little  laur.  In  tho  Stiliiin.^  Indr.r,  (lit. 
->,  '70,  '.'iii.k  till)  rioiitu'r'  (Swan)  tolls  how  the  yoiin.L' man  wont  to  Hon.  fir 
n  •■.  tvidiii;^  oiitlit,  and  attoinplin;^  to  Hiniij.;.;!o  tlio  gouds  aslioii',  iiad  to  imr- 
i;ha:-,u  lliLiii  nnow  at  a  roii 
Ci'Kh'fci  ill  I'M).  '4S  is  roci 


ml 


Mu\  indeed   his  arrival  at    lion,    on    tin; 


L 


(1  at  S.  .J, 


n  \si 


liaviii''  hci'ii 


f  r  iii;:iiy  years,   lie  loltawidow  aiiil  I!  ^jrowii  ohildieii,  one  of  tir 


l.lilKl 

1   .Mrs 


II 


ihaeh.       Law.'^oii  ( ilenrv),  lsl7,  (jo.  II.  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  4'.i!l).       L.  (.lohm 


1    i7,  Co.   15,  ditt.i;  died  at  .Mont. '4!l.       L.  (.Julni),  LS47,  Co.  15,  M. 


ISiit. 


(\.  4:i;!).       Lawton,  ISIS,  overl.  iInmi^'.  with. lohnson,       Jj.,  181S,  of  Kilhoin, 
L.,  &  Co.,  S.I''.       L.  (I'.enj.  J[.),  IS:;4,  mr  of  tlio  S.  tVniht  <n.  id.  ;{S1. 

Laydeii  (Win),   KS47,  Co.  t",   X.Y.Vol.   (v.  4'.l!l);  died  at  lloiioliilii '.')4. 


Layt):i(ChaR),  1,S47 


laiico  iier''t  Co.  F,  .'id  U.S. 


artil 


l'^;i.;l.  will)  had  Rirved  in  (ho  liritisli  ariiiy;  in  tho  mini  s 'I'J  .")'J;  later 


h 


Iceei  cr  at  Ft  1 


died  at  y    it. 


Lei 


ntloniptiiig  to  captnie  tl 

and  mar.   in  '411 — was  in  "7S  tli 

(la'.i;j,hter,  Mr.s  Amos  I5urr,  also  livi 


fatally 


U'.l.  A  nat.  of 
ii-ht- 


itlawd   i''a.   His  widow — m'o  (,' 


led 
ilolto  Wad. 


ill  N.  South  Wales.  Si 
4G!');  iii\S'2atKaysville,  Ut;i 


ifo  of  (ill).   C.    Harris  at  S.F.,   where  a 
1.   One  VA>\\  was  a  s.ulor  and  aiiotlier  li\  ed 


L.  (Cliristo)  her),  ISI7,    Co.  C,  .Moriii.  Hat. 


Li 


.•f(Ami 


LSI."),  mr  of  the  .V'M'i (/•'./', 


:uid  of  tho  Liiiluijii  in  "i'.'!.   iii.  ;107,  4;r_'.       J..  (.Miehael),  lS.';i,  mr  of  tlio  f ' 


ii.  4il2,  .")l!l.       Lazaro  (Nicol;i>),  ISO,-),  Span,  fr 


lar  who  sorvci 


1  fo 


l.rief 


term  at  .S.  Feni.  and  S.  Liii',i;o,  wliero  ho  died  in  LS07.  ii.  ll'>;  iii.  L"iII-IHI. 

Leacii  (Kciidrieli  \.).  18^7,  Co.  K,  X".Y.Vol.  (v.  4'JII);  in  \s.'J  at  Fountain 
Green,  111.      Lo.iliy  (I)an.),  isi.",  Iri.di  oooporat  .Sutter's  Fort  '4.")-(),  and  i);..ii. 


nn  overl.  iinnii''.  iv.  .')/.S,  .")8, . 


Ill '4 


(  owner  o 


f  a  lot  at  S.  F. ,  w  hero  lie  s'li 


ill '4S-,".4.   Ho  died  in  Nevada '7"),   leaving,' a  family  in  (h:       Leaudiy  (.1  iia:i 


IS.),  18:27,  Ital. 


canio  1>y  se.i  at  the  iii;o  of  'J.'i.   iii.  170.  In  '."5- ho  joim  I 


the  comp.  r.Ntranjera  at  Mont.  iv.  '..''il;  i;i  ''Mi  kejit  a  store  at  Los  An.:,'.;  was 
natur:i!i/.cd  in ';{'.(.  .Inez  do  paz  '40-1,  holiiiiig  other  loeal  oliiees;  owiic!- of 
p;irt  of  iS.  Fcdro,  and  grantee  of  Los  (Joyotcs,  whore  ho  died  in  '4.'{.  iii.  OIL 


o.;;{,  0: 


iv.  O'Jii,  o:!:{. 


^eai 


Mont.;  ])orhaps  at  Sonc 


"48. 


y  (W) 


1844,  deserter  from  tho  Wanrii  111  ar 


jieriiaps  at  Sonoma 
Li^avens  (Win),  1840,  one  of  the  men  captured  with  AKalde  Ilarthtt  hy 
Snnciiez  at  .S.F.  (v.  ;{77).  Leavenworth  (Thaddeus  M.),  1S47,  nat.  of  Conn., 
physieian  and  episcopal  clergyman,  w  110  came  as  chaplain  of  the  X*.Y.\'ol.  v. 
M4,  T)!!.  ilo  took  some  ))art  in  matters  pertaining  to  clinrcli  and  schools,  and 
was  alcalde  of  S.F.  in  "47-!!.  v.  048-o2,  0.")7.  Ho  was  also  owner  of  town  lot.*, 
and  il  street  in  tho  city  hears  his  name.  His  olBeial  acts  have  been  severely 
eritieised,  hut  1  lind  no  data  for  a  just  estimate  of  hid  character.  In  '."lO  ho 
went  to  Wonoma  Co.,  where  he  was  claiiuaut  for  a  part  of  Agua  Calieute  rtin- 


1  i  m 


710 


riONEER  KEGISTKIl  AND  INDEX. 


cho,  iii.  711,  and  wliere  he  still  lived  in  'S2.  lieavy  (Owen),  1847,  corp.  Co. 
l'\  3(1  U.S.  Jirtill.  Tlio  name  was  periiaps  Lcavy.  v.  .VJ!).  J.,L'l)cau  (.loscpli), 
IslO,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  3,")8).  Lecky  (Win  (.'.),  lb4(J,  Co.  C,  l.st  U.S.  (lra<,'o(ins, 
killed  at  S.  I'asciial.  v.  34G.  Lecointe,  l.'i-l,"),  cmn,  of  tlie  lli  route,  iv.  ."(ill. 
\am»\  (Martin),  18;!4,  Frcnelimaii  in  a  Mont,  li.st.  Leddy  (Michael),  ISIT, 
C'li.  11,  N.Y.V'ol.  (v.  499);  died  in  Mendocino  Co.  bef.  'S.'{,  Ledes.na  (Jose), 
grantee  of  land  at  S.  Galjriei.   v.  ti'JS. 

Lee,  1847,  a  son  said  to  iiave  lieen  born  to  Mrs  Lee  in  Jan.,  at  N.  llelv, 
L.,  1S47,  of  L.  &  Keily,  liakers,  Mont.  L..  1848,  ilof^ged  and  iniitrisoiicd 
fur  attempt  at  murder  near  S.  Jost5.  L.  (Baiton),  184S,  iiat.  of  N.  V.,  who 
canu^  from  Or.  to  the  mines;  member  and  biK'.ces.sor  of  tlic  Sac.  (inn  of  I'ricst, 
L  ,  &Co. ;  prominent  also  in  local  ]iolitiu3.  lie  failed  lor  a  lar;,'e  amount  in 'o't, 
and  went  to  live  in  the  Sandwich  Isl.,  but  returned  to  (,'al.,  and  died  at  Sac. 
in  ■.")().  L.  (Cornelius  11. v.),  1847,  Co.  F,  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  49!));  i)resid.  of  tliu 
regulators  at  S.F.  '49;  died  at  Sta  U.  in  '(>.'!.  L.  (Elisha),  1847,  owner  of 
S.h'.  lot.  L.  (James  K.),  1817,  Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Vallejo  in  VSi'. 
L.  (.)l^lu  C),  l!547,  Co.  F,  ditto.  L.  (Lawton),  184.'),  one  of  the  men  lostoa 
the  Warrriiii  launch  in  '40.  iv.  087;  v.  .'584.  L.  (Milton),  1817,  trader  ;it 
Mont.  L.  (Sam.),  1 840,  mate  of  the  Z/'/'/'Af/z/Jn '40-8.  L.  (Theodore),  181(1, 
mid.  on  the  (,'o//,'//-c'.s.s,-  act.  lieut  Co.  A,  Stockton's  naval  bat.,  '40-7.  v.  Ii8(>. 
Levy  (Wni),  1848,  miner  on  tlic  Yuba. 

Leese  (.Jacob  I'rimer),  I8.'{;>,  native  of  Ohio,  b.  in  IS09,  and  engaged  in  the 
Sta  Fe  traile  from  ';{i»,  who  seenis  to  iiavc  come  from  N.  Me.x.  late  in  ';5.'!,  but 
pcrliaps  went  bark  and  came  again  in  July  '.'U,  eugaijingin  trade  at  i>os  Aie.'. 
iii.  ,'188,  409.  In  ';>0  ho  came  to  Mont,  witl;  Gov.  Chico,  whose  good-will  lie 
succeeded  in  gaining,  formed  a  jiartnership  with  Nathan  Spear  and  Win  S. 
lliucUlcy,  obtained  a  lot  at  S.F.,  and  on  it  built  the  1st  solid  structure  iu 
tnuii  before  July  4th,  being  naturalized  in  Sept.  iii.  421,  4;il,  70."),  709;  iv. 
8(1,  i  10;  V.  OSO.  Tiic  ne.\t  \eur  ho  erected  a  larger  store  on  the  beach,  and 
married  Rosalia,  sister  of  (ien.  Vallejo,  nuuh  against  the  general  s  wislies. 
lie  luid  a  lighter,  the  Isabella,  running  on  the  bay  an(i  rivers,  ami  tlio  busi- 
iu>s  of  tlic  linn,  in  exchanging  goods  for  rancho  product.-),  was  prolitalilc; 
but  he  quancUed  witli  Spear  and  Hinckley  about  the  division  of  the  $i;{,()(i() 
jiiolits,  and  the  partnership  was  dissolved  in  '.■i8,  though  L.  eoiuinued  the 
linsiness  lor  several  years,  failing  to  >;et  the  apjiointiiunt  of  receptor  in  '.'ill, 
and  getting  another  town  lot  in  '40.  iii.  700,  70.')-0,  70!t-l(>;  iv.  98;  v.  079. 
Ill  '41  he  was  giantee  of  the  Canada  de  Guadalupe,  Visitacion,  y  Rodeo  Viejo 
ranc'io  at  S.F.,  and  of  llnichica  at  Sonoma;  and  this  year  he  sold  out  his 
stme  to  the  II.  IJ.  Co.  iv.  .S7,  179,  217,  071.  lie  also  transferred  his lesidence 
and  place  of  business  to  .Sonoma,  owning  one  lighter  in  comp.  with  Win  Johii- 
bcii,  and  another,  the  I'osa'ia,  with  iSalv.  Vallejo.  In  '4;{  lu!  went  to  Or.  with 
a  dro\o  of  cattle,  iv.  377,  .190;  and  in  '44-5  he  was  alcalile  at  .Sonoma,  hav- 
ing sei'ious  (juariels  with  Victor  rrudon.  iv.  44."),  418,(178-9.  In'-lO  he  waslo 
a  certain  e.vteiit  a  sub-agent  for  the  carryin--oiit  of  L:irUiii's  ]ilans.  v.  (io; 
and  for  this  reason,  perhaps,  having  acconipanied  the  licars  to  Sac.  as  iiiter- 
pi-'ter,  was  thrown  into  jirison  by  I'Vemont  with  the  Vullrjos  and  i'rudon.  v. 
1 12,  1 19-21,  298-9.  His  L'rar  FUuj  Riroll,  an  original  .MS.  i  ■,  my  col,  is  one 
(it  the  best  narratives  extant  on  the  subject,  v.  lS7.  He  liad  a  'Cal.  claim' 
of  .SO, 189,  besides  !v  claim  for  tin;  construction  of  a  wharf  at  Mor.t.  v.  407:  i. 
li-il  atith.  In '47  he  is  n;  iiicd  as  u  member  of  the  Sonoma coMicil.  v.  008;  and 
is  said  to  have  made  considerable  nioney  in  the  mines  '48-9.  He  made  a  voy- 
iigc  to  China  in  '49  en  the  h'rc/iiir,  I'.ider  an  i.rraugeiiient  with  Larkiii;  and 
s'.il)se([uently  rcsiiled  at  Mont.,  holdi'ig  some  local  ollices;  being  the  claimant 
for  several  ranehos.  iii.  078-9;  iv.  071;  and  in 'o.")  vice-jtresident  of  the  Soc. 
Cal.  Pion.  He  was  an  uneducated  and  not  \ery  intelligrnt  man.  active  and 
cntirpi'  ng  in  business,  whoso  many  speculations  were  marked  by  boldness 
rather  tiian  Jibility;  and  his  large  jiroperty,  with  that  of  his  wife,  all  disap- 
piared.  In  'ti.'l  lie  obtaincil,  in  company  with  others,  a  concesoion  of  lands  for 
colonization  in  Jj.  Cal.,  but  the  scheme  was  a  failure;  and  about  '0.')  In-  left 
Cal.  fur  the  east.  I  have  no  delinite  record  of  his  subsenuent  career,  but  in 


LEKSE-LEIVA. 


711 


Feb.  '85  an  apparently  reliable  newspaper  report  represents  him  as  IiviIl^'  at 
S.  Antonio,  'J'(;.\as,  in  gooil  health,  but  extreme  poverty,  an  appeal  being 
niailo  to  jiionecrs  in  his  behalf.  Portrait  in  AunaU  of  S.  F.  a.m\  Jlc.i/ii riuji. 
Mrs  Leeae  lives  at  Mont,  in  'So,  ami  has  7  grown  eiiildren.  Shu  funiishcil  for 
my  nso  a  Iiiitorij  of  the  Oso.i,  of  no  speeial  value.  A  daughter,  liosali'a,  burn 
at  .S.F.  iu  '3S,  anil  the  1st  ehihl  born  at  Yerlia  Buena,  iii.  710,  died,  ami  her 
name  waa  given  to  a  younger  daughter.  Tlio  oldest  son,  Jacob,  was  liurn  in 
",i[),  and  resides  in  '85  at  Salinas,  where  he  has  been  eounty  clerk  and  deputy 
sheriir,  his  wife  being  an  Estraila,  a  niece  of  Gov.  Alvarado.  One  of  Leese's 
daughtc'-s  married  a  son  of  JoS(5  Abrogo.      (L.  returned  to  Cal.  in  'h."),) 

Lefevre  (Minard  J.),  1S4(J,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  ,'};>()).  Lifurt 
(Geo.),  1847  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  4'J<J).  Lo  Fourri  (Francois),  ls:il.  i,\,,\ 
N.  Me.x.  wi,!i  Wolfskin  or  Jaehson.  Legar  (Migui  1),  KiUJ,  Sfrgt  in  Vi/i':,i- 
Tio's  exped.  i  98.  Legarda  (.Jose),  1841,  nn*  of  XXwJdcca  ('(iitdiiia.  \\.  .")  i  i. 
Legare  (Uurnott),  1847,  Co.  E,  X.  V.Vol.  (v.  49',;);  died  at  se.i  "OU.  J..  (\Vm 
II. ),  1847,  (Utto;  died  at  Los  Ang.  '47.  v.  G25.  Legendre  (Louis),  1817,  l''r. 
settler  in  Kuss.  Riv.  township,  -vlicro  he  was  miu'dered  after  '.V_*.  Sjii.  Co. 
J/iaL,  358-00.  *^cgge,  1844,  oliicer  in  tlio  Moi/i:<tc  Leggett  (Wmi,  1847, 
C).  H,  N.Y.  V-,1.  (v.  4!W).  Lehigh,  1847,  son  said  to  havo'bein  born  to  .Mrs 
L. ;  periiaps  *Lealiy,'(j.  v.  Leicer,  1844,  Walla  Walla  chief,  iv.  515;  see 
'Elijah.'       Leick  (Clins^,  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.V(d.  (v.  4!)!)). 

LeidesiL-'l"  ( Wm  Alex.),  1S41,  nat.  of  the  Daiiisli  Wc.-it  Indies,  son  of  a 
])ane  by  a,  nuilattress,  who  came  to  the  U.S.  as  a  boy,  and  became  a  masier 
of  vessels  sailing  from  N.  Y.  and  Is'.  Orleans.  Ib^  came  to  Cal.  as  mr  of  the 
Jn/i.d  Anil,  on  which  ho  made  later  trips  to  tlio  Islands  down  to  '45.  iv.  'J7'.l, 
f)(io.  Engaging  in  trade  at  S.F.,  ho  got  a  lot  in  '43  at  the  cor.  of  Clay  and 
Kearny  streets,  and  in  '44  (jr  '45  built  a  warehouse  on  the  lieach  at  (,'aL  and 
Leidesdorll' streets,  iv.  GOD,  078;  in  '40  buildin^'  the  City  Hotel  on  his  1st  lot, 
and  ill  '47  Iniying  fn^n  Ridley  the  cottage  at  the  cor.  of  Moiitgoiiieiy  and  (J.iL 
streets,  where  he  pas.scd  the  rest  of  his  life.  iv.  078,  080.  in  '41  ho  o'otained 
naturalization  ))apers  and  a  grant  of  the  Rio  do  los  Americanos  rancho.  iv. 
07-!;  and  fivjin  Oct.  '45  served  as  U.S.  vice-consul  by  LarUin's  appointment. 
i\ .  188,  5."i7.  5S',)-'J,),  005.  His  c(jrrcsp.  of  these  years,  especially  with  L.irkin, 
i.j  a  most  valuable  source  of  iiistorical  information.  In  '40  bo  hadcontrovcr.sies 
with  Forbes,  RiiUey,  and  Hinckley,  who  were  not  intensely  Ameiican  enough 
lo  suit  this  Dai'.ish  citizen  of  Mcx.;  visiting  \.  Helv.  and  Monter(;y;  and  in 
this  and  the  following  years  beconiiug  owner  of  uiany  city  lots.  v.  ."!  4,  '-'8, 
l.!0,  178,  'Jai),  •_'•),■),  0)8-!),  078,  080.  In  '47,  having  a  Cal.  claim  of  .•?8,7i:)(v. 
402),  and  launching  the  1st  .steamer  that  ever  sailed  on  S.F.  bay,  v.  577-8, 
040,  ho  was  not  only  one  of  the  town's  most  prominent  business  men,  but  a 
meml)er  of  the  council,  treasuri'r,  and  memlier  of  tin;  school  commiti:  ',  tak- 
ing an  active  part  in  local  politics,  v.  455,  (i48-5'.',  050.  Ho  died  in  May  '48, 
iit  the  age  of  .'{8.  He  was  .'in  intelligent  man  of  fair  educaticni,  spcikiiig  sev- 
eral Ian  ;nages;  active,  enterprising,  and  jiuMic-spirited;  honoi'ablo  for  the 
most  part  in  his  transactions;  but  jealous,  (|uiek-temperi.>d,  often  (piarrel- 
some,  and  disagreeable.  His  estate,  burdened  by  heavy  debts  at  the  lime  of 
his  death,  after  the  gold  excitement  became  of  immense  value.  It  Mas  ad- 
ministered by  W.  1).  M.  Howard,  with  the  assistance  of  C.  \'.  tiiUespie,  and 
was  for  year.-i  the  subject  of  complicated  litigation;  but  the  tiile  of  ('a|)t. 
Folsom,  who  had  found  the  mother  and  other  heirs  of  Leidcidorirat  .St  (Jroix 
I.'^l.,  and  had  bought  their  inten'Sts,  was  linally  adjudged  to  bo  valid. 

Leigh  (Isaac),  lS4ii.  one  of  the  Morm  )n  i'ol.  with  his  wife.  v.  "(40;  lu^ver 
■went  to  Utah.  Leigliton  (•lames  C. ),  184S,  at  S.F.  from  Tahiti;  licut  of 
S.  F.  guards;  of  firm  L.,  Swa.sey,  &  Co.  v.  081.  L.  (N'atliaiiicl  S.),  1840, 
Amer.  carpenter  who  got  a  carta  at  S  F.  in  Oct.;  at  .Mont,  in  'I'-',  iv.  IJO. 
I.  (Feteri,  18,'i8,  nanieil  in  Larkin's  accts.  Liinlnrd(.J.  H.),  I8t7,  in  Sut- 
ter's employ '47-8.  Leister  (Thomas).  1840,  Co.  ( ',  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v. 
31)0).  Leiva,  niaj.  of  Januil  near  ,S.  Diego,  killed  liy  Ind.  '37.  iii.  01  I;  iv. 
08.  L.  (Antonio),  at  S.  .luaii  Cap.  '40,  ago  '2'.i.  L.  (Francisco),  soldier  at 
Sta  15.  '3-;  wife  Maria  C.  \'al'  "icia;  at  StaB.  '50.      L.  (Jose),  soldier  of  S.F, 


:Vq 


i  1:1 


712 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AXD  INDEX. 


conip.  '30-42;  at  Los  Ang.  Mfi.  L.  (Juan),  corporal  at  Sta  B.  before  '."^T;  at 
I.os  Ang,  '40.  L.  (Mit^iufl),  soldier  at  Sta  IJ.  ':«.  L.  (Uini't'"),  ilittc,  L. 
(Hnfiuo),  LOrp.  ot  (Sta  15.  cmup.,  in  com.  of  cscolta  at  S.  Buen.,  wlicrc  lie  was 
killed  hy  Iiid.  in  '10.  ii.  XV,>.  \j.  (Santiago  and  Tcodorol,  at  Loa  Ang.  '4(1. 
Lelhind  (.lulin  M.),  Ibl7,  owner  of  S.F.  lot;  perliaps  McLelland.  Lelung 
(Martin),  IsiT,  Co.  (I,  N.V.Vol.  (v.  41)!)). 

Lcni  (VVui),  ih'JS,  Engl,  sai'or  who  deserted  from  a  Er.  wlialcr  at  Tndos 
Santos  and  caino  to  S.  l)iego;  or  perhaps  left  drunk  at  S.  1).  by  the  (ii'ioral 
iSiirrf.  Lcinan  (.lohn),  Islli,  Co.  B,  Cal.  15at.  (v.  o,)^),  enlisting  at  S.  Jo;i'! 
Nov.  Leui  lino  ((!.  ]>.),  lS4(i  7,  nir  of  the  FnnKi.^ca  nud  pass,  on  the  Elr.i- 
bdh;  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  v.  .")7S,  (170.  Lemon  (Geo.  !•'.),  1847,  lieut  C<i.  A, 
N.Y.Vol.  V.  .".03;  .S.F.  assessor  T)  1 ;  lient-col  N.Y.N'ol.  in  the  war  of  the  re- 
bellion; killed  in  battle  '&2.  L.  (.James  W.),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v. 
4U0);  reinl.;  at  Wi'ston,  Utah,  'Nl. 

Le  Xetrel  (Ed.),  Fr,  li"Ut  oil  tlie  Jlrrox.  iii.  12n.  Lenoir,  ISl.'t,  Er.  luit- 
ter  from  Or.  in  tlie  McM.-Clyman  jiarty;  prob.  returned  to  Gr.  '4(i.  iv.  .")7-, 
tJO.  Lenox  (E.  11.),  184S,  iventuekian  in  Sta  Clara  '()8-7'i.  L.  (.Jomi  A.,. 
1S40,  overl.  imniig.  with  his  parents  at  tlie  age  of  2  years.  Tiic  family  settKd 
at  Sonoma,  wheie  .lohn  died  in  '74.  >SV(c  Union.  L.  (.1.  W'.),  1848,  nat.  ot 
Ind.;  in  Sonmua  Co.  '48-77.  Hon.  <'o.  Hi.iK  L.  (T.),  1847.  in  Sutter's  em- 
ploy '47->«;  Ic-id  a  latnily;  prob.  came  in  '4(i.  All  the  preceding  are  ]ivob.  vague 
ref.  to  the  s:ime  family.  JA'on  (.\ndre.-i),  in  the  Mont,  revolt  of  '20;  ^ent  as 
prisoner  to  Mex.  'liO.  iii.  00,  71,  8,"i.  Leon  v  Luna,  179.>,  nu'  of  the  Artir.i. 
i.  ."i44.  Leonard  (Geo.  \V.  M.),  1847,  Co.  E.  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  400):  a  colonel 
undtr  Walker  in  Nicaragtta;  in  N.Y.  city  '82.  L.  (Louis),  ]S40,  overl. 
immig.  wi.ii  llopiic  an  I  lli'.ilan;  went  back  east  and  died.  Lalluiuii.  Leon- 
ardo Vl'cdro  B.),  sirvienlcat  Soleilad   1701-1800.  i.  400. 

Lepauc  (Francois),  1842,  Frenchman  who  got  a  carta  at  S.F. ;  owner  of  a  lot 
in '4.">,  wiiicii  lie  sold  to  James  Lick  in '48.  iv.l!H.()00.  L.  (Nicholas),  18)2. 
biother  of  Francois,  who  also  got  a  carta.  Lciiuez  (J.  V.),  I8HI,  doubtt'id 
name  of  a  Scotchm;in  permitted  to  marry.  Lerma,  so'.aier  killed  by  Ind.  in 
'21.  ii.  •')'>').  Lermix,  1847,  guide  to  Morm.  I'at.  v.  483.  Leroy  (.roscplil, 
ls;JO,  Ficncliman,  aged  20, at  the  \'erjeles  ranchonear  .Mont.;  perhaps  the  same 
man  was  an  o.t.r-hunter  with  NidcNcr  in  ';!0-40.  iv.  110.  L.  (U.),  1 'i.lO.  F'r. 
surgeon  at  ^ta  B.  and  Mont.  Lester  (Thomas ;,  1817,  Engl,  sailor  baptized 
as  Jose  Toinas  Ignacio,  and  living  at  Li.  Jose  '20-.').'l.  ii.  284,  280,  .'JO.!,  01)2; 
jierliaps  the  same  who  went  to  Hon.  on  the  Man/  Ann  in 'i'.  Letterinan 
(lleniy),  1840,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  J.W). 

Levelain  (Ciias).  l8-i;j-4,  Fr.  b^.y  who  left  the  I'vriUuand  (?),  and  lived  with 
Capt.  Bicliard.soii  at  Sauzalitn.  iv.  400;  at  S.F.  from  '40;  married  a  daughter 
of  I'aisibio  Soto  in  'oO;  at  Butte  City  '00;  at  S.F.  '04-7.  Levitt,  18rs.  mr 
<if  the  L'rt'jli'.  V.  577.  Leviek  (Isaac),  184."),  at  S.F. ;  also  in '.")4.  L.  (lolnii, 
1>>.'{7,  dc-erter  from  an  F'ngl.  sciir  with  a  man  named  Morgan.  They  built  a 
cabin  at  what  became  the  cor  of  l)u]iont  and  Broadway,  S.F.  (?),  and  acipiircil 
a  large  foitune.  ]!(>  left  Cil.  in  ',')',  and  was  lost  on  the  Ccntnil  Ami  rim. 
II- mill.  Oct.  .SI,  '.")7.  iv.  118.  Levin  (Louis),  18:!,"),  at  Eos  Ang.  Levy 
("uos),  18  IS,  overl.  immig.  to  Or.  in  '40,  and  eanie  from  Gr.  to  the  mines; 
found  di-ad  at  Mos(|uito  '74.  a^e  40.   Sac.  Union. 

Lewis,  l,s47,  of  linn  of  L.  &  Lynch,  M<mt.  '47-8.  L.  1840,  desertcrfroni 
an  En:!,  man-of-war,  who  on  jnetence  of  liaviii,'  great  wealth  married  an 
oililian  who  left  him  \\  hen  she  learned  tin?  trnth;  so  wrote  L(;idesdorll'.  I'er- 
liaps  W'm  Lewis  of  '40.  L..  IS40,  overl.  immig.  with  .Stephen  Cooper.  L., 
isl^,  fiom  lloiiola'n.  L.  (.\braham),  184S,  iiat.  of  N.Y.;  in  Sta  CUara  Co. 
'70.  L.  (.VlUii),  IS.'JO,  Aiiier.  blacksmith,  age  2."),  who  came  on  the  I'lnnrt. 
iii.  ISO;  JitSta  11  "Mt.  L.  (  F.  W.)  1817,  mate  of  i\w  Elizihrth;  perhaps  at  Sta, 
Ii.  '.")0.  L.  ((!eo  W.),  IS4(i,  nat.  of  Mo.,  \\\\i\  to  have  come  with  his  latliei'"s 
family  ami  t'<  have  settled  at  Sonoma,  where  his  mothi'r  lived  in  '80.  and  ho 
Mas  cauilidate  f'r  county  assessor.  L.  (Henry),  184",  (^'o.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v. 
400).  L.  (II.  E.),  1847,  Co.  E,  ditto;  at  S.  Josi'-  '71-4;  not  in  (Jlark's  latest 
list.       L.  (Henry  H.),   1847,  licuton  the  XJ.fi.  Iiidipfmleutc.       L.  (J.),  1848, 


LEWIS-LILI,IE. 


713 


■dwitli 

ISIS,  iiir 

(.Iiiliin, 

■  liuilt  a 

|u'i[uir<'il 

.  ni'  ricn. 

Levy 

Iniuc^s•, 

ltd-  fi  om 
InitHl  au 
\[\.    rcr- 

r   V' 

ll.iiu  Co. 

I'laiii't. 

lis  iit  Stiv 

1  lather's 

iliul    111) 

k'ol.    (V. 

\a  hiti'-^t 

),  1S48, 


passp.  from  Hon.  L.  (Jamoj^),  1S15,  douUtful  name  of  the  Mc^I.-Clyinan 
jiiirty.  iv.  oT.'l.  L.  (Janioo  1).),  IS-i;),  sailor  on  the  vl(/;»<V^^((■(',  disLii.  in 'la. 
P(/ert<ou'x  J'iitri/.  L.  (.John  15. ),  1S4>'),  ovtrl.  ininiig.  of  the  Swascy-Toihl  party. 
iv.  ')'('),  r)S7;  oiii;  of  the  toniinittio  representing  now-eoiners  in  tiie  treaty 
with  Castro  in  Nov.  iv.  (>'.)[];  at  .S  ii  iia  anil  Napa  '4(i-S,  and  nieiuljrr  of  the 
Sonoma  council  '47.  v.  (lOS;  at  ^.  '  se  'oO.  L.  (.Joini),  1847,  Co.  F,  X.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  4!)'.)):  <1.  .Sta  1$.  '4S.  L.  (John),  1S:U,  at  Los  Aug.;  doubtful  name. 
L.  (.Joseiiii),  IS47,  eonnnander's  clerk  on  the  L'olumbua.  L.  (.losiph  15.^ 
1S47,  Co.  A,  X.Y. Vol.  (v.  4'jy);  d.  in  Tex;is '82.  L.  (Louis),  IS,'!.".,  nat.  of 
I'a,  tr.'idcr  at  L(js  Ant;.,  ago  '17);  accused  of  complicity  in  tiie  A)iahiteL,'ui  re- 
volt (iii.  •l'S-1).  L.  (Sam.),  1847,  Co.  C,  M.um.  IJat.  (v.  4(i9);  at  I'angui.li, 
I'tah,  '82.  L.  ('I'liomas),  1S3I?,  Amcr.  from  8.  Hl;is,  accused  of  illegal  otter- 
hunting  in  Sept.  In  ';Ui  ho  was  at  Los  Aug.,  a  single  carpenter,  aged  '17).  \i\ 
'40  one  of  the  '  Iraiiani  exiles,  who  returned  in  '41  and  worked  at  Sta  Cruz  a  < 
a  liunlierman  in  '4'_'-;).  lie  may  have  l)cen  the  Tom  Lewis  who  aecDuiiianieil 
John  Jlmwii  on  his  famous  ride  of  '4().  iii.  .'!!•.'{,  400;  iv.  18,  3.");  v.  ,'{0l.  L. 
(Thomas),  1844,  Engl.,  age  .'JO,  at  S.F.  L.  (Wni),  1810,  naturaliznl  this 
year  and  named  on  Larkin's  hooks,  iv.  VIO.  At  S.F.  aiul  S.  .losi'  it\  "11;  in 
'l.l  at  X.  llelv.,  wiiere  he  was  married  in  Dec.  His  wife  may  be  the  Mrs  L. 
who  married  i'erry  MeCoon  in  Feb  '40,  and  died  in  June. 

Libbiy  (lUliott),  1S4,'),  nu' of  the  7'((.«o  '4,')-S;  al.s^)  of  the  Com.  Shiihrirk 
in  '47.  iv.  .")(}!);  v.  577,  580.  For  assault  on  him  and  Spear  at  S.F.,  .see  iv.  58i), 
(i(i5-(i.  According  to  Thonn  s  there  was  a  'woman  in  the  case.'  Capt.  L.  waa 
t!ie  owner  of  a  town  lot  in  '40  (v.  0S5),  and  in  54  lived  at  S.  llafael.  It  is  pos- 
sible that  he  visited  (Jal.  on  some  vessel  from  lion,  earlierthan  '45.  Licliten- 
slein,sce  'Lightslone.'  Lick  (James),  1818,  nat.  of  I'a,  a  piano-maker  by  trade, 
who  had  lived  for  over '20  years  in  lUicnos  Aires,  Chile,  and  I'eru,  and  who 
eamc  to  S.F.  from  Callao  on  the  Ltubj  A'fam>',  arriving  Jan.  7,  '4S.  lie  had 
already  a  .small  fortune,  which  lie  invested  in  S.F.  lands  (v.  (i7S),  antl  patiently 
waited  for  the  ineiease  in  the  value  of  his  real  estate  to  make  him  immensely 
wealtliy.  Among  his  enterprises  of  later  years  were  a  gi-and  ilouring  mill  at 
S.  Jose,  finisheil  with  mahogany  in  the  interior,  and  the  Lick  llnuse,  in  wliieh 
some  of  the  fine  decorations  in  wood  are  tlie  work  of  his  own  Lands.  He  was 
au  honest,  industrious  man,  of  nnieh  common  sense,  though  nottnl  for  his 
many  eccentricities  and  whims,  and  in  his  later  years  of  irritable  and  thor- 
oughly di.sagreeablo  temperament.  He  had  no  family,  except  an  i'.legitimate 
s  iU,  who  was  recognized  by  jiim  .ind  spent  some  years  witli  him  in  Cal.  Ho 
tniik  a  deep  interest  from  the  lirst  in  the  Society  of  Cal.  rionceis,  to  wliicli 
he  maile  liberal  gifts.  His  great  and  well-merited  fame  rests  on  the  linal  dis- 
])osition  iif  his  millions,  which,  after  jirovi-ion  for  ids  relatives,  were  devoted 
to  various  scientilic,  charitable,  and  educational  enterprises,  for  t!ie  bcncfu  of 
the  donors  ado]ited  state.  He  dieil  in  '7(i,  at  the  age  of  'Sy;  and  after  the 
usual  delays  caused  by  linancial  and  1(> ;;al  complications,  the  results  of  Lielc's 
be(j\iests  are  beginniiig,  in  '85,  to  .assume  practical  shape. 

Light  (.\llen  1!.),  IS,'i5,  negro,  wiio  desertcil  fmui  the  PU'jrhii,  or  some 
other  vessel,  and  became  au  otter-hunter,  iii.  41.'!.  He  was  kn ou  u  as  lU.iek 
Steward,  his  encounter  with  a  griz/ly  bear  in  tiie  Sta  l>.  reg'inn  being  men- 
tinned  by  .Mfred  Itoliinson,  and  other  adventures  by  Xidever.  He  was  one  of 
(iiaham's  men  in  '110-8;  and  in  '."JO,  being  a  natur.dized  resident  of  Sta  IJ. , 
Was  iippointcd  by  tiie  govt  agent  to  prevent  illeg.al  otter-hunting,  iv.  01;  at 
Los  .Aug.  in  "41,  and  in  '10-S  at  S.  l);ego,  still  a  iiunter.  L.  (.Fames),  ISPi, 
nat.  of  Me,  and  one  of  the  Mormon  Col.,  with  wife  and  child,  thougli  some- 
times accredited  to  the  X.^'.  Vol.  V,  540.  H(!  liv.il  in  S.  Joaip,  and  lat<  r  at 
Sanzalito;  bnt  from  '.">0  was  a  resident  of  Humboldt  Co.,  where  h<'  died  .'it 
Areata  in '81.  His  wife,  Mary  J.,  died  in '75.  Lightstone  (Frank),  1S15, 
(lerm.in  soap-maker  r.ml  i  nandlcr;  original  name  Franz  Lichtenslein,  who 
came  from  Or.  in  the  McMaluin-l'lyman  party,  and  settled  at  S.  Jose  '40.  iv. 
572,   ls7;  still  living  in  Sta  (Tara  Co.,  I  think,  in  '85. 

I..illie  (Leonard  (H,  1810,  nat.  of  X.V.,  prol).  ov(!rl.  immig.  from  111.,  ami 
settler  in  N'apa  \'al.   He  dicil  at  Oalistoga  in  '7"2,  ago  48,  leaving  u  widow  and 


714 


PIOXEER  KEGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


6  children.  Liinantour  (Josc'i)!!  Yves),  1841,  Fr.  trader  in  Mex.,  who  came 
t(j  (";il.  ;is  Slip,  of  the  Ai/'tcifho.  iv.  'I'd,  ."jOIJ.  Tlie  sohr  was  Avrecked  near 
I't  Jluvcs,  and  L.  oiicneil  a  store  at  8.F.  to  dispose  of  the  cargo  '41  2.  He 
came  i.aclc  in  ■4;?-4,  '47,  and  \'>2-:i.  v.  449,  57(i.  Diirinj;  the  visit  of  '4."}  4  lif 
furuished  aid  to  (!ov.  Mieheltorena,  and  received  in  return,  as  there  sceni-it't 
l)i;  no  itasiin  to  donht,  se\X'ral  grants  of  hind.  In  'j'2-I{  lie  pre.seiited  liis  ehiiin.s 
lieforeihelandcoininission.  iv.  .'{."rj,  ,'J.S(J, 402, 51 1,  .").")9,(j;!4.G.m, 071-4.  llischief 
claim,  to  al)oiit  half  the  site  of  .San  Francisco,  was  at  first  confirmed  by  the 
ciiiniiiission;  Init  in  'oS  was  rejected  hy  the  district  court,  the  grant  l)eiii_; 
jn'onounci'd  a  forgery  supported  by  false  testimony.  Tliis  famous  case  is  more 
fully  notieed  elsewhere  (see  vol.  vi.).  The  truth  woulil  bccin  to  be  that  I,. 
lui;l  really  (jbtaineil  grants  of  land  atS.F.  and  elsewhere;  but  that  in  later 
yi^ars.  by  forg  d  jiapers  and  with  the  aid  of  Ex-gov.  Mieheltorena,  he  over- 
reacheil  himself  by  attempting  to  imju'ovo  the  location  and  extent  of  his 
grants.  He  is  still,  in  \S."»,  a  wealthy  resident  of  the  (Jity  of  Mexico.  Lim- 
cantc  (I'las),  l;S()(i,  sailor  on  the  I'cnrork;  arrested  at  .S.  Juan  Cap.  ii.  .'iH. 
Liiiion  ((.'ayotaiio),  17S1-2,  Mex.  ulfi'rez,  who  came  to  Cal.  in  com.  of  escort 
to  Kivera's  eolony.  i.  .')t2  4,  ■'Jlil,  'Ml-'i.  Liinon  (Fran.),  criminalatS.  Fern. 
';i'.).  iii.  ti.'iS.  L.  (Fran.),  apparently  a  lieut. ;  at  Mont.  '4();  went  to  Me\. 
uith  Floi'es  '48.  v.  41,  4!)7-S.  L.  (.Jose  M.),  1842;  subdieut  of  tiie  batallun 
fijo;  suspended  in  '4:j.  iv.  289,  3."i4.  im. 

Linares  (Fran.),  at  Los  Ang.  '40.  L.  {[gnacio),  settler  at  S.  Jost5  178li. 
i.  477.  In  I7'.);{  inviilido,  wife  tiertriidis  liivas,  child.  .Salvador,  Maicela, 
Francisco,  Mariano,  Nicolasa,  Santos,  Antonia,  and  Rosa.  L.  (•lose),  Ha- 
vero,  at  Sta  luijs  ';59.  iii.  GG4.  L.  (.Jose  do  la  (Jru/.i.  grantee  of  Noi'ales  '40. 
iii.  (;i!."!;  ;it  S.  (iabricl  '4().  L.  (Juan  Jose),  soldier  of  the  guard  at  S.  JostS 
mission  1797-1800.  i.  u.'iO.  L.  (.Margarito),  Mex.  soldier  at  Mont.  '.'JG.  L. 
(Mari'a  Ant.),  grantee  of  Los  Carneros  '42.  iv.  055.  L.  (.Miguel),  at  Los  Aug. 
'40.  I,  (Ramon),  soldier  at  Sta  Cruz  and  S.  Jos>^  1795-1800.  i.  49li,  550; 
inv/dido  of  the  S.F.  comp.  1819-21.  L.  (Rafael),  at  the  Xatividad  light  (v. 
'M',]).  L.  (Rosa),  had  a  sou  in  t!io  Mont,  school  '40.  L.  (Santiago),  shot 
for  niui(l(  r  at  J..OS  Ang.  '41.  iv.  G;?0.  L.  (Vicente,,  grantee  of  raucho  at  S. 
Luis  Oil.  '42.  iv.  G50.  L.  (Victor),  soldier  at  S.  I3iego '20.  ii.  51!);  in '37 
grantee  of  Tiiia(piaic.  iii.  050,  557;  in  .'19-40  niaj.  at  S.  Luis  ()!).,  and  niililia 
n!f(?rez.  iii.  C)i'.\;  iv.  K!;  in  '42  grantee  of  Canada  de  los  Osos.  iv.  055;  in  '415 
juez  at  S.  l.,iiii,  v.  0:i8,  where  he  f-till  lived  iu  '51.       I.>iacli,  see  'Lynch.' 

Lincoln  (.John),  1822,  inr  of  the  Jv/in  Jicj;).  ii.  47J.  L.  (.Jonas),  1847. 
Bon  of  Seth,  who  caiiU!  iit  tlie  age  of  10,  born  in  I'higl.  He  was  later  a  incmlicr 
of  the  I'ae.  Stoek  Ivxchaiige,  .S.i''.,  and  died,  as  did  his  wife,  in  '70,  Leaving  7 
children.  L.  (J.  S.),  lsi7.  candidate  for  the  S.F.  council,  v.  0.">0;  pro!). 
Baino  as  the  following.  L.  (Seth  8.),  1847.  from  lion,  willi  wifi^  and  2  chil 
dren  on  the  Fraiiri nca.  He  was  the  owner  of  s.'vcral  town  lots  in  'l7->',  and 
by  .some  is  SMiid  to  have  been  a  .Mormon  pivaciier.  v.  547.  All  the  family  ex- 
cept .I'liias  hit  S.I'',  for  Australia  and  were  lost  at  sea. 

Liader  (Francis),  1S47,  Co.  (J,  X.V.Vol.  (v.  409).  Lindsay,  1848,  mr  of 
the  7'i(N,s'.  L.  (J.  H.),  1815,  at  S.F.  June  '40  T,n:  I'ioii.,  l.tl  An.  L. 
(Thomas),  1S||,  imiiiig.  fnjm  \.  Mex.  in  the  Worlunan  -  Rowland  jiarty, 
calleil  a  'mineralogist'  in  the  liowlaiid  list.  iv.  278-9.  In  '44  lie  settled  at 
what  was  la;er  Stoehtoii,  building  a  tide  hut.  He  went  south — as  the  entire 
jiop.  of  Stockton — with  Sutter  in  the  .Mieheltorena  campaign,  iv.  4S(;;  and 
soon  after  his  return,  in  the  spring  of  "45,  was  killed  by  Iinliaus,  his  body  be- 
ing burned  with  the  hut.  iv.  510,  54;t.  07L  Liiicda  (Areadio),  17.S9,  lieut 
in  .Ma'as])iiia  s  exped.  i.  190.  Linel  (Joseph),  1817,  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot. 
Link,  ISIS,  from  S.  .lose  to  the  mines.  Linn  (James  S.),  1847,  owner  of  .8. 
F.  lot;  also  at  N.  Helv.,  Sta.  Clara,  and  in  the  mines '47 -8;  had  a  family. 
Lino,  I'eoph.  at  Sti  Ci-iiz  1817.  ii.  388.  L.,  sacristaia  at  Sta  R.  "Its.  iii.  (i5(!. 
]..inso;i  (Iran.),  a  litigant  in  Los  Ang.  district '.'VJ.  Linton  (.laiiKs),  IS17, 
Co.  !•:,  X.Y.N'ol.  (V.  499).       Lititv  (J'.),  1840,  Cal.  Rat..  Co.  R,  artill.  v.  'AriS. 

Lilip  (Carl),  1847,  Co.  D,  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Vallejo '71 -82.  Lipper 
(Augustus),  1847,  Co.  G,  ditto.       Lippincott  (Renj.  S.),  1S4G,  iiat.  of  N.Y. 


LIPi'INTOTT-  LIVERMORE. 


715 


vho  came  ovcrliuid  « it!i  I3;v.'iiit,  licing  wonmleil  on  the  way  by  Iiul.  v,  ")'28. 
He  was  active  in  raising,'  reci'uits  for  the  war,  ami  sfvved  as  lieiit  of  Co.  II, 
i.sst  ii.  M.   V.  .'{."I'J,  ;i(JI.   Ill  Ihid  joiiiu'ctiou  lie  i.solten 


Cal.  l;at. 


il.i 


ealkil  ( K'o.  M.  Lippiiicott,  hut  1  lind  no  cvith  iiue  t'.iat  tlnre  wcrt'  two  of  tlie 
liaiiio.   Ill  "47  S  lie  lived  ut  S.F.,  being  a  gambler  by  ]>rofe.ssioii,  owner  of  town 


lots 


V.  b(S,  ami 


a  eanilidate  for  the  cuuntil.   v.  O-'O.   lie  w 


IS  a  laeiuln-r  o 


the  eonHtit.  convention  of  "4',l,  renrcseiitiii''  S.  J 


id  Call 


iveras  in  those  of 


liUl, 


<; 


the  1st  U"ri.-,hi 


(I  'Ul.   He  was  a  |ioj)ulai'  man  as  tiadcr,  jiiliti 


cian,  and   '  (jiiu  of  tlie  bovs. '  He  died  in  \..I.  '7tt,  at  lli 


L 


(Francis  J.),  1S47,  nat.  of  R.  I.,  capt.  (.'o.  F,  N.Y.\'ol.,  and  in  eoiii.  of  t!ie 

iicr  of  a  town  lot,  v.  (»!>."»,  and 


garrison 


at  Sta  B.   v.  :>04,  .'.14,  oS4,  (i;il: 


from  '48  a  lawyer  at  S.F.  to  '."i^  or  later,  v.  (ls(j; 
vention  of  '4!t;  col  of  lst(,'al.  infantry 

who  came  on 


ineiiiiicr  o 


f  t! 


iv-  ecjnstit.  con- 


if '(H- 


it  I 


rovuicnci 


U.I. 


I ;  iio.strj 


li  \N'ashin''ton,  !).(,' 


tlie  Liii/i'i 


.Sta  K 


and  was  l)aptizei 


Lisa  (Dan.),  I.SK;,  iiat.  cf  M.\.-.a 
it  Sta  1).  ill  'IS  as  Daniel  Mihti 


The  name  \\i 


P: 


I  )ani(  1  Fha/cr,  the   sii 


unknown.       L.  (.Jos(5  Manuel),  ISlO,  bi(jtliur  uf  Dau.,  bapt.  at  Sta  15.   lli.  ii. 
277.       Li.-drraga  (.b  sc  M.),  LS4'.'.  iv.  Ol'J. 

ir  of  the  O'rijj'on.  iv.    104;  pcrlia]is  Wm  V.  iv.   111.       L. 


Little,  If 


(.\iiga.s.),  IS47,  owner  of  .S.F.  lot.  L.  (.bihii),  IS4S(?),  tradei- and  postmaster 
at  *  (jloniu.  L.  (Milton*,  1S43,  nat.  of  X.  Y.  and  o\erl.  iiiiniig.  of  tlie 
AValUer-t.'hiles  party,  being  wounded  by  Iiid.  on  the  trip.  iv.  'AU2,  ',VM,  400. 


He  settled  at  Mont,  as  a  tradiriu  '44,  and  troni  that  time 


lis  name  com 


apriears  m  various  recor 


lis.   He  "ot  a  carta  in  "4L 


:0,  wa 


.s '_M  alcalde  in  '40,  serving  on  the   1st  jury. 


was  a  partner 


.f  1 


Jtantly 
leUlen  in 


.iug  a  L'id.  claim. 


V,  '28:1,  0;J7  \4(i-2).  In  '4!S  he  nmnied  Mary  Ivig:'.r,  also  visiting  tl 
After '19  he  continued  to  trade  at  .Mont. 


^ainiant  for  lands,   iv.  (ijG,  and 


)lding  several  county  ollices,  he- 
dying  ill  "7it  at  the  a^'c  of  "07.    lie  h'ft  a 


widow  and  several  eiiildren.       LittlelieUl  (tlco. ),  ls4."i,  nir  of  tiie  III  innill. 
iv.  .")G<i. 

Littlcjohn  (David),  1S'_'4,  Scotch  fanner  and  carpenter  from  (,'allao  on  one 


of  llaitneil's  vessels,   ii.  o'JO;  b; 


)apti/.c( 


111   -J.')  at  S,  Car 


rlos  as  I'l'anciscii  .lavicr 


David;  joined  tiic  conip.  extranjera  in  '.'1"_'.   iii.  '1'1\\  naturalized  i 
then -K)  years  olil,  married  to  a  native,  and 


[■r  of  S(Miie   cattle.    Ii 


!4 


was  L'rantee  of  (^aincros  ranclio, 


Ml 


int.  Co. 


later 


conlirmed  to  his  luirs.  iii. 


077;  named  often  in  Larkiii's  accounts  and  otlur  ri'cords  ':i4-10.   Ileiiig  par- 
tidly  insane  (?),  ho  objected  to  t!ie  jilundt'iing  of  his  rauclio  by  Freinout's  men 


I  narrowly  escaned  with  his  life.   Ho   died   a  little   I 


IS'Jil,  i-ai'.d.  saiii 


iped  witn  Ins  lite.  Jlo  died  a 
nianii  d  .lose  .M.  (.'astro  before  ''id.  Littleton  (• 
landed  sick  at  Mont,  from  the  Iiari-r.  iii.  170;  ii.  0(KI.  In  '"Jit,  lieiiig  "J 
old,  he  worked  at  the  inn  when  able;  lived  witli  Larkin  in  ";iO;  and 
mentioned  in  '.".7. 


Ins    WlUciW 


r  n  lio 
I  years 
is  last 


Livciinnie  (Rol)ert),  LSJif,  nat.  of  London,  b.  1700,  approiticod  to  a  mason 


fioiu  \\h(iin  he  r.iu  away  in  'Kiand  weiitt' 


.\ft 


er  ser\  lie'  m  tlie 


r 


N.  navy 


be  left  tliat  .scr\i'e  on  the  S.  .\mir.  coast,  .-uid  joiiu' 1  the  allieil  licet  under 
Lord  <  'ncliram;,  taking  ])art  on  t!ie  />•»(»  r-tlda  in  l!ie  naval  nperatioiis  at  ( '.ilhit 
(which  were  in  '20- 1),  and  pcrlia|)s  joining  an  exped.  t.)  the  north  (thougli 
ho  could  not  apparently  have  bicii  in  the  (iulf  of  Cal.  in  '2'J.  See  lli't.  .V. 
M< X.  St.,  ii.).  LeaviiiL'  the  i 
tradiii''  craft,  fi 


eaviiig  the  naval  service,  lie  sliijip 


d 


the  Clmi'l  }' 


"",7, 


arrival,  ii.  47S,  but 


oni  will 


loss 


ch  lie  deserted  in  Cal.,  probably  in  ''-'"J,  t!io  date  uf  her 


bl 


Ktran^'e  confusinn  in  records 
11  t 


y  later  on  another  trii) 


)f  I 


us  comiiu; 


till 


if  '•-'.').   iii.  '.'!».    There  is  a, 
ite  lieing  gi\eii  by  dill'en  iit 


writers  all  the  way   from  '10  to  '•_".).   He  is  umlerslootl  to  have  lived  some 

in  the  south  at 


years  on  the  La'. 
S.  (iaiiriel,  and 


id 


1- 


un;i,  or  Alvires,  rancho,  spending  some  tiiin 
workiiii;  in  the  Sta  Cl.ira  redwoods;  but  this  «as  prob.   laf 


razer,  ot   'lilt,  is  iiauiei 


I  as  1 


!!),  wiien, 


lieiug  inaj.  on  the 


lis  comrade, 
)  of  Toi 


Tl 


1', 
i(!  earliest  oii'inal   record 


d  .Mull 


iL'an 


lie 


illiiei 


to  be  •_','{  years  old,  and  t(j  have  come  in  'l!(,  intending  to  remain  and  mairy, 


St.    J')(}>.    S<(r 

another  record  of  '20,  bei 


itii  of   which    staiei.iints  must  bo  ernnieous.     In 
dent  of  S.  Jose,  "  iioberto  '  said  he  had  do- 


/i 


no 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


I 


sci'tcd  from  t!ic  CoiKiHaniin  ixhont  '^?.^,  was  22  years  old,  nivl  had  hccn  liap- 
ti/.fil  at  SijiClara  (as.Iiiaii  IJaiitista  Rolioilo).  Ihjit.  Si.  /'<(;'.,  xix.  '.i.  I  liavca, 
rc'«'ii)t  fif  money  lioui  J^.,  dated  Los  I'o^^itus,  in  '\1'k  Alfi.^o,  JJor.,  0;  l)ut  this 
may  he  a  slip  ot  the  pen  for  ".>').  He  is  mentioned  at  S.  Jose  in  ".V)  and  '.'SI, 
but  as  intending;  to  cpiit  tlie  ]ilaec.  Vollcjo,  JJoi\,\\\,  (il,  ;?ll!.  In  '4"J  lie  writes 
o'  a  eatlle-braml  tiiat  lie  had  used  for  1.")  years  (siuee  '27).  L'-ilitiliU",  Dor.,  ii. 
."i  k  Soon  after  ';{0  ho  v.'ent  to  the  Tuhireitos  ranelio,  whei'e  lie  marri(!(l  .losefi 
Jii^'iiera,  widow  of  l^'ueiiLe^  Molina,  as  early  as 'o  t,  if  we.  follow  the  puilnjiKif 
'11.  wliieli  makes  his  dauuditer  Casiniira  (J  yc.ars  uld,  though  the  date  is  gen- 
ei'a.ly  jjivi'n  as  later;  and  Ik  forc^  '.''7-   when  Edwanls  visited  him — he  had  e>- 


tab 
Val. 


j'aren 


i.is.ied  hnnse 


If 


the  Y 


o/.uos  I'aneiio, 


in  wliat  was  later  called   Livi 


ly 


leri'  he  spent  the  rest  of  his  life.   iv.  S(i,  1 17.   In  '.'VJ  he  was; 


(-'ranted  the  ran 


.Vpr.  Sth.    Lcij.  n<i\,  iii.  (jl; 


but 


days  hiti. 


it  was  granted  to  Sah  io  I'aelieeo,  prob.  as  a  formality,  \j.  not  beinga  eili/.vi 
]le  at  once  bought  the  property  in  i)artnership  with  .lose  Noriega,  whose  ii 
terest  he  purehased  later.    In  a  list  of  foreigners  of  '40 — wdien  L.  was  pei 


laps  airesied,  iv 


n 


is  said  to  be  ;{()  year- 


per  extract  furnished  by  J.  A.  F(nbes  for  my 


d  to  h 


;ive  conio  wi 


d  Y, 


.(  uU  years  ago. 


'Jlil!,  being  called  ,'i;)  years  old    in  a  pad 


In  '40-1   he  liuil  some  deali 
1 


ron;  ami  in  a 


til  .Maneisidor  on  the  Corn- 
with  Sutter,  iv.  Kit, 
ill  th^ 


lese  years  no 


much  trouble  \\ltli  the  Ind.,  1 
was  naturalized,  be 


)eing  woui 


ide.l 


in  one  o 


ing  a  resu 


1.  f 


f  his  exped.     In  '44  li 


or    o\ 


ver  'JO  years, 'and  having  a  largo  familv. 


In  '4(i  he  rone 


der'  il  some  service  m  carryiiiL 


despatches,  v.  1240-7;  aliout  this 


time  purchased  the  (,"anada  de  los  Vaqneros  of  the  Alvisos;  and  his  jilacc  w; 
11  station  on  the  route  from   Mont,  ami  .S.  Jos(5  to  8ac.  Tlie  tv, 


Udi 


•anciios  were 


hit 


er  eonliinie 


d  to 


ii.  71-;  iv.  (J71;  and  the  former  sail 


beeaine  a  rich  man.   ]{is  reputation  is  that  of  a  hospitable  and  honest  n 


representative  of  his  class.  In  '.")!,  through  tir 


nediuin  of  a  iieighbur 


named  StricUland,  wli 


d  a  sister  living  in  I'Ingland,  L.  resumed  eomm 


ritli  his  relatives  after  I?.")  years  of 


,'inal  corresp.,  L 


J'(i/i('r< 
to  nie  1 


MS,,  chieOv  of  his  brother,  Win  (,'.,  in  London,  has  been  ft 


Hhe,l 


alenlm 


.\1 


.)/ 


The  eorresji.  exten<le(l  from  '.')!   to 
showing  L.'a  father  to  have  died  in  'li(i  and  his  mother  in  '48,  but  sevenil 


viso,  his  son-indaw 


brotl 


lers,  sisters,  and  other  re'.ativcs  s 


<till 


surviveil 


ml  the  English  builder' 


views  and  advict;  rcspee'in'  Cal.  rancln  ro  life  must  have  been  more  amusinu 


lh;ni  instructive  to  Don  It 


rto,   (Jne  suL.":estion  was  to  surround  his  ranch') 


wuli  a  (liieli. 


d  another  ti 


id  his  cattle.   L 


ivermon^  < 


led  in  '."jS.   I'oi-trait 


in  l/(il/(  i/'n  (.'riiti  II.  Yi  a r-/loi, I:,  ')(]'.).  Ho  left  a  widow  and  S  children.  His  son 
Robert,  b.  ill  '40,  still  resides,  'S.'),  in  Ijivcrmon^  N'alley  with  wife,  'I'eresa  l>er- 
nal,  and  (j  childicn.  Portrait  in  ylA(;/(.  Co.  Ili/fl.,  Ili.  One  of  tlio  daughters, 
ilosela,  is  the  ^^  ifo  of  Valentin  Alviso. 

i\ingstone  (.lohn  W.),  ISKJ,  lieiit  U^.S.N.,  com.  of  the  Coinjrc.-f^  '4()-S.   v. 


J. 


J.).>,  .)(<;  rear-ailiuiral  living  in 


N.Y.  '77. 


Vol.  (V.  41)!));  I  have  his  letter  of  Apr.  '4S,  at  S.E.,  ii 
desire  to  buy  a  tract  of  land  near  the  pn 


L.  (I'eter  !•'.),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y 


n  wlucn  lie  exi)resses  Ins 


esiitio  as  soon  as  iiiscliargei 


1;  alcalde 
S.  ,)ose  '40.  ]fe  died  at  Sonora  '73.  Liz.dde  (Ignaeio),  at  Sta  15.  '■■)7,  wifj 
.Maria  Igu.  Arellanes,  .'{children.  L.  (Jiian),  .soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  ';{0-4i2. 
L.  (iVdio),  corporal  of  S.  Diego  com |).  1707.  i.  oli'J;  settler  at  Los  Aug.  bSOS 
ii.  :!;9.        Llanos  (Win),   LS4(i,  doubtful 


ill  a  Los  Aug.  list.  Llepo 
(leromc),  IS;54,  doubtful  name  of  an  I'higl.  hatter  at  Mont.,  ago  'J7.  Llo\d 
(Horace),  1S47,  Co.  1'',  lid  U.S.  artill.  (v.  ."(bS);  perhaps  the  L.  in  Alameda 
Co.  '■'3.")-78.  Lobar  (.Tiian),  Ls;il,  from  N.  Mex.  in  the  W(vlfsl;ill  party,  iii. 
.'{s7.       Lobato  (.Miguel  ( lareia),  Jlex.  lieut.  of  eii:,'incers,  who  perhaps  came 


with  ICeheandia 


!.").  ]Io  is  mentioned  in  connoetion  with  the  trial  of  1' 


M.irLine/  in  'i.M-,'iO.  iii.  SI,  00;  and  was  .'■ent  to  Mex.  in  'I!Oa.saconiisionado  by 
tlie  junta  de  gucrra.  L.  (Diego),  atS.  (iabriel  '4G.  Lobo  (.Ju.tii),  rcsid.  of  Los 
Aug. '40;  prominent  at  the  light  of  S.  I'ascual.   v.  .l.'i'J.       L.  (.Juan  Jose),  set- 


tler at  Los  Aug.  1700.  i.  401.       L.  (Juan  J( 


d  S.intiago),  at  Los  Aug.  '4(1. 


L.  (Marcial),  at  S.  Diego  ''Jfj.       L.  (I'edro),  sergt  at  S.  Diego  'i'i-S.  ii.  .■")4.'{. 
Locke,  179j,  nir  of  the  Jiedolution.  i.  MS,  025.       L.  (Jaiiica  O.),  18-0,  nir 


m  '.')!   to 

t  sevcr.il 

l)uiUk'r"s 

aiinisiiiu; 

IS  r;iiK'li'i 

I'orlrait 

His  ^^..u 

icsalii'i- 

iu;rliti,'rs, 


l'4()-S.    V. 

Ik,  x.Y. 

iSL'S  lli.S 

7,  ^^  it.! 

';iO-i-'. 

;,  180  ■;. 

Ll.'lM' 

Lluvl 
lAlaiiU'il:!, 
luty.  iii. 
Ips  oainu 

ii  (if  r. 

iiado  liv 
ll.  of  LlM 

:)Si'),  S(.'t- 
l\ng.  '4(i. 

\i.  .-)!:{. 

\&2\l  mi- 


LOCKK-LOPKZ. 


717 


of  the  /JconW/))*' "20-nn.  iii.  ]-lC>.  In  '40,  ut  Boston,  ho  jumpoil  from  a.*?  1-story 
M  imlow  ami  fractiuvil  liis  skull.  LorkwoiHl  (l^iaac),  1SJ7,  Co.  1),  \.  Y.\'ol. 
(V.  4!)!»);  at  S.  JosO  '.JU.  L.  (Win  A.),  1842,  piuf.  of  niatiiuuiatio!)  on  Com. 
J  ones'  lluc^t.  iv.  .•IDS. 

Loilgt!  (.Micliacl).  IS'22,  Irish  carpenter,  who,  in  '20,  was  living  at  Mont., 
fiLTe  .'io.  niarriu'l  to  .Martina  (Jast'.M.  ii.  471).   I  liavo  his  autograpli  leUorof  May 
I  lis  name  ai'Piafs  on  I.arkin'.s  hooks  in  ';!.'!- 17,  liis  Im  ine^.s  hcin.;  that  nf 

(iwni'r  of  a  raneho  iii'ar  Sta  (.'ru/.   In  '!:>  ho 


IS  name  appears  on 
liuiiliL-rnian.  ami  hum  ahoiit 


Mas  arn'sti.'(l  hut  not  exilccl  (iv.  17),  lhoU'.;h  in  '41  liucil  .S_'0  for  ajiplyia.;  an 
iipprcihi'ions  epiliict  to  tlie  Me,\.  govt.  ]ii'l."theis  namcil  in  tlio  llraneiloi'te 
jiailron  as  ."iO  years  old,  wife  ill),  eliildren  llefiigio,  h.  ';i2.  Maria  .\nt.  .'!.'),  Mi- 
guel "."lO,  .Ioai|uiu  '41,  ;ind  Miiria  '42.  In  Xov.  '47  he  w.is  sliil  a  luniliermanat 
Soiptcl,  hut  1  have  no  later  reeoi-d  of  hiu;,  or  of  his  f:nnily,  exc-pt  tliat  one 
of  ills  daughters  n)arrie<l  Thos  Fallon.  l..oe!-a,  eha]ilain  of  the  S.  lilas  trans- 
j.ort-i,  17!)i-I.S()().  i.  (io.'i.  L'H'ser  (Luciini),  KS47,  lieutCo.  V,  ;{d  L'.S.  ariill. 
V.  ."jlS;  sent  east  with  desjiatelies  'l.S. 

hogan  (Joseph  15.),  1S47,  sergt  Co.  I,  X.  Y.  Vol.  v.  ,">04;  <lied  at  Spring- 
tield,  Tuol.  Co.,  '."iV.  Ii.  (  L.  L.i.  lS4(i,  fioni  Mioh.;  ii  soldier  in  X.  .Me\. 
'(II -4.  when  he  was  fatally  wounded  hy  the  Ind.  Wit/snuri'/i'  Piijnro  Thmn. 
L.  (W'ni),  1IS24,  ov.iier  of  a  vineyai'd  at  Los  Aug.  'ol.  ii.  .")2l);  jiidh.  .sauK.'  as 
\\'\\\  Lol)e,  nauieit  in  '40  ;is  an  .\uier.  carpenter  finni  X'^.  Mex.,  wiio  hml  heen 
14  yesirs  in  ("ah,  married,  and  .'iS  years  old.  iii.  170.  looker  (Wni  .V. ).  ISl."), 
Anier.  tradur  fnun  .Mo.,  and  oxcrl.  immig.  uf  the  ila.stings  jiarty.  iv.  .■)S0-7; 
elerk  in  Suttei 's  employ  from  Jan.  '40;  in  eluuge  of  tlio  !>ear  jirisoners.  v. 
12"),  SO;  lieut  Co.  A.  c'al.  ]]at.,  and  later  atljutant;  had  a  (  al.  elaiui  (v.  402); 
went  east  with  Freiu'int,  and  testilied  at  the  eourt-martial.  v.  1."))!  TiO.  la 
'7  i  he  i.s  named  as  a  hroker  .at  St  Loui.s.  Lomer,  1S4S,  .Mont,  linn  of  Cop- 
man  k  L.  '4S-!». 

honderman,  ISIS,  at  X''.  Ilelv.  Long  (Dr),  1S(7,  at  X.  Helv,;  mining  at 
Parks  liar  '4S,  with  his  hrotliers.  L.  {\.  K.),  ISU,  com.  of  the  A'(//r7',  U.S. 
e\.  iv.  271.  L.  '  \.  Ii.),  ISIS,  capt  L'.S. X"^.,  ou  the  llVn/rv;  eom.  of  niarinu 
guard  <at  ,S.F.        L.  (David).  1S17,  e.ime   on   the   /'(»irt,  perhaps  earlier,  and 


Mil]' 


ieilat  S.R,  '47  8,  for  Wanl  Ik  Smith,  and  for  LeidesilorlV;  at  \.   Ilelv 


liu  L"idesilortl".s  launeli,  '4S.       L.  (.lohn),  1S47,  «/o.  F,  ."Id  U.S.  ariill.  (v. 
L.  (.lolin  1'.).  lS4:i,  Co.  15,  Cal.  15at.  (v.  ;}.')8),  enlisting  at  .Mont.  Oct. 


(\d.  ehi 


liin  for  (luartei's  an 


deloll 


.-.IS). 

ail  a 

(V.  402);  in  the  mines  at  I'aik  and  L  mg 


48. 

ley  •■ 


L.  (\Vm  or  Willisi,  1810,  Co.  15,  V:\\.  Hat.  (v.  ;{,")S);  living  in  Vrna 


L 


.om'ile.-iu  I 


W: 


I'e),  Is  10.  with  Keariiv  froni  X.  Me: 


Lougley  (\Vm  liufusi,  IStO,  eame  from  Hon.  on  tlie  Kiifhi  min,  as  clerk  for 


Pavis 


'40 


It  .\h 


d  St 


out.  tor  naval  store- keeper,  and  aijen 


2d  alcalde  at  .Mont.  '4S;  .also  tr,idin','in  the  mine 


V.  G;i 


It  for  MeClurg  & 

Look,  ist:{, 


'uhtful    name   of    a   saloon-keeper  iit   .Mont.   aee.   to  newspapers.        Loiier 


(.\ndrew  J.),  1810.  Co.  K,  Cal.  I'.at. 


disti 


it  Son<jma  Oct.  (v.  .SoS). 


Lopez,  sailor  sirvieute  at  Sta  Ciu/.   i.  4',l(i.     L  (Alejandro),  ;xt  Los  .Am:.  '40 


L.  (.\ntonio).  settler  at  L< 


An-.  'I.'J.  ii. 


!);  in';:2iuval.  of  the  Sta 


^.  ife  (lertrudis  Fi 


child.   Josefa,    File 


luaii 


J. 


imp 


liji'iiar  iiio,  a:i 


I 


•lo;e  .Maria.       L.  (15aldomeio),  1701,  Span,  friar;  founder  of  Sta  Cruz,  w 
•st'i'ved  till  his  retirement  in  'ilO;  guardian   of  .S.  Fernando  College!  'I 


r.iog.  i.  407-!);  inent.  i.  404, 


70;  ii.  .'507  8,  402,  4:51   2;  iii.  21.       L.  (ISerMji 


(lino),  son  of  Antonio;  rcgidor  at  Los  Aug.  'I!7  8.  iii.  ."(OO,  GoO;  eneargado  of 
S.  Cal.riel  '47.  v.  02S;  h.ul  a  Cal.  claim  (v.  402);  still  at  Los  Aug.  '4S.  L. 
I  iSonifaeio),  jnez  del  campoat  .S.  |)iego  ';>.").  iii.  Ol."';  in  eh.irge  of  the  mission 
'4S.  V.  020.       L.   (Capistrano),  at  S.Juan   15.  'U;  menti<ined  in  eonncetioii 


ith  tlie  Fr(^inont-(  hi\  ilaii  alFair  of  '4().  v.  18;  in  later  years  a  noteil 
!!  lo  linally  hangt'd  .-it  Sta  Cruz.       L.  (Cayetano),  artisan-iiistnietor  1702-.");  i. 
(il,'),  72."i. "     L.  (Cl(i'idio),  settler  at  Los  Aug.  'II;  maj.  at  S.  (iahriel  '21   ;50; 

L.  ((Jornelio),  resid.  of  Los  Aug. 


.)0S. 


eal.lo  at  Los  .\iig.  '20.  ii.  .'5  ID,  .-)00, 

:i-4S.  L.  (K.st  van).  1002,  cor)),  in  Vizcaino's  e.xped.  i.  1»8.  L.  (Fstei- 
m),  at  Los  .\ng.  '2S-;50.  L.  (Francisco),  at  S.  Fern.  '.'iO;  sec.  in  tlie'  jiiz- 
do  at  Los  Aug.  '41.   iv.  OH;  named  as  tliscov.  of  the  southern  gohl  mines 


\an 


Tl.S 


riONKHR  RKdlSTKIl  AND  IXDKX. 


ill  "I'J.  iv.  fi.nO-l;  ^rraiitco  of  [,iis  Al.unns  'J(i.  v.  (i'JT;  cU'ik  in  govornor'sofU'o 
'l.t;  juiv.  lie  <;iiii|">  "IN.  v.  (i'jti.  \j.  ({''lalii'lstol,  cull),  iif  Sta  15.  comp.  "li'J; 
wil'o  Maii;i  Ant.  l''i'li.\;  grantto  of 'rnncsiart.'}.  iv.  (i4;t;  living  on  lii.<  raiiclin 
M."i.  L.  ((iiToiiiino),  at  Los  .Vii;;.  'Jli.  li.  ((;ii';,'ii|-io),  at  St:i  IJ.  lit'forn  ','i7; 
\N  ifu  Anton ui  Mai  I'a  Oi  li'Ua,  and  one  iliild;  in  '4(t  ma  j.  of  S,  .liilian  ranclio,  v, 
'JSVl.         1j.  ( l^"!'i^i").  fioliilcr  of  S.  Ilic;;o  coniit. ;   paitiilo  (lector  of  S.  I  )ic"4i) ''J'J, 


mill  I'lriti'd  to  lfj.;islatuii'.  ii.  4.")l,  Kl'J,  "ii;!;  tooii  jiait  in  revolution  of  '.'tj.  i 
■Jill;  jiiu/.  de  laiiijio  ';{ti.  iii.  (iKl.  J.,.  (.I.ieinto),  I7'.<l',  Npan.  fiiar  who  hitv 
for  lii'ief  t«'rnis  at  S.  .Antonio  and  S.  .hiaii  15.,  letiiinL;  in  ISOI.  i.  r»r),S,  ,")77; 
|."i.'{,  \M.  L.  (.loai|iiin),  soldier  killed  on  the  Colorado  I7'S1.  i.  .'{lil!. 
(.lo.si'  ,  lirotlier  of  Igiiaeio,  at  .S.  I)iej;o,  tnga;;ed  in  tint  rovolntion  of  '.'{J.  iii, 
•.lOI  ;  owner  of  land  at  S.  .luan  Caii.  11  :{.  iv.  ;{71.  <1-U,  lil't;;  killud  l.y  liul.  iil 
I'linia  11).  V.  (il7;  l)iit  another  of  tho  .sanui  iiaiiic  was  rej^idor  at  S.  l>iej,'o 
'I'.l.  1,.  (.lose  .\iit.).  Mex.  ■•oiiviet '•_".»  .'II.  L.  (.los,' de  .lesns),  .soldier  of  tho 
S.  !•'.  (oiiip.  ".{!)  l-J.  J.,  (.lose  .M  ).  at  Sta  Cruz  I7!l».  i.  'IWIi.  1..  (,los,.  .M.), 
ijoldii'r  ot  Sill  U.  comp.  heforo  ','(7;  at  Jios  An^'.  '.'{!)  4.S,  l)einj,'  /aiijeio  in 
'11.  IV.  (>M.  L.  (.(nan),  .settler  at  Los  Anj^.  I7'.I.S  !l;  i.  (iO(i;  ii.  :?1'.».  1,. 
(.Iiian),  at  S.  Dieuo,  ciitiau'cd  in  ri'volt  of  ".i\.  iii.  "JdO- I ;  f,'raiitc(!  of  Canada 
de  S.  Vicente  '4('i.  v.  (ill);  iii.  Ol'J.  Ji.  (.Iiian  .(ose|.  IS4'_',  Mc.v.  cornet  in 
l),ilallon  lljo  •f.'-.-).  iv.  -'s'.t.  I,.  (.Iiian  15.),  killeil  at  Mont.  '•_'.").  iii.  -Jli.  L. 
(.1.  r.. ),  o'ttcrduintcT  ';{l».  iii.  I4"i.  L.  (I>c;indro),  at  l.o.s  Ani,'.  '4(1.  L. 
(.Manuel),  tx-llavcro  S.  .\iitoni'-  '40.  iii.  (i.S7.  1j.  (M.  •!.),  owner  of  .le- 
luis  raiicho,  S.  l*ie;;o,  ';iti.  iii.  (ill-j'J,  ].,.  (Maria  1l;ii.),  wifi;  of  .loaip 
Cariillo;  j;raiitcc  of  St;i  Rosa  '41.  iv.  07-'{.  Siin  was  a  half-sister  of 
I'll)  I'ii'o'a  iiioLhcr.  Iirnacio  and  .lose  heini^  her  hiothcrs.  Her  sisters  were 
.losefa,  wife  of  N'ljar,  .liiana,  w  ilc  of  .liiaii  Osuiia,  and  Maria  .\nt.,  wile 
<if  tlosc  M.  Auuilar.  i.,.  (.Nicohis),  owner  of  ;i  house  at  Sta  !>.  '4S.  v.  (iliJ. 
L.  (l'i'li'<').  si'-  ir.ntc  at  S.  1'.  1777.  i.  --".17.  L.  (IVdrol,  at  S.  Fern.  ';?!),  ivj,o 
'JS;  ;,'fantee  oi  'lujiniL'a '!!>.  iii.  (ilil;  still  at  S.  Fern.  \'M.  L.  (Rafael),  sol- 
dier at  Sta  ]5.  '.'f'J,  wife  .Maria  OrtCLca.  L.  (Ramon),  Dominican  friar  from 
J..  Cal..  at  S.  Dic^'o  occasionally  17'.»l  IS(K).  i.  (m5.  L.  (Tihiircio),  soldier 
<if  Sta  15.  comp.  Iicforc '.'17;  at  Lo.s  .\n;,'.  '4(i.  L.  (Theodore),  ].'S47,  (■'<>.  l\ 
iN.V.Vol.  (V.  4!l!));  in  'i'liul.  Co.  77.  Lord  (.loseph  M.),  1847,  owner  of 
hoais  on  l>.i_\  and  river  'IS  !l;  in  S.  1'".  after  '70. 

Lorcn/ana  (.\iiolinaiia),  ISIIO.  one  of  the  foundlings  sent  from  Mc.\-.  to 
Cal.,  who  lived  at  Sta  I!,  and  .S.  I  )iei.'().  never  married,  and  hccanie  known  as 
ha  llcata,  devolini,'  her  life  to  charity  and  tcaciiiiig,  a  favorite  f,'()diiiutlier  at 
liapli-ins.  i.  ()()(!;  ii.  l(i!).  She  was  at  S.  Luis  Jtey  'i.M-.')l).  ii.  Ct't'.l;  and  was 
^lantce  of  .Janiacho  and  Cafiada  de  los  Coches  in  '40,  'I,'!,  iii.  (Ill,  G'JI,  the 
foiinei'  1)1  in,' conlu'ini  d  to  her  liyihe  land  commission,  but  taken  from  her  hy 
B  line  leiral  hocus  ]ioins  tiiat  the  oM  woiiiali  iievti- undi  rsiooil.  In '7S  siie  was 
living  at  Sta  1!.,  entirely  Miiid  and  mpp  uted  hy  friends  and  the  county.  Her 
Mi'iiiir.'n^  lie  La  Heal  /,  dictaied  for  my  use,  contains  many  interestiii:;  items 
un  early  times,  licr  name  of  ].,oreiizana  is  that  of  the  arehhisliop  of  Mex. 
giviMi  t  I  all  foimdlinus  from  that  a.syliim.  ].,.  (Filipe),  at  Sta  IJ.  before  '1)7, 
wile  N'atividad  Kui/.,  4  children;  ranchcro  in '4."».  L.  (Inoecnte),  juez  do 
piilii  ia  at  Sta  I!,  before  '4S.  v.  (Ilil.  Ji.  (.lacinto),  at  Sta  15.  '.'i7,  wife  C:irmeii 
Rod' i_'nci;,  ;l  children;  sjiidico  in '40.  iii.  O.j.").  L.  (.lose),  at  IJraneiforU' 't."), 
n"e 'J;'.  wife  Mauncla  Salazar,  cliild.  .losefa  b.  ',S!i,  I'nidencii) ';}7,  Rcnita 'liS, 
.lii;in  .lose  '40,  Ro.^.uio  '4J;  a  man  of  same  n.iine  at  Sta  15.  '.JO-o.  L.  (Ma- 
eediinioi,  .-.oldicr  of  S.F.  comp.  '10  JJ;  at  IJrancif.  'JS,  wife  Romualda  Vas- 
(|Ucz,  child,  .lost',  .Vpolinario  li.  "10,  I'.ernarda.  Jiiana,  Arcadio 'JI,  and  I'edro. 
ii.  ()J7;  in '.'{.'i,  '."10,  sindico.  iii.  00i)-7;  "oS  rcLjidor.  iii.  tji)7".  '45-0  J<1  alcalde. 
i\ .  (HI.  (itil;  in  '4."i,  a^o  .").'$,  additional  chililren,  Juan  b.  'J."),  Matiaa 'Jli,  Fer- 
nando '.'!0,  .Icsu.s ';!,■),  Faustino  '.')(),  Jose  ';)7,  Kicardo '40,  Trinidad '44.  L. 
(.Manuel),  al-uacil  at  Sta  li.  ';{0,  iii.  G.")l.  L.  (Tiinoteo),  killed  in  '."H.  iii. 
(i7.'i.  li.  (I'oinas),  soldier  at  Sta  15.  before  '37.  L.  (Vicente),  at  Los  Ang. 
'1J-4S,  a  carpenter,  age  .JO  in  '.'U).  ii.  SJO. 

Loring  (.Nini.),  IvS.'UJ, -Anicr.  cooper,  age  2(5,  in  a  Sta  B.  list.  iv.  IIS;  <lieil 
at  Lus  Aug,  '43.       L,  ('Major'),   18-lG,  doulitful  name  in  a  Lua  Ang.  liiit. 


LORING-LUGO. 


719 


lip.  ':i-; 

I  ranch' I 
fori!  ';iT; 

U'llO.    V. 

':!!.  iii. 

O  HCI'Vtil 

,  .")7";ii. 
>;?.     1-. 

'.•U.  iii. 
y  Ind.  :il 
S.  Uk'^^o 
ior  ot  llid 
.,s.'.  M.), 
inicro  ill 
IJ'J.   _    I. 

f    (  'aflMlIll 

I'onu't  ill 
•Ml       1-. 
'Ki.       I.. 
ur  iif  .li- 
ot'  .lii;ic(. 
sisti^r    <if 
tors  Wfvo 
Uit.,  wili; 
S.  V.  (iii-'. 
I.  ';«>,  ii-u 
fac'l),    set- 
(liar  frciiii 
)),  soliiii'i- 

7,   »'"•  1''. 
owiicv  of 

|i   M.'X.  to 
UiiDWii  as 
lUiuLlier  at 
anil  Nvas 
li-JI,  tlu! 
)iii  lior  I'Y 
,S  she  wa.s 
uty.   1  Kl- 
in^ ili'ins 
,f  M.'X. 
let'oie  ';>7, 

JUL'Z  ilo 

|o  C:iniicMi 
foile  M."i, 
ifiiita  ';>S, 

L.  (Ma- 
alda  Vaa- 
lul  I'edro. 

alcaUle. 

'■Hi,  For- 
44.  L. 
II  ':51.  iii. 

,os  Aug. 

IIS;  (licil 
Ui '.  list. 


Loriios  (.Tolin),  ISIH,  To.  F,  C'al.  IVit.  (v.  r.S).  Losnya  (.T<W.  M.),  kijl.;l  n. 
man  at  Sta  15.  '40.  iii.  <i.V>.  l.,i.ii;4lii'ay  (.Uiilrcw),  |SJ7.  <'".  K.  .\.V.\'cil. 
(v.  I'.IK).  Loiii.-",  I.SI7,  iiii-df  tlui  I',ui-i,l'iiii;'.  L.  (Ilciiiy),  isKi,  F.iuiiik'ni\ 's 
(lia-uoiis  (v.  •.•:!•_',•-•  17).  I-.  (■!.  (In.s  aii.l  1'.  <;i(/s).  ISKI.  Cal.  liat. ,(.'<>.  "ll, 
iirlill.  (v.  r.s).  J.uiiiit  (.Sulii  11.),  IS47,  Co.  I,  X.Y.Vt.l.  (v.  4',»!»);  kiUid  hy 
lJn[,'iU!  J;iv.  Iiiil.  '."),").  Loiizadu  (.fames),  ISK),  one  of  tiio  fxilts  to  .S.  lilas, 
iv.  IS. 

Lovu  (Harry).  lSj;{(?),  arrived  in  Out.  aec.  to  records  of  tlio  Soc,  Cal. 
I'ioii.  iv.  40(t.  His  wile  was  .Mary  Deiiiielt,  widow  of  V.irdaiiioii  15.  of  'Jli. 
She  was  living  ill  Sla  Chira  Co.  V).').  L.  (.loim),  ISKi,  lieiit  Co.  C,  l.st  CS. 
dia;.'ooiis,  as  j)ir  niiister-ioll;  piob.  diil  not  come  to  Cal.  J.,oveall  (.Sleiijien), 
1M7,  (Jo.  F,  :{<l  U.S.  artill.  (v.  .■.18).  Lovejoy  (.\.  L.),  l.StS,  Or.  lawyer  in 
the  mines.  Iliinntl.  Lovclain  (L.  F.),  ISUi,  Cal.  I'.at.  (v.  IJ.'iS).  l.ovelaiid 
(Cvriis  {'.),  1S47,  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  4',l!l);  in  Sta  Co.  's:!.  L.  (-L  11.), 
isis,  at  .Monterey.  Lovett,  1S4S,  mrof  the  /v/j/Zc.  1,.  (.\i)L(eIine  M.),  184(1, 
a  Woman  of  the  .Sloiinon  colony,  v.  540;  married  to  Thos  Kitllenian  in  Dec. 
'47atS.F. 

Low  (.fames  ('.),  1S17,  Q.  M.  .scrf;t  N.Y.Vol.  v.  .''lOH;  act iiii,' order,  seri^t; 
(li.seli.  for  pliysieal  di.'<aliility  .Sept.;  owin'r  of  .S.  K.  hjts;  in  S,  F.  \',i;  d.  ill  S. 
ll;ifael  liefoii!  '.S'J.  L.  (Thomas),  KS;!1,  perhaps  one  of  Young's  trapi.era.  iii. 
:i.S,S;  at  S.F.  ill  '40,  Lowe,  1S47,  mr  of  tiio  Sl<i.  Cm-  sehr  '40  S.  v  .'iSl). 
Lowe  (.Mrs  \V.  H.),  1840,  at  S.  .Ios6  '81.  Loweiy  (.Anthony  \V.),  1S47,  Co. 
K,  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  4!)!»);  at  S.F.  '74-S.  Loy  (Horace),  1818,  teamster  in  Siit- 
ter's  employ.        Loze  (M.  M.),  1840,  Cal.  Hat.  (v.  ;t.-.8). 

J.,nca.s  (.l(;hii),  I8.">S,  Fii;,'!.  lumhcrmaii  in  the  Sta  Cruz  rcLrioii  tianied  in 
l.,arkin'a  aecoiints.  iv.  Ill);  one  of  the  exiles  of '40,  who  reliirneil  in  'II.  iv. 
I.S, ;«.  Luce,  1S48,  mrof  tlie  Tvjnr.  v.  .".80.  L.  (S.  B.),  1.S47,  mid.  on  flio 
L'..S.  f  'olitnihiiti.  IjHcio  (.luan  Saenz  de),  1800,  Sp.ui.  fiiar  who  served  at 
S.F.,  r(tirill^'  in  '10.  ii.  ;i74-r.,  LU,  l.'.iMlO,  ;M!,  .•i!t4.  Lnro  (.Juan  M.), 
l.StT,  Cliilian  ami  mr  of  the  Xutulld  '47-8.  v.  ."17'.';  claimant  for  tlie  L'liiinos 
raiicho.  iv.  074;  somewhat  iiromineiit  in  land  matters,  and  still  in  S.F.  's.'.. 
Ludloll"  (Charh's),  1817.  Co.  15,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  4'.lli). 

La,t;o  (Antonio  .Maria),  son  of  Fianci.;co,  nat.  of  C.il.,  1..  at  S.  Antonio 
177.">,  and  a  soldier  till  ISOO,  when  he  settled  near  Los  .Angeles,  ii.  .'i.'.O,  .'.."..'i. 
Jn  1810  ho  was  grantee  of  ,S.  Antonio  raneli<i,  eonliriiK.'d  to  him  in  later  years, 
ii.  ll"_',  ;!.")•_',  ;")().■)  (I,  Olil'i,  (iOl.  In  '10  and  '18  he  was  alcaldi;  at  Jvis  Aug.  ii. 
;<.">!);  juez  del  eampo  ',■);)— f.  iii.  O."!.'.,  'J."i7-S;  in  ';i7  8  mend.,  of  the  aNunt., 
taking  some  part  as  eoimiiissioni'r  in  the  trouhles  l.etween  north  and  souili. 
iii.  ')[)'J,  olU,  o'lC),  O.'iO;  gr.intee  of  Cliino  in  '41.  iv.  0;>4;  ment.  occa.sioiially 
ill  connection  with  Ind.  all'airs  ami  other  pulilic  matters,  having  a  cl.iim  of 
S.'i.OOO  against  the  govt  '4-_'-0.  iv.  :j.'i8,  41)7,  OJO,  OJO.  0;H.  He  was  a  wealthy 
and  widely  known  r.inchero,  iiiieducate<l  Imt  of  good  character.  He  died  in 
'00.  His  wife  was  .Mari'a  Dolores  liiiiz;  and  his  daughter  Merced  in;uiiel 
Stephen  C  Foster.  .Jose  del  C:innen  and  I'eiipe  were  his  sons.  L.  (Iirr- 
n.irdiiio),  at  Sta  V>.  hefore  '.'57,  wife  Lsahil  J,eiva.  Jj.  (Felipe),  son,  I 
think,  of  Ant.  .M.,  horn  about  1.808;  regidor  at  Los  .\ng.  '.'J'-'-.'J,  ';{0  7,  "11  •"'. 
iii.  0155-0;  iv.  (j'.V.'t;  in  ';!!)  a  lieut.  iii.  5s.{;  and  j.artido  elector,  iii.  ."i',)i);  and 
juez  ill  '40.  iii.  ();!7.  After  the  .Amer.  occupation  he  was  justice  of  the  peace 
and  supervisor,  residing  at  L;i  .Mesa;  still  living  in  '78. 

Lugo  (Francisco),  Mex.  .s(jldierwlio  came  from  Siiialoa  with  his  fiiniily 
.soon  after  17(i!),  living  at  Los  Aug.  and  Sta  15.  i.  401;  ii.  lot*.  He  ilicd  at 
Sta  15.  in  1805,  and  may  he  regarded  as  the  fcjunder  of  the  Lugo  family  in 
Cal.  His  wife  was  .Tuana  A  iaiia;:ul  (one  record  semis  to  say  , J  nana -M.  Uita, 
Martinez),  and  lie  brought  four  children  from  Sin.,  Salvador  killed  when  a 
boy  by  being  thrown  from  a  hor.se,  Jose  Antonio  a  soldier  at  Sta  15.  wlio  left 
a  famil3%  Tonuisa  who  married  Capt.  Kaimumlo  Carrillo,  ii.  100,  ;ind  llo.sai 
\  iio  married  Alferez  Cota  and  was  the  mother  of  Joaip  do  la  Torre's  wife, 
dying  in  1790.  i.  005.  Five  children  were  born  in  Cal. ,  Jose  Ignaeio,  .An- 
tonio Maria,  and  Juan,  all  soldiers;  Maria  Aiitonia  who  marrieil  Igiiacio  A'al- 
lejo,  and  Maria  Iguacia  who  married  Josii  iiuiz.       L.  (Francisco),  at  I'ilur- 


20 


pioxi:i:ii  regist::!!,  and  i.ndkx. 


citoa  r.aiiclio  'i.'-ri,  li«  in^  jiicz  do  cauiiv) ','!,",  iii.  (171,  ii'.'u  .'!7,  wifi;  .ruima 
IJrioML's.  cliild.  ("..yi'.iiHD  I  .  ';!l  (;it  Sta  II.  T)!),  .Iiiau  dc!  .M;,ta  "M,  I'laiK  isco 
"M\;  ill  ';;!»  graiiti'u  ol'  I'arajo  di;  ;  aiiclii'Z,  iii.  (177,  lor  u  liirli  Ids  w>  low  was 
claimant  in  \'i'2;  jiii'Z  luxiliar  Ml.   iv.  U.'i.'J. 

I.,ii;^i>  (.Ills  ),  .si'i-^'tof  the  Sia  15.  ctiiiip.,  and  iilfj'rcz  '30— Hi,  involv  d  in  scv- 
rral  icv.di.s  and  in  llicaH'.iirof  tlio  <;,iii  la  ]nrdi  loof  'IS.  iii,  (I.")!;  iv.  'I7(i,  ."jI,;), 
r)ll,()'il;  V.  :{.'i,  .")S(i,  ."cS.  Iviinwii  as  lllrliato.  L.  {■]<)^-6  del  (.Villiicii),  ,'<c)ii 
of  A'ltonio  Maiia,  1).  at  L<m  ,Vn;,'.  'I.'!;  rcfiidor  at  Lou  An;,'.  'DS-!).  iii.  (llJd; 
^.'rantco  of  S.  IJoiiiaxiino  "4'J.  iv.  t!,".";  jiuz  do  camjio '1 1.  i>'.  (II!,'!;  pronii- 
iioiit  in  tlio  iliiiio  li^lit  and  in  sovonil  Jnd.  cxpcd.  of 'l(J-7.  v,  lilll-ll,  40s, 
.'"iti'i,  (il7,  <i'J"i;  alcaldo  of  J.o.s  Alii;.  '4!>.  Aliont  '."il  lie  sold  liia  vanolio  to 
llii'  Moniion.H,  anil  froii,  that  linio  has  lived  at  Lo.s  Aiij,'.,  in  good  circuiii- 
" "     '7S   ho  dictated   ir-i 


pro  pi 


•v. 


I'liln  lit'  nil  Ji'diifhiro  for  my  ii.so.    lie  had  a  N\ifo  and  4  daii^rlitcra.       J, 


(i. 
lat. 


I 


,'iiaoio),  soil  of  I'ninci.sco,  Hold 


icr  at  S;iii  .hiaii 


r,.  1. 


[)f  Sta  J 


ctlKr  at  1. 


All 


i.  ."),"8;  ii.  I{."i0;  niaj.  at  S.  I'Viii.  'I' 


10  ISOO,  and 
in  'Ii-  iiival. 


>.  ooiiip. ;  V,  1 


fo  Jiafaola  1 


[I  JioiiH  ro,  oil 


iiil.  Ma  'dalclia 


I, 


lit  L 


An;;.  'I(i.  L.  (Joso  .Maria),  jucz  (1(1  caiiii  o  at  J.os  An;;.  "M,  '."iS.  iii.  (»;!(!; 
diKMif  the  j,'raiil('0i4  of  S.  IJoinardino 'IJ;  a  :  on  of  Ant.  .M.:iia;  still  livin;;  at 
S.  15(111.  '.M).  \j.  ( liian),  corp.  at  Sta  J!.  l)of(jro  '.'17;  at  Los  An;,'.  '4S.  L. 
(Liii.s),  at  Sta  1'.  170I>,  when  hi.i  \\  il'o  died  in  f-'iviii''  liiiili   to  twins.       J^. 


(Maria  (iuadaliip( ),   wifo  of  Scigt  V(i'dii;,'o.  d.   17iS(>.    i.  (i(i 


nt  Sia  11.  ';{7,  Wifo  I 


(1  l\ 


cinandoz,  "J  (hiidrou 


L.  (Mi-no! 


L.  (Xioalior),  had  a  (' 


olaiin  for  horses  .'?l,!)7i)  (v.  4(1J).       L.  (Kafacl),  soMior  at  Sta  11.  liofo 


1j.  (SantiaL 


aiipraisor 


at  1 


nn.'^iina  ,'>.>. 


(itl."i;  ic'jidor  at  Sta  11 


O.Vl;  jiic/  do  paz  'II.  iv.  (141.       J-.   (Sofori 


s-oldicr  111 


177: 


:.f  tl 


earliest  t-ettleis  .-itS.  .Ici.s.'.  i.  .'>l'2,  477  S:  wife  (iortrudi.s  I'aeheeo.       L.  ('i'lrii- 


<hi 


.^(jliiier  a 


t  Sta  11 


'.'!■.:.  wi 


ife  U 


losiirid  l)oniin;,'n(z,   (i  oh 


ildre 


L.  (Vi- 


e  lite),  (iiK!  of  the  j^rantees  of  .S.  liorii.  'I'J,  .son  of  Antonio  M.;  jiistioe  at  S. 


Oahiiil  '.">(): 


napervi.siir  Los  An 


'(i'J  .'!. 


Luis,  l.MKi,  Ital.  ll.slii  iniaii  iit  Mont.,  airo '2(1.       Liii.s,  Iiid.  in  Sutter's  em- 


jiloy;  Olio  of  the  1st  lioinier  lelief;  rofu:ied  to  cat  hiii 


lie  h 


id  Wi 


self  killed  and  eaten,   v, 


!l-'-'. 


!4, 


<>i  S, 


Die- 


Lujr.n  (.losr), 


■^p 


lllf.- 


■1)  colli 


p.  ti)  ISvJd,    when   he   left  the   country,   i.  ."ilL  fil" 


]-.  (.lose  .Maria),  at  Los  .Vng.  '40.        Lukcr  (Win  i,  1.S47,  (.'o.  1,  X.V.\'ol.  (v. 
4!)il);  at  Sonora,  Cal.,  'S'A.       Lnmaden  (Wni),  ISllL  Ln-l.  jiilot  on  the  Mar 

iii.  (lis, 
iv.  14,  17:  in '41  atS.l 


(jiirita,  a-o  ;il,  re;:istoro(l   at  .*>.  Ulas.   iii.  41'J;  in  '.'>(i-7  at  S.  l)ie; 
ill  '40  arrested  at  Sta  11.,  Imt  n  leased  at  S.  ]  )i( 


iiiid  in  '4S  at  Mont.       Luna,  ])oiiiinieaii  friar  from  li.  Cal.,  at  S.  (lalirid  '-• 
iii.  !)().       Liinia  (.I(isri)h),  l>;it,  J'n  nehinan  in  a  Mmit.  list.       Lunt  (ban.), 

'  iji/rhiid.      Luiifoii  (Diirair,,  1S4''!,  at  ?v  .lose  ■7().      Luipie 


1S4S,  matoof  t!io  A'  . 

(( labriel),  soldier  killed  liy  liid.  on  the  Col 


I7s_'.  i. 


I'.t. ;!(! 


lUsiann 


lla--ilio),  zanjoroat  Los  Aug.  '47.  v.  (i'JO.  J^iislioy  (.losopli),  l'-47,  Co.  A,  \.^'. 
\'ol.  (v.  4!ll));  died  l>eforo"■^0.  Luther,  ISIS,  at  Sutter's  J'"ort  with  family. 
Lutz  (Will  1).),  I SKJ,  .sailor  on  the  (')/«;/<,•  at  riiil    '77. 

Lyman  ((  liostor  .S.),  IS47,  oleri.'ymaii  who  came  from  Hon.  on  the  Kii- 
]ihiml<i,  with  tetters  toC.ilton  iiiul  Larkiii.  In  Se]it.  he  was  niipointed  .sur 
V'vor  for  the  middle  !i  partmoiit,  and  in  'IS  mado  surveys  at  .S.  .Jose  and  \. 
.Miiiadeii.  V.  (ill.').    III!  :einained  in  Cal.  till '.'.U,  roturiiin-  in '.14  from  Xew 


.Ml 
ll( 


Liviii  to  testify  in  tlu?  X.  Alinadcn  case.       L.  (4.  IL),  InH,  j)!iysieian  fn 
who  came  from  X.  Me.\.  w  itli  the  Workmaii-ltowland  party.  i\-.  L*7S 


c  roliirneil  Jiist  in  '4.'1,  ]/ei 


viaOrciron  as  he  had  intended.   Wils 


111  says 


he  came  hack  wiih  his  familyaiid  uas  in  S.T.  "77;  LutCiven  thinks  lie  never 
relunie  1  hut  is  still  in  .Mass.,  tliough  (1.  could  not  lind  Iiini  in  "iS."!. 

Lynch,  ISIIS,  at  .Mont.  ':1S-!).  L.,  1S47,  of  the  lirm  L.  &  Lewis  Mont. 
'17-s.  L.  (Ferdinand),  IS47,  Co.  C,  X.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  4!)!)).  L.  (.lames),  IS47, 
( '".  F,  ditto;  nat.  of  I'a.  of  Irish  parentage;  on  a  lanchoat  I'leito,  S.  Luis  Ob., 
'71-4;  jit  Joioii,  Mont.  Co.,  'S'J.  t>uigley  telLs  some  very  absurd  stories  about 
iiim.  Ij.  (.(oliii),  1S4'J.  1mii;I.  sailor  on  tlio  J6ri  n  (•'uipuzi-oniKi,  arrested  at 
S.F.for  mutiny;  .still  in  S.F.  '44,  age  ;!0.       L.  (.lo^eph  rotor),  1847,  corp.  Co. 


LYNTII    MrcLrnn. 


7'Jl 


<1,  X.Y.  Vol.  (v,  1!)!)):  one  i>{  tlio  iininlcri'iH  of  the  IvoimI  fumilj'  iit  S.  Mi;.;ii(l, 
(  x.'iMitc.l  lit  Siu  n.  MS.  V.  (KiJ,  (140.  J..  (I'jitiick).  IM7,  ( '...  J5.  N.V.  Vol. 
(v.  I!)'./);  at  S.F.  'Tl-.S-'. 

l..yoii  (.Xllicrt  ( 1.),  IS4(1,  iiiit.  <if  Va  iiii<l  hvitI.  ininii^,'.  fiom  Mo.;  in  >..iiuiiui 
fiuin  'IS;  (liid  '7!*,  IciiviiiL!  ii  widow  iiml  !»  iliililR'ii.  l.yoi.s  (A:m>ii),  Is  17, 
MT-t  Co.  1>,  X.Y.  Vo'  V.  ,")Ul;  .slifiitl"  of  Mont.  Co.;  ilixl  U").  L.  ((ico.i, 
lS4t-,  atS.  I»io,4o;  iinss..,ly  in  '»•-'.  L.  (IVt.r),  IHIO,  jit  Mont.  '40-1;  hni.l  (o 
li.iM'  aiiKil  in  till!  iinust  uf  tiio  forL'i_'ni:r.-».  i\-.  'J'J,  I:'');  l.itir  in  Snttvi- s  fni- 
1  loy,  wl.iih  lit!  lift  in  '40.  L.  (U.  M.),  IS4(J,  Co.  V,  Cal.  ll.it.  (\.  :!:iS);  at 
Sonoma '47.  Lytlo  (Amlrow),  1847,  licut  Co.  K,  Moini.  IJat.;  capt.  of  100 
on  tLu  I'l'turn.  v.  477,  41);{. 


ti'r's  I'lii- 

was  liii:i- 

1.  iiUVn V, 

;   ii.   101. 

Vol.  (\. 

lo  Mi'r 

iii.  (il^, 

I  at  S.i'', 

,i,iia  '■!:• 

I  (Dan.), 

].u>iai!'> 
A.X.V. 
1  family. 

J  till!   Kii- 
lllull    SUI'- 

an.l  X. 
■oni  Xcw 
lian  from 

IV.  -27 S. 
Ison  say.s 
lie  iiovur 

Is  Mont, 
Is),  1S47, 
luis  Ob., 
I  about 
ested  at 
lorp.  Co. 


M.  (.1.  V.  15.).  1S40,  from  Hon.  on  tlie  Don  Qiiix'       autlior  of   /.'.'ir's/i-mii 


?)')/  Jiiiiriiiil.   iv.  ].' 


MuAllistor  (.Mitliacl  .liiniiM.   I v_'-J,  Iii>li  l/lack.tu  ill 


iwii  at  .Mont.  ''J!)  na  '  »•!  1; 


( rrcro  loco 


_'(■  ;tS.     Still  wotUi  cl   at  lin  tia.ie 


anil  iltank  liis  a'niartlifiite  in  ';tl-40,  as  mIiowii  Kv  varioii.s  record 


s,  also  M 


MIL 


it  liiH  sliop,  uuliont  much  prolit  perliaiiH,  un  lie  is  s^aii 


d  to  Ii 


iiM'  taki  11  no 


1  ay  from  sailoix.      He  liucl  lieen  an  -Australian  convict  for  7  years  before  com- 
ing to  Cal.;    al.so  called   I'atriek;  died  at  .Mont.  ViJ.        .McA.  (Wol.erl),  Is40, 


I'lK-  of  tlie  (Iraliani  exiles,    iv.  IS,  ;!;{; 


lei'iiiau  of  liis  name  in 


S.l<".  district  '4'_',  a" 


periiaiis  retiiriied 


tl 


i(  re  was  a  liini 


;•. 


.McAr 


in  ( llolie 
IS47,  C 


rt  M.),  Is  10, 


l>,  M 


oi'tn. 


mid.  on  tile  U.  .S.  Jinlc/niidi  )i<i'.  McArtliiir  illeii 
Hat.  (V.  40;));  at  Scipio,  Utah,  'S-J.  .Mc.V  (Win  I'.).  ISIS,  incnt.  in  Alln.'r.l. 
MeAulley  (.Mcx.),  1S47,  Co.  1'.,  X.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  4'.»!)).  MclJride  (llaslaml,  ls;7, 
Co.  K,  .^ionll.  liat.  (V.  4(i;»);  reeiil. 

.MfCall'ery  ( iliixln,  ISIO,  Co.  V,  1st  U.  S.  dra.uoons  (v.  ;i:tO).  .McC,-.)lmn 
(.lames),  IS'j's,  Scotch  carpeiitir  at  .Mont.  '■JS-!»,'«.,'e  -J.'.  McCaiin  (D.m.), 
Is47.  t'o.  V,  :U\  U.S.  artill.  (v.  .MS).  .MeCarr.iii  (.loseph).  IS47.  Co.  I),  .N. 
N'.  V(d.  (V.  4!)!l).  McCartney  ( I'.iirtliolonieu  ).  IS47.  Co.  H,  N  V.  Vol.  (v. 
4110);  owner  of  S.  !•'.  lot.  Mctarty  (Dav.  C. ).  IS17.  < 'o,  < '.  ditto;  later  :'.  ical 
(  jtate  agent  am,  inspector  of  customs  at  S.  !•'. ,  \»  here  lie  ■,  ■  d  in  'ii:'.  at  the  a;;o 


f4l; 


in  Irislim.'in. 


McC.  (Mduard),  |S47,  Co.  ('.ditto;  d.  Sta  15. 


MiC 


(.lames),  IS'J,">,  si^'iis  a  receipt  of  payment  from   liobt   l.iverniore;  perliu| 


i-nor  in  i 


lati 


McC.  (XeLson),   KS47,  Co.   15,  Morm.  I5at. 


4(;!n. 


M. 


(Will),  IS.'L',  Olio  of  the  eomp,  extranjera  at  .Mont.   iii.'J'JI;  ii  iiiieil  on  I,ari>,  i 
books  ';{;)  4.       .McCarver(M.  M.),  IS4S,  Kcntiickiiin  from  (h.;  niemb.  of  tli 

McCiiilley  (.lainesl,    Isli 


iiistit.   I'oiivention  '40; 


L'lit  to    lilalio  lati 


r,uiiitleroy's  dr.;i:ooiis  (v.  "Jl!'-',  ■_'t7);  iil.-'o  liient.  in  I't  Iteyes  lei^ion 

.Mc(  hristiaii  (Patrick),  IS4.">,  oveil.  immiL,'.  of  the  Cii;.'sby.liL  jiaity.  iv, 


.)S, 


lie  of  the   I'ears  in  '40,  havi 


ng  givi 


n  Uolit  A.  'I'hoi 


niison  a  ii:irrfi- 


tive  oi  thatallair,  of  uiiicli   I   have  a  copy.   v.   110;  in  the  miius  ■4S- !•;  and 
u'ter  a  short  residence  at  .Sta  Cruz,  a  farmer  at  .Sdiioma,  where  he  prob 


ill 


lives  in  '.S,').        .MeClain  (.lohii   I-.),  ISl 


.f  r.  S.F.  lot. 


IS4.-),  at  S.  ,Tose  (.MeLaiighlin  ?).        .Mc<  laiy  (.l;imes).   lS4i:, 
l!iyaiit"s  party,    v.  .V_\S;  served  in  Co.  !•',  Cal.  Uat.   (v.  ;{.")S| 


.MeChi 
rl 


overl.  ininii^.'.  in 
in  lists  of  S.  !•'. 


lot-owners  ami  Cal.  clai.iiaiits.  v.  OS.')  (Ki'J);  interested  at  llciiicia '47;  ]i"r- 
li:ips  in  some  cases  confounded  with  McC'lurj,'.  McClaskey  (Wm  I.),  Is47, 
«'o.  I),  X.Y.  Vol.  (v.  409);  d.  S.K.  '00. 

McClellan,  IS4-_»,  went  to  Or.  with  .Joel  Walker  in  '4:5.  McC.,  lS47,  at 
Sutter's  Fort  .June-July.  MeC.  (Uav.  Frank),  IS4.'!,  iiat,  of  'reiin.  and 
overl.  ininiii,'.  of  tlio  Walkcr-(Jhile3  party  (iv.  .'50'J).  He  went  east  in  '40  with 
l',i<  uncle,  Jos.  Walker,  but  came  back  in  '48,  being  a  trader  and  butcher  in  tlio 
mines,  with  several  visits  to  the  east,  until  '5.'$,  when  lie  settled  on  a  (Jontra 
Custa  farm,  where  he  still  lived  in  'SO.       MeC.  (.Tohn),  1848,  nat.  of  I'a,  who 


died  at  S.F.  '03,  u,^e  7;t.       MeC.  (Michael  T.),  184S,  brother  of  Day.  F. 


>.l 


overl.  ininiij;.  of  the  Chiles  party  with  family;  in  Sonoma  Co.  'SO.   He  had  15 
eliililren;  one  of  his  dautrhters  was  the  wife  of  .lohii  A.  I'axton,  a  well-known 


banker  of  Marysville  and  Austin,  Xcv. 


on  the 


Xi/loii, 


McCloud  (Wni),  1.S47.  from  lb 


MeChiro  (.lames),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot;  at  Benicia;  perhaps  '  MeClury, 


Ui«T.  Cal.,  Vol,  IV. 


4(> 


IMOXMKIl  llKOISTKIl  AND  IXDKX. 


f|.v.       MrC,  (.I(i!iii),  ISII,  fioiii  \.  Mt  X.  ill  tlic  WoikiiKiiiHuwlim.I   parly. 
i\ .  "JTH;  ill  '■l.'i  he  «(iit  with   l,(tsc  til  Or.  iv.  .'{!»(>;  an. I  ^^,■l^<  >till  tlinv  as  liit( 


a  .  tilt. 


Ml 


('.  (Will).  I^l'i,  iliiuhtful  iiaiiic  of  an  nvcil.  iiiiiiiij.;    ) 


lull.   \M  lit 


t..  Or.  an.l  not  C:.!.   iv.  "iTH.       Mcl'liir;,'  (•laiiifs  li.),  ISIT.  tiadc  r  from  II 


oil. 


oil  tllC  A',v/i>/l,  ul.iO  fUlp.  of  till'  / 


/•ii/H'otvr;  ni 


tniliirot'  tiu^  liriii  MiC.  &  Co.  (.\lii  11 


(IC 


)  ,.t  l.iH  An;,',  to  F..l>.  MS;  owner  of  S  •■'.  lols'17.   v.  (ITS;  at  Mont. 


'•IS;  at  .'vl'.  from  '-IS;  also  intrrrstiil  nt  lidiiiia.   Jlc  tlinl  at  S.F 
Ma  li!-l;y  (I'liiliiil.  ISIT,  Co.  I »,  X.V.Vol.  (v.  19'.)) 


•t. 


.M.C 


i(llfiij.).  IS^S,  o\(rl.  ii.iiiii;^.  from  .Mo.;  jKiliapM  liis  family 


cl.  for  larts  of  tin'  Kiitro  Niqia  ranclio.       MiCoon  (I'liry,  Isll,  Kii;;l.  wiilor 


\\  lio  may  lia\L' 


in  'l.'l.   1.-.  4,'i;{.    Ill  1)(L'.  '41  Ihi  \vas  Hciit  l>y  Suit,  r  to  S. 


liaia.  I  to  ulitaiii  r.'.riiit.s  for  tlio  Mi.ii.  It.iriiiii  .anijui.! 


4M)  ."lOl.    II 


tiiriiiii'  lie  worki.l  a  win!.'  at  tlic  fort,  liiit  in  ))ic.  '4.">  movoil  to  a  I'aiiii  of  iii-i 


own  mar  li\'.    In  1" 


'1(1  lie  inarii.;.!  -Mr*  l.owis,  w 


litxi: 


eil  in  .liiiiL';  ami  in 


'47  Ik'  man  int  Mli.iiii  < '.  I)i'iimr,  li,i\  in'  a.  lauiuli  .ill  tiif  liay  ami  livir. 


M. 


tioiii'il  a.s  ii  niinir  at  \\  Clicr  < 'r.  ainl  llaii  rlowii  '4S-1I.   Jlc  li.tamc  l.^ally  worn.'- 
wl.at  faiii.iii-i  f.ir  liis  sUill  as  a  xa.iii.'iii;  luit  in  ol  va.;  liii.iwn  from  lii'i  li 


1  to  (1.  atli  hy  till'  1  iat.x  lit  liis  liomi'  on  tlie  ( ',  siiiiint's.    llii  «  i.low 


iiiarrioil  I! 
vA).  ISIS,  o\ 
]!.it.  V.  177. 
of  a  S.I",  lilt; 


i.  Ui! 


iiilcr  .-inil  was 


.M(( 


ilill  liviii,'  111  'SO  at  i:iU  tlr.pvu.       .M.C.  (Kn 
•  F.  lot.       M.Cor.l  (.\K,\.),  I;il7,  f:.  lyt  Cn.  A,  Mon 
<K  1S47,  l.ftiui  Mii;l.  vo.i.-dat  M.uit.;  owm 


oi mil  k 


(.1, 


I  lie  iiiiii.s  '4S;  lati'r  a  rusi.l 


.f 


.1. 


isi; 

iiin  : 


It.  <  f  N.  J. 


(1  mat.'  on  tlic  J)r'' 


(Iisili.  .",t  M.iiit.   i\ 


.M.Ci.y  (Ki.Ulin,) 


oSi 


'11  tint  J'niia  lie  wan  w  rccUi'il  at  Sta.  I!,  in  "1(1;  ln'taiiic  an  ottir-liiinti  r, 


ll.'lVlll''  tUSi)  .sl'M'f 


il  starlliiiu 


1\ .  iitiiri's   w  itli   i  car 


it  a  S.F.  lot  in  '4'; 


it 


J5o.K';,a '4S,  an.l  wilit  to  tin;  iiiincs 


McC 


\.  ( '. ;   .li.'.l  at  Sonoma '7(',  a'.^.,' 


('.),  ISlll,  at  N.  H'  Iv.,  |)rol).  an  ovcrl.  i 


iiat.  of 


.M.;('.  (Will  11.),  1847,  Co.  F,  .N.Y.V.il. 
(v.  4i(!)i.       .Ml ''i;i(ly,  ISI,"),  oiio  of  Fr.'niontV  [lurty.  iv.  ry.'t. 

.Mi'Ciic  (Fatric'k)    IlKi,  oiif  of  tlic  Mormon  col.  with  wife  anil  4  cliil.liiii. 
V.  ."i  1(1;  ow  iiur  of  S.F.  lot;  workc.l  as  a  lilai!;:~iiiitli  at  l>.Ml('L.aaii.l  other  jiluc: -i; 


L'o;ii:: 


'a^t  111    •">■_*. 


.Mel 


UlllHll 


oftlR'Cil.  lir,ii^cho''.Mi't'.,Hartn('ll,  iVC 


(IlnL'li).  ISJ'J,  merchant  of  Lin: 


iia  and  iiii'inixr 


W  llii 


vi.>iti  (1  ( 'al.  .11  \.l\L'.J()/(ii  I'll 


ii.  474  7,  47!»,  4!)-J-;t,  ."lit,  Hl.'l-M;  iii.  '1\,  71.    He  <lic.l  in  i.ivciiiool  in  "4: 


McC.  (.Ji 


<),  Ifld,  l.rollur  of  lluiili,  at  Mont.  'VA-'l; 


it  111  1 


laviii''  in  a  iiiaii- 


iiir  Kiiii.sfactorv  t.)  Ilia  relaliv.s.  iMcC.  (Levi  11.).  1817,  Co.  C,  Moriii.  I".,it, 
(V.  4(;!l);  at  Filli.vre,  Utah,  'S-_».  Me(."n'kcr  (.Mrs  T.  ('.),  1S4;!,  iiat.  of  (la, 
from  Or.,  muiileii  name  not  L'iv.  n;  mariieil  in  '4."),  at  Sta  ( 'ru/  to  ".V.l,  in  M.mt. 
C.I.  t.('sl.  MrCiitchin  (•lohiiK  1S4(1,  overl.  iiiimi,!,'.;  iicihaiis  went  t.>  Or. 
\.  ."i-2'.t.  McC.  (Win),  I'-:  1(1,  iiat.  of  'i'cnii.  ;  n.l  one  of  Ihi;  I  loiiiur  |  arty  w  illi 
\\ifi' ami  (lani.'htcr.   He  left  the  jiarty  liefore 


:\. 


■  the  Sii-rr.'i  ami  fr.iui  <  'al. 


wi  lit  hack  w  iili  the  '_M  relief  p^rty.   Tlio  dan^^htcr  Harriet  tli.'.l,  Imt  the  fath.  i 


iml  ni.itlier, 
om'',  Vi  here 


All 


.hi  .M. 


arv.veil 


ttliiii'  l.'t  at  Soiioina,  an.l  in  'IS  at  S. 


MeC.  .'till  livcil  ill  "SO.   V.  iVil-'J,  ."i:!4.    I'.irtrait  in  Mclilnshnn,  'IW. 


MeDermo'it  (Chas),   IS4S  (':),  jiii's.  of  a,  runicia  luii.lier  comp.  in  '4 


Mel).  (Davi.l),  IS47,  mi. I.  on  the  V.  S.  (uhiiiihiix.       M.D.  (I>.  A.),  KS4(1,  at 


S.  F 


II. m.  An''.       McDon; 


Mel).  (H.).  IS^S,  from  Hon.  on  thu 


L'ii))hi' 


to  Or.  A 


'4(1 


IS4."),  in  Sutter's  emiiloy  '4,")-(). 


new  pass[).  fr.'i 


.l7S,  ."^iS; 


Went 


lS4."i,  one  of  thu  men  lost 


H>;  hut  was  iierliapa  Iiack  again  in  '48.       Mel).  (.\lex. 


Ma; 


la 


'4(1 


:{S4, 


")S7. 


Mel». 


(Alex.C.),  1S47,  .sor_'t-major  X.Y.\  oI.  v.  riO;!;  at  Sonoma  t.t '.'ill,  ami  later  oi 


a  raiieho  Uiiown  as 


Mel). 


s  station. 


lietv 


(^l.ivcrilalo  an.l  I'kiali,  wl 


Ir 


(lied  in  'SO  at  (he  iv'e  of  (l.'i,  leavinj'  a  wi. 


.low,  of  the  pioneer  Smith  tainily 


Mel).  (Henj.),  1847,  wet  tier  at  IJenicia.  v.  072;  married  ;i  .laii;,'htt'r  of  Liin.ly 
Alforil.  ilcD.  (CIkus),  1S47,  perhaps  of  IV.  Y,  V<il.  und.'r  another  name. 
MeD.  (I).),  1847,  from  Or.  on  the  Jirim/.  llcD.  'Win.),  1847,  Co.  (J,  N.Y. 
Vol.   (v.  4<J!)).       Mel).  (Win*,  1847,  aue'tiont't'r  at  S.F.  '47-8,  of  firm  McD.  & 


•nclianan.   v.  080,  GS'2;  owner  of  town  lot.s:  died  '48  at  tlio  miv  of  35. 


MeD. 


(Win),  1847,  Kngl.  at  Benicia  '47-8.    Tiiitin;  jicrliaps  f-ame  as  IJeiij.       McD. 
(Win),  1S4G,  testilied  at  Napa  '08  that  he  livud  iu  Napa  Val.  '40-50;  prob. 


McDonald   M( clonk. 


j:< 


/.■'!/;/• 
Ill  ■4± 
ii  111:111- 
1.  I '.at. 
(,f  (111, 

Mmit. 
h,  ()!■. 

ly  w  itll 
iliiCal. 
ifiitlur 
IS  iit  S. 

MS  '.». 
S4(>.  iit 
1).  ti-"i'i 

;   wrlit 

\Un.), 
M.l>. 
later  on 

lu'fC  111! 

family. 
Luiiily 

IKIIIK'. 

i,  N.Y. 
McD.  .t 

MuD. 

McD. 


pntnc  MM  fdllowiii';.       McDoiiiull  (Win),  Islii,  nut.  nf  Mo.  iiinl  ovcil.  ininii:,'. 


('i>.  !•;,  t  111.  lial.  (V.  ;i.'.i);  (li-*i  h.  in  Ni 


at  S, 


Di' 


liviil  ill  Ni 


|i:i  (  II.  ti 


•1  iiuii.^  I'^kuiior  iliavi's  (.f  ilic  l)niiiicr  jiuity  in  '111.  Later  in  Sdnninii  ('n  , 
aetiiii;  as  j^'iiiili^  t  >  I  lie  (ie\sers  tor  many  ,\ears;  in  'SO  at  l\ni;,'lit's  \'iil.  w  iili 
f.iinily  ui  '.I  eliil.lun.  AliDuiinu-ii  (Jii.-.i  'plii,  IM7,  ('11.  A.  N.  V.Vol.  (V.  4;  1:); 
ea|it.'iii  .Meajrli  r'.sliriiiade  \v:ir;.f  '(il-."r.  at  S.I',  "vj,  MrD.  (  Nieiiola-)  1^  17. 
Cn.  A,  N.N'.Vul.  (v.  111!));  in  L.  t'al.  '71   4;  killcl  at  L;i  Paz.       MeD,.iniai,t, 


1S4 


I ,  I'l  .Sutler  ..< 


iMirt. 


Oil 


.MeDoiij^Ml,  ISKI,  sii|>.  of  the  Coloml.  iL  'J78.       MeD.  (Ceo.),  1S1.-|.  nat 


ot 


d  overl.  iniiiii).'.  from   Inil.  in  tlie  Su.'i.sey-'l'odil  party,   v. 


Ii 


Jle  li\  I'll  at  Sia  Vvn/.  iiikI  (  Ulroy;  serveil  as  11  kind  of  iiiialtailieil  vnlunleer  in 
till'  Cal.  I'lat.  '4(i-7;  «a.s  II  'lirolur'  that  in,  ii  (.'aiiiliUr— at  .s.F.  '47-''',  liei  <iii- 
ill','  till'  inviier  of  many  town  lots  in  jiartner.-iliiii  willi  Lip[iiiiciitt.  v.  (i7<i,  <i7!l, 
0.si);iind  a  trader  at  Sae.  in  '4S-1I.  His  moMnieiits  in  later  years  were  tno  ihiiik  r- 
oils  and  e(ini|ilieated  to  lie  recorded  lu  re.  He  made  .'se\  (  ral  trips  to  tlie  I'last, 
vliere  lie  liad  ii  family,  an  I  alioiit  '."i.'l  l)i'L:iin  a  ro\  in;,'  life,  laiily  making;  Ids 

W  ll' 


d  M. 


Ixiiits  known,  and  .spendiiii.'  niiieli  of  lii.s  tiine  ainon^  the  hid.  in  Aii/.oii;i 


Jn  '(17  lie  Was  found  liv  a  naval 


eoiiimander  in 


I'ata 


ut 


letiiiiied  to  liid.,  and  in  '(j'.l  went  to  \\a^llill;,te 
11 


D.  (' 


W  lien  he  died  111    1  _'. 


as  nil  eecentrie  liiil  hrave  and  popnl.ir  man.        .MeD.  (.loliii),  1S4S,  luoth 


I'  « 
f  (ieo.,  and  overt,  inuiii 


ii.  fr 


Lid. 


11   111'  iiilier  of  the  (diistit.  eiiin  I  iiti'.ti 


'4'.>,  and  elected  lii  ut-;,'ov.,  heeomiiiL;  j^ov.  on  the  resi^;nation 
died  at  S.l".  in  '(Ui  at  the  u^r  of  l!f. 


>f   I 


lurne 


tt.    Ii. 


LS4.- 
A. 

tiiv, 


.McDowell   (Diiualdl,    I.s:i7,    named  in   I-arkin's  liooks.       McD.   (.Taines), 


I  land 


iiiinii''. ,  \\  1 


III  I 


aL,'e  ,t  years,    iv.  ,"),S,  ,>,Sj.    lie  eaiiie  in  a  party  v.lu 


ii.'t  Whe, 
Ik 


Ml 


■t  i' 


d  .1 


I 


uigl 


Iter 


.Ma-', 
to  ideli 


iiid  most  of  the  nieuil't'is  iif  which  wtiit  to  Or.  fnuii  l-'t  Hall,    He  v.as 


employed  ;is  a  uniismitli   liy  Sutter  in  'I'l  7,  and  pos.^ilily  served  in  tl 


le 


l!at.,  h 


luiMiii^a  Cal.  ilaim  lor  work  (v.  4(iJ).  In  .\u^'.  t7  lie  moved  witli  liis 
family  across  the  Sac.  I'iv.,  wlure  lie  l(llll^dlt  a  laiicho  and  Imilt  a  house.  He 
was  miirdel-ed  in  -May  '4!>.  In  '."iK  the  widow  had  the  town  rite  of  VVasliiii'iton 
laid  out  on  her  kind;  maiiii'd  Dr  i'l.  ( '.  'I'aylor  in  '.'il:  and  died  at  W'ashiii','- 
ton  i"  '^lt.  The  d;aij.ditei'  Ma'jL;i<'  liecamc  Mis  M.  A.  Hunt,  and  in  'S4,  liviii  j 
nt  \»  asliiiiL,'lon,  furnished  me  iiiioi'iii.itioii  alioiit  her  family.  Another  d,ui'.;li- 
ter,  ll.iirict,  in  \Sl  Mrs  Cooke,  was  horn — proli.  at  the  fort,  tliouj^h  Mrs 
Jluiit  is  sure  it  was  at  \\'ashiiii;tou — Feh.  'Jl,  '47;  and  a  son  Win  accordiiiL,' 
to  the  iie«si>aiiir.s  in  '4S.  MiD.  (.loliii),  lS4l,  ovi  rl.  iiniiiiL;.  of  tln^  I'.aillc- 
son  ]iarty,  who  wi  nt  hack  to  Mo.  in  '4-J.  iv.  •J7(>.  -7.'>,  .'Ml'.  McDiill'  (.I.K 
LsIS,  ])assp.  from  Hon.  ^K'i)ullee  ( And.  .L),  1S17,  eonneeti'd  in  some  w.iy 
with  the  \.Y.  Vol.  (v.  4iMI),  Imt  not  on  the  roll;  clerk  in  the  naval  store  oi- 
lice  at  Mont.  '47-8,  and  named  in  many  riM'ords;  trading  ut  the  dry  iliggin^s 
'4S;  at  .S.  JoM^  TM),  Clark  calls  him  McDulf. 

iMeI';iroy(.\lex.),  1S4SC.'),  loui,'aresid.ofM:u-ipo<-a('o.;d.atMercra'S2,lcav- 
in;;  a  widow  and  ii  married  danj^hter;  perha|)s  of  (li-.diaiii's  drau'oons  (v.  ">'_'•_'). 
Mel'liroy  (ihlgh),  lS4i;.  Co.  C,  1st   U.S.  dr,i;;ooiis  (v.   IVM).        SlcKlvain  (.1.), 

erioii 


1S4(;,    lient  of  Co,  C,    1st  U.  S.   dr; 


ins  (\-.  ;i|{il);  not  in  Cii 


Mel' 


(.lames),  |.S'J4,  Scotch  tador  from  Lima.  ii.  TiLlti;  at  .S.   l)iego 'l'S.  v.  r)4."i;  .it 
Los   ,\n','.  ';{;>,  a','e  ."iO  and   single.        ^Icdee  (Milton),  1843,  overl,   ininiig.  of 


the  Chiles- Walker  party. 


04. 


McC 


111  (I'atriek),  1847,  Co.  K 


:?d   r.  S.  artill.   (V.  .'-.KS).        McCliee  (.Folin),  1S47,  Co.  15,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v,  4<)!>); 


«1.  at  S  F.  '*il. 
ditto. 


iMcCill  (.1.1 


Mi( 


I  livery. 


1841, 


s),  KS47,  <.'o.    1;,  ditto.       Mi'C.   (I'at.),  L847 


the  Coirlilz,  from  Columhia  Kiv. 


Ml 


(iloi'iie  (James),  1847,  perhap.s  of  N.Y'.  \'ol.  nader  another  name.  McGlom- 
(Will),  ls;t7,  Irish  sailor  on  the  wrecked  whaler  Com.  Uoiiert.  iv.  IKS;  em- 
jiloyed  in  (iraliam's  distillery  and  known  as  'Billy  the  llrewer.'  He  was 
exiled  in  '40  but  retnrned.  iv.  IS,  S.'J;  and  I  have  his  letter  of '44  in  which 
lie  eomjilains  that  he  has  lieen  7  days  in  jail  witiioiit  food!  Worked  in  L.ir- 
kin's  soap  factory  '45;  perhajis  joined  Faiintleroy's  ilrai,'oons  '4(i  (v.  'IWl,  ■J47); 
iind  later  Co,  11,  Cal.  liat.,  l>ein^'  wounded  at  Nativiihul,  v.  'Xi\.  He  was  at 
Is'.  Helv.  '47}  iu  the  iiiiitus  '48;  at  Mont  'i>7,  uiid  u  few  yeai's  later  was  di  ow  nud 


7'24 


pioxKEU  nir.isTnu  and  index. 


Ill 


'.t  Sill  15. 


M((i 


v^htxu  (Wni  (•..),  IS  17,  Co.  K,  \  Y.  Vol.  (\ 


!»). 


Mr 


(iiiiiT  (A.),    is-ls,   iiiissp.  from   Hon.        .Mcdiiiri'  (.lolm),    IS47,  Co.    1?,  \.Y, 

.MclloUiiigworLli  I.I.).  I.si(i  (?),  in  S.  .loaii.  Co. '4f».  Tiulhui 


M.-Intos!i  (C 


isj;',  Clu'i-ok 


D.'l, 


iwaic 


l.alf- 


.1,  in  tin;  Wailu'r- 


Ch;l.' 


)illt\.     IV, 


;«»••   ■lOll;  at  Mont,  and  X.  llolv.  "4.').  .scivinj,'  in  tlie  Mi.licl- 


1:>ii.iia  iMni[iai:,'n.  iv.  4S(i,  ."lOI ;  H-rM'd  in  Cal.  15;it.  '4()-7,  tiikinu;  ]iart  in  tliu 
Nalividad  li;.'li't.  Mi'l.  (KdwanI),  l.S-_';{(?),  Scotcli  sailor  who  l.iiidi-d  at  Mont, 
troni  a  tradir.  ii.  47">,  4'.'.'>.  In  v.  record  ot'  '"Jit  lie  ilainicd  to  liave  come  in  ''IW; 
VA  aiiotlici'  of  Dec.  '8:{,  to  liavi'  l)ccn  I'J  v< 
.>-oinc  acconn 


Cal. 


ts  Ik 


lid  to  liavi;  visited  Cal.  in 'K<  and  ict'irncd  in  'J'?.     I 


lliinli  it  likely  he  came  on  the  llnwr  with  Cajit.  Coojiir.    In  '-JS  1 


le  wji.s  liari- 


ti;:ei 


1  at  S.  Carlos  as  Kdwuid   Manuel.    I   Irave  his  letter-  of  M;i 


In  '-."J 


he  a|iiiearH  in  n  Mont,  litit  as  :'.  sinj.de  carpenter,  age  .'U.    In  ':<()  he  lioiight  Ceo. 
.Mleir'^!  intei-est  in  a  Mont,  inn  for  J!!M),  liecoiniiig  a  partner- of  W'm  (Jralhatoli 


li.  (»()!l;  was  natirra 


iizrd 


)t  air  otterdiiintini:  license  in  ';{4,  niakinj,'  a 


Irip  with  l>ye.   iii.  :{!).'i;  still  at    .Mont.  ".'{.").    In  ';{8,  or  perhaps  a  year  or  two 

rer-icano  rariclio  near 


arlii'l-,  he  settled  with  James   l)a\\.-J,i 


the  I",stei-o  An 


i'.nde;,';i,  iv.   1 17,  luiii;;  recurded  in  that  year  as  aj^ent  for-  Vallejo  and  for-  the 
li.  it.  Co.    Iir  ';i!l  Ire  oht-iiried  a   ^'larit  of  the  rancho.  and  is  said   to  have  left 


trtner's  name  out  of  the  title,  for  which  In 


wl 


lo  p 


de-,l  t. 


Ho- 


th 


ite  I):i 


(  saw  t'leir-  irouse  in  two  and  move  his  half  to  another 


rainho.  iii.  7I-;  iv.  r_",).  In '40  he  f;uided  Spald  ni;  of  the  A<(».  .t)»«f'  to  ,S.F 
i\'.  I7-;  ar.d  w.is  iir  tr-oidih;  on  account  "f  a  French.inari  found  m-.rrdei-ed  or 
his  pl;rce.    He  v  as  at  X.  Hclv.  iir  '44  .">.  takiiri;  part  in  the  .Micheltorena  cani- 


paigrr. 


iv.  4S."{;  liirt  docs  not  ti''m-c  in  tin;  war  records  o 


f  '4() 


Owner-  of  a 


S.F.  lot  '4li. 


tiS.);  a 


Icah 


at  Siirrorna   4li.    v. 


i)ii.S;  alcaide  o.'  S.  Itafael 


'17.    V.  (KiS;  V  hen  lie  leased  his  rancho  to  O'Ki 


rt  to  li 


old  comrade  .laines   IJlaek.  l>otir  of  tireni  dviiiL'  in  '7<>,  McI.  at  the 


Mel   Mas  \V.!.  IS;J7.  pi 


the  1: 


iii'iifii 


toll( 


I  IK! 


Melirt 


yi 


ith  hi 

o'  7." 
,  I.S4.- 


niakiirg  shingles  at    Laikin's  soa)i  factorj'.        Mel.    (II.).    1S48,   passp.   fr-orn 
I  loll,  with  family.        McI.  (.lolrni,  IS4;i,  overl.  iniinig.  of  tlie  Chiles-AVilker 

1  " 


artv.   iv.  Jill'J-.'J;  iif)tliiii''  n 


iirowrr  of  him.        Mel.  (Ter-ance),  1S47,  (' 


>,  X.V.  Vol.  (V.  4))'.»).       Mel.  (Win  L.i,  1S47,  asst  .siirg.  Morm.  15.at.   v.  477 


ISO. 


Is4(i, 


.McKafTray  (Hugh),  I84t;,  perhaps  kille.l  at  S.  I'ascual,   v.  :U(i.       McKay. 


d.  r.  s.  N  ,  1 


)earer  of   (les|ii 


latcl 


res   Irorn 


W 


-McK.  (.lean  li.  !».),  lH-J.->,  hunter  of  the  II.  15.  C 


iNii.;  pel-naps 


Mi 


visited  Cal.  irr  '4  I  ami 


p|-oli.  several  limes  before,  rii.  I.'>l;  iv.  "Jl'J,  ■J;4.  .McK.  (.John  II.),  Isl7, 
{'•>.  K,  X.V.  \'ol.  (v.  4!l(»l;  in  "SO  claimed  t<i  have  aided  at  I5enicia  irr  'IS  in 
making  the  1st  casting  in  Cal.-  a  lancet  for  a  still,  made  of  eojiper  halls. 
.McKay  (Thos;,  IS'S.  guide  to  I5uriiett'H  party  from  Or-.       .McKeaii,    IS47, 


the  i; 


/>al..    40 


,1, 

d.  '<;.').        .MeKee  (.lam.s).  lS4S,  at  S.  F.  f 


/iiii(iiii') 


McK.  (Wrn  \V. ),  Is4(i.  com.  of  tin 


ronr  lion 


IIIU  , 


Mc-K.  (.Famesi,  IH47,  Mrnrderod   li>    15.   K.   'rirom)>son  at    Stockton  .larr.  '4S. 
.Mcl\.   (.lames  v.),  ISJ7.  <"o.    D,  X.Y.  Vol.  (v.  4<t!l);  d.  .Mont.    Dec.       M,-K. 


(.l.-imes   1!.),  lS4(i,   IniLder  Co.   C,    1st  U.   S.    .Iiagoons.    v.  ;{:{(!.        .McK.  (\Vi 


11 


H.l.  I84<i,  Scotcrr  ].lry^ 


oftcrr  iramcd  in  records  of  4('>-S  at  .Mont.,  N.  .lose, 
seems  to  have  been  en 


it  Mont.,  who  pissibly  (-ame  a  year  or-  two  ear  liei 


d  Sai-.,  where  in  '4S  he 
;aged  in  trade.  In  '."rJ  he  was  clainiant  for  the  iaeiiUo 
rancho,  Colirsa.  iv.  (171.  He  married,  I  think,  a  daughter  of  I']stevaii  .diinr:is; 
ami  his  son  i!obert,  who  in  '7li  gave  me  a  valualile  vol.  of  old  mission  rei-ords, 
still  lives  in  '.>r>  nt  Mont,  or  S.F.  Mclveever  (.James),  1S44,  hunter  anil  ad- 
M-ntur-er  of  tlr-  plains  known  ns  (.'apt.  Jack,  killed  in  Idaho  '77;  claimed  to 
have  iandeil  at  S.F.  in  44,  to  have  aided  in  the  revolt  and  war  of  '4G-7,  and 
to  have  a  family  at  St^i  Itosa.  S.  /■'.  Chronicle;  iv.  4.">3.  'TeKcnzie,  184"),  at 
X  Helv.  '4'),  '47;  with  Arce  in  '40.  iv.  .'j78,  587;  v.  100;  (..^rhaps  same  as  tliti 
loUowing.  McK.  (Bernard),  1840,  carpenter  and  mas  >n  at  .Mont.  '4()-8;  in 
the  mines  '48,  discovering  the  dry  diggings  lit  I'lacer  Ide.  Cnrxon  and  Smaii. 
A  'Capt.'  McK.  died  at  S.  F.  in  '.'A.  McK.  (ul),  Isi''  trader  at  S.  Diego. 
McKern  (Fd.),  1S47,  owner  of  S.  F.  lot;  proh.  'Kein,'  4.  v. 


McKIXLKY -McLOUillLIX. 


McKiiilcy  (Tiuiii's).    1821,  Sc'otc'.i  siiilor  ln.y  left  at  S.  F. 


r..  1. 


wli.iicr.  ii.  .")•_'!).  'I'liis  is  tlif  stiiti'inoiit  iisiuilly  uiiult;  in  luxMniiits  of  liis  lie, 
,iiul  it  is  also  said  tliiit  lie  was  Imt  1 1  yeais  old,  all  of  wliicli  may  Itc  I'rroii'  - 
(Ills.  Ho  is  constantly  named  in  eoinniereial  letoids  from  '^{O,  \\  lien  In;  ^^ils 
;i;,'ent  for  C'ai>t.  Cooper  at  Mont.,  travelling  niueli  ot   the   time,  l)iit  ma 


Mont.  Ills  jiome.  and  j 


tl 


It;  eomp.  extranjera  in 


;V2.  id.  -J-Jl.   I  1  "X>  h 


went  to  Los  An;;,  as  ai^enu  tor  L:irkin;  in  '.'{(i  is  nametl  in  a  patiron  as  a  traili  r, 
a^eil  ;{lt;  antl  irom  tliis  year  to  '40  anil  later  was  ttwner  of  llie  ^{iiiiiiiilin  sc\\v, 
inakini,'  trips  v.])  antl  tlown  the  coast,  iv.  101,  1 17.  I'erliaps  arrestiil  as  a  mut- 
ter of  form  in' 40.  iv.  17.  From  "4'2  in  partni'rslii|)  with  Fitcli  and  I'aty.  Imt 
it  is  haril  to  say  what  ])lace  he  regartleil  as  home;  I  Imve  many  letters  w;  it- 
ten  liy  liim  at  tlillert  nt  ptiints.  J''roin  '4,'{  tin,'  lirni  iiatl  a  stt)re  iit  S.  F.  v.  (;.'.J; 
in  '44-.'>  Midv.  took  it  leailing  part  at  -,t)s  .Ann.  in  tin;  movt-ment  of  st)iitln  in 
ftirei;.'iurs  a_'ainst  Miclultortna.  .v.  -H'.',  .")0.")-S;  al.so  in  "41 -.">  was  one  of  t!uj 
p'.'i''ha>crs  of  the  mission  estates  of  S.  .luuii  Caj).  and  S.  ],uis  OK.  iv.  ,"i.'i.'{,  (L'7, 
<).'>.'),  0.")'.);  V.  .■).")S.  In  '4(i  he  .seems  to  have  translcireil  liis  resiileiue  frim  Los 
All;,',  to  Mont.,  where  in  Jan. '47  lie  was  ]ilac,'tl  iiinler  arrest  Uy  Lieut  .Mailihx 
with  a  vit;v\-  of  estorting  iiiforiiiatitin  alioiit  ( ':dif.  operations  in  the  south.  ' ' 
ri-o  Jlor.,  •Jil!t-IO.  lie  marrit;il  ('.iiii;t;n,  ilaiiglitcr  t)f  .lost'  .\mesti.  in  '4S; 
claimant  in  '."ij  for  raiii:lios  in  Mont,  and  S.  Luis  ()1>.  comities,  iv.  (Wi'>;  aiiil 
tlieil  at  Mont,  in '7'),  leaving  se\er:il  ihiMren.  I'on  Santiago  was  ii  man  if 
g'  111  repute  tliitiiighoiit  his  lo'igiarcer  int'al.  1  haven  letter  from  his  iimtlur 
ill  '4:i.  McK.  I.I.),  1.S4I,  hoatswain  on  the  L'.  S.  SI  Loids.  MrKinmy 
(Win  S.),  1,S47,  nil  ot  the  Prini'iiurd.  v.  ."iSO.  McKinstry  (Ceo.,  .Ir),  Istli, 
ovfil.  immii.'.,  who  liecame  the  1st  .sherill'  of  tlic  iiortheni  ilistrict  at  .'^litters 
F'ort  '4ii  7.  V.  fi7,");  activi;  in  relief  nuMsiires  foi'  the  Domier  jiarty,  v.  ."ilis.  in 
widcli  siil'ji'ct  ids  letters  Wfi-e  ]iul)lislii;d  in  tile  S.F.  S/nr;  passenger  tin  the 
1st  sleamer  to  Sac.  '47.  v.  ■■■|7!';  also  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot.  v.  (i7.S.    lit;  was  some- 


\\",IS 


what  pioininent  in  ])iil>lic  aliiiirs  at  Sac.  in  early  mining  tinit 


111  had  a 


trading  post  on  the  ('t'suumes  ■4!l-.")0.    I  lind  no  record  of  liini  from  that  time 


till  '71   4.  will  n  lie 


<irigina 
shi-iill': 


I  .I/iA' 


was  a  piiysici 


an  at  Old  S.  Die; 


ri/  I'd) 


cliitli 


;o,  and  gave  me  the  va 


th 


idual>k 


ing  some  of  ids  smiiiiioiis  to  jurors,  etc.,  as 


an> 


Iso  some  iuiportimt  records  on  the  I)oiiner  l>art\.    He  was 


III 


eccentiic  char.icter  while  at  S.  l)iei'ii,  siiciiiliiiLC  much  of  his  timt  in  long  toiiis 


nmon' 


ml 


Jevoiid  a  vayue  rumor  of  his  ileath  lieforo  "!S((,  I  have  no  trace 


..the  I 
of  him  after  "74. 

-McLiui.ilian  (T.),  1S47,  niiil.  on  the  U.S.  ('oliiiiihii.-<;  iloiihtful.        Mel, 
1S4I"..    mr  of    the    l'nl(i<liii.   v.  :~,\K        .MeL.    {V.vo.),    ls;;!l,  at    Mont,   "."iil  4  1; 


named  ill   LiilV ill's  books.        MeL.  (L 


IS4(i,  nat.  of  l>el.,  I..  'l'.».  enteieil 


the  navy 


d  came  to  (Jal.  a^ 


d   mid.  on  the  .V' 


///.    Ill 


vitli  Faiuitlcroy  ■  diauoons 


Vl.  'JSll; 


d  took  u  proinineiit  part  in  reel 


veil 

uil- 


iiig  and  orgaid/ing  the  Cal.    I>at.,   Iiecoining  capt.  of   the  artill.  cimp.,  and 


late 


11  the  eanip.ii^ii 


iking  as  maji 


lit,  ;{rd.    He  A\as  one  of  '''reiiiont's 


comim-sioners  «  ho  .sii^ned  the  treat  v  ot  Caliueiii 


closing;  the  wi 


4.'i4.    Ill  ',")!)  he  resii'iie 


I   h 


iiositimi  in   the  iia\  v  and   returnei 


I  tl 


404  .") 

.  to  ell 


a  scries  of  iiiijiiirtaiit  industrial  and   liiiimial  enti  rprises.  Iie.ng  iii.in- 


er  of  Wells.  F, 


.\:  ( 


e.\ press  froin 


!.">  to  "(is,  aii'l  of  tlie  Nevi  da  Lank 


from  "7'i  to  'Si*.    He  left  <',d.  a  little  later,  Imt  is  still  living  in  '>S.">.    His  wife 

iiore,   and  (here   were  S  ehildnn.     I'mtiait   in 


was  .Sophie   Hoirinan  of   I! 

('(ji)t(iii/i.  Il'i'ij.       MiLaiinan.  I.s4(i,  fre   i  Hon.  on  the 

lS4(i,  .sergt  Co.  15.  artill,  Cal.  Hat.   \.  .TiS.        Mi  Lean  (tli  o,K  |,SI7,  mr  of  tl 


Knnh 


/'III  nil''. 


Mel. 


:irev. 


f 


11/     Li 


uriiitiii 


e  slioii  a 


t  S,F 


1' 


,Mel. 


)f   linn    Mtl,.    &   Osl 


of    ■.•!!l.        Mel.ian.    1S4.S,    kept  a 


MiL 


1).),  lS4fi,  C.d.  I!at,  (V.  ;{.-.S).       MeL.  (Wm  S,).  1,S4(;,  tlitto.       MeL.,  Is4>i,  at 
S.F.  from  Tahiti.       McLeod  (Alex.  U.),  IS-JS,  in  com.  tif  H.  I'..  Co.  hunters 


the  \.  iii.  \  A. 


■2i;;i.       MeL.   iFrai 


.1.),  1.S47,  <o.  F,  X.  V.  V 


(v.  4!)1M.        .MeL.   (.(oliiiC.).   lS:i4,    Scotch  sailor  tin  the  /;fo/r(/,s«  (•;•),  in  "lU-f), 
iii.   41'-';  retiinied  to  Cal.  '."lO;  ami   liveil  at  V.i'lijo  '00  70.   Sulniio  Co.  l/i>^t. 


Ml  I,,  (.lohll  M.).  ls:!S,  on  the  r<„//,, 


lilt  of  H.15.C 


Ml  Line  (.losepli), 


1S48,  owner  of  a  S.  F.  hd.       McLoiighliii  (John),  LS41,  chief  factor  of  the  H. 


.;(     ';  *' 


Ju 


720 


nOXEER  RICGISTER,  AND  INDEX, 


B.  C<->.,  who  visibnl  C;il.  on  t'.io  (' 


r<:t- 


210-18,  250,  ri'oA;  src  iJso  JT14. 


JJ.  Col.  iuul  //i'f.  Or. 
lMiM;ili<)ii  (i 


McL 


(\Vi:i),  is;;;),  stiilorundci'  iinvs^t 


at  8.  F, 


l^H,  ii;it.  o(   M  >.,  i;ii  1  ovi'il.  i:;iii)i''.  of  tlio   IJarlleson 


party,   ir.  "JTO,  -~'>,  "jy.'.   I1-!  v/cnt  t;)  Or.,  hut  n.'Hirsicd  i:i  Mo  v.itli  ii  \y, 


t  I  wliioli  1  liuvi;  ''ivcu 


hi  <  i: 


M.  iii  tlic  j^aiiU!  ji::rty.   v. 


II. 


'-1.    I'u.^sibly  tliLiu  was  a  J:\m.A  Mc- 


L'ltk'il  oil  I'utah  CrciU,  Sohuio  (.'o. 


.1 


ili'-'  I  Jic  Di.\ii;\  ill  ',>■  1  at  tlio  a''c  of  U.").   15v  tlif  il.  ritli  not 


iL'o  it ;  p;u';\r.! 


that  his 


uaiiiL!  Wfi.s  Sainuil  (J.        Mc.M.   (.kii  iiilah),    1S18,  Iii.siiinan  at  Mont.   "J^ 
[■nn  to  iiavo  <lii'il  about  '.7)0.       AIc.M.  (Nol.soii),  l'i4l,  hrollier  of  (Iici 


if    the  liaith 


pr.rty.   i\ 


70. 


'.").   He  \V('iit   East  or  to  Or 


I 


think  ilid  not  ii'tnni  to  Cah,  t!ioui.;li  lu;  i.s  niuntioncil  also  U'^onc^ot  the*  Iviiiau 


party  of  '4.').    iv, 


McM.  (i'jitiicU),   1817,  <.'o.   F 


utiil. 
>.  F. 


")IS).       Mc.Maiius  (James),    kSt7,  Co.  E,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  ■lOil),  <1 
JlcMichacl  (Grove  C),  ISIS,  nat.  (<f  Mo.;  a  ;;ap.ihkr  of  ^;ooil  i\[inte,  Liikd 
i-i  .*<.  F.  7)4.       McM.  (Will),  ls;!l  {•;),  a  .sailor  .said  to  havo  visited  (Jul.  about 


this  time.  iii.  40."):  settled  at  S.  F.  \'>\ . 


•  harf 


sea  V)'.),  at  the  aL;e  of 

called  Me.Mnlk 

alter  Mo.        MiMoni;.'le  (.>imp. 

sor 


-Me.Millaii,  1845.  in  e 


Kiiiierin 


tendei-.t 


:i-4: 


KU'iro  o 


f  Siittcr'ii  laaneli;  al 


-MeM.  (I'has).  1.S17,  Co.  E,  N.  V.  Vol.  (v.  4:!'.l';  d.  .S.  F. 
I.S40,  overl.  iiiimiLC.  with  Yoiin '.   v.  o\l[); 


•d  ill  Co.  E,  Cal.liat.  (\ 


MrX 


at  L 


»«• 


'4S. 


iiiiaia  (i''u','ei:e),  ISlli,  Irish  priest  who  had  ii  ;^rand  selii me  for  eol- 


oiiizin^,' Cal.  with  Irisbiiien  to  the  jjloiy  of  (iod  and  the  diseomliture  cf  the 
Yankees.  Hi  ^  ]i)MJri't  has  Iklii  ;;eiieral!y  yiven  more  iuiiioi  taiiee  in  cmii 
tioii  with  Eii'^di  h  plans  than  it  deseiveil.    Me.M.  eaine  to  Cal.  on  the  ./* 


dr;\'^C'jons  (v, 


,i(,  _l.i-_'.). 


ClUi. 


MeXeillv  (John),    1S4(),  Co.   C,  liit   L'.  S. 


(1 


Mrl'.  (0 


J.).  I,s4: 


I!)). 


-Mrl'hail,    ISIS,   from  Or, 


til  i; 


,)ks. 


.M. 


ilel'sou 


o_o 


on  the   A' 


of  '4:5. 

l)!e  id 


eian  Co.   1!,   N.    Y.  Vol.   (v.   4!)!t);  living  ia  N.  Y.  \S4. 

i47.  nm  ieia.i,  ditt;);  d.  Morrisania,  X.  V.,'(i',l.       .Mid'.  (James), 

on  Larkin'.s  books  at  Mont.  '."JS;  I  have  his  autograph 


'I'hcrsoii    John  C),  1S4S;  Se)trhiiiaii  of  good  edueatioii  and  coiuiik  ra- 
ii;ity:!i  a   writer;  li 't  eceenti'ic  to  the  verg.^  of  insanity,  a!id    ;dmost 
coiv.tanily  under  the  inlliiencc  of  licpior  in   hi.s  later  yeais.    It  ii  not  ([uico 
(.!..".r   how  he   eain.',  but  apparently  oveii.  from  .Mo.,  where   he   had   been   iv 


t 


Ik 


thoii'h  ic  is  also  said  that  h:'  went  to  Texas  and  servei 


•d 


ill  thi 


.Ml 


:;re( 


otiiei'.s 


aa  til 


tl 
iiitlior  of  a 


le  nil  lies 


in  '41' 


iind 


IS  nieiitionei 


1  l.v  li 


::l  ell\ 


pop 


ular  soil''. 


la,  dear  Y 


niia. 


He  sj.eiit  his  later  year.i  in  wandcrin 


it  tl 


id  other  poet- 


ic eouiitrv 


vritiiig  ^lioneer  sketehes  for  the  newspaiiers,  under  the  ;  ignature  of  Juaiiita. 
Many  of  lii<  sketches  v.creof  real  value,  tliongh  {•enerally  overbu;dene  I  with 


Old  )gy;  and  tlie  author  was  always  an  inoU'eiisive,  kiiiddieaiti  il  i 


lan. 


n 


lie  fell  tlir(jii',,h  the  trestle-work  of  a  railniad  bri 


:  over  the  Tuohimiie  iiiv, 


id  was  killed.       Metjuade  (i'eter),  IS.'Ui,  at  Mont.       MeQuien  (U.),  1S4S, 
p'.ss]).  from  linn. 

.MeUae'  (.\r.!i.),  lS4r»,  mid.  V.  S.  N.,  hearer  of  despatches  from  V/asli. 
V.  2S7.  Mcliice,  IS4S,  uuutkred  by  Scott  at  Sonoma.  McSpaddeii  (Jaiiie-), 
1847,  Co.  F,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  4:)!l).     "  .Mclioberts  (J.),  184.".;  ii 


the  r 


IIVo 


(!)ie,'ald),  ISKi 
t! 


Me'l'avish  (Donald),   lS2(i,  sup.  of   the  Coloiul.   ii.  278.       .\!cT, 


it  of  tlu!  11.  1!.  Co.,  visiting  Cal.  to  sell  the  iiropeity  of 


le   eoiiil) 


.!H.       .McViik.r  (Henry),    \> 


11, lined   III 


L 


arkm  s 


honk  ";>7-n  as  lieing  in  the   Mont,  district;  perhaps  arrested  in  "10.   iv.   II,' 
17.   In  "42  he  was  in  eoni.  of  Siittei'.s  trappers,  but  ((uarrcllcd  with  S. ;  in  '41- 


lit  S.  F 
stro. 


C 


)>art 


ill  the 


Mi 


'toreiiji  cam|)ai:,'ii,  capturing 


iv.  4S()  7;  in    I.")  named  at  .Mont,  and  at  N.  ll< 


.hcri 


.M: 
had 


cl 


li'.dit  with   i'vn.   Havis.   The  latest  record  that  1  have  found  is   that  he  left 


the  fort  J; 


1(1  f. 


ir  iSononm. 


Mace  (P.),    IS4.").  doii))t!ul  name  of  ii  man  at  ('ahtienga 


M; 


elialo,   iiieiit.   ill  '10,   '2J.    ii.   .Vi4,  o,")!).       M..    KS7o,  i 


ir  ( 


.JoS. 


M.  (A'.'ustiii),  at  I.os  Au''.   from  "21. 


4  th 
20:  jue; 


di 


and  grantee  of  UuUona  '39.  iii.  G.lj,  O.'IO;  age  42  in  '."Sit;  juc.  do  e:uii[)o  "48.  v. 


.M.x. 

liul 

with 

In  'C-i'd 

;iv. 

ISIS, 

r.  s. 

Mel'. 
ity  <;t' 
u-kiii's 
,-.  IIS, 

ill  -It 
l;:;iiiol 

l;ail  !V 

le  loft 

Mix- 

ictcin. 
,.>  ^.S, 
■is.   V. 


MACIIADO— MAIXSFORD. 


727 


G2G;  justice  of  pcncn  in  '.')G.       M.  (.Viuln's),  iit  T,o9  Ang.  '40.       M.  (Antoiii 


lj;iiat'io).  rt'i^idor  at  Los  .Ai 


d  i 


'.■JS-',(  ailng  siiuUto  and  akaldc. 


111.  (ii 


I   7S  at  tliu 


JU'J'      nil-  (  f   tlu^  ,/(; 


mf  "SI.        .M.  (Cirhaiai,  at  L 


'J- 


J)' 


rotrii.   111.  ;!??■_'. 


M.  (!•: 


.M.  (J 


')■ 


lu'iii'o),  cfhidorat  .Mniit.  '-'A. 


IV.  -lo 

Aug.  'iy-^-27 
tiiula  '41; 
for  i: 


-M.  (i)ii!iiiis  iud  i'|-ain;i.<(.'o),  at  ].()S  Aug.  "ili.       M.  (iiilaiiol.  at  l,i).s 


:.i.  (I, 


IV  :c  .) 


U  i; 


iiuiiavi.stu  <>J 


Jl).  iii. 
GJO. 


;tL 

tJ.'i; 
M.  {.I 


uraiiloc  ( 


<):sc),  a 


M.  (.1 


usus 


if  Al'i 

t  .s;j 


'j< 


■IC 


t  s.  is 


'10.  a ''I!  'J7. 


uni.    4() 
M.  l.l( 


.1. 


Ant.),  at  Los  All'.'.  'U).        M.  (.!us(5  M:ilia),  .solditT  of  S.F.  eOiM|).  '.!'.»;  at  Lw 


40. 


,AL 


it  .S.  DiuLTO  '40.   111.  GIO;  at  Los  Aiilt.  "4! 


l::;),  daugliti.T  of  Josu  ?.iaiillc'!,  a  uorp.  of  tliu  iS.  l)ii'go  coi,;}!.,  and  w  iilow  of 


M.  (J 

1. 


ua- 


'I'l 


i;id 


iiurton,  w  iio 


iit  S.  Di- 


it  til- 


of    ()4 tllOll'! 


Ii  a])pa'-(  iitly 


ul*out  40 — yav(-  mo  iiu  iiitLrusliii;.,' iiariativi;  of  J'icmjiv^I'dsii/o.iili'Cal.   Siic 
iuu  a  aoii  and  4  luairied  dau.Lrlitfi.s.        M.  (Mai.UL'l),  rc.jdor  at  S.  l)i(go  and 


l.i  cluU'f'L;  ( 


■i  }'■ 
a:;t  for  I, as  Vif 


o;;;.ii'>  ranciio  in 


;«).  ill.  (ii'J,  (u; 


(.Mr 


Ant, 


•la 


lies  raiiolio. 


(ite  I 


iii.  G;i4.       Macluioa  (.Jobo  S.),  huttKr  at  Uiain'i- 


iVi. 


h 


Maciol  (Luia  G.),  1842,   Mux.  lie.*"  of  tin:  batallon  lijo,  .siisin.iidcd  fioi 


ik  '4:: 


)4,  ;!G4;  Ijiit  Mi'')..-d  the  treats  i.'l'  Sia  'IVresa  in 


470.       Ma'jl:  (.rolai  \V.),  IS17,  cui'pcntcr  at  .Mont. 
^L  (Will),  1S4G,  one  of  tlio  Moriiio'.i  col.,  wiio  pr 


'44.  iv, 

'  17-S;  at  Aiigil".)  ('.imp  "4l>. 
)1).  dill  not  (OHIO  to  (.'ai.   \'. 


.Macoiiil)  (Win  H.),  1S47,  licut  U.S.X.,  and  r.L'ling  nirof  llio  Z<r./(i.';//i 


Macoiidray  (I'rcd.  \V.),    1; 


11. 
uiiifli   tu'.iciicd   at  Mont,   from  Ciiil 


d 


It.  of  yh.'. 

ii.   478.    Snlji 


I'iiiiK  r, 


itly  1 


llio  /• 

u;  was  nir  of 


trading  crait  Mid  remained  .soiiiu  years  in  Cl'.ina.   lii  '40  he  eaine  hack  t;j  Cal. 
v.i.ii  his  I'auiilv  and  tstahlislied  tiie  linn  of  .M.  &  Co.,  heiiig  ii  )iroiiiiiient  eiti- 


il  S.  F.   to  the  da 


if 


■all 


I  in    G'J. 


.M.  (.lolm  Oliver   K.I,  1; 


hrother  of  Fred,  \\ 


v.lio  eaiiie  from  15oslon  on  the  A'c.'ccH-sV/i' with   Lar';ii 


h: 


p.-.rt 


eo;i  -1 


riiinent  of  (;ood.; 


ill  '."W  he  v.;;s  a  elerk  for  Wats 


.'OS.   His  ii:i 
1 


line  appears  (jii 


Li 


\Vl 


1.11  u, 


Iier  loreigners  in 


thi 


so'.i,  heiiig  tlien  "JO  year.- 


i-iiMii''   i:i   letakiir' 


.M. 


lit.  from  tile 


revouitioiiary  events  <it    .'It! 


taking  I 
id 


leel;. 


.M 


ex.     \V:IO 


hail 


)ltec 


I 

'aiiist  Ah'; 


r:ido.   For  tl 


us  ierviee 


he  th 


if  land  i.i  C.d.,  wiitiiig  from  lJoi> 


loiiglit  he  had  a  claim  on  the  U.S.  (I)  lor  '.'>  h 


ami  eiieiosui' 


letti 


er  lioni  his  liroUii'i' 


ter  in  Oet.  '4ll  to  l.arkiii  o;i  the  Milij 


111 


was  aiio'.it  to  !-ail  for  (.' 


una,  pro 


po>.iii 
,M; 


'  to  eoiiic  to  L'al.  lati 


ulariaga  (bonilaeio 


I,   .Ml 


.Maey  (-Me:;.),  ls:i),  nir  of  the  /' 
V.   eletk  at   .Mont,   from  aliout  '.'1 


IHi'icia  and  rcgidor  in   .')(>- 
Jvitrada  (iiiotlier  of  ( i 


Ii 


M  ai.'<'  •J7 


II 


went  to  Mex.    in  '4'.: 


Alvarado),   ehildreii  J.d 


D;  eoniis.   do 
ile  Josefa  Valleji)  de 


1. 


;-',  1 


raileiseo 


,;i. 


.Ma 


)X  (Will   A.  T.  I,   ISK).   lieiU  of   marine.- 


L'.S.N.  on  tiio  Ci/iiiic  and  CoJi'jir.'iS.   .Vflerthe  oeeupaWon  iif  ].,os  Aug.  lit^  eame 


to  .Mont. 


•y 


eaptiiring  some  <Jal.  oliieiis  on  the  way,  and  wa 


if  the  garrison  juid  of  th 


itral  distriet,  ra 


L 


IF 


lade 


d.  t 


o  S. 


•Jiiaii  Ii 


iikiii;;  as  eajit.  in  the 


Cal. 

th  his 

e;inip.  to  take  part  in  tlie  liiial  Sanchez  campaign,   v.  "JSJ,  "JSU-OO, 'JW,  .'i.'iS, 


aiiU  luarehei 


1  to  Sia  Ciii 


:;(;;). 


')10,  GI'iO.   I  have  no  i'< 


d  of  h 


fter 


Madi.i 


^ailor  s'lit  away  on 


tiic  C 


lU  (( lei. 


is:;o. 


lid  for  loljliing  Spear'.i  .store;   perhaps  also 


.J.);rpli  M.  Madu.x  (.lame),  1841,  doubUul  name  at  Moat.  Madrazo  \.T. 
M.),  ..Mex.  sorgt  of  nrtill.  v.lio  isigncd  the  Zainoraiio  piiiiuineiuinento  of  '; 
iii.  *JJ3. 


[agco  (Henry).  1847,  lieiit  Co.  I,  N.  Y.  \'i 


,"tlt;  at    S.  lii 


'!    0. 


Magcr  (Adam),    lSt7,  Co.   I),  ditti; 


M 


iggan 


]Jat.   (v.  409).        Magnent  (Ollivier),  ISH,  Canadian   ini 


(IJeiij.).  lSi7,  Co.  C,  Morni. 


jf  tl 


p;  rty.  iv.  41."),  40;!.    He  hiiilt  a  lloiir-inill  at  S.  .lose,  wliieii  he  ad\erti 


10  Stuven.< 


loi- 


the  S.F.Ca'if'. 


if  .\\n:  'IS.    Called  aU)  Ma-net.  Magnaud,  aad 


Mart|Uet.    Aec.  to  (he   I'lC^iio  Co.  Ilift!.  there  were  two,  (Jlivirand    1" 
hattheref.  is  pmh.  (o  Delaiid.       Malion,  see  '  .MeMalion.'       Mahouy  (.folin), 
ISIS,  in  S.F.  list  of  letters. 

Main  (.Tame-),  1S44,  at  Mont.  '44-.-).       M.  (Uu-s,!!  .M.),  1,S47,  Co.  F.  :!d  V 


S,  artill.  (V.  OFij. 


Ml 


■d    (.loh 


\\ 


Iri.h  BuviM.r  at  Moid. 


:jO; 


riOXEKR  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


l)erha|is  Tiainsfonl 


(V. 

n 


M). 


Maison  (Joseph),  1840,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  rlnigoons 


MaitortiKi  (Josi!  Joaquin),  1S((I,  cmiiio  to  ('al.  a«  ('atU  t  of  tliu  St.i 


I'Z  from  ISOU;  lit. lit  fr 


■tcil  U 


ill  >.h'.\.  ';{().   ill!  wiin  a  <li'i'.nkcii,  good  natiireil  fi'llow,  wit! 


I'oii'^re".  s  III    _S; 


(!k.I 


itaiit  wlicii  soIkt.   1) 
A,  4J4,  oiiO-  1,  ;");;()- 


iii.  4,V();  iiioiit.  ii.  47,  UK),   WX  )r, 


.-)71- 


.")7(),  (i7li:  iii.  01,  04,  8S.       Majors  (A!*.;;.), 
\'Ar>  {':);  later  of  tlio  poiiy-txiU'i-'ss  lirm  of  Kusscll.  M.,  &  Waddell;  doulittul 


date  of  ai  rival,   iv.  o!>7.   At  S.r, 


70. 


Majors  (.loi-c'ph  L.),  li'uVl,  uat.  of  'JViin. — .solium  aciouiits  .'-.ay  of  Ky,  X. 


Oh 


1/ 


ilio  ("line  from  X.  .Mux.,  periiaps  with  (irahani.   iii.  .'is;;,  4!_'.    At 


ill  Nov 


14  ho  s-iuiR'd,  with  othi  r  fol•^.'i.i,'lU'l.^,  a  protc 


auiiiiiv 


Ik 


to  lid  i;ii!it:.rv  ihitv.    In  ";i"»  ho  sooiiin  to  liavi,-  .soitlod  in  tlio  S;a  i'vx 


rc;;ion,  and  from  that  yoar  his  name  appears  ofton  in  Lark In'^i  aooonnls  and 
otJK  r  lociirds.  Hu  was  one  of  (iiaiiains  iiiou  in  tho  troiiiih  s  of  '.'{(J-S;  and  ;.oo. 
t-j  .luh  nye'ii  stateiiioiit  hoiight  Tomliuson's  interest  in  tho  Zayantu  dis'.iik;-/ 
ahoiit  ".■!7,  sollini;  out  to  D^o  a  few  years  later.  In  "A'.}  ho  was  nalurniizeii, 
oalling  liimsolf  Juan  Jo.so  I'l  i.so.stomo,  proh.  a  name  icecivod  at  l)a[itir-m  in  l'<. 
.Me.\.  or  ('ill.  Ahout  tho  :aino  tiiiio  In;  married  Maria  do  Ins  Aii:;;el(s  (':i;  tio, 
y  whom  iio  had   1!)  ehildrcn.    (.Seo   'MaronoH.')  He  was  airostod  in  '40  l).;t 

il 


1 

.sjon  released,    iv.    17,  --,  -1;  roeeiviiij'  in  '41    L;raiit.i  of  the  S.  Ajiiytii 


■/.. 


vatito  rani'hos,  tho  latter  of  v.  hieli  he  wold  to  (li; 


IV.  (i, 


i;  yet  111 


he  ;  i;,'iiecl  an  appeal  to  thu   U.  S.  for  indeninity  for  siili'eiini^s  >rhilo   uiiiUi; 


it  I    In  "4;!  Ik 


(1 


pr 


ite.st  a''aiiist  dial 


lain  .s  (ilu  r  ot  tlio  ii  rvieey  ot 


foreigners  to  Mieheltorona.  iv.  ;),',(i;  and  served  as  jiuz  di;  er.mpn  at  Draiiei- 
furte.  iv.  GO.'i;  in  '4()  jiie/,  do  paz,  and  a  witness  at  the  tri.il  of  X.;ile";j  mr.i  iki\  r. 
V.  041-2;  perhajis  jiiez  in  "47;  niemlier  of  the  Sta  (,'rnz  coiineil  ■4S.  v.  OiJ;  ;.l- 
c.-dde  and  siih-piotoet  "4'.)-.")9,  and  oliosou  <lelogate  to  the  constit.  eonventicu. 
S'd.  <  rir.  Arc/t.,  lO'J.  He  was  o'aiinant  for  the  .S.  Agustiii  laneho,  and  a  rieli 
nan  in  those  years,  Imt  .sul)se(|Uiiitly  lost  most  t)f  Lis  ]ii(i[ieity,  dyiiijr  in  \;3 
at  SI  a  < 'rex,  where  his  widow  .'.till  lived  in  "SO.  Malcarof,  1814,  mr  of  tho 
tS'«i"<nv)/"l4-l.').  li. 


.■>(iO, 


X 


Mall 


:ieo,  a  Siiisun  oli 


ief  'i: 


;;>. 


.M; 


Mian 


IS'.'O, 


it.  of  I'cni,  and  nir  (jf  the  .SV  iiur'ia.io  in  l':,l.  '•20-'2. 


ii.  '-",i;!,  4;ii)-4(»,  407.     In  '24  he  came  back  as  mrof  tho  A/ii.hniin.  ii.  ."il; 


d 


as  chosen  by  Gov.  Ar^^uelln  to  take  the  A-<ia  and  < 'i»i-liiiiiii  prizes  to 
Aeapiiho.  iii.  '20;  for  which  .service  he  was  iiiado  a  licut  in  the  Mex.  navy. 
Aluiiit  the  s;iiiio  time  he  married  Josefa  ]^^tl'ada,  and  niailo  .Monterey  hi.s  Immo, 
tlioiiiiii  still  giiinj^  to  sea.  Mentioned  in  "2!J-;{0,  being  jjartido-eleetor.  ii.  Gi;!; 
ii.  HI-oO,  70,  82;  sij,'ned  the  /Camorano  proniine.  ';{2,  liiMiig  ealhd  into  servieo 


as  alforcz.  iii.  22;t,  072;  in  ';{,'{  nir  of  tl 


ti 


if  (iiiai! 


'ran tee  o 


f  (' 


ujic  raiuho 


iii.  ;?S;i,  iuW  07 


'dai,  ea()t,  of  the  port,  and 


niciit. 


[-8.    111. 


':r;.n- 
K4; 


liii 


iilar  and  mr  of  the  Cirrdii/es  "M.  iii.  (1 


IV.  102;  jusliee  and 

president  of  tho  tribiiiiiil  siijierior  '41  -T).  iii.  OOo;  iv.  2!l(>,  Xu,  rt'.V2;  in  '40  iiiein- 
licr  cpf  the  Mont,  eoiiiicil  ami  of  the  1st  jury.  v.  280,  ('i;{7.  IFi;  died  in  '4!)  or 
"."lO  ;.t  the  age  nf  nearly  00,  leaving  a  largo  estate.  I>i)ii.liian  v.  as  a  (|uict.  iin- 
oblnisive  man  of  excellent  eharaeter  and  inueli  iiilliience.      His  childieii   in 

)2,  I'lhaiio  '."!.■).   One 


";i(i  were  Miiria  Isabel  b.  '20,  Mariano  '28,  I'oiieipci 
of  the  daughters  married  t'arlos  Olvera,  and  live.;,  a 


as  ( 


bus  I'rbanii.  at  Cliu;; 


In 


ir.  ami  tliere  was  another  son 


th. 


Ij 


naeio,  a  nionev-iirol;er  a 


t  S.F.  in  '8:{. 


M. 


i(.Mariaiio),  soi'  of  Juan,  educated  in  IVru;  executor  of  his  lath 


state,  aiK 


that  capacity  sueci'ssful  claimant  fur  the  raiicho.,  of  Zanjones,  (luadalupo, 


<  'liua'ar;  jndgo  !>f  1st  instance  at  Mont.  "40;  eoro 


r,0   1; 


sniicrvisor 


iiienibi  r  of  the  a.ssenibly  '."iO-OO;  later  a  wealthy  ie.sident  of  Sta  Clara,  where 
lie  si  ill  livi  s  ill  "8."). 

Mahisjiina  (.\lejandro),  1701,  Span.  eoin.  of  an  exploring  exped.  touching 


at  .Mont.    i.  4 111  12,  4'.)S,  .■pOO 


ii.  01 


Malcolm,  I84S,  fi 


t)r 


hv  sea,  a  com 


paiiioii  of  lironks  in  the  mines.       M.   (.Mex.  15.),  1847,  Co.  (i,  X.  V.\dl.  (v. 
400).        M.  (.Iidiaii),  1814,  saihir  left  at  Mont,  by  tho  /.v((/(f  '/'<)(/</.  ii. 


Mai 


I'lilia, 


l;;4;' 


[issn.  from    H( 


pas's) 


M.i 


uiailo,   1821,    an   actor   or   re\o 


lutiiiiiary  agent,   ii.   4."il.        M.  (.lo.se  Man'a),  perhaps  the  same.    Mex.  elerk 
from  Tepic;  receptor  of  custoniii  ut  .Sta  B.  ''3'A-o.  iii.  ."i77,  0o4;  Bee.  of  the 


MALDOXADO—MARKIIxVM. 


729 


cliputaci<5n  'Dl-O.  iii.  '2.".0,  '2'j\,  ■{•2i'>.  (!7.'?;  sindico  ami  sec.  rjf  Mont,  ayiiiit.  "■■)'» 
-t),  iii.  (J74-."i.  Ill  ';{()  at  Mniit.  jijfc  .Ss,  witi;  Antoiiiu  Vflanlf,  child  \'ii'(utf, 
1).  ill  'l\'|)i.;  "I'd.    I  liaM.'  no  K-'uiinl  oi  him  atti  r  his  iiirt'.st  in  cuiiin'itiiiii  witii  the 


.'Vdlt  oi'  Mcxica 


lis  au'iiiiis 


t  Al\ 


ill  ';!7 


Mill! 


ii'ilri',  uir  ol  the 


£L 


r.ii. 


iv.  r)('i.").       Malli'tt  (Cliii.s  (!.),  1S4.'),  Aiiicr.  sailor 


l(>lll  the 


II 


(li:-:'iir;   ,sli 


i|)]ieil  for  lioHtoii  on  the  Cdlij). 


oi.'ll, 


|s-J(l,  <h)iilitfiil   lii.sli   scttkr  at,  S.  Lui.s  Oh.  <Jii!;il' ;/. 


■are  of  tl 
l'<tii(l'ili( 
Malh 


le  consu 


Mai 
1S!(1 


iiir  of  the  /V(Ni  off.  v.  ."iSd.        .Malloy  ( I'M.  )■  lS4."i,  tle-seitcr  fjoin  th^  llo/x  in  II  at 
S.  llieu'o.        Malo  (.lo.-i('>  Itanioii),  i.'iaiitee;>f  I'misima  and  Sta  !!it.i 'anclios,  Sta 


Ji.    I'l.  iv,  {')'t'.\\  V.  ."jriS;  at  Sta  liu'.s  7)4. 
beinian  at  S.  !•' 


Maltok  (Itiehai-d),  ISfJ,  Kii-I.  Inn 


Mi 


lS4i 


ster  (Alex.),  ISI."),  sailor  oi  the  M(trin,  or  Morm.        M.  ('I'hoinas), 


i,  ovcrl.  iiiiinji,',;  served   in  ("o.  F,  Cal.  Bat.    (v.   XiS);  owner  of   S.  F.   lot 


'4S;   in  llie  mines '4S;  drowned  in  S.F.   hay  iioforc  "(ill.        Maneilla  (Toin;U), 


Do 
M. 


:an   fii;ii'  in    !,.   (' 


»ho    visite<l   S.    Diet^o   '-itl-aO. 


;).>•_';    V, 


474,  -yx);  iii.  IIS.   11. 


nan  li;naeio),  \S'2'2.    .'^iiaii.   supercargo  of  the  Cvl  Yuiiinj, 


(!v2(). 
1-2  W. 


me  hack  in  ''i.')  on  the  Ti 


yoirl, 


(III  anil  reniaiiieil 


as  agent  of  a  Lima  linn,  hcing  a  resident  of  Los  Adg.  from  '"27.    1 
to  i|iiit  the  eoiintry  in  "."id  under  the  law  expelling  Sjiaii.,  and 


petition  ot   'JS  t( 


o  he  allowed  to  ten 


It. 


ISLi 


ot,  1S4S,  mr  of  the   (' 


lie  was  ohliged 

11  spite  of   his 

nain.   iii,  ;')l-'2,  ICO,  14.').    He  ha.l  no  family. 


(/('   'J'lJiiihii 


M; 


mjares  (( .r.i.-iano), 


M. 


grantee  of  Saucito  ';{;>.   iii.  (170;  in  ".'{(),  aire  ;!.">,  wife  MaxiniKiiia  (o'.ngora,  .'liihl. 


I) 


omiie,:o  o, 


■I,  .1. 


inu'iaiii) 


;U,  Ivs tan islao '.'{•_',  Jmi 


>;  jue/  aiixillar 


.)i;i 

'•A-> 


4'J.  IV.  I)."i.'l.  .Maniii|ue  (.Miguel),  com.  of  transjioits  177"),  I7!t7.  i.  -41 
;.  M.  (.lo^e  Ant.),  at  Los  Aug.  ■4(i.  M.  (■luan),  sohlier  of  Sta  11.  .•.)mp. 
M.  (.Julian  1,  at  Sta  Ana  raiieh),  Los.  Aug.  '.'{'.>,  age  .'[."i;  in  '44  giantee 
of  i,aguiia.  iv.  (i'Jl.  Mans.ineli  (.M;iri.x  Ant.),  at  .Mont,  '."id,  nut.  of  'repic, 
apparently  the  sister  of  the  wif.'  of  .Mniiras.  Mans.r  (.lacoh),  |NJ(),  Co.  ( ', 
1st  r.  S.  dragoons  (v.  IfIKi).  Manso  (.Jiiaii),  184-*,  .Span,  trader  in  \'irnioinl's 
employ;  in  '4.")  appointed  coniiniiisioner  to  form  inv.ntoiies  of  tli.'  mission  es- 
tates, and  lessei;  of  S.  I'.rnando.  iv.  .").")().  .")."i.'!,  (i."i7  t<,  i')l'.\.  (iSJ!;  v,  ,"),")S,  (i,'!,). 
M.  (  Liic.is  v.),  181)4,  com.  of  the  .l/j/cfc.s' which  hrought  [lurt  of  the  e.doiiy. 
iii.  -'117,  -'ill,  .'{s;}.  Maii.s.)n  (I'eiihus).  1,S4().  Faiintlci-oy's  .Iragooiis  (\-.  •2'.i2, 
'J47).  .Manii.l,  \.  .Mex.  of  Sta  U.  garrison  '4(i.  v.  ;!lli.  .M.  (.\ndriVs  and 
.los.'),  gr.mtecs  ol  ( Juajonie '4.").   iv.  (J'JI.        Maipieda  (Juan   I).),  irul,  jiiliplo 


ill  Malaspina's  exped.   i.  4'.l(». 


M 


l[>Vii    ( 


s  i(jei 


\V, 


\V; 


r. 


IS47,  Co.  I,  X.Y.Vol    (v.4!MI) 


ll'i  III  hil'  llCi 


.M.  (.lohn 


1SI7.C 


.Maide 
II,  X.Y. 

Ma- 
Tom),  1,S4."),  iiat.  of  Oahn,  in  charge  of  enstom-house  boat  at  Mont. 
J()-(!.   iii.  14().       March  iF.dwiiit,  1S47.  Co. 


(Dav.),  I.S17,  carpenter  on  the  /,, 
Vol.  (V.  41»",l).       .Marago  (V.), 


itee  of  I'atlha.    iv.   (i'JI    (Mor.iga: 


Maraviof.  IS'J."),  mr  of  the  l\li 

K,  N.  V.Vol.  (v.  4!ni);  d.  '(iO.        M.  ( Wm  .1.1,  1.S47.  employed  at  Fitch's  Soto- 


yoma  ranclio  '  i 


!S. 


.Maivhan.l  (.1.  B.).  |S4S. 


-•r  of  S.I'',  lot.       Marcheiia 


(Fiirii.),  IS4L  ditto,   iv.  (i 


d(  I'l 


•ilv 


M.iixy  (Sam.),  IS47,   "-d   nir  on  the  L'.  S.  ]i, 


.M.ir.v   (Win  (i.),  1S47,  A.  A.  Q.  M.,  V.  S.   A.,  eomniissarv  of  X.Y.Vol. 


V.    .lOli, 

ton   ill 


.Ml 

■4S; 


son  of  the  sec.  of  state  I't  \\  iisli.;  wint  to  the  minus  with  C.il- 


.f  tl 


L'oiistit.   ef)nven.    4! 


nii'inlier  of  tin!  legislature  '.").'); 


l)ay-niaster  in  tl 


i(!  iiavv  trom   (i 


it  Wash.  7M;    lixing.  iit  Ala 


I     8L>. 


Maria  de  Jesus  (Ma.lre),  l.SOd,  sent  from  Mex.  in  charge  of  foundlings,    i.  ((()(». 


M 


iriaiio,  lea  I.  r  in  .'^ 
ill  ';<(). 


VI.  t   reh 


ta  II, 
M. 


otithr.'ak 


li 


vagu.ly   mentioned   'l(i  '-'4.    ii.   .'t'J.S, 


L'4,   ii. 

ehi.f 
o.'I.S, 


M.  ("Ian.),  IS-_'S,  .Mex.  eo; 


.M 


iriii  ( ' 


>.  was  iiiiliie 


d; 


.!).S. 


Mont. 


eomi 


).  ';<'.>. 


M.  (.h 


.Marine   (Frulo).  sJilier  of 


an),  I7!l.">,  .Sp.iii.  arlilh  ryinan  retired  after 'I'l  v.ilU 


rank  of  lieiit  d.' premio  from  ''27;   at  S.  (lahii.'l  ':'S,  age  (!0. 


■)l:{;  iii.  .■)!; 


)erhaiis  Ins   name  was 


1 

S.ivi'd  a 


.M, 


riiier. 


Ml 


4.")!i. 


t  S.   Iti'go  tl 
i."!,  .">7i>  7:  ii.   10(1 


hath  ill  KSdO.    I 


(.liiaiil,  I7S."),  Span,    f 


ilog. 


liar  w  1.) 
l),")4;  iiieiit.  i.  :W.S,  A22,  4.V), 


Mark  (.li>scph),  IM7,  Co.  (i    N.Y.Vol.  (v.4!i:ti.        M.  (L.iiii->.  l,si7.Co,  !•: 


ditto;  d.  before  X).       Market  (Auyustiue),  1S47,  Co.  I),  ditti 


Nh 


m  til  I 


I 


II 


lt[.rtMl"^' 


7no 


riOXEEll  REGISTER  AND  IXDEX. 


(Mrs  Vi.),  ISlfi,  tMino  to  Stii  Clara  Co.;  iiiniilcn  iiami'  not  given.  ^farkof 
(  \k'x.),  Ls4.">,  liuss.  visitor,  who  [)ulili.s!icil  a iKin-.itivi'.  iv.oli.*.  Marks  ((,'li,i>), 
|S4(i,  Faiiiilloroy'.s  (lraj,'i)oii8  (v.  'Jll-',  "JIT).  .Marl;n  (lien.),  ISl."),  (loiiliii'iil 
ii.iiiic  of  an  inimiL;.  iv.  '>'JH.  Maroni's  (.losr).  at  Ihaiirilmti!  '4"),  »:;<>  M.'i,  \\i:o 
Maiiii  Castro,  rliil  I.  Jo-u  .loacj.  1>.  '40,  .Maria  Ml,  Danira  (?) '4-_',  S.uita  (?) 
'■\'.\,  l!i)lnTto '44.  J  tliink  tliis  uiiiv  Ijc  intentUil  for  '  Majors,' (|. v.  Maio'ii 
(I'ra-i.).  at,  Mont.  'li'.Ml.  Maip'lo  (Dav.),  soi;  '  Map'.u.'  Maiipii't.  IM.'), 
(louLtliil  nu-inhfr  of  Fii^'inont's  jiarty.  iv.  ,')S',',.  Mfifhi.  M:4riiU(Z  (i'lan.), 
{  raiiice  of  iloca  lU'  Sta  Mijniia.   iii.  (i;i.'i;  a  lik,(:!;suiitii.  age  47. 

Man|\iiz  (Maniui),  IS4J,  Mex.  lii'iit  (.f  the  liatalhai"  lijo  '4-J-r).  iv.  '.'s!!; 
i;iililioat(  il  as  an  accomplic'c  in  a  jiois<iniMg  ea  e  and  transferred  to  Sta  II.  "!l{. 
i'.'.  .■)o4,  041;  adj.  and  instrnetor  of  the  S.  Luis  ()li.  (h  I'ensores '44.  iv.  407;  at 
Mont.  A[)r.  '40.  v.  41.  M.  (Italael),  soldier  kilhd  l.y  Ind.  on  the  Colorado 
i7;-il.  i.  o('."i.  !Mar(juincz  (.Marci  lino),  l.slO.  Span.  I'nar  who  served  ehielly 
at  Sta  Criiz,  and  left  Cal.  in  "17.  Uiog.  ii.  ;iN7;  nient.  ii.  14'.l.  l.V.J-  (it),  "JIS.  ;!Ji), 
:i:>4.  .•;!)1.4u'l. 

Marron  (.Ii'sus),  at  lios  Ang.  '4(!.  M.  (.Tnau  Maria),  had  a  house  at  S. 
l>ie;.'o '"Jl.  ii.oK!;  took  jiart  in  the  i-evolution  of  ';!l.  iii.  "JOl;  legidor  ';,.V  (!, 
and  elei'toi'  in  iiO,  heing  o«  ner  of  the  < 'ueros  diA'enadi.  r.ineho  alt:. iked  liy 
l;,d.  iii.  4SI>,  01  I,  01.";  iv.  07.  lie  was  juex  suplente  in  ".'!!l-4().  iii.  0I();  owner 
of  land  at  S.  ,Inan  Cap.  '41.  iv.  O'JG;  grantee  of  Agua  Ifedionda  '42.  iv.  (ijd; 
and  jiiez  in  "44.  iv.  .')4(>.  In  '4.'>  he  was  eleetoi'  do  jiartido  and  .uhnin.  of  S.  L\ijs 
i:ey.'  IV.  :>•.().  OJO-i;  Ol'.'M;  and  in  '40  alcalde,  v.  :!.'."),  :!_'ll.  OlS-H).  lie  di  .1 
i:i  '.'iii.  Iluwidow,  FelipaOsuna,  li.  at  .S.  1).  ISO'.t,  andstiil  living  there  in  '7>!, 
gave  me  licr  HiriurduH  of  early  times,  to  whieh  is  atlaiihed  a  eul.  of  origin;;! 
Jioc.  Ui--<t.  Cdl.  presented  hy  her  Inother.  Mai'sh  (Eton  S. ),  liS47,  owni  r 
of  S.  F.  lot.  V.  (is.-).  M.\tieo.),  18-20,  purser  of  H.  !'>.  M.  S.  lllo.-<sow  in 
liecehey's  exped.   iii.  121. 

Miirsh  (Inhni,  IsDO,  nat.  of  Mass.  and  graduate  of  narv;ird,  who  ;d't<'r 
residing  in  \\'is<:onsin  and  Mo.  spent  0  yeiirs  in  New  Mex.  ami  Sonora.  a;id 
eiinie  to  Cal.  early  in  .);in.  ';>0  from  Sta  Fe.  iv.  117-18.  I'ri'senting  hisdiplonia 
iis  Ji  physieian  to  the  aynnt.  of  Los  Aug.  he  g(jt  in  Feb.  a  liee'U-^e  lo  jiriirtise 
me<l;cii:e;  hut  came  to  tlu'  north  e.arlj-  in  ';!7,  in  which  ye.ar  IMwards  inel  him 
ic  the  Mo!;t.  district,  v.  Sli,  ami  from  which  time  Ins  nrtme  aiipe;iis  on  Lar- 
K:;r.s  hooks,  lit.'  seems  to  have  tr.avelh'd  consider.alily  in  t!n'  norl  liern  district;;, 
l.'.it  in  !,  _\ear  or  two  hecame  tlie  owner  of  theranchoof  J.,os  .Mc'il.anos  also 
c.illeil  I'llpunes,  I'lnpines,  and  later  New  York,  at  the  foot  of  Mt  I'ialilo, 
near  the  u;()dern  Antioch — gr.-.iitc<l  to  Noriega  in  ";>.").  Ikre  he  limit  a  rude 
hut  jukI  speat  t  he  I'cst  of  his  lit\',  gradifdiv  accumulating  ucahh  in  livcstui  k. 
Li  '40  he  w;is  jirrested  lint  not  exiled,  had  some  dealings  with  Sutter,  •■iml 
wrote  letters  to  r>ro.  for  the  purpose  of  eni'oiiriigiiig  iuimigration.  iv.  !(,  17. 
2i'.-4,  1.S4,  2(i.").  In  U  he  leceived  the  1st  innnig.  p.arty.  I'lartleson's.  at  hi.s 
ranelio,  and  alloided  them  mucii  as'istanci',  though  he  made  the  new-comers 
paj'  well  for  his  services  iind  giievously  oll'cnd'  d  many  of  tlK'iii  liy  his  i:ican- 
ia::s.  iv.  272  ."i,  ."it7.  Th(^  ollicirs  of  the  V.  S.  ex.  ix.  also  came  in  contact 
with  him  this  \ear,  and  I>r  I'ickeriiig.  Ii'riri .■<  if  Mi  i,  102;  M'.7''s'  Ac//-.,  v. 
l!);i-4,  mentions  the  I>r  as  his  tonner  classmate  and  friend.  His  l.i  '!■  r  lii 'ma. 
Joins,  of  "42,  on  the  state  of  the  country,  is  a  doe.  of  s<mie  value,  Jis  the  writer 
was  an  intelligent,  ohservant  man.  iv.  "48.  In  '44  he  -w.is  n;.tnr;ilixed;  ami 
in  '44-;')  joineil  Sutter's  force  ;igainst  the  Californiums,  witii  a  view  to  d:-^nr- 
g.uii/e  it,  made  a  contract  with  the  go.t  to  furnish  Lul.  horse-thievc'^  in 
eomii.  with  Capt.  <!aiitt.  and  signed  at  .*>.  ,Jose  the  e.dl  to  f'lei  y.wv'.  iv.  I  -(i, 
4!)!,  "ilO-  17,  M;!,  .V.lil.  lie  took'imt  slight  part  in  the  troubles  of  '4.1-7.  v.  7, 
17,  041,  leading  for  the  most  pait  the  life  of  ;i  hermit,  though  he  wrote  a  I  iiig 
letter  to  Lewis  Cass  on  the  cnuntry  ;ind  its  jirosjic'ts.  He  tonk  inueh  interest 
in  jiolitics.  desiring  to  see  C;il.  in  possessimi  (jf  the  U.  .S.,  but  not  f.ivoring 
fililiiisterism.  In  "48  his  house  was  robbed,  and  he  tried  his  fortune  in  llio 
mines.  He  was  murdi  red,  by  a  jiartv  of  youi.g  Ciiiiroinians,  on  the  road  be- 
tween In-.  I'ancho  find  Mill  tinez  in  '.Mi.  at  the  age  of  02.  t)ne  of  the  niur  'crcis 
was  sent  to  prison  for  life  some  10  yeai'd  later.   Dr  }A.  wus  ;i  peculiar  and  gen- 


»li()  lifter 
inoi'M.  ;i!iil 
silii'liiiua 
()  ])l':irUso 
^  luft  liiiii 
s  (111  l.ai'- 
tlistiirl;', 
nos     al.-o 
t    liial.lc, 
ll  a,  lUiU! 
|ivi-sl>.,k. 
i1  ur,  ami 
iv.  ',1.  IT. 
I's.  at  liis 
,-.  I  toners 
lis  r.iian- 
1   I'liiitart 
\iin:.  V. 

lir  wriU'i' 
Wx'd:  ami 
t.i  il;-..r- 
liii'vi -^  ill 
iv.  !  -11, 
|i--7.  '■ .  7, 
\.[r  a  !  'ii;-' 
1  i  idlest 
f.ivoriiig 
|iK'  ill  it<« 
J  viiail  lif- 
Inir  'I'l'i'i's 
ami  1^11- 


MARSII-MARSTON". 


731 


crally  disnjirernlilo  innn,  whose  iiotoviotis  ]i;irsiiiiiiiiy  kc]it  Iiiin  constantly  in 
ttr'ulili;  willi  iiKist   that  laiiie  in  (•(iiit.nt  with  him;  yi't  he  \vas  .'ijiiiartiitly  an 


KHKst  man,  of  incut!  tlian  onlinaiv 


ihilit\ 


ll  of  till'  I  'ali.'niiiiatM, 


r.nium,'  thi'in  Valicjo,  .■^iicak  <if  him  in  terms  of  warm  pr.ii^e.   Jle  lift  ii  sun  ii 
l!ie  I'ia.st,  will)  is  said  to  liavu  joiiioii   liim  just  liefnre  his  ili'ath;  he  sreiiis  (i. 


h 


lave  had  some  eli 


ihlr 


Jnd 


iaii  Woman;  and  >lohn  (iiikv,  who  was  Ids 


attoi'ie'v  and  i,'i\cs  inneh  infoi  iiialioii  ahout  him.  states  that  al'iiit  Td  he  niar- 


a  te 


her  tVoin  Ma 


di 


.Mai'shall,    Ks4li,   widow, 


.1  a  fe 
.'d  to 


ais  later. 
•s  Smith  a 


t  N.  II 


eiv. ;   iieihap-S 


mother  (if  llemy.       M.  (Ilarl),  IS  Ki,  nat.  of  X.  J.  and  one  of  tlie  .Mormon  i ol., 
with  Ids  wife,  Lctitia  Dor^ey.   v.  4(!.   .\  milkman  at  S.  F. ;  in  Alameda  eo.  from 


■();  died  "M ,  leavin''  a  widi 


Port 


rait  in  AhnnJ'o.  UisL,'l\.       M.  0''  "ry), 


U."),  KnL;l.  inmiig.  of  the  <  Iriyshy-Me  ]);irty,  with  mother,  hrothir,  and  sis- 


ters, iv.  ")7'.t. 


,)S7 


If 


p  was  eniiiloNtd  liv  Sutter, 


d   .1 


was  stationed  at  the  fort,   v.  70,   l-.'i 
was  wounded  iit  iS'atividad,    v.   o(i!l, 


mini;  the  Jiear  levi 


.It 


it  later  t  idisted  in  the  Cal.  J'.at.  and 
,  reooverini;  in  tini(!  to  si'i\e  with 


W  I  Iier  in  the  Sta  Clara  eam|iaign   (v.  ;{7!l|.   -After  the  war  ho  lived  at  Sonoma, 
anil    I'leiiiiia,  i;(iiiii' to  tiie  mines  in  '4S.   ]n  '.">()  he  settled  intirecii 


ref.ih 


Sen 


oma  eo.,  w 


her» 


11.  A.  Tl 


ii'iiiiisoii  are  in  my  e 


■still  I 
lUeetio 


l\eil  in    , 


s. 


II 


is  reniiniseeii'cs  ius  j^dxcn  to 


.M: 


lis  sister 


Kli 


d  wtie  (.ulilished  in  tiio  .V.  >/.  I'i:, 


iS  tile  wife  of  .i.-iiiH  s  ( ireuson;  another  was 


.Marsliall  (.lames  \\ A,    ISl." 


It.  of  X.  J. 


a  L'ani,i''e-m:iUcr  am 


i[ienter  by  trade,  wlio  eanie  overland  to  Or.  in  'If,  and  in  tin'  Me.Mahon- 


Clynian  jiarty  to  Cal.  the  next  ye 


.)S, 


II 


e  enteli 


d 


Sutter  s 


(ii'l'loy  i.nd  IS  (ilteii  named  in 


the  N.  ii,ii\  y> 


luni 


'4.-)-S.   II 


e  seems  to  li.ivo 


taken  jiart  in  the  IJear  ri'volt  (v.  101).  a:i(l  to  have  'jono  south  wi;li  the  Cal. 


Ilr.t. 


;.-).s). 


Ilet 


iirniii''  north  he  resuiuei 


it   the  h 


d  in  Alls. 


foinu'd  a  jia;tner.-  (lip  w  itii  .'"^litter  tfihniM  ,i  saw  -mill  on  the  .\nier.  river,  select- 
in;;  IX  site  at  Coloniaand  lieuinniiiL;  work  ;it  onee,  with  half  a  do/iii  workn.en. 
Me'.e  in  Jan.  MS  he  made  the  t'umons  discovery  of  .uold,  fei  full  jiartieulars 
of  whieh  s(  e  vol.  vi.  1'herc  have  liem  at!eni|its  to  show  thai  M.'s  eonip.-inions 
have  lieeii  (le|irived  of  tlie  credit  due  them  in  tiiis  conneetien;  hut  it  .sei  ins 
ihar  tliat  M.  was  the  lirst  to  see  the  nielid,  !;nd  his  visit  to  the  foit  .Ian. 


h  on  'very  iiniiortaiiL  Inisincss   is  reeon 


led 


the  / 


jiiir>i. 


Ill 


doiditlcss 


enl  itled  to  his  fame  as  the  discoverer  of  j'old.   Siilti  r  has  also  hceii  ]iiaisecl  as 
till  leal  discoviier,  and  indwdif  he  li.nl  not  settled  in  the  Sac.  ^'ai.,  orCahriih; 


d   not  discovered  Cal..   or  Coliinilms    .Anieri 


th 


.dittei 


r: 


rticle 


iniuiit  have  lieen  found  hv  another  rnan  iiniler  diU'erent  eircninstancis.   Mar- 


sliall  was  not  ahie  to 


protect 


11  anil  l;i 


it  Coloiiiii  from  the  raids  of 


mini  is  and  law yers,  and  for  many  years  led  the  lilc  of  a  miner  riid  jirospector 


V.  illiont  niiieh  luck.   In  "70  his  Lih'  mid  Atlnvfii 


ijlisliei 


1  .-it  ,Sa 


by  V. 


V.  r 


irsoiis,  was 


siibscijuenily  a  small  jiensinn  was  jiaid  M.  for  .'oino 


years  by  act  of  the  lef;islatiire.     lie  is  still  living;  in  "S.'i  at  tli* 


if  7: 


ll 


sicms  ahvavs 


to  I 


lave  iioriie  a  food  eliaractci 


1  I 


type  takt  n  m  early  ye.irs;  and  his  j 

i;''  A'.  /'.  ,•  riiima-i  Co.  IIIM.,  etc.   (Il<;  died  near  C 

above  was  written.) 


lave  an  ori.uinal  ila.'Uerieo- 
it  may  also  be  loi'.iid  in  the  Ai  )i(iIh 


la  in  All''.  "S,'),  aflcr  thi 


ll 


Marshall  (li'lin),  IS-l.'i,  brother  of  Memy  and  oveil.  iminij/.  of  the  (iri:.'-liy- 


party. 


:;>, 


at  Sonoiiiu  '47 


M.  (.ll 


ls:;(i.  Anil!'.  a,ue  i." 


Los  Aug.  list.  M.  (.foseph),  ls:;t).  on  I,i 
S.'M,  mr'of  tlic  <'(i/iiliiia  '3*  ."i.  '4;!.  iii. 
.iiier.  deseitei  from  the  l/i  p<  I'rII  at  .S.   I). 


y[.  ![:<■],<  vl). 


iitU. 

in  'Hi  in 


M.    (\Vi 


b4.-). 


Her  s  ranclio  ciiai'':( 


rt.iiiied  Ki'iirny  and  his  ilragoi 


d  with  tlieit  in  AiHil.  .s'.  />.  ArrI,. 


rue  of  W; 
20;  and  in  l)ec.  o 


n- 


tor  of  the   r 


innia  niassai.'re, 


f. 


.S;i!».   A  little  later  In 
I 


i  an  insti'ca- 
r  which  crime  he  was  h.im,'<'d  in  '."il.  v.  .''i.sfl. 


M.    (Will   1'.!,    I.S41,    Kiigl.    physician   on   the    ///</o-;  at  Mont.  '4-.'.        Mar.st 
l\'i'i::).  1847,  owner  of  a  S.  F.  lot.        Marston,  (.1.  ]).).  ISI7,  leaeherat  S.  F. 


V.    (i,l(i- 


(.S,);  mar 


riid  Mar.   'IS  to  .Miss  S.  Still.       M.  (Ward),  bSlii,  .apt. 


ot  niarincs  on   tlie 
force  li.al  nii.rciii 


r.  s. 


///,•  il 


if  s.  F 


;'arri.-on; 


.f  tl 


lU 


d  to  Sla  Clara  a'jainsL  Sum  in/  .Ian.  '4/ 


toO-li, 


J.VJ. 


,  i.it'l  •• 


"r,2  riOXHKl!  IlKClSTEIt  AM)  IXDKX. 

Miiitcll  (.liinii's  I,.  I,  is:;;,  j,iiimt':(  ilnk  mi  tln'  I'.  S.  J>(df  ami  Si.nth- 
hnmiiii  ii;  lli^cll.  '41(  ami  livcil  at  S,  I'',  to  ':•,'>,  Iji'ln,'  jait  nf  the  tin  ;i 
ciistdiii-lioiiNf   oi'ili't  r.       Mariiurciia  (.Icim'    Mamicl),    1704,    S|iaii.    fiiar   ami 


fn 


Ur  ol  S.  Ji'.aii  liaiitiifii,  wlicri'  lie  sriMil  to  l^Ot  wliiii  lit'  loft  C;il.    Ii 


II.  I.Vt   t:  iiK'iit.  i.  .'.(HI. 


"i.)(    b,  .■■>/ 


(i,  (is'.l,  7I*-';  ii.  i:il,  I.V.t-OO.       Martin,  IS-i; 


of  M.  iV  l)int,  .Miiiit.,'17  •'<.       -M.,  ISlN,  I'aniL'  with  family  in  paity  of  i'ftci 
.1.  l»H\is.   .s/<(   r/(/,f(   r,,.  //;.s/.,  (idO.       ,M..  1S4S,  Icail.r  of  a  iiarty  from  Or. 


n  I  h,, It'll)  Cii.  I  list.,  \sl 


M.  (An;;nstiis),  Ih47,  a  witness  at  Los  Aiijj 


Martin  (llciinis),  1S44.  ovt'il.  imini;;,  of  tin;  Stuvfii.s  jiarty,  iv.  44.">,  witli 
lii.s  futht'i- aMiliirotliur,  ntiirniiii!  in '4.'>  to  ri'Mcue  ScJiallciiliirK' r  at  l)onnii 
Lake  anil  ihr  |iait\  left  on  the  Vulia.  iv.  4.")4.  Ilu  \\(jiki;il  for  Siitti'r  in  "l.Vii, 
l>i:l  1  liii'l  no  clcliiiiii-  ivcoril  of  him   in  the  troiililfs  <if  "4(i  7,  or  in  miiiiii'.,' 


tlinr: 


if  ■4S 


]!• 


Iimiti 


liinil 


inluM'nian,  scttlin;' 


in  S.  Matio  ( ' 


where  hi>  still  livo'l  in^Sand  later.        M.  (Ivl.),  I.S47,  scrgt  (,'o.  C,  Moini.  Hat. 

V.  477:  in  VJat  Salt   Lake  City.       ^L  (Ivhv.  .1.),  I,S4S,  nat.  of  Ireland,  who 

ame  iiroinineiit  in  various  enter|iii.scs, 

.  of  the    Hilu'i-iiia   liaiik.    He   die  1    in 

.\L  (.Fe.^^e  1!.),  I.S47,  Co.  P.,  Moriii. 


eanie  liv  .sea  tr.iin  (  liilr  in 


He  l>. 


leilij,'  lor  liiaiiv   years  tl'e:. surer  and   sei 


.S.»  al   tl 


'e  of  (ii,  h  aviii'' S  eliililreii 


]5at.  (v.  4l)!l|;  in  Sutter"s  .serviee  at  the  diseov.  of  ''old  ■4S. 


lo  .served  at  S.   I  >!(•''()  till  his  death 


Martin  (l''iiiiaii.|o),  |,Sll,  Sjimi.  friar 
in  ';;s.  Ujo,'.  iii.  (il!»;  incnt.  ii.  ;i4."i,  .'{!)L 
iv.  (i"l.        M.  (lohn).   IS'Jl',  I0ii;^1.  or  Scotch  s.ailor  who  left  the  Orinii.   ii. 


.I-'J,   (i 


iii.  lit,  ill,  !»().  I(»-J,  :!l 
47 


n    •_'4  he  w 


as  admitted  to  the  ehurcli  at  .S.  .Inaii    I*,   ii.  i\'Hi;  in 


It)  h 


for.se\eial  years  at  S.   F.  jiresidio;  in  "."(Owas  at  .Mont.   ii.  (iOIt;  in  '."SI 
lie  ),'oi  periiii.ision  to  i  ultivato  a  leafiuc  of  land  at  (Jotoi|iii,  or  .S.  I'atrieio;  i,t 


S.  r.  '.{L'.   He  was  k 


.'islhe'ohl   .Scotch   earjieiiter 


<1   live.l    fi 


time  at  Keed's  raiieho,  hein;,'  in  "]'  on  tin'  Corte  di;  .Madera  de  Xovato  rai 
Marin  Co.,  which  was  ^'ranted    him    in  '.'lit.   iv.  Mi,  117;  iii.  711; 


K.  lots  -41 


(i(l!i;  V.  ()S4;  in  "Hi 


.lied  f.,r  h 


ml   in 


S.  .1. 


liothiii'.:  aliont  him  alter  his  eliiiin   lielnie  tlii;   land  eiiin.  in 
livlS,  p,iss|i.  from   Hon.       M.  (.lu.-iii),  17il4,  Span. 
nt  .S.  .\li  ;iiel,  win  re  he  died  in   'Jl.    IJio;j 


owner  of  S. 
(list.  I  find 
M.  (.lohn), 


Iriar  wlio  sir\eil 


:,   y<>\! 


ii.  (illi);  nieiit.  i.  .')(»! ,  .")7ti,  ()(i4,  (J7 


ii.  4.'>,  l4!)-.'(t,  !.".!»,  :i-i:>  (I,  ;iS4,  ;tl)4,  (1.).'.. 


Martin  (.liiliii-),    Isl.'t.   nat.   of  N.  C.   and 


Cliilc 

Larl\ 

'ii;,'  at  di 111  rent  jil 

Ir 


])arty,  with  wife,  I'^li/alirth  .Mel'herson,  am 

III  "14  he  settled,  or  estalilr-hed  his  faiiiilv,  in  the  (iili 


iiiiini!,'.  of  the  ■\\'al!.er- 

daii^i'hters.  iv.  XKl  401). 

ov  rej^ioii,  work- 

■■44  .-).  iv.  4,";;.  1 


■  rent  |ilaees  for  ji  few  years;  )iioli.  in  Slitters  force 

■ttrr  of  .luly '4.").    In'KJ  he  .served  under  l''remont  and  Faiiiith  roy 


v.  l(i,  "-'"J  C-M-J);    and    Liter  commamled   a    00111]).   of  S.  F.  volunteers   in  tl 


le 


'aiieliez  c;iiii|iai;^ii.   v. 


:!,S  I  ; 


il   S.  F.    lots  '47 


(184;  at  X.  llelv.  MS. 


I'll  111  '."lO  he  lived  on  his  farm  iii 


(lilroy,  ow  iiiiiL;  also  land  in  Xajia,  tlio 
lie  tlM.illy  lost  most  of  his  proiieity.     He  was  Mind  from  about  "(11 ;  stil 


ill''  ill  "SI,  and  I  think  in   S,")  at  the 


,f  .SI 


Hi 


;{ 


'ht. 


it  en 


tl 


ilaii 


•re  M.irv  wife  of    I*.  1>,  Tiillv,  Ari'.elia  Mrs  Lewis,  and   .M::itlia 


Mrs  Oldliaiii;  three  others 
Sii>aii   Mrs   IJaith'tt.  (Jeorii 


Cal. 


if  them  peihaiis  in  '44 — wire 


Mrs  .lohnson.  and  .Iiilia  Mrs  Jlornhack 


(.i.15.1,  IS4 


(,  na 


t.  of  \'a,  and  one  of  the  earliest  sctttlets  of  lone  Val..  Iiav 


M. 

n.: 


(  la i maul  for  the  Cosiimnes  ranc 


crossed  the  iilains  with  Cliilders  and  Hi 

iv.  (171;  still  liviim-  at  Suiter  Ci'."SI.       .M.  (Mont-oimMv),  184(1,  lieiit  in  C;'.l. 


I>at.  on  detached  serviee.  v.  ."idO;  clerk  for  Lark 


ill  '47 


and  still  at  Mont.  '4S. 


)f   the  Stevens  p;irtj'  with  his 


Dei 


S.  F.  lot  '47.    His  dani'hter  mariiei 


M.  (I'airick),  IS44,  Irish  imniiL 
and  I'atrick,  .Ir.  iv.  44."),  4.'););  i 
.lames  Miir|iliv. 

Martin  (I'iioinas  S.V  184."^,  nat.  of  'I'eiiii.  1).  'IS,  rcsiiL  of  St  Louis  '40-.">. 
and  one  of  Fn'inont's  )iarty  in  '4.">.  v.  "iSIl,  .187.   Ho  .'^ervcd  in  Co.  A,  C.d.  ]>at. 

11  the  exneil.  of '4!-!).    In 


(v.  ."(."(S!;  went  l'!ast  with  F.  in 


ami  caiiu!  liaeU  1 


'4i(-,>,'{  il  horse-trader  in  dil.  I'ei'ii  lis;  then  Hcttlt  il  with  a  wile  at  Sta  l>  ,  s 


till 


to  some  extent  a  trade 
slieiill".    In  '78  he  i.;a 


r  and  !in 


lis 


I  serviii!' 


1  iiri'dl II-.    I 


:/■  ''■' 


IS  ( ity  marshal  and  deimty 


nifs  /;, 


•/'" 


winch  IS  111  some 


respects  valuable,  as  tliu  oliicial  juunml  liaK  never  been  published,  but  is 


MARTIN— :SIARTINI:Z, 


7n3 


104,"  (J7"i; 


111  is  •to-.".. 
IC.l.  I'.iit. 

'I ■;-;».  Ill 

■  l  I'.  ,  still 
III  (U'puty 

111    ^Ollll' 

ll,  Init  is 


marred  Iiy  tlio  nntlior's  tendency  to  claim  participation  in  many  Cnl.  events 
wliicli  he  can  niily  liiive  known  by  liearsay.  Many  parts  aie  notalily  aeeiiiate; 
and  otlier.H  liive  liiit  sliglit  fmilidatioii  in  tnitli.  iv.  M't;  v.  107,  Ki.S-O,  I7-, 
IS!i.  M.  iWni  H),  ISJ7,  Co.  H,  N.V.Vol.  (v.  4!t!»);  owner  of  a  S.l".  l..f.  at 
Oakland  '71;  <l.  Stanislaus  Co.  7-t.  M.  (Wni  .(.i,  1S4;{.  Anier.  mason  who 
came  overland  in  tln'  CliilcsAValker  party.  i\.  .'i'.i;i,  400;  tlioii;^'li  H(iiiietinie,a 
aeeredited  to  tlie  ,St(  yens  ])arty  f)f  '44.  iv.  44(1;  still  livim;  '7-.  Maitinail 
(A.).  184(1,  Co.   IJ,  aitill.  Cal    Hat.  (v.  .S.'tS). 

iMartine/  (.Vi,'iistin),  jiiez  clc  eainpo  ';!l,'4(i,  in  Mont.  dist.  iii.  07-,  •i.'i7,  .">0(>. 
M.  (Andres),  at  .S.,J<imj  '41,  a^e  40,  wife  Maria  di;  .1.  Narvaez.  eliild.  .lesiis  M. 
I).  ';f4,  Antonio  '."id,  Luciana  ''Jl,  Mariana '•_'7,  Cilrnien  '■-'•S,  1' lav  :a '.'il,  Cnucep- 
cion  '•^^^^,  Cal.  claim  '4(1-7  (v.  4(i-.').  Still  at  S.  dose  '.■.0.  M.  ( ISartolonici  sol- 
dier lit  Soledad  1701-1800.  i.  400.  M.  (ISlas),  at  Salinas,  Mont.,  '.•!(i,  aj.'e 
40,  wife  Josefa  Aniezquita,  eliild.  Kugeiiio  li.  'lil,  Maria  .losefa  ''_':),  .lose  '•_'(!, 
I'aniliana ''-'7,  Franeisea '.'50,  Leon '.'{"J,  Juan ';{.'{;  grantee  of  I'uelio ';J.">,  iii.  (170, 
and  of  Laureles '."{0.  M.  ( 1'}.),  seiitenei  d  to  luesiilio '4,').  i\'.  (i.")4.  M.  (Msti'f- 
vaii),  1770,  com.  of  the  S.  I'das  transports  on  the  coast,  1770-Oit.  i.  ;i-JS-0.  .'{78, 
4:U),  444,  r)0').  M.  (Felipe),  at  Los  Ang.  '4(1.  M.  (Franciscu),  Span.,  age  4.'>, 
who  left  Cal.  on  the  T/ios  Noirhiii.   iii.  ."il. 

Martinez  (Ignaeio),  1800,  iiat.  of  the  city  of  Mex.  h.  1774,  who  entered 
the  mil.  service  as  cadet  of  the  Sta  IJ.  coiiip.  in  1700.  i.  (i;!0;  ]ironioted  to 
alferez  of  the  S.  Diego  eomp.  from  ISOd,  heiog  also  much  ef  the  time  hahili- 
tiido.  ii.  00-101,  110,  :U1,  4-J4-."),  ")40.  Jn  '17  he  was  reeomnuMided  for  pro- 
motion to  lieiit  of  the  Sta  B.  eoinp.,  Imt  hy  some  errcir  at  Madrid  or  Mex. 
the  commission  was  made  out  for  the  S.K,  comp..  and  to  S.F.  he  had  to  go 
iiiiich  against  his  will,  his  name  ap]ieaiing  on  the  rolls — as  ciiniamlante  in 
''2'2-~  and  from  '"JS — down  to  ';>'J,  taking  jiart  in  some  Iiid.  e.xped.,  as  liseal  in 
some  eriminal  eases,  and  lu'ing  otherwise  meiitieiied  m  connection  with  rou- 
tine iliities  of  his  jHisition,  liesides  heiiig  a  mcuihcr  nf  the  junta,  or  dipiitaiion 
in  ■•->4,  ■•-'7.  ii.  'J".."),  :'>01,  .i70,  440.  ",00.  '.I •_>-!:!,  ,->:}7-8,  ."is;}  4,  ."lOi',  (140;  iii.  •-•(), 
:iO-7,  (14,  7."),  88,  110,  1'21,  i:V.',  !,")(;,  18(1,  IOI-L',  701.  in  "ll  he  was  retueil 
with  use  of  Hiiiform  i.iid  full  ]iay,  heiiig  credited  with  41  years  of  sei'viee. 
-Meanwhile  lie  hud  obtained,  in  '"J!*,  the  I'mole  |-anclio,  Contra  ( 'osta,  I'egranted 
ill  '4"_'.   iv.  (17'2;  and  here — after  having  apparently  lived  at  S.  Jose  for  several 


year^ 


)eing  regidor  111  .i4-i),  and  serving  as  emiii 


of  S.  Rafael  in  ';!4— hi 


isionado  fur  the  secularization 
It  to  live  in  ';i(l  or  a  little  later,  ii.  .")04,  (1(14:  iii.  IO:t, 
:U(1,  710.  718,  7:iO.   In  ','{7  he  was  alcalde  at  S.F.    iii.  7(W,  70."),  o.")"-';  supknte  of 
tlie  junta ';W.  iii.  500;  a  creditor  of  Sutter,  iv.  I.'VJ,  l.'U;  defeated  the  Ind.  in 


40. 


iv.  7(1;  and  entertained  \Vi 


"41.   iv.  •.Mi- 


ll 


e  was  liviii 


at   I'iuolu 


111  '41  with  his  wife,  Martina  Arellaues,  age  ."i."!,  and  0  daughters,  Kncaiiiacinn 
ll.  1808,  Susaiia  '•J4  (who  .soon  married  Capt.  Hinckley,  and  after  his  death  W'ni 
M.  Smith),  Francisco '24,  Rafaela '•_'7,  .Maria 'l'O.  and  Dolores '.'il.  Another 
daughter,  .Mari'a  Aiitouia,  vas  the  wdt:  of  Capt.  Kicli- 
Victor  (.'astro  ami  Dr  Tennant.   His  son  N'icente  .J.,  h 


udsoii;  others  man 


ied 


in    18,  was  s 
h 


till  li 
M. 


in  Contra  Costa  82,  with  seven  children  liy  two  wives,  ( iu.idulii|ie  Moraga 
and  Nieves  Soto.  I  cannot  give  the  date  of  Don  Ignaeio's  death,  hut  it  was 
before  '■")2,  when  his  heirs  were  claimants  for  Pinole.  He  was  nut  jiopuhir 
as  an  ollicer,  being  haughty  and  despotic,  as  it  seemed  to  his  men,  and  he 
was  several  times  reproved  and  unfavDiably  criticised  by  his  superior  ollicers; 
but  as  a  ranchero  he  is  siioken  of  as  ;i  very  eoiirteous  and  hospitable  man. 
The  town  of  Martinez  takes  its  name  from  him  or  his  family.  .M.  (Ignacio), 
at  S.l'.  '4.'?,  age  'J.'J;  also  named — perhaps  another — as  lieut  of  militia  at  S. 
.fost^  ';}7.  iii.  T^'2. 


Igmi 


Martinez  (Jose).  187"),  com.  of  the  Afia.  iii.  2-t-."),  140.       M.  M( 


lieut  of  militia  at  S.F 


iii.  701;  in  "41  living  in  S.  di 


(list. 


of 


urn 


27,  wile  Carmen   I'eralta,  children  Rafael  b.  ','{0,  Alejandro  '41;  Cal.   cl; 
'40-7  (v.  402).    He  w  as  noted  for  his  lilerality  and  for  his  skilful  horsemanship 


but  was  killed  in  '04  from  an  en 


taiigl 


emciit  with  his  ri 


lata.  A  I 


d  wif 


e  was 


an  Knglish  woman  named  Tennant.        M.   (.losi?  Ignacio),  soldier  killed  by 
Ind.  on  the  Colorado,  I7SI.  i.  li.J9-02.       M.  (Jos(5  de  Jesus),  at  Los  Ang.  '40. 


734 


M.  i.r< 


I'DxnKR  ui:(;isTi::i  and  in'ddx. 


Mr 


.■1) 


li  to. 


M.  (.Idsr   Mnnii),  stttliv  ;it   S.  .I..m.-  Ixforc    |S(M); 


rIl':i  ill!  ill  ITHT  anil  IMMi.   i.  7  Iti.  "I!*;  li.   HH.    Iln  «  ilV  w.is  Maii'ii  ( iaiilM.  mii 


M 


K.Minn 


liriilliir  ItiVi  H,  •'<i«ti  i'.)lliiii:i.        M.  (  liisufii) 


iiti'i'  ■>!  I.iii'l  ill  Ml  III. 


'4t-"'.   iv.  (!.")(». 


.M.  (.Ii 


)lilli'r  killril  nil  till' ( 'I'liiiiulii,  17'Sl. 


1..  '-J 


M.  (.Iimii).  lit  Miiiit.  ';{(!, 


a  ;u  Mi,  \\  ill 


Fruiitis'ii  (I.iiiiii,  I  liiM.  ('ariin  ii 


.li 


\\h 


'•2ii,  V 


■2\K  Mari.i  ■;!».        M.  (  liiaii,  .lii.iii  Audi 


lit  L 


.\li;i.  'Ki.         M.  (.Iliaii  ill' .li'SII8  M.iri':i),  |s:<l,   |)<illiiliii'ail  liiilii 


I..  Cal..  at  .Siiii  (lal.iitl,  ':{l-'_'.    lii.  :{ll,  Oil.        M.  (I 


I'ttlirat  S.  F 


III  S.  .Ills.'  I.c'fi.r.'  ISdO.   i.  i'.m,  ().•{!,  Till 


III),  i'ai[ifiilir  ill 


i| 


Miutim/,  (Luis  AiilDiiii)),  I7IIS,  S|iaii.  Iriarwlio  k  tm'iI  jit  .S.  LtiisOl).  fur 
rV2  yiai'.-t.     A  vi'iy  alili' mail  ami  |iiiiiiiiiiriit  In  tiii-.siiiiiary  annals,  luit  ratiu  r 

I  ri'lrsiaslii".!   |i|iaM'H  nf  hit  profi'ssiMii. 


ill  tin:  iinliiMtri.'.l  and   piili:  inil  tliaii  In 


i-  was  I  :iiii-lu'il  III 


II 

tl'i'ln 

(i.  'j:- 


M; 


:i.  1 


•M)  fi 

'IllL' 


111' alli'';iil  I'oniiillc'it V  in  tlii' Sulis  ir\i 


il   >N 


l-nt.! 


11.  (lis   111;  iiniit.  i.  (is'.l;  il.  lis,  'jot.  ■Jl'.i,  -J:^!, 


7(1.  .•!! 


:!si,  .•{'.II.  .i:!.s,  -in.  47!i.  vx' 


■(1(1  17,  ."17(1.  t'>.i.">;  iii.  -I, 


51,  HI 
ami  'I  I  L 


II'J,  111,  iis   100.        M.  (Maxlini.l,  miIiIkt  uI'  S.  F.  iiiiiip.  '1!^  'J.S:  in   ...'i 


f;ran 


III'  111  CurU'  ill'  .Maili  la,  .Sui  (  jara.   ill.  711;  iv.  (>7I;  ri'-idnr  at 


•i-4.  iii.  7-:>-:;ii:  in 


'II 


■||,  wifi:   l)ani;.nnii  I'adilla,  iliild.   Niiulu 


li.  'l'S,  I'Miiisii  (?)  ■•_'(;.  .Iii.sr  .\iit.  ';!:S,  DdIdiis  ",U,  ,U,m'-  .Mana  ':{.'),  «iiiad.diii). 


'•AS,  Ciar.i  "11.       .M.  (Mi-iul),  at  S.  lirrii.   -i 


11,  at;i: 


."lO.       M.  (I'i'dii)  Adrian 


ivcd  at  S.  .Iiiaii   15.  and  S.  .Miiiiiii,  ri'tinii''  in  I'ldi. 


il.  l."i;)-()0.       M.  (Kali 


at 


•Jii. 


17'.l7,  Span.  I'liai'  ulm  k  ivi 

Hiiiv;.  li.  II!';  nunt.  i.  ."m.s, 

M.  (SanliiiU'i).  N.  M'X.  at  J.iis  Aiii;.  uitli  f.inidius,  iipplviii'.'  fur  liiinl  '4'J  (1 

iv.  :{4;i.  ."i7_',  (i;!.'!.       M.  (Sixt.i),  iit  Ld.s  .\n;,'.  '4(i.       M.  (Vn'cnti').  sun  uf  l;.^i;a- 

cio;  indil  laniiin  S.  I'".  ".'{7;  iit  S.  .Id.so  dist.  '41,  it''o  'JII,  witi;  (Jiiiiil.   Mm-ii'.:;!, 


I'liild,   l''i!iini.sf()  I) 


:!S.  .Ml 


';{!!;  .'iindiiD  o 


f  S.  .Il 


'4;{.   iv.  ()S.-.;  Cal. 


'4( 


•   / 


'Ul'l'I    (.1 


(V.  4t) 


Maix  (Frnist),  IS17,  iiiii.'*ii:iaii  X.  V.  Vol.   (v.  4!l".>j. 


M: 


(iscpil) 


1S44(':),  Frcmli  nwiyor  nf  Los  All'',  'd.'),  and  I'L'.sidiiit  '."^t). 


4r>:\.  Masliiiii  (Hiisistof).  IS40.  nir  of  the  Hfiikaf.  iv.  101.  Mason,  Ishi 
kei'iier  of  a  jiiinililini;  and  ^'lo;;  shop  at  .Sta  J5.  M.  (Alfred),  1M7,  *'o.  I'' 
N.  Y.  Vol.  (V.  4!»'.ii;'  d.  Sar.  liel'orc  Sit.  M.  (K.),  KStii.  ("id.  J'.at.  (v.  ;!,-.S) 
M.'isiin  (Ifnaclo),  at  S.  (Jalnitl  ';>'.»,  a^e  'J7,  a  jewel, er;  perhaps  '  Mazun.'       ?i 


;.ii>hii),  i,s47,  Co.  r.,  x.v.v 


4!l!l).       M.  (.MaiL'os  or  Anthony  A.).  IKKi 


'An'.do-.\ni(  r.  lii.-.hni.iii  from  Ijostoii,'  l)iipti:ied  at  .S.  ( 'iir'os,  iiiid  recoinmend'  I 
liy  \'.  Sarri'a  in  '17  as  iiliont  to  go  to  the  I'hilippiiies.  il.  •.'7(i-7.  ->SS.  M.  (.M.), 
1S4'.',  lieiiton  the  U.  S.  ('iiiiiir.  M.  (KuiiJird  11.),  1S47.  eolonel  IstU.  S.  dia- 
gooiis  who  arrived  in  l''el>.,  iiiid  on  Mjiy  M.st  sneeeeded  Kearny  as  mil.  f^ov.  of 
Cal.,  linldiiij,'  that  ]iosilioii  till  Feh.  'V.K    Fur  aceoiintof  his  ride,  ineludiiij;  his 


onntioversy  and  iiiopuM 


d  duel  with  I'n  niiuit,  see  v.  ."iVJ,  (il.'i;  tdso  4 Hi,  4;>ti  7, 


44!!  4,   44()  7,  4." 


4." 


404.  ,")i; 


ri-.'),  ()4(!,  (iOti,  (1 


I  vol. 


11 


imd  tl 


i-   I 


liiltV'il 


fiirnnd  most  satiMlaetorily  the  diitie.s  of  a  dillieult  posili 
his  strict  diseipl.ne  iind  jipparent  hiirdinetis  of  manner  he  made  an  unfavui- 
iilile  iinpression  in  some  qiuirters  ;ind  inspired  bitter  enmities,  yet  lii.s  reeoid 

eiit  Kiist  liy  stciiiner  in 


is  that  of  ill!  honest,  laithiiil 


.M; 


>y  'i;*, 


lUIlt    llll'l 


I   of 


eliolel'ii 


I   alile  iilllcei 
l;t   St   Jjollis 


II 


e  ^^ 


that  > 


ear  or  tlu^  lux 


a.  ii: 


widow  niJiriled  (leii.  Dun  Carlos  liiiell,  iiiid  still  lived  in  '7.">.        Ma.'rt,  (lli 
man),  IS47,  iiiiha[is  of   X.^'.Vol.  ninler  juiother  name;  at  S.  F. '74. 


]>i 


.Mata,  niei'.iher  of  a  euuit-m;irtiiil  at  S.  Diego  '-1).   ii.  j"i4!>.       ^I.  (.Tiian  oe 


.Mex. 


conviet  releiised  In  ";{,") 


Miitanioros  (TonulO,  murdered  in  ISO." 


li.  I'.il.  Matehiii  (C.  F.),  IS4.').  nir  of  the  Mat'idoi:  iv.  r,07.  Matro,  ISIS, 
miil.'.tto  from  I'.inuh.irirs  lleet.  il.  'JliO.  Mathias  ('riios),  l.S'JS,  in  Ciil. ;  auto'. 
letter.       :Matliiis  (.lames),  IMIi,  iiat.  of  X.V.;  settled  in  St;i  C.ara;  at  S.  I.n'is 


()1).  TiS  to  his  death  in  \\)  at  th 


agi 


of  to.        J^Iatias  (.luan).  at  Los  Ai 


'4(i.  Mathiiiin  (Louis),  lS;::t,  Fr.  sailor  at  .S.  F.  "40-1.  iii.  401).  Matsrll 
(Henry  (J.),  Ks47,  lieut  Co.  ]!,  X.V.Vol.  v.  ;')04;  trader  at  S.  Diego;  in  Kan- 
sas'7  l-!».  Matt  (.lames),  1.S4.S,  at  Sutter's  Fort  April.  Mattlieson  (A'ex. 
.L),  KS;!!),  Engl,  jiilut  on  the  sclir  L'uHj'ornia,  implieated  in  a  plot  against  the 
ea^it.;  on  Larkin's  liooks  "40. 

Matthews,    ISIUi,  Amor,  otter-hunter  with  Xidever.       M.,  1847,  in  Sut- 
ter'ij  service.       iL,  1840,  ut  S.  Jusu  with  a  sou-in-law.  IHttelL      M.  (Geo.), 


:SIATTIII'-\VS-MKAa 


735 


lS:i;),  naiiKMl  ill  T/iil;iii"s  ImxiUn  ';!'.i-4().       M.  (II.),  IsKl,  wituoasat  S.  R  'i';!. 


HIT.  Ill  ><|it.,  II 


M.  (Ilriirv),  ink; 

iii.  (i 

Hail<  r,  v.liii  hiiiilril  tViiiM  a  wi^alt 


to  Sac.  Cal,  I' 


ills;  af    I'.fliici.i  Ti 


II  S.  !•'.  'CD.       .M.  (.I.uii.v),  |s:;i.  ;it  Mont.       .M.  (.Inlm),  ls;;i,  Iji  ,1. 


rat  .s.  1'.   iii.   »ll.">.  7<ts  !».  < 'n  Lai  kiii'M  Ix 


';!.'!    I'J;   ;ialiirali/('il  ImIiiic'KI;   l,ul  tlii.s  may  li>!  one  ut   tin'  tulluwiii^'. 


.M. 


(.loliii).  !'-<:)<!,   Italian  li^lnriiiaii,  Ii\  inv' ^^itll  llic  (inik  I  ><  iiicili  i(ju  utMuni. 


M.,  is.;(|,  All 

liailir,    will)    \\ 

V  liii  laiiclid   fidiii 


.'!.">,  at.  S.  l-jilri)  ((JiltoyV);   |nrli;i|is   MiittlT 


w.  a  ;:u 


as  .1  ('(Mik  lur  Miii|iliy  in  '.'!(>.        M.  (W  nil,  l.^.'il,    I'lii'.;!.  wiilur 
ihalcr  at  .■<.  Jaii.s  Ol..    iii.  -Id.").    In  "A('>  at   Sta  \'>.;  cii:!.' 


Iinllli  anil  ii||)inf.s  ill  wiiimis  r<,(inl  i  fnnii  '.'tl;   in  'T'*  ]i(i'niitliil  t.i  Inc  at 
I''.  (p|-  .Siiiiiiiija;  aritMloil  Imt  not  ixilicj.   iv.  17;  Ikhh   -H  <ir  <ailuraf    Miili 


ri  liiiii'  a  h.iaii 


lili.'-li 


Mattl 


ifws  nil 


11  i.-< 


nuntioii'il  ill  '1-.    Il> 


li.'  the  M.  v\  li().<i'  wit'c  is  Miiil  til  have  l'uriii.-.|i((l  .Minie  matiiial  fm  tin'  Ilii  i' 
11a;,'.  V.  IIS;  iiinl  ill  .Inly  liir  cairicd  dts)  atiliis  tiiiiii  Mmit.  to  ,"^.  !•'.  \.  •_'.'.  ; 
ulai  tilii,' «  itli  Lailvin  in  Nov.  at  tin' time  of  the  lattcr's  fa|.tiiii-.  v.  ."ifil.  lie 
i.i  \a;iirly  saiil  to  Iiiimi  iIilmI  ahoiit  ".">N. 

Matiitr  (.In  in  |j.),  IT'.M ,  cnin.  ot  the  Arinr.fir.ii,  cxiilor.  ami  t ran- port  on  tlio 
cast  '!)l-'.',  '!!.">-(!.  i.  ^<.i;i,  .-lOil,  ,",17,  .-.;;7-S.  Manli."  (Aino).  is.|:t,  I'niirh 
/.jiiiiiti'i'  of  hind  lu'iir  .•<.  <  lahiii  1;  at  .'^ta  ( 'riiz  '17  v  ith  claini  aj'a.ii.-^t  the  j.;o\ !. 
IV.  4;)0,  (il.">,  r,:\7.  M.  (Henry),  j,sl7,  lull!  |.arl;iii".s  note  for.Sl-H;  iierha|n 
n.iine  a-A  ineeedin;,'.  Manet  (.lolin),  Isl7,  at  .'-iiittcr's  l''ort.  Maun  (I''iaiiei  I, 
1'  !'J,  at  ,St;i,  Cri./.  M.  (.iaiiK.s),  |.M.">,  eiiniloyed  at  Larkin's  soap  taeUiry. 
Mann  He  (.\iilonio),  I77">,  Span,  naval  olliecr  on  the  eoa.-^t  '7.'),  ''.>.  'SI;  iiiilli.r 
of  a  ./i'liriinl.  i.  -Jll.  ,';j!».  4(4,  ."()<);  .sec  also  ///.v/.  A'.  11'.  fon.^/,  i.  .Mnirv 
(Will  L.),  If>41,  lieiit  I'.  S.  N.  on  the  V.  S.  e.\.  e\.  iv,  •_'41;  on  tlie  ll'i//-/- '.(. 
'l!;  7.  V.  ."i.'Jll.  Mavilla  (.\iitoiiio).  Is4li,  at  S.  « lahriel  Mil.  Mawrey  (.lame,), 
JS47,  servant  to  an  olliecr  in  the  .Moini.  I!at.   (v.  4ti!)). 

Maxiicld  (Will  (.'.),  1S47,  owner  of  S.  F.  lot.  .Ma\ini  (llarvev).  1^:7, 
HerL;t  Co.  V,  :!d  l'.  S.  artill.  i.  ■'il'.l.  Maximo,  17;i!l.  m  ):ro  .-lave  of"  Allien:'. 
i.  (i;;'.l.  Maxwell  iCliji.si,  l,S47,  owner  of  S.  F.  lot.  M.  (II.).  1S4,S,  settler 
nt.'^loikton.  -M.  (.I.iiius  \V.).  1S17,  <'o.  K,  N.V.\'ol.  (v.4'.i',().  M.  (Liuion). 
IM."i,  hiintei  and  f^iiide  of  T'l'Linont':-!  party,   iv.  ."s.'l;  v.  'Jl.     M.  (liiehanl  T 


1S}'_',   iiat.  of   I'cnii.  a'ld  as.-t  .s.ii 


U.  S.  X. 


t';.-.   /■  »■/'•</  S'itli:i.     iv.  'MlL 


oOS-'.>,  .'iH,  .'!4,S.     Jlc  retiirned  to  (,'al.  in  '."il,  and  IicuD'c  i,  pro;,iincnt  j'liy.  i- 


if  S.  F.   In  '77 


(  /    he  ''avc  me  la 


J/o/(/ 


if  that  tov,  II  hy  Coin,  .lom 


in  1/  III   .'/:,  or 


•tioiis  ( 


.f  tlr 


d  also  a  MS,  furiii.--lied  hv  I'r  .Mar.-!i 


iiics  at  that  time, 


Jlc  died  in  "^,■!  at  the  a^'c  of  (i 


•aviii''  an  esta  e 


iliiili   lia.s   hciii  the  oceasion  of  iinieli   liti'Mlion  ari.-iiiL;  from   the   doeto."< 


death-lied  niarriii 


Will 


laliiis    \  a! 


\.  Ml 


M.  (Win).  IS47,  Co.  M,  Moriii.  J'.at.   (v.  4():i):  a  fan 


■S'J. 


M.    (Will  C 


KS47,  C 


F,   N.   Y.  \'. 


(v.    I'l!));  died   licfore ',SJ.        M.  (Wn,   H.),    |,S47,   Co.   I'.,  ditto;  d.  N.  V.  eily 


I.Tuaii  ('i« 
in  isO.'i. 
|eo,  KSi;\ 
into;'. 
It  S.  I.iiis 
I./1S  An;.'. 
Matsell 
in  Kan- 
In   (A!ex. 
]iinst  the 

in  Sut- 
.  (Geo,), 


May  (Ilemy),  IS,"],'),  iiciilmw  of   I.arkin,  hound  to  ('al.  on  the  .4 /'■/•/,•  no 


rceorl  of  arrival.       Maya  (If;n. ),  at  S.  I'cri 


N.  Jlelv.  .1 


Mayan  (.Mrs),  ls47.  d 


le.lat 


Illy. 


Mayherry  (Khene/ei),  I,S47,  < 'o.  F,  ;id  V .  S.  artill.   (v.  ,"il 


Mavcr,  is;!:;,  alioiit  to\i>it  ('al.  from  Sitka  fi 


r  scieiititic  iinrpi 


iscji;  letter  .4 


intiod.  fr Ivhleliiiikof  to  Ifaitiiell.        .M.  (.I..hn»,  l,s4(t,  Kn^'l.  at  Mont,  and 

S.  F.  .fan..  Xov.  M.  (Lewis  W.),  1,S47,  Co.  F,  .'Id  C.  S.  artill.  (v.  ols);  in 
the  iniiK  .s  '4!)-,")0;  a  ( Icniian  w  iiie-mnker,  who  liveil  in  Soiioniii  *(i,">-,"SO.  .Ma,  • 
field  (I'lcnj.  F.),  I.S47,  Co.  A,  Morin.  Hat.  (v.  400);  ser^'t  of  i(ciilisted  comii. 
V.  4!l,');  ;i  re.-id.  of  S.  J.,uis  Oh.  Co.  'li.S-.s;!;  a  nat.  of   J'eiiii.        Mayhew  (.lohii). 


IS-JC, 


the  JJIia.       Mayiiard  (.fames),    l.s; 


>/,  on  LaiKiii 


's  Looks;  pi  rha;  s 


s  .fohn.        M.   (.loliii),  lS4(t.  l'aii;l.  exile  with   the   (Irahani   parfj  ;  not 


kimwii  to  have  returned,  though  he  got  a  liecii.sc  t 


Mavnes  (-lainc;' 


1>'!I.">,  laliorer  ut  Mont.       Mayo  ((jco, ),  ISKi,  .Mujis.  .sailor,  Lapti/ed  at  S.  t 
lo.'^.    Tin/lor;  ii.  •J7(i-7.       Mazateeo  (Juan),  ut  Sonoma  '44,  age  H);   proli.  a 


Mi 


i/atce 


hid. 


or  Irom  Mazatlaii 


Mead  (.faiucH  ]).),  IS41,  nat.  of  La,  episcopal  clergyman,  and  perhaps  phy- 
sician in  the  West  Indies,  who  came  from  N.  Mck.  in  the  Workman  ji.'irty, 
and  iu  '42  went  to  the  tSauiIwicli  IsL  or  China.  i\ .  27i;  viid  to  have  Lccu  a 


:| 


.uii«l  •<■■'' 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


V 


/ 


{/ 


A 


O 


,0 


'& 


7a 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


■'^  IIIM  i^ 
1.4    IIIIII.6 


V] 


^a 


e. 


<$>. 


r^/  _^>' 


A 


y 


/^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  VAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


;v 


^ 


:\ 


\ 


^<b 


v 


c^ 


<^ 


«1? 


&p 


&?, 


n 


788 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


l)i3hop  later.  M.  (Orlando  F.),  1847,  Co.  C,  Monn.  Bat.  (v.  4C0);  later  at 
Sutter's  Fort;  at  Spanish  Fork  '82.  M.  (.Sam.),  1832,  one  of  the  eomp.  ex- 
tranjcra  at  Mont.  lii.  221.  Mcatlows  (James),  1837,  Engl,  sailor,  who  de- 
serted from  a  uhaler  at  Mont.  iv.  117-18.  His  name  appears  in  the  records 
from '38;  one  of  Graham's  rifieiMen '30-8  (iii.  4o7);  later  a  lumberman;  exiled 
to  S.  lilas  in  '40,  but  returned  in  '41  to  live  as  a  sawyer  in  Mont.  dist.  iv.  18, 
23,  33.  Not  much  is  known  of  him  in  '43-8,  except  that  he  is  mentioned  from 
time  to  time  us  at  S.  Jos<5,  Sacramento,  or  in  the  mines.  Ho  finally  settled  on 
tlic  Palo  Kscrito  rancho  netr  Mont.,  which  was  coniirmed  to  him  in  '54,  iii. 
(i70,  and  where  he  was  living  in  '77  with  a  native  wife  and  several  children 
lie  gave  mean  interesting  narrative  of  the  Graham  Affair,  he  being  one  of  the 
last  survivors  of  the  exiles.  In  resj)ect  of  accuracy,  his  account  compares  fa- 
vorably with  the  testimony  of  others  on  the  subject — which  is  not  p.iying  it 
a  very  high  compliment.  I  have  not  heard  in  '85  of  his  death.  Mecliacken 
(.John  (_'.),  1840,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Mech.jm  (Henry),  1848  (?),  nat. 
of  N.  Y.  and  resid.  of  Sonon)a  Co.  '53-77. 

Meder  (Moses  A.),  1840,  one  of  the  Mormon  colony  with  wife  and  child. 
V.  540.  A  nat.  of  Ohio,  who  engaged  in  the  lumber  business  at  8ta  Cruz,  the 
firm  of  Stout,  Sirrine,  &  M.  advertising  in  the  Star  of  '47.  He  worked  i\ho 
for  Graham,  whose  receipt  of  $30,000  indemnity  he  claims  to  have  witness(Hl. 
Still  a  resid.  of  Sta  Cruz  in  '80  and  i)rob.  in  85;  portrait  in  Sin  (!ruz  Co. 
Ilisl.,  44.  His  1st  wife,  Sarah  D.  Blod,  died  in  '72,  and  in  '73  he  married 
Olive  A.  Linuett.  Medina  (Guadalupe),  1842,  Mex.  lieut  of  the  batallon 
lijo  '42-5;  teacher  at  Los  Ang.  '43-4;  com  of  the  garrison  '45.  iv.  2.S!),  3JI, 
403,  4'.)2,  029.  M.  (Jose),  ship's  boy  and  teacher  at  Sta  U.  17'.>7-'yOO.  i. 
043.       Medrnno  (Jost5  Maria),  artill.  scrgt  at  Mont.  '2(!-32.  iii.  77,  071-2. 

Meehan  (Dennis).  1847,  Co.  E,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  490);  killed  at  Stockton  '19. 
M.  (James),  1847,  Co.  G,  ditto,  killed  at  Los  Ang.  about  '50.  ^1.  (Thos), 
1847,  Co.  E,  ditto;  killed  by  a  steamboat  explosiim  on  the  8.  Joac].  '.").'!. 
Meek  (John),  1829,  nir  of  the  I'umaakmaah  '29,  possibly  of  another  cratt  '2."), 
and  of  the  D.  Quixote  '3;J-0.  iii.  149,  179,  382;  iv.  103,  141.  He  is  also  siid 
by  \Vm  H.  Davis  to  have  visited  Cal.  as  mate  of  the  h'aijlc.  before  '20,  iio.ssilily 
M.  of  the  Amethi/Mt  '11-12.  ii.  207.  He  was  a  nat.  of  Mass.  who  came  to  tlio 
liil.  about  '12,  and  died  at  Hon.  '74  at  the  age  of  85.  M.  (Joseph).  l.s:)3, 
Kocky  M:  trapper  who  eanio  with  Walker's  party,  going  back  to  S;;lt  Lake 
in  '.'14.  iii.  390.  He  visited  Cal.  again  in  '48  and  later,  anil  died  in  Or.  '75,  Ins 
adventures  being  the  basis  of  Mrs  Victor's  ]>i'-  7/e  West.       M.  (.Steplicn 

H.  L.),  18.1.3,  n;it.  of  Vo.  and  brother  of  Jos  iso  a  mountain  man  who 

came  and  departed   with  Walker,  iii.  390,  4('  •  came  back  to  Cal.  after 

the  d  scov.  (.f  gold,  possibly  having  made  inteniudiate  trips,  and  in  '70  wmte 
me  a  letter  from  Etna,  Siskiyou  Co.,  Cal.  M.  (Stephen  H.  L.),  1843,  signed 
r  certificate  for  a  sailor  at  JNIont.  Sept.,  and  in  Jan '44  he  got  a  i^asspurt. 
Apparently  not  the  preceding.  A  Dr  Meek  at  Mont.  '.33  is  mentioned  by  a 
news[)aper  writer.  M.  (Thomas),  1811,  ])erhap8  on  the  Amethyst  '11-12. 
ii.  9(i,  207.  Said  by  Brewer  to  have  gone  to  Hon.  on  the  Chiiichillafvom  Boston 
in '23;  at  Hon.  30.  iv.  141;  d.  at  Marblehead,  Mass.,  about '41.  Peirri'.  M. 
(Wui),  1848,  nat.  of  Ohio  wlio  came  from  Or.  to  the  mines  and  went  biulc. 
In  '59  returned  to  Cal.  and  settled  at  S.  Lorenzo,  Alameda  Co.,  where  lie 
became  a  wealthy  farmer,  serving  also  as  county  supervisor  and  regent  of  the 
university.  He  died  '81  at  the  age  of  05,  leaving  a  widow  and  5  children. 
I'ortrait  "in  Alam.  (.'o.  HIkI.,  937.  Ateel  (Robert),  1840,  Co.  ]"',  Cal.  Hat. 
(v.  .358).       Mceres,  1845,  possibly  of  the  (Jrigsby-Ide  immig.  party,  iv.  579. 

Mcin  (John),  1842,  mr  of  tlic  Bertha  <t  ./"Hii;/.  iv.  503.  Meineke  (A. 
and  D.).  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  Mejia  (Hipilito),  1838,  killed  by  Ind.  iii. 
093.  M.  (Jo3o  Maria),  1842,  Mex.  eapt.  in  the  batallon  lijo,  wl  o  was  sent 
to  Mex.  by  Mieheltorena  in  '44  to  obtain  aid.  iv.  289,  308,  3<i4,  404-5,  4i;i, 
471.  M.  (Juan),  settler  at  S.  Jos-^  1791-1800.  i.  710.  Meldguem  (.lolm), 
1814,  Irish  deserter  from  a  vessel;  in  Mont,  dist  '29,  age  40,  and  single. 
Mi'lemlez',  1790,  com.  of  the  t'oiicepcioii.  i.  538.  M.,  1820,  nir  of  the  6V». 
J.ravo.  ill.    147.       M.   (Seliustian),   1002,  alftjrez  in  Vizcaino's  c.'.pcd.  i.  98. 


MELLECX-MENDOZA. 


737 


Mclleck  (Joseph),  1837,  in  clijirHC  of  thu  demenllna.  M.  (Vicente),  at  Los 
Ang.  '40.       Mcllisli  (.).),  183,"),  at  Sta<'iuz. 

AIi'llus  (Frjincis),  liS31),  iiat.  of  liostoii,  who  cainti  oi>  the  (.'tiliforiiin  at  tlie 
age  of  15.  iv.  117,  110.  He  hecaiuo  dork  for  A.  15.  Thompson  at  Sta  15.,  and 
on  the  lioUvar;  and  his  J)kinj  of  trips  up  and  down  tiie  eoast  in  ':>!)— K)  is  an 
interesting  MS.  of  my  collection.  In  later  years  he  was  clerk,  traveling  aL;ent, 
and  from  Jan.  '49  partner  witii  his  lirother  in  the  (irni  of  M.,  Ilfiwanl,  it  Co. 
at  S.  F. ;  and  in  '50-0  with  1).  W.  Alexander  in  charge  of  a  liraneii  of  Ihi;  Im.-ii- 
ness  at  Los  Ang.,  where  he  settled  permanently;  claimant  for  rrovidiiu  ia 
ranclio.  iv.  035.  In  '52-3  he  was  county  treasurer,  in  '54  cimneilnmn,  in  '^m 
niemb.  of  the  legislature,  and  later  in  charge  of  Wells,  Fargo,  &  (jo.'s  express. 
He  died  in  '03,  leaving  a  widow — Adelaida,  daughter  of  Santiago  Julinsoii — 
and  7  children,  M.  (Henry),  1835,  brother  of  Francis,  who  came  bcfori)  '.he 
mast  with  llich.  H.  Di.na  on  the  Pilgrim,  iii.  413.  He  left  the  sliip  to  be 
agent's  clerk,  and  is  named  in  a  Los  Arig.  list  of  '30  as  20  years  old;  but  in 
'37-8  made  a  trip  to  the  states.  Keturning  in  '30  he  remained  on  the  coast  as 
agent  or  supercargo  of  the  vessels  of  Appleton  &  Co.,  including  tiie  Ailmit- 
taiici'  and  Ta»xo,  iv.  502,  50!(,  and  his  name  often  appears  in  commercial  rec- 
ords of  the  time,  making  his  home  chieily  at  Los  Ang.  In  '45  lu;  formed  a 
partnership  with  \V.  I).  M.  Howard,  and  the  firm  of  M.  &  H.  .';ooii  became 
the  most  prominent  in  S.  F.,  buying  the  H.  IJ.  Co.  property  in  '40,  v.  (iOi), 
building  the  1st  brick  store  in  town,  and  establishing  branches  at  S.  .losi'', 
Los  Aug.,  and  Sac.  He  became  owner  of  many  town  lots  and  a  very  rich  man. 
In  '47  he  married  Anita,  daughter  of  James  .Johnson  of  Los  Aug.,  ami  in  '48 
made  a  visit  to  the  Fast,  and  on  his  return  had  fi  stroke  of  apoplexy,  from 
the  ellects  of  which  he  never  entirely  recovered.  In  '50  he  sold  his  inteiest 
in  th(!  lirni  and  went  Fast,  subsetiucntly  losing  most  of  his  wealth  in  unfor- 
tunate business  enterprises.  About  '53  he  brought  a  suit,  tiually  abandoned, 
n'j'ainst  Howard  on  the  plea  that  he  had  not  been  of  sound  mind  at  the  time 
of  settlement.  This  created  some  ill  feeling  against  him  in  S.F.,  and  it  is  said 
that  by  H.'s  inlluence  the  name  of  Melius  St  was  changed  to  Natuma.  In  \")9 
he  came  back  to  Cal.  and  settled  at  Los  Aug.,  where  he  wiis  elected  mayor 
in  May  '00,  but  died  in  Dec.  of  the  same  year  at  the  age  ol  45,  leaving  a 
family.  Melius  was  a  man  of  remarkable  business  ability,  of  good  character, 
and  of  courteous,  pleasing  manners.  Melros  (.M.),  I84(i,  doul)tful  name  in 
a.  Los  Ang.  list.  Melurcn  (Louis),  see  'Mathurin.'  Melville,  1.S4S,  at  S.  F. 
from  Tahiti.  M.  (Hugh),  184.5,  sailor  of  the  Moria,  di.sch.  at  S.F.,  and  i-ent 
to  the  Mont.  hr).spital.  Melvin  (.lames  W.),  lc>47,  Co.  IJ,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  4a!)); 
d.  S.  F.  "74. 

Menard  (Fr.anfois),  1840,  teamster  with  Kearny's  force  from  N.  Mex.  v. 
337;  killed  at  S.  I'ascual.  v.  ;140.  !M.  (Louis),  1844,  doubtful  member  of 
l''n''Miont's  party,  iv.  4:i7.  Menchaca  (R.),  1S42,  nn-  of  the  Triiiiiliti/.  iv.  ."(ill. 
Mendenhall  (Win  M),  1845,  nat.  of  Oliio,  and  overl.  imniig.  of  tlie  Hastings 
party,  iv.  580-7;  at  Sutter's  Fort  in  '40.  I  liml  no  further  original  record  of 
liini  in  early  tinies,  but  in  the  county  history  it  is  said  that  in  '4(i-7  he  lonk 
part  in  the  IJear  revolt,  went  south  with  Frennmt,  was  commissary  at  S.  Juse 
in  the  Sanchez  campaign,  kept  a  bakery  at  S.  I'\,  and  married  M;uy  Allen; 
in  the  mines  '48;  in  Or.  '40;  Sta(Jlara  Co.  ".")()-3,  '08-70;  <'ontia  Costa  '53-00, 
'0.5-8,  and  .\lameila  Co.  '00-05,  and  frmn  70  to  '85,  where  he  is  a  prospeinuii 
farmer  at  Liverniore,  age  02,  with  0  surviving  children:  .la-nes  M.,  Lizzie 
Mrs  C  11.  Lindley,  Finnui  Mrs  IJhu'k,  I'^ila,  Archer,  W'ni  Oswald,  Asccy,. 
and  ICtta.  In  the  earlier  records  lie  is  ciUed  H.  and  rhili[)  Mendeidiall.  Vr.r- 
trait  in  Alam.  Co.  I  lint.,  50. 


Mondez  (Antonio),  Mex.  com.  of  artill.  at  S.F.  '31   2. 


702;   at  Mont. 


'30,  age  38,  wife  Juana  Soto,  child.  Ilalta.sar  b,  '20,  Sofiii  '31,  Fvaristo  '33; 
juez  aux.  '44,  iv.  (i.53;  had  a  store,  which  in  '40  w;is  broken  open  and  robbed. 
M.  (Juan  Ign.),  trader  and  carpenter  fi-oni  1708;  had  a  grand  commercial 
scheme  1800.  i.  028.  M.  ( l'e<lro),  .at  Los  Ang.  '40-8.  Mendoza  (.\ntonino), 
at  S.  Josi'!  '41.  M.  (Antonio),  settler  killed  by  hid.  178L  i.  .S.^O,  302.  M. 
(llenriijuez),  weaver-instructor  1702-5.  i.  015.  M.  (Jaime),  resid.  of  BraUt 
Hist.  Oa-„  Vol.  IV.    47 


^.;!i 


738 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


ciforto  '30.  ii.  G27.  M.  (Manuul),  soldier  at  Soledad  1791-lSOO.  i.  400.  ^r. 
(Mariano  Joiit),  weaver-instructor  1702-1801.  i.  Gir>,  C58;  ii.  174.  Moneiuloz 
(Antonio),  IS'io,  Span.  Dominican  friar  of  the  L.  Cal.  frontier,  reliovLd  fiom 
mis.sionary  work  for  irrejjular  conduct,  and  employed  as  chaplain  of  tlic  troops 
at  S.  Ditgo  from  '25.  ii.  42J,  544,  552,  G58;  iii.  8;  quarrelled  with  Alvanulo. 
iii.  41 ;  in  the  '23  list  of  Sjian.,  iii.  51,  but  not  sent  away;  teacher  and  chap- 
lain of  the  dip.  '2'J.  ii.  548;  iii.  43,  77,  141;  transfenod  to  Mont.  '30.  ii  CM); 
iii.  144,  451;  died  at  8ta  B.  '32.  iii.  317,  056.  M.,  1792,  com.  of  tlic  .4r«;(. 
za-^ii.  i.  517;  and  of  tiio  Conception  in  '94.  i.  523.  M.  (Jos(5  Ant.),  Mcx. 
trader  '33-9.  iii.  242,  023.  Menescs  (Josd  H.),  artilleryman  at  S.  Diego  '20. 
Mcnsing,  1840,  nir  of  the  Patriot,  v.  579.  Menzios,  1647,  mr  of  the  i!< n. 
Kmriu/.  V.  578;  and  of  the  Louise  iu  '48.  Mequelixt  (Michael),  1822.  ii.  479; 
prob.  'McAllister,'  (p  v. 

Mtrcado  (Jesus  Maria  Vasquez  del),  1833,  Mex.  friar  of  the  Zacatecanos, 
who  served  at  S.  Rafael,  S.  Antonio,  and  Sta  Clara,  leaving  Cal.  iu  '44;  a 
(piarrelbouie  and  vicious  padre  who  did  much  harm,  though  of  good  abilif^  s 
and  education.  Ijiog.  iv.  082;  nient.,  ■with  record  of  his  controversies,  iii.  HOO, 
319,  321-4,  .3.-i4,  420,  477,  580-7,  080-90,710,720;  iv.  102,  373,  423,  473.  M., 
iser-t  at  S.  Diego,  and  sometime  teacher,  '10-11.  ii.  424.  M.  (Mariano), 
1842,  cornet  of  batallon  fijo.  iv.  289.  Mercure  (H.),  1848,  in  S.F.  letter  list. 
Merclo  (Lorenzo),  1799,  Span,  friar  who  served  lor  brief  term  in  S.F.  and  S. 
Antonio,  retiring  in  1801.  Biog.  ii.  152;  mcnt.  i.  577,  712;  ii.  147,  150.  Me- 
rino (Agustin),  1797,  S[)an.  friar  who  served  at  S.  Jos6  until  forced  by  illness 
to  rctiro  in  1800.  i.  555,  577.  Merium  (W.),  1846,  Co.  G,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358). 
Merrick,  1847,  lieut  ill  at  Los  Aug.;  doubtful  name.  Mcrrilies  (liobcrt), 
1847, Co.  r,3dU.8.  artill.  (v. 518);  a  Scotchman  with  no  antipathy  to  whiskey, 
and  fond  of  Burns'  ])0ctry,  wlio  deserted,  like  most  of  his  comrades,  for  the 
minesin'48;  was  at  Mont. '58-9;  and  later  a  sheep-berder  in  the  south.  'Miri. 
lies '  on  the  roll. 

Merrill,  1831,  at  Los  Ana.  M.  (Ferdinand),  1847,  Co.  D,  M.irm.  But. 
(v.  400);  farmer  r.t  Salt  Lake  '82.  M.  (John  H.),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.  Vol, 
(v.  499):  owner  of  S.F.  lots,  and  sui)erintendent  of  sabbath-school,  v.  057.  I 
have  his  letter  of  '48  coniidaining  of  various  persecutions  by  Lieut  Brewcrtuii. 
He  was  later  .a  resid.  of  S.  Jose,  and  in  '82  at  Wash.,  D.C.  M.  (I'liilenum 
C),  1847,  lieut  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.,  an<l  acting  adjutant,  v.  477,  483;  in  'M 
at  St  David,  Ariz.  M.  (Sijuire  C),  1847,  son  of  John  H.,  and  drummer  ul 
Co.  II,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499),  age  12;  attended  school  at  S.  F.;  clerk  for  BeKkii 
at  S.  J()S(5;  in  trade  at  Alviso,  and  later  at  S.  F.  He  went  East  in  '50,  served 
in  the  war  of  '01-5,  and  in  '77  luul  been  10  years  a  clerk  in  the  adj. -gen.  of- 
fice at  Wash.,  D.C,  where  he  still  lived  in  '82.  M.  (W.  H.),  1847,  builder 
ami  keeper  of  a  boarding-house  at  S.  F.  '47-8.  v.  081,  085;  possibly  same  as 
John  H  Merriner  (Nicholas),  1847,  owner  of  S.  F.  lot.  Mrs  M.  with  son.s  in 
Marin  Co.  '40. 

Merritt  (Ezekiel),  1841  (?),  Amer.  trapper,  the  exact  date  and  circumstanceg 
of  whose  arrival  arc  not  known.  He  may  be  the  man  who  appears  on  Lar- 
kin'a  books  in  '37.  iv.  117-18;  is  ment.  as  one  of  Walker's  men  iu  '33.  iii. 
391;  was  at  N.  Helv.  '41.  iv.  233;  in  the  Sac.  Val.  '43;  implicated  in  the  at- 
tempt to  release  Dr  Bale  in  '44.  iv.  4-15;  in  which  year,  in  getting  nutnrali- 
zatioii  pipers,  he  claimed  to  have  been  in  Cal.  2  years!  He  was  one  of  (ait. 
Guntt's  men  iu  the  Micheltorcna  campaign  of  '44-5.  iv.  480;  and  from  '45  is 
often  mentioned  in  the  N.  JIclv.  Diar;/.  He  oommanded  the  party  timt  stoic 
Aree's  horses  iu  '40,  and  was  nominally  in  com.  of  the  Bears  at  first,  liisiiaim! 
appearing  on  the  original  proclamation  of  Juno  14th.  v.  107-9,  114,  12'.  1-7, 
100.  Returning  with  the  prisoners  to  the  fort,  he  subsequently  w-ent  tioutli 
with  Ficjinont,  and  remained  with  Gillespie  at  Los  Ang.,  being  sent  at  one 
time  with  a  small  garrison  to  S.  Diego,  v.  308,  317,  324-5,  017.  Bidwillsays 
that  ho  became  i)artner  with  Wm  C.  Moon  on  a  Tehama  rancho,  and  ilied  iu 
the  winter  of  '47-8,  though  possibly  it  was  a  little  later,  as  there  are  vagu". 
references  to  his  presence  in  the  mines.  Merritt  was  a  coarse-grained,  !oud- 
. mouthed,  unpciucipled,  whiskey-drinking,  quarrelsome  fellow,  well  adaiited 


MERRITl"— MEYER, 


739 


to  the  use  tlint  was  maile  of  biin  in  promoting  the  filibusters'  pchcmcs.       M. 
(Robert  G.),  1S47,  Co.  K,  \.Y.  Vol.  (v.  4t«));  ia  Napa  Co.  '7.');  (i.  at  Ukiali 


'8:$.       M.  (Tiios),  IS."?: 


'■'IJ-;}.'{,  '3S-'J;  two  of  the  name  as  militiamen 
I  .'!9,  wife  Juana  Miranda,  child.   Man'a  1). 


Iios),  is;}7,  named  in  J^aikm'a  accounts.  .^Jervlne  (Wni),  1840, 
commander  U.S.N,  in  com.  of  the  Cyaiic  and  Snraiinah,  the  otticer  who  raised 
the  U.  S.  flag  at  Mont,  and  took  com.  on  shore.  After  the  outbreak  of  the 
Fiores  revolt  he  went  south  to  S.  Pedro,  and  was  defeated  by  the  Californi- 
nns  in  Oct.  while  attemptinj^  to  march  inland  to  Los  Ang.  He  took  no  fur- 
ther active  part  in  tlio  war;  was  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot  in  '47,  nej,'otiatlng  also 
for  land  at  Sonoma;  and  stalled  for  the  East  in  March.  He  was  capt.  in  the 
war  of  'Gl-r).  V.  '27,  200-3,  2'24,  2-J!)-3l,  233,  289-90,  29«,  304,  318-20,  327, 
383,  539,  580. 

Mesa  (Alejandro),  Cal.  claim  of  §1,220  for  hor.oes  in  '40-7  (v.  402).  M. 
(Andrfe)  soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '23-9.  il.  (Antonio),  1781,  negro  settler 
of  Los  Ang.,  with  wife  and  2  children,  i.  345.  ^I.  (Antonio),  soldierof  S.F. 
comp.  '19-30;  militiaman  at  S.F.  '37;  in  '41  at  S.  Jos(5,  age  4(i,  wife  Dolores 
liiguera,  child.  Alejandro  b.  '34,  Isidro  '37,  Benidicto  '39.  M.  (Cayetano), 
sohlier  killed  by  Ind.  on  the  Colorado,  i.  359-02.  ^L  (Doltire.si,  settler  at 
S.  Jos<5  1791-1800;  legidor  in  1800.  i.  710;  ii.  i;!t.  171.  -M.  (Dolores),  at  S. 
Jose  '41,  age  48.  M.  (Domingo),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '28-31 ;  nameil  in  '40. 
V.  !G2.  M.  (Kncarnaciiin),  claimant  for  S.  Antonio,  Sta  Clara,  iii.  712.  M. 
(Francisco),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '34-5;  in  '30  maj.  of  the  rancho  nacional, 
age  37.  iii.  077;  drowned  near  Mont,  in  '45.  M.  (lleronimo),  soldierof  .S.F. 
comp.  '41-3.  iv.  007.  M.  (llilario),  corporal  of  the  guard  ut  S.  Jose  178.3-98; 
settler '80.  i.  477-8,  495.  ^L  (Joaquin),  sohlier  at  Sta  Cruz  and  settler  at 
S.  Jos(5  before  1800.  i.  490,  710.  M.  (Jost?),  1791,  ehapLiin  in  Malaspina's 
cxpcd.  i.  490.  M.  (Jose  Ant.),  grantee  of  Los  MedanoH,  Contra  Costa,  '39. 
iii.  712.  M.  (Jose  Ign.),  soldier  at  Solcdad  1791-1800.  i.  4!»9.  M.  (Jos(5 
de  Jesus),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp. 
at  S.F.  '37;  in  '41  at  S.  Jose?,  a 

'30,  Trinidad  '38.  M.  (Juan  15.),  owner  of  S.F.  lot  '44.  v.  084.  M.  (Juan 
I'rado),  soldier  of  S.  !•'.  comp.  from  '28;  eor|)oral  from  '32,  in  com.  of  Sta 
(.iara  escolta.  iii.  728;  sergt  30,  and  acting  alf.  from  '37.  iii.  511,  522;  in  '39 
full  alferez,  coin,  of  the  S.F.  garrison,  grantee  of  S.  Antonio  rancho,  and  cn- 
gajjcd  in  Iiid.  lights,  iii.  701-2,  712,  722;  iv.  75-0.  On  the  roll  as  alf.  to  '42, 
aiul  mentioned  occasionally  as  in  mil.  com.  at  S.F. ,  where  he  was  owner  of  a 
h)t.  iv.  005,  0G()-7,  009,  078.  Ho  seems  to  have  died  at  iii.s  rancho  in  '45. 
M.  (Luis),  at  Pilarcitos  rancho  '30,  age  43,  wife  Man'a  Aut.  Martinez,  child. 
Juan  b.  '21,  Scratina  '24;  juez  del  campo.  iii.  074-5,  078.  Al.  (Maria  Ant.), 
grantee  of  Kinconada  del  Arroyo  de  S.  Francisquito  '41.  iv.  072-3.  M. 
(.Miguel),  at  S.  .Josi5'41,  age  30,  wife  Hilaria  Bcnaviiles,  child.  Francisco  b. 
'34,  Apueda  '37;  juez  de  caiiipo  '43.  iv.  085.  M.  (NicoLis),  rcgidor  at  S. 
Jos6  1805.  ii.  134.  iL  (I'edro),  sold,  of  S.F.  comji.  '27-37;  jui'i  de  eampo 
at  S.  Jos6  '39.  iii.  731;  in  '41  age  24,  wife  Teresa  liiguera,  child.  Joai|uin  b. 
'39,  Jos6  Ant.  '41;  another  of  the  name  at  S.  Jos6  '41,  age  .33.  M.  (I'etia 
liiguera  de),  widow  at  S.  Jos6  '41,  age  38,  child.  Jo.s(j  b.  '28,  Doniin.,'o  'liO, 
Guadalupe  '31,  Rufina  ';{2,  Albino  '33,  Famehi  .37,  JosiT-  Ant.  '.39.  M.  (Ra- 
fael), one  of  the  original  settlers  at  Los  Aug.  1782.  i.  34,")-0.  M.  (Rafael), 
soldierof  the  S.F.  comp.  '23-31;  at  S.  Jos(5  '41,  age  34.  M.  (Ramon),  sol- 
dier of  S.F.  comp.  '34-42;  at  Soiioi  .a  '44,  age  25;  grantee  of  Soulajule,  Marin 
Co.,  '44.  iv.  074;  named  in  connection  with  the  Bear  war '4(!.  iv.  074;  v.  102. 
M.  (Santiago),  at  S.  Mateo  '35.  M.  (Valeiio),  eorp.  of  S.  F.  couip.  1777.  i. 
297,  312;  at  S.  Jos(5  '93,  wife  Lcoiior  Larboa,  ehihl  Nieohls. 

Mesnard,  18.37,  connected  with.  I'etit-Thouars'  cxped.  iv.  140.  Metcalf 
(T.),  1848.  from  lion,  on  the  J/oiw.  Metzger  (.Jacob  N.),  1848,  came  from 
Or.  in  May,  and  after  a  successful  visit  to  the  mines  went  to  Or.  in  Aug.  to 
bring  his  family.  Mexica  (Teodora),  at  Sta  Cruz '18,  ii.  225.  Mexwell 
(\Vm  II.),  1848,  at  Stockton.   Ilenibl;  prob.  'Maxwell,'  (|.  v. 

Meyer  (Chas),  1S47,  ownerof  S.F.  lot.  M.  ( Francis),  1847,  Co.  F,  .3d  U.S. 
avtill.  (v.  518).  M.  (Ceo.  S.).  1847.  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  4SI9);  a  (ierman  in 
the  mines  '48-9,  kept  a  hotel  at  S.F. ;  and  settled  at  ilt  Eden,  ALuneila  Co., 


i,  '■>■'  \\ 


'i 

1 

1 

1 

i 

1 

1 

1 

•!i 


Ml 


Is 


740 


riOXr.EIl  RF/ilSTKR  AND  INDEX. 


ill  .".1.  Still  livinj,'  in  '«;?,  n'^o  71,  with  wife  Ropliia  Priigcr,  mid  4  cliildmn, 
(»oo.  A.,  lUiiry  II.,  M;itil(l;i  Mrs  Mai  tin,  ami  Aincli.-i.  I'oitrait  in  Al'im. 
<<>.  Hist.,  WIO.  '  M.  (.Idlin  Daniel),  l,s;j-2,  iVoiii  Strasshuri,'  and  Mi.x.,  a  lilauk- 
siiiith  ;it  l.os  Anj,'.  naturalized  in  '.'U.  af^e  '27.  iii.  JOS.  lie  was  onecf  tlie  viL-'i- 
laiitiH  in  "M)  (iii.  UK)),  and  was  at  S.  Diigo  in  '10.  Miyors  (R.  (J.),  IMS, 
iiat.  of  I 'a,  I'L'sid.  (if  S.  .I<iaf|iiiii  'r)()-78,  lioiiiLj  .several  tinie:t  nicudjer  nf  tiic 
Icgislatmi!.       M.,  see  also  'Myoia.'       Alfycrliolz,  1847,  ut  K.  Ikdv. 

Miilultorcna  (Maniu'l),  1M4"_*,  Mex.  brigadier-gcii.,  governor  and  com. 
gen.  f)f  L'al.  from  'A'l — aiipointcd  Jan.  2'2cl,  t<jok  possession  formally  I  lee. 
;il  to  I'V'h.  '22,  '4.'>,  when  \w  signed  the  treaty  of  surrcMider  to  the  revohUiiJiiist 
(.'aliforniaiiH  \\\\o  expelhd  liini.  On  his  early  career,  aiijiointnieiit,  arrival, 
convict  army,  I'tc,  see  iv.  '2S,")-9.'J;  (Join.  Jones  affair,  iv.  .'lOiS-L'tl;  rule  in  'IH, 
ic.  ;i.'iU-(i7;  poliey  in  mission,  commereial,  mid  maritime  all'airs,  iv.  S(J8'7f>; 
rule  ill  Ml,  iv.  .)()l~'2(»;  revolution  r.gainst  in  '44-.');  defeat,  de[ii.itiire,  and 
h'ler  lareer,  iv.  4."i.')-r)I7;  miscel.  mention,  iii.  .^oO,  Tifil;  iv.  ;54,  4()'.>,  42.'!-l..!. 
44S,  .")2I-'J,  n(;i,  (;i!».  (WO,  (>:i(;,  (i.V2.  As  his  career  in  Cal.  is  fully  recorded  in 
this  \()1.,  I  need  not  go  further  into  details  here.  Jle  vas  a  iiat.  of  ().ija(a,  a 
fi'ii'iid  of  (Jnerrero,  a  man  of  some  literary  iiretensions,  and  a  colonel  us  lai  ly 
!is  ';(!!.  Klsewhere  1  say  of  the  gov.  that  he  wa.s  'a  strange  mixture  of  gciod 
!,nd  had;  a  most  fascinating  and  popular  !;ontleinan;  honest,  skilful,  and  eHieiciit 
a- an  oiiieiiil  in  minor  matters;  utterly  weak,  unrelialile,  and  even  disiioiior- 
u!i!e  ill  all  enieigenciea;'  yet  under  ordinary  circuinstanccs,  hy  reason  of  his 
iii'.elUgence,  e\|M  lieocc,  and  tact  in  winning  friends,  he  njiglit  have  heeii  a 
^oi'cl  ruler  for  Cal.  I'.y  his  liherality  in  granting  lands  as  well  as  liy  Ida  per- 
sonal courtesy  he  made  a  good  impression  on  most  foreigners,  who  as  a  ruK^ 
hav(>  given  an  unfair  version  of  i\u\  revolution  hy  which  lie  was  oveiilirou  ii. 
In  the  .lones  all'air  at  the  outset  he  simply  made  an  ass  of  himself,  and  of  his 
aits  in  tiie  last  months  nothing  can  he  said  in  [iraise;  while  liis  hieaking  the 
tnaty  of  Sta  'IVicsa,  hy  which  h(^  linil  i)roniiseii  to  send  away  his  hatlalioii  of 
eliolo  rulliaiis,  and  his  luiliing  Sutter  to  arm  the  foreigners  and  Indians  against 
tlie  ('alif<irnians,  were  in  the  highest  degree  dishonorahle  and  unpatiiolic. 
Aftci  leaving  Cal.  he  took  a  somewhat  iiroiiiincr.t  jiart  in  the  var  against  liic 
U.S.,  serving  as  niemher  of  congress  in  '47  and  com.  gen.  of  Yucatan  in  '>,t). 
lie  ."ccms  to  liave  taken  a  very  discreditahle  jiart  in  the  Liiiiantonr  forgirics, 
though  little  is  kiiov.n  of  details.  I  have  found  no  detinite  record  of  his  la;  t 
years  or  death.  Michael  (,)ohii),  1844,  at  S.  Jose.  Sin  CliuaCo.  His/.  Allii'<. 
I.iehi  (John),  IS2.">.  nir  of  the  Tdmauhmunh.  iv.  Mil;  proh.  'Meek.'fj.  v. 

Middletoii.  1S17.  nir  of  tlu^  Xij/oii.  M.  ('rhonias),  184."),  at  N.  Ilelv.  iv. 
.'")T8,  .")S7;  houglit  mules  nf  hassen  and  Sill,  which  were  driven  across  tlie 
plains  east\\ard  in  "td;  in  '70  a  ri'sid.  of  llolinerville.  h'linbi  IT.  ('.  >l<iii(tL 
Micr  y  Ter::!!  (.fose  ,M.),  we.  of  ayiilit.  at  Mont.  (?)  ",V\.  iii.  tiT,'?;  sec.  of  .'^. 
Dieuoaynnt. ';5.)-l>.  iii.  ()1.">-1(!;  sindieo '.S7.  iii.  (ilti.  Miguel  (Jos(5  de),  I7'.'>>. 
Span,  friai',  who  served  cliiellv  at  Sta  li.  and  San  Gahriel,  <lying  in  ISt):{. 
iSieg.  ii.  .Tm;  meiit.  i.  4-j;<,  4!I2,  Wl'l,  ■■>7()-7,  087,  «(!!»,  i;7-2,  ti8!»;  ii.  114,  \A<, 
l.V.C  :!!>4.  .>;iles  (.Ichnl,  18;!2,  of  the  comp.  cxtranjcra;  still  at  Mont.  ';i;{-4. 
iii  •1-1\.  :M.  (.Sam.).  1847.  Co.  15,  Morm.  Hat.  (v.  4()!));  asst  alcahle  at  S. 
I'ie'o.  V. -lOO;  in '81  high  councillor  and  jrstic!  of  iicaee  in  Utah.  Mill'oid 
(IMinund  X.),  IS17.  Co.  F.  N.  \.  Vol.  (v.  4!);i);  at  Princeton,  Mariposa  Co., 
'8;].  .Millard  (Oriaon),  184.').  disch.  from  the  Wdrrcit,  and  shipped  on  tlie 
<i"i/iiixf(inii(i,  at  Mont. 

Mdhr  (Aumistus),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  4!)!t);  d.  heforc  '82.  .M. 
(ChaO,  1817,  Co.  (i.  ditto.  M.  (Daniel).  18:!'2,  Kiigl.  sailor  from  the  Clmt- 
caloiii/,  at  M.>nt.  ti.  end  of '.'U.  M.  (Kdward),  1817.  Co.  C,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v. 
4'.)'.^).  M.  (Feltis),  1817,  settled  on  Sac.  Hiv.,  at  Cache  Creek.  M.  (Fraii- 
ci:  ),  18-17,  Co.  C,  N.  Y.Vol.  (v.  4!)!)).  .M.  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  D,  ditto.  M. 
(lliram  ().),  1810,  overl.  imniig.  of  liryant's  party,  v.  ■')28;  mcmher  of  -d 
Domier  relief,  v.  ,'140;  settled  in  Sta  Clara  Co.,  where  he  died  in  '1)7.  -M- 
(J,-.uic:  ),  l;i44,  Irish  inimig.  of  the  Stevens  jiarty,  with  wife  (Mary  Miirphv ), 
son  ^\  m  .(..  age  12,  and  .'<  ilaughters.  iv.  44.V7,  4."),S.  H(!  settled  in  Mann 
Co.,  where  he  still  lived  in 'SO  with  a  large  family.       M.  (J.),  1845,  command- 


MILLER-MIUANDA. 


711 


cr's  clerk  on  the  Savninuih.  vil.  (J.  J.),  184"),  mid.  on  the  !^avanimh.  M. 
(Juliii),  IS47,  Co.  1»,  N.  V.  Vol.  (V.  VM).  M.  (.)olm  Mori,',in),  I.SIS,  iiat.  of 
Vii,  wliociuiie  fi'oniOi".  to  tlic  iiiim.'ii;  sutLloil  from  Vil)  near  Subiwto|>ol,  Sonoma 
Co.,  wlicre  lie  fliud  in  '7")  lit  tin;  .ai,'o  of  01,  having  been  postmaster  ami  jus- 
tice of  the  peace.  M.  (Miles),  1847,  Co.  K,  Moi'iii.  Bat.  (v.  40!)).  .M.  (M. 
]i.),  1S47,  os'crl.  imiiiig.,  wlio  airain  crossed  the  plains  in  '48,  '4!),  '32,  ainl  '~'.\; 
liail  an  orchard  in  I'leasant  Val.,  .Solano.  M.  (Valentine),  1847,  Co.  (i,  N. 
Y.  Vol.  (v.  4'.)!)).       M.  (Will),  is  10,  <leserter  from  tiie  IJ.  S.  SdvniiiKih. 

MiUhauso  ((Justavi),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  4'.)".));  at  Stall.  '71-S'J. 
Mill.-an  (.John),  see  '  Mnllij,'an.'  M.  (K  ),  1841,  mid.  on  the  U.  S.  ,SV  L,„ns. 
MidiUen  (John),  1817,  Co.  K,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  i'M);  d.  St.i  Clara  Co.  about  "78. 
Millinyton  (Chas),  hS17,  mr  of  the  Xi/loii.  v.  oSI;  ownerof  S.  I'',  lot.  Mills 
(John),  1847,  boatswiiiu  on  the  U.  S.  Iiidriirinlincc.  M.  (J.  II.  A.),  ls:8, 
uat.  of  !Mo.,  at  .S.  Jose  '.")l)-70;  li\'eiy-stable  man.       M.  (Wni),  1810,   I'auii 


tlevoy's  dragoons  (v.  'JIVJ,  '247) 


Mill\vri:.;lit,  1847,  doubtful  name  at  \.  Ib:lv. 
Jost'  call  to  foreii-'ners.  iv.  ,'M). 


Miiiier  (l)ancll),  184"),  signer  of  the  S.  Josu  call  to  foreigners,  iv.  iV.C). 

Minard  (Thos  A.),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.  Y.Vol.  (v.  4!)!l).  Miner  (A.  T.),  1848, 
name  in  S.  F.  letter  list.  .Miiiier,  1840,  at  Sutter's  Fort  '40-7  «ith  family; 
called  a  volunteer.  M.,  181,"),  mid.  on  the  U.  S.  (('((/•;•(/(.  Jlink  (W'm), 
iy40,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons,  transf.  from  Co.  K.  v.  '.i'M.  Minoii  (liiaii 
Jose),  Mcx.  gen.,  ajipointed  gov.  of  Cal.  '27;  did  not  come.  ii.  51.");  iii.  8. 
Minor  (Allen  IJ.),  1817,  of  N.  Y.,  left  S.  F.  for  I'anami'i  on  the  (Jlmrlm  JJr.  ir. 
M.  (Colville  J.),  1847,  lieutCo.  F,  ;j.l  L'.  S.  artill. ;  d.  at  Mont,  in  Aii'^..  a-o 
2;!;  a  nat.  of  Wash.,  IXC,  and  graduate  of  West  L'oint.  v.  . 518,  520.  M. 
((!eo.),  1840,  lieiit  U.  8.  X.  on  the  Sunuuiuh;  memb.  of  1st  jury  at  .Mont.; 
in  com.  of  garrison  at  S.  Diogo;  in  '47  assist  (j.  m.  in  Stockton's  battalion;  a 
■witness  at  Vv'ash.  in  the  Fremont  court-martial  and  Cal.  claims,  v.  28!),  21(2, 
324-0,  328,  38."),  420,450.  Minter  (J.),  1840,  overl.  iuanig.  in  Bryant's  p.irty 
(v.  520;)  Co.  F,  Cr.l.  Uat.  (v.  358). 

Miraniontes  (Candelario),  Mex.  said  to  have  had  a  potato-patch  in  '.'!.'!  on 
lat  was  later  the  jilaza  at  .S.  I'',    iii.  70!);  in  '41  or  earlier  grantee  of  I'ilar- 


citos,  Sta  (-'lara.  ii.  010,  004,  072;  in  '42  at  S.F.,  age  5.3,  wife  (Juadaliipe  l!ii- 

ones,  child.   Miguel  b.  '1!)  at  S.F.,  Maria  Dcdores  '23,  Kodolfo '20,  Jo<- A. 

'24,  Jos(5  do  los  .Santos  '20,  Baiinundo  '2!),  Cuadalupe  '31,  Carmen  '32.       .\1. 

(Ignacio),  soldier  of  S.F.  coinp.  from  '35;  corp.  '38-44;  brought  small- pox  from 

Koss  '3S.  iv.  74,  105;  ago  30  in  '44.       M.  (.ios6  Arciano)  .son  of  Candehiiio; 

soldier  of  S.F.  conip.  '41.       M.  (Juan),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  'lO-.'iO.       M. 

(Mariano),  soldier  of  S.F.  conip.  '37;   d.  '43.       M.  (Miguel),  sergt  in  S.F, 

militia  '44,  age  20.       M.  (Rainuindo),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '44,  age  20.       M. 

(Ramon),  C;d.  claim  of  815,000 '40-7  (v. 402).      M.  (Rodolfo),  sol  of'Candelarii; 

soldier  of  S.F.  eonip.  '37-44;  juczde  campo '40.  v.  ()48.       M.  (Santos),  soldi 'r 

of  S.F.  militia  '44,  ago  10.       M.  (Vicente),  sjldier  of  S.F.  com]).  '2S-.37;  in  37 

elector,  iii.  705;  in  '39  juez  supl.  and  elected  alcalde.  //;.  ;  in  '42  juez  supl.  i\'. 

005;  in  '42  at  S.  Jose,  age  32,  wife  Maria  do  .fesus  Hernandez,  child.  Jose  M:i;ia 

b.  '38,  Beuita '40,  and  Mariana;  in '43  owner  of  a  lot,  on  wiiich  he  lived  witii  his 
*...,.    Ml    Q     ;..    r.t\i\.  t.    «icA.   ;.,  'ii  ..if.-......,  ,.f  ...;i:t:.,     ;..   iu\- .  ;..  '  u!  ;....,  ..ji,,! 


M.  (Antonio),  chino  settler  of  Los  Ang.  I7S1.  i. 
licr  of  iS.F.  comp.  '10-30;  grantee  of  Ojo  do  A 


345.       M.  (Apolinario),  s..l- 
lii  dc  Figueroa  '33,  '.">8.   iii. 


712,  705;  in  '42  a;;e  47,  wiii;  Juaiia  Briones,  child.  I'resentaciou  b.  "22.  (io- 
mez(?)  '29,  Narcisa  '.30,  Refugio  '32,  .lose  do  Jesus  '35,  Maiiu.d  '37;  in  '4.3  in 
trouble  with  his  wife.  iv.  000.  .See  'Briones'  (Juana).       M.  (Ililario'       '  ''    " 


>Mi 


settler  ou  the  Colorado  17S0-1.  i.  359.       M.  (Manuel),  tt  S.  Jose  '41, 


742 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


M'ifc  Cdrmcn  Alviso,  child.  Marfa  do  los  Santos  '38,  Maria  Rosa  '41.  M. 
(.Mariano),  sohlier  of  S.F.  comp.  '."iT-^S.  iv.  ()()7;  named  in  '4().  v.  ICr.';  also  lia4l 
a  C.d.  claim  of  §4,400  (v.  4()J).  M.  (Presciitacion),  dauyiitur  of  Aiiolinario; 
at  Mission  Dolorca  Tt't,  and  witness  in  the  Santillan  case.  M.  (Santos),  BoKiier 
of  S.F.  comp.  '.{IMS.  iv.  (Jti?.  M.  (Teodoro),  at  Sonoma  '44,  ago  1-2.  Mi- 
ranttsi  (Igiiacio),  at  S.F.  '4-.  ago  ,11;  doubtful  name.  Mirayno  (Jonathan), 
1840,  doiiiitful  nanio  in  Farnliam's  list.  iv.  17. 

Misroon  (John  S. ),  1840,  lieiiton  tho  U.S.  Porfsmoitth,  somewhat  prominent 
at  tiio  time  of  the  IJear  revolt,  being  sent  by  L'apt.  Montgomery  to  Sonoma 
mid  N.IIilv.  V.  1.10-1,  I.'54,  inO-O,  -241,  20!».  Owner  of  a  S  F.  lot.  v.  (iSH. 
Iji-'fore  hit)  departure  in  '47  ho  made  arrangenicntH  for  investing  in  lauds  and 
catth',  ami  apparently  did  invest  witli  Larkit,  but  liad  a  niisunderstandiiiy 
vith  L.  and  Sutter,  which,  perhaps,  put  an  end  to  tho  speculation.  I  havo 
many  of  his  letters  on  tho  matter.  iMi.<teril,  1834,  Swiss  sailor  on  the  AVt- 
t'llin,  budly  injured  at  tho  wreck,  iii.  412;  worked  on  a  raneho  near  Mont. 

•.i:>-(}. 

Mitcliell,  1845,  mr  of  tho  Fnma.  iv.  r>Chh  M.,  1847,  nir  of  the  Prori- 
(Irnre.  v.  rtSO.  M.  (Benj.),  1840,  in  Napa  Val.  'CO.  M.  (Hue),  1842,  saih)r 
on  the  Aiimitlmu'e;  deserted  at  S.  Diego  '44.  M.  (Josepli  1$.),  184.'),  nn- of 
t!ie  Fniiiiie,  at  S.F.  Oct.  M.  (Wm),  1840,  mid.  on  tlio  U.S.  Coii'jrcM;  sta- 
tioned with  a  garrison  at  Sta  B.  Aug. -Sept.  v.  207,  2S7,  OIIO;  made  a  com. 
U.S.N.  '0.-);  d.  at  Wash.  '71.  M.  (Wm),  l,S47,  Co.  15,  N.Y.Vcd.  (v.  499);  d. 
ill  Australia  before '82.  M.  (Wm  II.),  1847,  Co.  E,  ditto;  in  Amador  Co. 
'74.       Mitcliener  (T.),  1847,  from  Hon.  on  tlio  Franvesi-a. 

Moclio  (D.an.),  1 81}  1,  nickname  of  an  Irishman  at  Los  Ang.  ISIoereniiaiit 
(Jacob  Antonio),  1840,  Fr.  consul  in  Cal.  '40-8.  v.  290,  .")70,  014;  a  iiat.  of 
Belgium.  There  is  no  agreement  respecting  his  initials.  Moflat  (Richard), 
l;vl'7,  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot.  v.  080.  Mo(litt'(.\lfred  1'.),  1847,  Co.  F,  Sd  artiil. 
artiticer  (v.  .TlS).  M.  (James),  1840,  n.at.  of  N.Y.,  sailor  on  tho  U.S.  Sa- 
v<rn)((h,  disch.  at  S.F.  '49;  in  '82  at  East  Oakland  with  wife — Margaret  Mul- 
grew,  nuir.  'oO — and  9  children,  Frank  .1.  (dei)uty  sherilV),  Mary,  Maggie, 
Martiia,  Joseph,  Emma,  Ceo.,  llarry,  and  Nellie.  M.  (Wni  U.),  1847,  Co. 
D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  299). 

Mofras  (Eugene  Dullotde),  1841,  French  attache}  of  tho  Me.\.  legation,  who 
visited  Cal.  and  Or.  in  '41-2,  counnissioned  by  the  govt  to  examine  and  report 
on  tiio  country,  witli  its  institutions,  n^sources,  iiistory,  and  prospects,  tho 
result  being  published  as  Mofras,  Esploratlon,  etc.,  a  well-kno\Mi  and  stan- 
dard work.  For  a  full  account  of  his  visit  and  work,  including  somethim,'  of 
Mofras'  character,  see  iv.  248-0");  also  i.  224;  ii.  108,  042;  iv.  191,  209-'^IO, 
218,  224,  23;J-4,  297,  .129,  .143,  004,  018-19,  0.10,  040,  O.IO,  00.").  M.  was  still 
in  the  Frencii  diplomatic  service,  as  ministro  plenipotentiaire,  in  '78,  and  I 
liavc  not  heard  of  his  death  down  to  '85.  Mohr.  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v. 
49',));  at  S.  Jost5  '71-4,  doubtful  name,  not  in  Clark's  last  list.  Moliron, 
1847,  nir  of  the  Cum.  Sluibrirk;  perhaps  'Morgan.'  Mojica  (liernardo),  at 
S.  Jos6  '22.  ii.  005.  M.  (Jos(5  Vicente),  at  Branciforte  ^797;  alcalde  in  1802. 
i.  509;  ii.  150.       M.  (V^cnancio),  at  S.F.  '.17-44,  age  ,55 

Molckenbuhr  (Henry),  1847,  (Jerman  carpenter  at  Mont.  '47-8;  name  writ- 
ten in  half  a  dozen  ways;  pei'haps  '  Molokcnbuker.'  Moliua,  settler  at 
Mont.,  taken  prisoner  by  Bouchard  '18.  ii.  2.13,  237-41.  M.,  maj.  at  S.  Ra- 
fael '33.  iii.  32.1-4.  M.,  killed  at  Jamul,  S.  Diego  '.17.  iii.  014.  M.  (Ale- 
jiintlro),  at  Los.  Aug.  '40.  M.  (Jesus),  at  S.  C'lirlos  '40-2,  grantee  of  S. 
I'.ernabi:'.  iii.  080;  iv.  055.  M.  (Joaquin),  sirvieutc  at  S.  F.  1777.  i.  297. 
M.  (Vicente),  at  Mont.  '45.  iv.  053.  Molini,  contract  to  make  adobes  for 
Larkin  1848.  Molteno  (Frank),  1848,  mr  of  the  S.S.  v.  580;  on  the  JkHoii. 
from  Hon.  later  in  tho  year.  Molvee  (Herman),  1815,  sup.  of  the  Savarof. 
ii.  .107.       Molvisto  (Nicolai),  1825,  pass,  on  the  Fleiia.  iii.  140. 

Mondojia,  1791,  com.  of  the  IJorcanitax.  i.  .523.  !Mono  (Alex.),  1847, 
ovei'l.  immig.  frf)m  Mo.  with  wife  and  father,  who  settleil  at  Sta  Cruz  and 
ciit;aged  in  the  lumber  business,  with  a  brief  mining  experience  in  '48.  lie 

if  S.  F.  at  two  hundred  do 


Sgs 


per 


« 


MONE-MOOX. 


743 


'53  settled  nt  Pescadero,  where  in  '78  lie  gave  iiic  the  narrative  of  a  Ploiifcr 
0J"47.  Monet  (John).  1840,  Cal.  claim  8:50  (v.  -JG-J);  owner  of  S.  F.  lot 
'47.  .Money  (Wni),  1843  {'!),  .Scutchnuui,  the  date  and  niuinicr  of  wlutsie 
coming  arc  not  known;  iit  Los  Any.  Fo'o.  '43.  iv.  400.  He  is  said  to  have 
come  aa  the  servant  of  aseientiiio  man,  whose  mctliods  and  ideas  lie  adopted. 
His  wife  was  a  very  handsome  Sonorefla.  In  '40  tlie  coui)lo  started  with  Coro- 
ncl  for  iSonora,  and  were  captured  hy  Kearny's  force,  hut  perliaps  continued 
their  journey,  as  Mrs  M.  had  a  child  horn  on  the  way,  and  they  retiirnnd 
from  the  Colorado  with  the  Morm.  Bat.  Money  became  an  ecct^ntric  doctor, 
artist,  and  philosopher  at  S.  Gabriel,  where  his  house  in  '80  was  filled  with 
ponderous  tomes  of  his  writings,  and  on  the  simple  condition  of  buying  one 
thoiisand  <lollars'  worth  of  these  I  was  otrercd  his  pioneer  renuniscencrs.  He 
died  a  few  years  later.  His  wife,  long  divorced  from  M.  and  mairied  to  a 
Frcnchmau,  was  also  living  at  Los  Ang.  in  '80.  It  was  her  daughter  who 
killed  Cliico  Forster. 

Monncron,  17SG,  with  La  Pdrousc.  i.  4,33.  Monroe,  1845,  at  Sutter's  Fort. 
Monroy  (•Jo.'id  de  Jesus  and  Lino),  at  Los  Ang.  '40.  Montalba  (IJernrirdo), 
at  Liis  Aug.  '40.  Montano  (Antonio),  at  liujada  ii  lluerta  Vicja,  Mont., 
1795.  i.  083.  M.  (JostS  Maria),  at  S.  Juan  (,'ap.  '40,  aire  40,  wife  Jo.scfa ( lutier- 
rez,  child.  A])olonio  b.  ".io,  Maria '.37,  Urn  no '30.  Monteith  (H.in.),  bS37(?), 
at  Sta  Cruz  '81.  Montenegro  (Eugenio),  Mcx.  corporal  of  Mont,  custom- 
house guard  '34.  iii.  378;  served  under  Alvarado'a  govt  as  alferez.  iii.  508; 
and  in  '38-10  was  sub-comisario  and  com.  of  celadnrcs  at  Mont.  iii.  07'-';  iv. 
9;j-7;  owner  of  >S.  F.  lot '41-5.  iv.  009;  ministro  supl.  of  the  suji.  court '42. 
iv.  "JDO;  gi'antee  of  Laguna  de  los  ({entiles  '44,  not  serving  .igainst  Michul- 
torena.  iv.  473,  071;  a  eai)t.  of  aux.  cavalry  '45-0.  v.  41;  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  '."iO. 
Montero  (Manuel),  soldier  of  the  escoita  at  S.  Miguel  1707.  i.  500;  at  Ihan- 
ciiorte  '30,  ii.  027. 

Montgomery,  1844,  oiriccr  on  II.  B.  M.  S.  Modcnte.  M.  (Allen),  1844, 
overl.  iiumig.  from  Mo.  in  the  Stevens  party  with  wife.  iv.  44.5,  4.-i3.  lie  was 
one  of  the  party  that  at  Hr.st  remained  at  the  mountain  camp  with  Sehallcu- 
berger.  iv.  454.  He  is  mentioned  in  the  iV.  llclv.  I)iarii  in  '40.  and  apparently 
hail  a  rancho  on  tlie  American  Kiv.  v.  107;  liut  went  to  Honolulu  on  tho 
Julia  in  '47,  and  I  lind  no  further  record  of  liini.  Mrs  .M. — nee  Armstrong, 
sister  of  Judge  A.  of  Sacramento,  and  married  in  '43 — was  a  woman  of  .'.ome- 
wliat  remarkable  (pialitics,  who  in  '4.-M)  lived  at  S.F.  v.  070;  married  Talbot 
H.  tlreeu,  became  wealthy,  cand  in  '85  as  Mrs  Wallia  resides  at  May  held, 
t:iking  part  sometimes  iu  public  meetings  of  progrcfrsive  ami  strong-minded 
females.  AL  (Isaac),  1848,  liquor  dealer  from  Hon.  at  S.  F. ;  member  of  tho 
council  '49. 

Montgomery  (John  B.),  1S45,  capt.  L^.  S.  N.  in  com.  of  the  Portsmoiith 
'45-7.  His  ship  was  stationed  at  S.  F.  during  the  Bear  revolt,  and  it  was  he 
that  raised  the  U.  S.  (lag  in  July,  being  commandant  of  the  northei-n  district 
in  July-Dec.  iv.  508,  587;  v.  102.  127,  120-31,  l.")4,  200,  224,  228-9,  231, 
238-41,  294-9,  380,  5.J2,  580,  G.')0,  082.  For  him  Montgomery  street  was 
named,  and  Portsmouth  square  for  his  s!ii|>.  Two  sons,  John  F.  and  Wm  H., 
were  with  him  on  tho  fleet,  and  were  lost  on  the  Warreii'x  launcii  in  Nov. 
'40.  v.  384,  587.  The  capt.  and  Wm  H.  were  owners  of  lots  in  S.  F.  v.  0;s2. 
He  later  became  commodore  and  admiral,  was  in  command  for  some  years  of 
tho  Boston  navy-yard,  and  died  in '73.  M.  (John  M.),  1847,  nat.  of  Ky 
and  overl.  immig.,  who  worlAd  as  a  carpenter  at  Mont.,  went  to  the  mines 
in  '48,  and  finally  engaged  in  raising  cattle,  settling  in  Merced  Co.  '54,  and 
being  a  stato  senator  in  '75-8.  Montijo  (Marcos),  s(ddier  of  the  .S.F.  conip. 
'39-42.  Montrcuil  (Louis),  1844,  of  Fremont's  party;  perhaps  did  not 
reach  Cal.  iv.  437.  Montriel  (Herman),  1847;  Co.  G,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  400). 
Monyi'i  (Jaime),  1825,  Span,  of  tlie  Aula's  crew,  who  remained  in  Cal.  and 
married  before  '28.  iii.  51. 

Mooar,  1845,  mr  of  a  vessel  at  Mont.  '4.>-6.  Moody  (Washington),  1847, 
at  Sta  (Jlara  '47-8.  Moon  (Wm  C),  1841,  nat.  of  Tenn.  and  overl.  immig. 
of  tho  Workman  party,  iv.  278-9.  Named  at  Los  Ang.  '42  and  Mout.  '44.  lu 


's  ■! 


744 


PIONKER  RKGISTKR  AND  INDEX. 


'45  he  'mined '  for  griiiilstoncs  in  tlio  Snc.  Vul.,  ami  in  '48-fl  for  gold,  Iiaving 
Buttlud  on  a  rariL'lio  in  Tt'lifiniu  Ca>.,  « iicrc  in.'  dit.'d  in  '"H.  Ho  wiia  ii  f.iinoux 
linnter,  and  u  partner  of  E/.ukiei  Morritt.  Mooney  (Junius),  1847,  owner  of 
a  8.  F.  lot. 

Moore,  !S30,  nir  of  the  Glolu:  iii.  147.  M.,  18.'<7,  of  the  Or.  cattle  exped. 
iv.  8,"i.  iM.,  170.'),  nir  of  tbe  I'hdiiiix.  i.  C.'J7,  (W.'s  (Hill.  M.,  1848,  eiiipl.iyid 
ana  HUepliLi'd  at  S'ltter'rt  lM)rt.  M.  (Ale,\.),  1.S47,  Hon  of  Eli,  nvcil.  iniini',', 
A\  itli  wile,  who  Kuttiud  in  '.").'{  at  I'e.seadero,  wlici'e  lie  nlill  lived  in  '78.  .M. 
(Andrew),  1H47,  Co.  I),  X.V.N'ol.  (v.  4!l!));  in  St.-x  Clara  Co.  from  '(17;  nt<;il- 
n.y  '82.  .  M.  (An.lrew  .1.),  1847,  C,,.  15,  tlitto;  in  I'liil.  '8-J.  iM.  (lienj.  I»,), 
1S4(>,  eapt.  (jo.  (J,  lnt  U.S.  dragoon.s,  kilh'tl  at  tli'j  light  of  S.  i'a.seiial.  v.  .'t.Ui, 
31.'!-7.  M.  (Henj.  F.),  1848,  nat.  of  Florida,  on  the  S.  Joa(iuin  '48;  nienilier 
of  the  con.stit.  convention  ■40;  one  of  the  eiirliest  Hcttlers  at  Sonora.  M.  (C.il- 
via  \V.),  1847,  (.'o.  C.  Morni.  15at.  (v.  4(i0);  at  Spring  City,  Utali,  •8»'.  M. 
(Eli),  1;S47,  overl.  innnig.  witli  family,  who  .settli'il  at  .Sta  Crnz,  bnying  uf 
IJoleof  what  in  known  a.s  Moore 'h  raneho,  Ho  died  hefiire  '78.  One  of  ids 
dan;,ditera  was  Mr.s  Sam.  J5e(<nc  of  \\  atsonville.  M.  (Jolin  11.),  1847,  Co.  E, 
N.Y.Vcd.  (v.  400);  perluip.s  at  S.F.  ami  S.  Josi'!  'oO.  :M.  (.loiui  W.),  1847, 
Co.  D,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  400);  in  the  uuneH  '48-ril;  killed  l>y  Ind.  near  Maripos.i 
in  '.")!.  M.  (Olin  L. ),  1S4(),  sergt  Co.  C,  l«t  U.S.  dragoons,  tran.sf.  from  Co. 
K;  killed  at  S.  I'a.senal.  v.  WM.  M.  (Patrick).  1817,  Co.  F,  'M  U.S.  artdl. 
(v.  .")i8).  M.  (Ikistion  A.).  181."),  one  of  Freiniint's  men.  iv.  r)8;i;  v.  4.');i;  a 
blacksmith  and  nephew  of  Cyrus  Alexander.  He  served  in  tiie  Cul.  l>at.  (v. 
358);  had  a  Cal.  claim  of  ^\1\  (v.  402);  wan  at  Wa>li.,  I).  C,  Jan.  '4S;  jiroh. 
came  liack  with  Fi(5mont  in  his  4th  exjied.;  nml  in  later  years  lived  at  IJeiie- 
ville,  111.  M.  (Ilol)ert),  18KJ,  Co.  C,  l.st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  3:t0).  M.  ('I'iios 
W.).  1847,  son  of  Eli,  and  nat.  of  T<nn.;  at  I'escadero  '53-78.  M.  (Win 
H.),  1810,  Kentnckian  innnig.,  who  lived  in  Sonoma  Co.  to  '50.  and  later  in 
Lake  Co.  till  his  death  in  '07.  M.  (\Vm),  1810,  carpenter  on  the  Li/dii.  ii. 
275.  Mora  (Regina  do  la),  mentioned  in  '35.  iii.  'JS5.  Moracc  (Eraatus), 
1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  400). 

Moraga  (Domingn),  son  of  (lahricl.  sold,  distinguido  of  S.F.  comp.  from 
'IS.  ii.  571;  in  the  Sta  \i.  comp.  as  corp.  Iteforc  '37.  M.  (Fran.),  Ist  Ind. 
convert  at  S.F. .  named  M.  for  his  godfather,  the  eomandante.  i.  "JOfi.  M. 
(Fran.),  s<ddier  of  S.  F.  comp.  '37-0;  in  '41  at  S.  ,losi'',  age  27,  wile  Josefa 
Diiarte,  e'.dld.  Maria  li.  '38.  'I'eodora,  '40;  in  '43  jnez  do  eampo.  iv.  085;  Cal. 
claim  of  !ji;.'l,.'}20 '40-7  (\'.  402).  M.  ((iahriel),  1770,  son  of  Jo.s6  Joaij.  wlio 
came  as  a  hoy  w  ith  his  parents,  enlisting  in  1784,  and  serving  us  soldier,  cor- 
porid,  sei-iit,  alferez,  and  lient  of  the  S. F.,  Mont.,  and  Sta  U.  companies  till 
his  dealirin  1823.  IJiog.  ii.  571;  ment.  i.  470,  540,  550,  500-72,  587,  71^)  17, 
710,  723;  ii.  47,  50-7,  01-2,  120,  i:i2,  140,  150,  100,  202.  204,  254,  288,  .3()0-», 
310,  322  :!(),  334.  330-7,  341,  3.54,  301,  370,  385,  442,  5.50,  585,  031.  His  wile 
v.us  Ana  Alarfa  IJernal;  and  later  Maria  Joaquina  Alvarado  at  Sta  li.  in  '50; 
among  his  children  were  Domingo,  Jos6  ftnadalupc,  and  Vicente.  M.  (Igna- 
cio  Maria),  niece  of  Jo.si'-  Joa(|.  and  wife  of  Josi^  Argiiello.  i.  470;  iii.  11.  M. 
(Joa(|uin),  l)rob.  a  son  of  (iahriel,  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '10;  at  S.  Mateo '35; 
grantee  of  Lagnna  do  I'alos  Colorados,  Contra  Costa,  '35-41.  iii.  712;  iv.  071; 
in  '41  a  widower,  ago  48,  with  the  following  children:  JoscS  b.  '10,  Lni.sa '18, 
Marfa  '20,  Maria  Ant.  '20.  A  part  of  the  Moraga  Valley  ia  still  owned  by  1>. 
Juacjuin's  .s(jn:t  jind  grandsons,  bnt  there  has  been  much  trouble  about  1)oun- 
daries  with  K(|nattors.  M.  (Jose),  sfndico  at  Sta  H.  '41.  iv.  041;  jucz  at  S. 
IJuen.  '40,  v.  0:14;  justice  at  Sta  B.  '52.  M.  (JosiS  Joaquin),  177C,  Mex. 
alferez  who  came  with  Anza,  and  being  made  licut  was  the  1st  eomandante  of 
S.F.  Ho  was  the  founder  of  the  presidio,  mission,  Sta  Clara,  and  the  pueblo 
of  S.Jos(5.  He  died  in  1785,  and  his  widow,  Maria  del  Pilar  tie  Leon,  in  1808. 
(Jabricl  was  the  only  son  of  whom  anything  is  known.  13iog.  i.  470;  ment.  i. 
258,  202-4,  20(i-8,  271,  280-02,  205 -7,"  303-0,  312,  340-50,  385,  4G3,  474.  470; 
ii.  44,47;  iii.  II.  M.  (.Tosi5  Guadalupe),  son  of  Gabriel,  soldado .listinguido 
at  H.F.,  and  cadet  at  S.  Diego  '17-20.  ii.  341,  571.  M.  (Vicente),  son  of 
Gabriel;  teacher  at  S.  Ant.  and  Los  Ang.  '33-5.  ii.  571;  iii.  030;  sec.  and 


MORACA-MOfiEY. 


745 


efiidico  at  Los  Anj;.  '.'t3-4.  iii.  (>3.',  'M-'k  ailiiiin.  nt  S.  Antonio  '40.  iii.  f.SS; 
iv.  (il;  ;{runU'u  of  I'luiiju  '44.  iv.  {iJI;  at  Urn  Aug.  '4(>;  uonstiiblti  ut  8.  Uiicn. 
'u'J.    IIiH  wifo  wuH  Mui'iu  Ant.  Ooinin^iU'Z. 

MiM-nli  (M.),  I84(),  Co.  F,  (J.il.  Rit.  (v.  ,T>8).  Morales  (IJcrnardo),  soldier 
on  tlio  Ooloi';id(),  killed  by  ind.  I7H1,  i.  ,*t.V.(,  ',HV2,  iM.  ( Krmicisco),  Mex. 
tiaulier  at  I^osAng.  'IH-l»0;  'Jd  Kinili(.o<if  tiie  ujiint.  'I'H,  '•2ii-l,  'l!lt;  ii.  5.VJ-(il. 
M.  (Leandro),  nient.  aH  liaving  kdled  Avila  in  '.'>!.  iii.  'JOS.  M.  (I'tiiili>),  nt 
S.  limn.  '4(1,  a^'i;  ."lO.  Moran,  IS47,  nirof  tUi^Cnin.  Shuhrivk  and  Julian  '47- 
«.  iM.  (.lolin  H.),  IS47,  Co.  1>,  N.Y.  V(d.  (v.  4!»!»);  d.  S.  K.  '71;  a  printer 
vlio  worked  on  the  ('iilijoriiUin  and  was  Hergt-at-arnis  of  the  IcgiNlatuie. 

More,  IS4.">,  doiditful  name  at  Sta  Clara.  M.  (.\iidrew  ]J.),  lfi4,S,  nat.  of 
I'a  M'lio  came  to  Cal,  from  Mcx.;  oiio  of  tlic  More  liro«  of  Sta  IJ.,  in  'SU  a 
miner  in  Idaho,  with  renid.  at  Monterey,  Cal.  M.  (John  H.),  IS47,  owner 
ol'  a  S.K.  lot.  Morehead  (Joseph  C.),"l 847.  lient  Co.  1>,  N.Y.  Vol.  v.  004; 
nut.  of  Ky;  repreH.  of  S.  J()a(|.  in  1st  Cal.  legialatnre  '4il-ri();  d.  heforc  '82. 
Morclo.s  (Juan  de  iJios),  Burgeon  of  the  Cal.  troops  ut  Mont.  ISOO-K.  ii.  140, 
147.  I.")0.  !.").•{. 

Moreno  (.\ntonio),  nt  S.  Jo8(5  '41,  nat.  of  L.  Cal.,  ago  40,  wife  Ji  liau^ 
Tapiii,  eliild.  Ivita  l>.  'IS,  Carmen  '20,  Antonia  "20,  iMagdalena  '28,  Luei'i  ''M, 

Manuel  ';i;t,  I'edrc  ';(.■»,  Josi:'  ';17,  I'edro  2d  '.'IS, 'HO.       M.  (Ciirlos),  at  .S.  Josii 

Ml  age  2'.>,  wife  Fi'aneisca  Uareia;  a  nat.  of  U.S.;  proh.  (.'has  'I'rown,' q.v. ; 
grantee  of  land  at  S.  F.  '42.  M.  ((inadalupe),  described  in  tluijApcrs  as  115 
years  old,  at  Los  Ang.  'o8.  M.  (Jesus),  sindico  at  S.  Diego  "M.  iii.  Olo; 
jiioz  de  paz  '41.  iv.  (il!(;  owner  of  land  at  S.  Juan  Ca)).  '41.  iv.  020;  d.  at  S. 
l.uia  l!ey  '71.  M.  (Jose),  mulatto  settler  of  Los  Ang.  178l-(>.  i.  .S45.  M. 
(.loHe  Matias),  Franciscan  of  Sta  Cruz  college,  Queretaro,  killed  by  Ind.  at  tho 
('(dorado  l{iv.  jiueblos  1781.  i.  S.")}),  .'{02.  M.  (Jose  Mati'as),  1844,  nat.  of  L. 
Cal.  and  sou  of  an  Kngl.  whaler,  his  real  name  being  lirown.  He  received 
some  education  from  tho  frtputier  padres,  find  lived  in  Upper  Cal.  '44-0,  being 
arrested  at  Los  Ang.  '4").  iv.  r)22-;i,  OIJI.  In  '40,  ranking  as  eapt.  of  det'Mnsores, 
be  served  as  clerk  and  acting  .sec.  to  Gov.  I'ico  for  a  short  time,  and  escaped 
with  thegov.  toMex.,  carrying,  as  is  thought,  many  doc.  of  the  archives,  v.  279. 
He  returned  later  to  S.  l)iego,  married  I'rudenciann  Lopez,  and  settled  on 
tlie  frontier  rancho  of  Guadalupe.  In  '01-2  he  was  for  a  time  sub-prefect  of 
the  L.  Cal.  frontier  district;  and  died  at  bis  rancho  in  '09  at  the  age  )f  52, 
leaving  a  widow  and  5  children.  A  search  of  Moreno's  papers,  kind! ,'  per* 
initted  by  the  widow  in  '78,  resulted  in  a  volume  of  copies  cited  as  Mu  'viio, 
JJui;  /list.  Cal.  M.  (.Juan),  18.S(>,  Swiss  w  lo  came  with  Gov.  Chico.  iv.  IIS; 
at  S.F.  '40-2.  M.  (Juan),  grantee  of  Sta  Rosa,  S.  Diego,  '4().  v.  019;  owner 
of  Los  Ang.  land  '48.  M.  (Juan),  nient.  in  'SO  as  living  near  Los  Ang.  and 
at  least  1 1()  years  old,  having  been  12  years  old  when  bis  father  (Jose  't)  set- 
tled in  1781  at  Los  Aug.;  doubtful.  M.  (Juan),  18'i7,  Span,  friarwho  served 
for  hhort  terms  at  5  missions,  and  died  at  Sta  Ini''s  in  '45.  Biog.  iv.  045-(); 
nicnt.  ii.  570,  02.3,  0'25,  0.^)5,  059,  004,  08H,  085,  091;  iv.  40,  421.  420,  55:1, 
647-8.  M.  (Juan  Bautista),  1844,  Sonoran  soldier  who  deserted  and  eamu  to 
Cal.,  paying  his  way  by  gambling  and  making  saddles.  In  the  eanipaigns  (jf 
'40-'7  he  served  as  capt.  of  volunteers,  and  was  wounded  at  the  S.  (iabriel 
light.  Ho  went  to  Sonora  with  Flores,  but  came  back,  and  in  '78  at  Sta  B. 
dictated  for  nie  his  recollections  of  a  Vi''i  Militar.  v.  308,  3.">2,  394,  ;{9t!,  449. 
M.  (Rafael  de  Jesus),  18.33,  Mex.  friar  (  the  Zacateeanos,  who  served  at  Sta 
Clara,  and  also  in  '34-8  as  president  and  vice-f  refect  of  the  northern  missions. 
Ho  died  at  mission  S.  Jos(5  in  '39.  Biog.  iii.  720-7;  mcnt.  iii.  318-19,  .338,  432; 
iv.  44,  0:J-4.  M.  (Santiago),  1824,  nat.  of  Ecuador  and  a  sailor;  wenttoC'hina 
on  tho  Rovir  in  '25-0;  was  collector  and  sindico  of  tho  Mont,  ayunt.  '27-9. 
ii.  012;  ment.  in  connection  with  the  Solis  revolt  '30.  iii.  82;  regidor  '32-3. 
iii.  073;  maj.  and  admin,  of  S.  Luis  Ob.  '.3.5-0.  iii.  .3.'>4,  .'>87,  082-3:  at  Mont. 
'51.  M.  (Tcodoro),  1829,  Mex.  who  was  niaj.  at  Laguna  Seca  rancho '30, 
ago  50.  wife  Maria  Ant.  Cantua,  child.  Tomila  b.  '31,  Juan  ';i3,  Francisco  '35. 
iii.  077. 

Mercy  (Barton,  Origin,  and  Kinaldo),  see  '  Mowry.'      M.  (Harley)  lS47i 


746 


PIONEER  HEGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


Co,  C,  Morm.  Dot.  (v.  400).  M.  (Joseph  M.  W,),  1840,  Engl,  who  got  » 
iinMsport.  M.  (Micliiic-I),  18-17,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  v.  «8.>;  i)eilin|)8  *  Murrey.' 
lilorL'aii,  l>S,'{7  {'!},  K'ftuii  Kngl.  MchrutS.K.,  and  with<lohii  Lcviuk  built ucubin 
iu  wliic:h  they  lived  and  mudis  n  largo  t'ortunt;,  till  '57,  when  L.  wus  loitt  on 
tho  Cciilnil  Amn-ka,  and  M.  drniik  niniBclf  to  deiitli  in  a  ni  ntliortwo.  Jlvr- 
aid:  iv.  lis.  M.  ((ieo.  K.),  Ib4(i,  mid.  U.S.N. j  acting  lieut  Co.  JJ,  Mtock- 
ton'H  Jpiittiilion  '4(i-7.  v.  asO.  M.  (Van  lienHsalucr),  1S40,  nir  on  the  U..S, 
CoiujiititH. 

Mm  illi)  (Brigido),  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '4(1,  ngo  40;  child.  Marfa  b.  '20,  Rainoua 
'•2S,  .\. i-iul  ';iO,  I'aultt  ';)-',  Jose  Manuel  '."iO.  M.  (Hilario),  uux.  ulcaldo  in  Los 
Ang.  dibt.  '48.  V.  C'JO.  M.  (Jorge),  at  Los  Ang.  '40;  el.  for  I'otrero  de  Lugo 
'.".„'.  iv,  O.'i.j.  M.  (Jos'5  An(.),  lit  Los  An^'.  '40.  M.  (Jimd  Junto),  at  Laa 
IJolsus,  Los  Ang.  dist.,  'SO-iVJ.  iii.  O.'t.'l.  AL  (Jidiun,  Miguel,  and  Toniu:!), 
at  Los  Aug.  '40.  Morin  (.A.),  1845,  ono  of  Freinont'u  party,  iv.  4.');$,  Oy.'J; 
served  in  C'al.  Hat.,  Co.  ](,  artill.  (v.  808);  died  in  tho  nitn  in  the  e.\ped.  of 
•48.  M.  (Joiin  L.),  1847,  Co.  1),  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  400).  Metineau  (M.  1'.), 
I8!3.'i,  visitor  to  Cul.  about  thm  year,  und  author  of  a  Police,  iii.  408-'J. 
Morjaiio,  18.'!.'},  visiting  priest  at  (S.F.,  proh.  ehaplain  of  a  Span.  vess»:I. 
Moro  (FauMtino),  1842,  Mex.  director  of  hospital.s,  or  'ofieiul  do  salud  niili- 
tar,'  vvitii  the  batuUon  lijo;  perhaps  did  not  eonio  till  '44.  iv.  280,  503. 
Morpliew,  (J.),  1825-0,  nir  of  the  Eliza,  iii.  140;  perhaps 'Murphy.'  Mor- 
rell  (Ijenj.),  1825,  nir  of  the  Tartar,  and  author  of  11  2^nrrutin:  ii.  54S,  5.')1, 
58S-'J0,  5U2,  Cl(),  014,  010;  iii.  25,  28,  I4S).  M.  (Jesse),  l82:i,  nut  of  \.  11., 
said  to  have  visited  the  coast  on  u  trader;  later  U.S.  consul  iu  Australia  ami 
a  dr«j,';;ijt  ut  Sac.,  whore  he  died  iu  '70,  leaving  a  family,  Morris,  1847, 
iiamcd  at  8.  F. 

Morris  (Albert  P.),  18.34,  British  subject  ond  descendant  of  a  survcyor- 
geu.  of  Nova  Scotia,  for  0  yearw  a  sailor.  At  Los  Ang.  '30,  a  bachelor  aged 
27;  one  of  Craham's  ritleuicn  '30-8.  In  '40  he  was  exiled  with  tho  rest,  but 
came  back  with  a  claim  for  daiiiage«.  iv.  8-i),  18-22,  24,  27-8,  31,  33,  37,  1 10. 
In  '42  he  went  up  the  Sac.  witli  Capt.  Phelps;  is  nuntitried  by  Mofras;  was 
at  Sta  Cruz  in  '43.  iv.  350;  and  in  '44  was  perlia[)s  grantee  of  the  Arastradero 
raneho.  iv.  055.  I  find  no  definite  record  of  his  later  life,  though  a  newspoiier 
states  that  he  spent  the  last  part  of  his  life  with  Harvey  S.  Beal,  and  died  ut 
Te'i  Mile  lliver  (Mendocino  Co.  ?)  before  '72,  leaving  to  B  his  e'aiiii  of  ^30,- 
000!  It  was  about  this  time  that  his  Autobiography  of  a  Crazy  Man  fell  into 
my  hands.  It  is  a  most  interesting  narrative,  and  one  of  the  best  original 
authorities  on  the  Graham  affair,  though  marred  by  bitter  prejudice  and  even 
falsehood,  like  all  testimony  about  that  matter.  The  author  was  in  most  re- 
spects very  far  from  being  a  'crazy  man,'  a  term  that  had  been  given  him  by 
certain  Lneiiiies,  on  whom  he  exhausts  his  vocabulary  of  irony  and  wralh. 
M.  (John  S. ),  1847,  named  by  Brackctt  as  a  lieut.  in  N.Y,  Vol.;  not  on  tiio 
roll.  M.  (Thos),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morni.  Bat.  (v.  400);  hospital  steward  at  S. 
Diejo;  iu  '82  a  gardener  near  Salt  Lake  City, 

Morrison,  1847,  named  as  a  sergt  visiting  Sut  .r's  Fort,  M.  (Bradbury), 
182.3,  sailor  on  tho  l!ov,r.  M.  (Ludlam),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  4!)l)). 
M.  (IVrry),  1848,  nat.  of  Ind.,  who  came  from  Or.  to  tho  mines;  in  Alameda 
Co.  '49-82;  wife  ]Martlia  Hastings;  children  Sam.  and  (Jeo.  P.  AL  (Roderick 
AI.),  1847,  lieut  Co.  K,  N.Y.  Vol.  v.  504;  killed  near  Stockton  '49.  M. 
(W.),  1840,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  .358),  later  transferred  to  Co.  B,  artill. ■\\m 
M.  is  also  said  to  have  settled  iu  Alameda  Co,  '47.  Morrow  (W.  J.),  1848, 
settler  in  Sonoma  Co.  Morse  (Heniy),  1847,  Co.  A.  N.Y.  Vol.  (v,  499);  d. 
S.  Joa().  '49,  M.  (Thompson  H.),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  Morsine  (Juan 
J.),  1S4S,  of  N.  Mcx.  caravan,  v.  025,  Morton  (Freeman),  1S47,  Co,  A, 
N,Y,  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  at  Stockton  about  '.")0.  M,  (Henry  S.),  1847,  sergt 
Co,  E,  N.Y.  Vol,  V.  504;  d.  at  Stockton  '55, 

Mosely  (Sam.),  1840,  surgeon  on  the  U.S.  Conijrens;  witness  atthe  Fremont 
court-martial,  v.  420.  Moses  (Ambrose  T. ),  1840,  one  of  tho  Mormon  colony 
with  wife  Clarissa  and  4  children,  v.  .540.  He  loft  the  church  or  was  excom- 
municated on  the  voyage.  He  lived  5  or  0  years  at  the  mission,  and  theu  went 


MOSES -MULLIGAN. 


747 


to  Sta  Cruz,  where  ho  diod,  perhaps  nftor  '70.  IIi«  wife  died  in  the  faith  at 
8.F.  a  littlo  earUur.  A  hoii,  Normuii,  still  lives,  perhaps  at  8tu  Cruz.  One 
daughter  iimrriud  Kustutjuio  V'uk'iicia  and  ilied  nt  S.F.;  unuthor  hecaiiio  Mrs 
Mason,  nnd  after  her  hiixhiind's  deatii  went  to  Utah,  where  she  still  lived  ia 
'84.  Moss  (Duvid),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Mossia  (Antonio), 
1857,  musician  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  4!)!>). 

Motii  (Antonio  Ruiz  du  lu),  18'J3  (?),  Mcx.  lieutcol  in  the  war  of  indcpcn- 
denuo,  and  later  n  lolibcr  ciiicf  sent  tu  Cal.  as  a  convict.  Ou  the  coming  of 
(tov.  Fi;:{uer(iii,  an  old  friend,  he  was  released  and  buoiinio  muj.  of  Jinicno 
Casarin's  estate,  llu  marrit'd  and  had  two  sons,  Antonio  and  Maximiano, 
acquiring  some  pnipertv  as  a  runchcro  and  in  settling  Jimrno's  affairs.  His 
conduct  in  Cal.  wan  good,  nnd  ln'  took  hut  slight  i»art  in  public  ttffuir.s,  though 
mentioned  in  '40.  v.  HOIl.  About  '.">3  ho  went  to  Mox.,  wiiero  ho  lost  all  his 
property,  and  in  '.')li  was  brought  bock  to  <.'al.  by  Mrs  Jiineno.  Ho  ri-ntvd 
some  lau<l  near  Sta  Cruz,  wan  aban<loned  by  his  sons,  and  died  in  groat  pov- 
erty. M.  (Manuel),  18.'10,  Portuguese  laborer  ou  Hartneil's  raneho,  wliero 
Lo  died  '."18.  M.  (Rafael),  Mcx.  at  raneho  S.  Felipe,  Mont.,  '36,  ago  40.  iii. 
078;  still  at  Mont.  'ol.  Moti,  a  Sotoyomo  chief  '37.  iv.  72.  Mott,  1840, 
mr  of  the  Vancoiiwr. 

Mouet  (John),  1S47,  at  Sutter's  Fort  and  the  mines  '47-8,  Moulton  (B. 
F.),  1848,  Hoc.  (Jal.  I'ion.  rolls.  M.  (Elijah  T.),  1840,  Co.  A.  Cal.  Bat.  (v. 
358);  said  to  be  living  at  Los  Ang.  in  late  years.  M.  (Joseph),  1840,  Frtni.li 
Creole  of  Fremont's  garrison  left  at  Sta  B.  under  Talbot,  v.  310.  M  iipy 
(Riley  Septimus),  1840,  ovcrl.  imniig.  with  wife,  Mary  Lard,  married  on  'lu: 
journey,  and  one  of  tiio  1st  Doinier  relief,  v.  038.  Ho  settled  at  Stn.  Clara;  1 
have  no  record  of  what  became  of  him;  was  possibly  still  living  in  Sta  t  laia 
Co.  '8()-4,  as  was  Mrs  M.  at  Saratoga.  A  son,  Wm  Elliott  M.,  bor  ;it  Sta 
ClaraOct.  '47,  lived  at  Sta  Cruz  '84.  Mounich  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  B  ^  Y.Vol. 
(v.  49'J).  Mount  (Hiram  B.),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  46!));  reenl.  M 
(Joseph),  1848,  said  to  have  come  this  year;  cl.  for  part  of  Entro  Napa  ranchti 
'5-2.  Mouser  (J< '  ;  ',  1847,  Co.  I),  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  491));  drowned  in  S.  .Tomi. 
Riv.  '47.      Mover  (M),  1840,  doubtful  name  in  a  Los  Ang.  list. 

Mownt^  (Andrew),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  Mowry  'Barton),  1840,  one  of 
the  Moriii'U  colony  with  wife  and  two  sons.  v.  540.  He,  like  each  ol  his  sons, 
was  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot  from  '47,  and  a  member  of  the  town  council  in  '48. 
V.  641>,  079,  086.  Ho  left  the  church  and  became  a  spirituoliat,  dying,  I  think, 
at  S.F.  many  years  later.  His  wife,  or  widow,  with  ono  of  tlio  sons,  Rinaldo, 
went  to  Utah,  where  they  lived  in  84.  The  other  son.  Origin,  nat.  of  ll.I.  and 
a  mason  by  trade,  was  a  miner  and  trader  in  '48-0,  and  later  a  rich  farmer  in 
Alameda  Co.,  where  ho  lived  in  '85,  ago  60,  with  4  children.  Portrait  in 
Alam.  Co.  /list.,  616.  M.  (James),  1847,  perhaps  of  Morm.  Bat.;  reijid. 
M.  (John  T.),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  at  Paris,  Id., '82.  M. 
(Ignacio,  Joaquin,  Josi%  and  Juan),  nt  Los  Ang.  '40.  Moj'a  (Ramon),  1808, 
com.  of  the  S.  Ciirlox.  ii.  87.  M.  (Trininda;!),  convict  tannerin  '34;  in  '41  at 
S.  Josd,  age 37;  in'43ownerof  S.F.  lot.  iv.  609;  v.  080.  Moz  (Franpois),  1833, 
Canadian  who  came  perhaps  with  Walker,  iii.  391,  or  from  N.  Max.;  uatuial- 
ized  in  '40,  being  than  a  tanner  at  Zayante. 

Mugartegni  (Pablo),  1774,  Span,  friar  who  served  chiefly  at  S.  Juan  Cap. 
and  retired  in  '89;  at  ono  time  vice-president.  Biog.  i.  459;  ment.  i.  218, 
224,  227,  299.  304,  .351,  388,  417,  498-9,  581,  .'>97;  ii.  123.  Muir  (Wm  S.). 
1847,  sergt  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477;  a  farmer  in  Utah  '81.  Mulholland, 
1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499),  Mulkcy  (Wesley),  1848,  nat.  of  N.C.,  who 
came  overland  to  Or.  in  '44,  and  to  the  Cal.  mines  in  '48-9;  in  '02  went  to 
Idaho,  where  he  still  lived,  at  Lewiston,  in  '85;  married  '38  to  Mary  Black; 
no  children. 

Mulligan  (John),  1814-15,  Irish  sailor  who  landed,  perhaps  from  the  Isaac 
Todd,  certainly  from  some  vessel  before  '19,  when  he  was  permitted  to  settle 
and  marry,  ii.  272,  277,  292.  .393,  At  Mont.  '23-0.  ii.  496,  012;  tr.ught  the 
art  of  weaving  to  Ind.  at  different  missions;  and  later  had  an  interest  in 
Cooper's  raneho  on  the  Salinas,  where  a  sand  bill  was  long  known  as  Mulli'- 


1;-; 


10 


7-\H 


VIOSVA'M  ]li:c;iSTKIl  AND  IXDKX. 


gaii  llcnl.  H-'was.-i  liaid  iliiiikcf,  lost  liis  ])r()]i«  rty,  .'iihI  ilicil  iii".'!l.  l'Ii^ 
utiUH-  Was  |ii<)iicily  Millif^aii,  and  I  liavu  Hinrral  k-Lt.fi.s  iVmii  lii.s  latlur  m 
Iii'laiul.  M.  {Siiii|psuii)',  INK),  Co.  K,  Cal.  Hat.  (v,  o.kS).  .Miiliiii-.ou 
(('lia.s).  1SI7.  owner  of  S.  F.  lot.  iMiilvi'V  (.lanicN),  ISI7,  si'igt  Co.  !•",  ^,^■. 
Vol.  V.  r>()t;  (1.  S.l''.  in  '(m.  Mnnini  (( 'linstiai.),  iSKi,  at  Lom  An,:,',;  Cal. 
claim  )<:;\  (V.   Jtl'-M;  at  Xapa  and  N.  ililv.  '-17. 

.Miuioz  (.hian  .\nt.),  l.s;i'J,  Mi'.v.  fa|it.  of  artill.  'H'.'-.'M,  licini;  exiled  wiili 
(liil  ieii'iv.  ill  ";ll»,  lieinj;  then  .'!(»  years  old,  wife  Maumda  Ciii/,  eliild.  iloai|  i  a 
h.  'J:'!,  ilesiis  ■;!•_',  ivaniona  '•_'!».  jlio;,'.  iii.  Id";  ineiit.  iii.  'Jli'.l,  II."),  -I."!.")-!'!,  liii), 
■ii;;!  (J,  (i7  I,  ()74,  (177.  .M.  (Liieiaiio),  l.s;i(),  eaiit.  apot.  to  Cal.;  proli.  ilid  ii<it 
en, lie.  hi.  .il.  M.  (.Mannel),  lililiipn-iiiaker  and  inslrnelor  l7l)J-.'i.  i.  (il.'i. 
^I.  (.\laiia  do  la  liii/),  IsL  per.son  hiiiied  ;.t  S  I''.  '7<>;  wifi'  of  ,1.  .M.  N'alene'a. 
i.  'JI)7.  M.  (I'edro),  IS04,  ."^p.-Mi.  friar  wlio  .served  eliielly  at  S.  !''erii,indi>, 
retiriiu:  on  ai'eoiiiit  of  illness  in '17.  ISioi.'.  ii.  ,'J.)7;  merit,  ii.  .  "J  "».  S.'i-(i,  I  l.~>  |ii, 
H!),  liV.)  CO,  ■2U>,  :i-2S,  ;i!)l,  II!).  M.  (Seliasliaii),  granteeof  Onstind.a  raneii,, 
'44.  iv.  (i7'-'. 

.Mniiias  (I'istevan),  IHl'O,  Span,  trader  at  Mont.,  deserilied  in  '"JS  ji-:  S 
year.s  a  residiiit ;  elector  de  jiailido  and  niiMHii.  of  the  ilip.  in '"27;  not  olili.v  I 
to  (piil  ('al.  on  .Meeonnt  of  his  race.  ii.  til.'!;  iii.  .'{.'!.  'M.  .■>!  'J;  joined  tiie  eoiup. 
extiaiijer.v  in  ';!'_',  Iiaxini;  heen  |ii-ominent  in  aidin;.,'  foi'eiLrners.  iii.  S'.',  "JJI. 
J 11  '."iii  ago  l(i,  wife  (atalina  Manzaneli  of  'I'epii',  child.  ( 'oneepeion  \>.  'J,'!, 
Aulonia  "■_'(!,  l';ie.;iaeia  ".l'.\,  Aiiasta.da  "'JS,  .losi'  Narc  iso  ".'!.">;  his  jiositioii  in 
the  .Ahaiado  revolnlion.  iii.  l.")4  .">,  KiK,  ."i".'!;  ahalde  in  '117  and  jiie/.  in  'ID. 
iii.  1)7.')  (i;  vocal  of  the  jniita  'l.'{-.">.  iv.  ;i(JI,  411,  521, .")!(),  (i."il.  Jle  was  thegr.iu- 
ti'o  of  ;t  ramhos,  Lagiina  Seca,  S.  l'"raneisipiilo,  ami  .'^.  \'ieente,  the  first,  two 
Vieiii'^  in  his  wife's  n.i'ne.  iii.  (177  H.  In  'l.'i  Laikin  deserilied  .M.  as  a  iiuiii  •<{ 
property  iiiid  cliaraiter,  di.sgiisted  with  Mex.  jiolitics,  and  reaily  foraclian.;o 
of  j^ovt.  ill' died  alioiit '.")l{.  One  of  his  daughters  ni.iriied  l)r  .McKee.  .M. 
(.Manuel),  jiiez  <le  pa/,  at  Mont.  '.'i!t.  iii.  (i7."i.  M.  (Salv.idor),  lirollieiif 
lv-it,van  who  came  after '.'Ui;  sindico  at  Mont.  '41.  iv.  (!.").'{;  treasurer  in  '1;!. 
v.  'JS'.i,  (i;i7.  LarUiii  descrilies  him  in  '4.")  as  an  old  lesident,  a  man  of  family 
and  property,  disgusted  with  politics.  On  the  Mont,  assessment  rolls  '.»)  I; 
8a,id  to  have  gone  to  Spain  in  '.">S.  Mnnroo  (,)anies),  IS17,  settlerat  ileiiieia. 
.M.  (.lohn),  1SI7,  Co.  1>,  X.V.Vol.  (v.  I!)!)).  Munson  (Leonard),  ISi7,  Co. 
A,  ditto;  at  Two  Hocks,  Sonoma  Co.,  'S'2. 

Murch  (Win  i',.),  I,S47,  Co.  1,  X.V.Vol.  (v.  4!)!));  d.  Mont.  '17.  Mur- 
cilia  (.\ndrcs),  |s:t!l,  inr  of  thu  JJan.  O'Cdiiih  11.  iv.  !();{.  Miinhxk  (.loliii 
1{.),  I,S47,  Co.  ]'.,  .Morni.  Hat.  (v.  4ul»).  M.  (I'riccK  IS47,  ditlo.  Mun  I 
(Jean  I!.),  Fr.  servant  of  l']strada  at  Mont,  in  ;{(>,  age  '21.  Alnrey  (H.i, 
1848,  from  llo-i.  on  the  Jiiliniin.  Murga  (Manuel),  ISdl,  com.  of  th  !  .1// m. 
ii.  f).  Murguia  (.lost';  Ant.  (h;  Jesus),  177i{,  Span,  friar,  who  serxcd  eliiellv 
lit  Sta  (.'lara,  where  ho  died  in  '84.  l5iog.  i.  47(i;  mcr.t.  i  .  TJ.'M,  I'M,  l'i:i, 
'J!)7,  '-".IS),  .'ilM,  ;!()(>,  r)I,  ."S."),  :SS8,  410,  (i.-ti.  Muri(,'Ue  (I'ierre),  Fr.  .servant  oi 
llerreraat  l^I(Ult.  ';!8,  age  I!».       Murillo  (Brigido),  maj.  at  S.  Luis  L'ey 


;U).  ii.  ;")."),■{. 


iM.  (K 


ugonio),  banished  to  Texas  ';{.").  iii.  (i74. 


Ml 


ro  (Migiiei), 
'1 


use  mission,  ami  r 


184"_',  .Mex.  friar  of  llu^  /;icatccaiios,  who  served  at  S.J 
tired  in  '4.").   JJiog.  iv.  'JSO;  Tiiciit.  iv.  ;!7I,  4'J.'{,  CM'^,  (ui>. 

.M  urphy,  ISJili,  a  priest  apparently  connucted  with  JIartiiell's  school;  mei 
liy  ri'.  Short  and  IJachelor  at  Hon.  'S!).  ^L  (ncrnard),  1814,  son  of  .M: 
till  ami  nicmher  of  the  Stevens  overl.  imniig.  party,  iv.  44,').  4."il!.  Jle  se't'l 
in  Sta  Clara  Cc). ;  w;is  owner  of  a  S.  F.  lot  '47;  was  claimant  for  sevi  i 
I'anchos.  iii.  7I-;  iv.  (174;  and  was  killed  in  T)!}  hy  tlu!  explosion  of  the  .A 
/.(■//,/  in  S.F.  Bay.       M.  (Hernar.l  D.),  IS44,  


)f  Martin,  .Ir,  who  came  i:i 


iho  Stevens  party  at  th 


)f  three,  huing  a  nat.  of  Canada,  iv.  44.'),  4.'i 


He  was  educated  at  Sta  Clara,  luHioniiiig  a.  lawyer  and  h.inker;  miuiil).  of  tie 
assemhly  'ti8,  and  of  thoseiiato'77;  mayor  of  S.JosiJ '7.'J.  W.i  married  Aiiuio  Mc- 
Gcoghegjiii  ill  '()!>,  and  still  livi's  at  San  Josi5  '85  will.  5  children,  Mary.  Kvc- 
lino,  Martin,  lOli/aheth,  and  (lertriide.  M.  (Daniel),  1844,  son  of  Mailiii. 
and  nat.  of  Canada,  iv.  44.5,  4.);{.  He  served  in  Co.  (!.  C'al.  IJat.  (v.  .'iri.S);  li.id 
n  Cal.  claim  of  .SI,")  for  a  liorso  (v.  4(i'2);  owned  a  S.F.  lot  '47;  and  ticttlcd 


I; 


MURI'FrY-MURl'irY. 


749 


vitli  liis  fatlicr  and  lirritlicrs  in  St;i  Clar.a  Co.  Ifc  was  claiinaiit  for  T-as  T,la<];as 
laiu.'liii,  ami  liccaiiic  tin'  nwiicr  of  iiiiiiiciisc!  tiacls  of  laiiil  in  ( 'al.,  .\<\ .,  Ai  \/.., 
iiMil  Mix.,  liiitij^  dill'  of  tli(!  lai'j^cst  stocliiai.si  IS  in  the  wniM.  Ilt^ilinl  in 
Xcv.  "S'J,  Iraviii;;  a  wiilou'  ami  t  \vu  cliiliircn,  l)ani(l,  .Ir-,  a  j^c '•!■_',  and  hiana; 
anulliir  daiiglili'f,  Mis  (  liaimian,  having;  died  iM'forc.  M.  (.1.),  lSJ."i,  inr 
if  till!  Kli-.ft.  iii.  1  Hi.  M.  (.lacoliii),  IT!*-,  alli'icz  in  Malas|iina"M  cxind. 
i,  I'.M).  M.  (.lanioi),  IS'J.'i,  owner  of  livc-Ntu<k  nrar  S.  .lose';  iiroi).  an  iimr 
in  \.\n:  dati'.       M.  (.lanns),  I.SoT,  ])aM.s.  on  tli<'  /'Jiinijiti.  iv.  I(i;{. 

.Mini)liy  (.laliH'.s),  IHI4,  huh  of  Mariiii,  'i.  in  Inland,  accoiiip.  on  tlic  ovcr- 
laiid  tiij)  iiy  wife  and  <liild.  iv.  44"!,  -l,").'}.  Mo  woi  kid  an  fi  liiinlii'r:iiaii  at  S. 
liafacd,  and  i.s  ofLcn  n^iiiii'd  in  tlio  A'.  //ih\  /Hiiri/'i't  7"  owni'r  f)f  S.i''.  lot.s 
'4i)  7.  llo  .S(;ttlfd  in  Sta  C'lara  < 'ii.  'IS;  was  olaunant  lor  ( 'azadori's  i;iiii  ho, 
N.io.  Val.,  iv.  ((71,  and  also  with  his  liroliicrs  for  Las  Llauas.  Still  iniiiu;  in 
Nla  ("lara  < 'o.  '.S,"i.  His  wifo  was  Ann  Martin,  djiii_t,ditir  ot  I'atrirk  .M.  ni'  llio 
Mcvcns  jiarty.  and  his  childrin  wiro  Marv  I'".,  I'.  '4'_',  .Martin  l«.  '•!.">,  Win  I!. 
Vii).  Li/./ie  A.  ';");»,  diiliii  A.  V)7,  Dani.d  .'l.  '(il.  .\1.  (.laim"^).  I,S44,  .-.on  of 
^l;lrtill,  .Ir,  who  crossed  tho  plains  ;is  ii  hoy.  iv.  4  l."i,  t.">;!;  nient.  at  Sailer's 
I'ort '4r>;  ]ierhaps  cashier  of  his  lirotlier's  hiink  at  ,S.  ,losc '7s.  ,M.  (Limes), 
1;.4<;,  Co.  (;,  Lst  r.S.  dra.Ltoons  (v.  :(:{(;).  M.  (.lolm),  IS  17,  Co.  I'..  X.V. 
\\A.  (v.  4'.l'.l);  d.  Stockton  ahont  ';"•();  also  said  to  he  li\iii;;  at  S.  in  '7'>.  //'- 
ill /I.  .M.  (.loliii  L.iiidriini),  LS4fi,  son  of  Mrs  lia\inia  .M.  of  tin;  lionner 
parly;  died  in  the  nits.   v.  .'i;!!,  "ilU 

Murphy  (.lolin  M.),  LSI  L  "^'"i  of  .NL'irtin,  and  inenili.  of  the  Stevens  parly. 
i\'.  4  l.'i, -L'tiL  lie  was  activi^  in  raisim^  volunteers  in  'Ki  at  Sta,  Clani,  ;iiid  in 
the  S;iiielie/  cani|iai,L;n  served  as  lieiit.  v.  "JUS,  .'iSO;  at  \.  IL  Iv.  '17;  ou  mr  of 
S.I".  lots;  and  nieiiilierof  the  .S.  .lose  council,  v.  (KIL  In  '4H  associated  v.ith 
W'elier  ill  tr.'ide  at  Stockton;  also  ••ni,',ij,'ed  in  niiniii'.;  with  ;,'reat  success  -e.\- 
et|itin  keeping,'  his  ;;ol( I.  Murphy's  camp  took  its  name  from  him.  In  '.'iS  ho 
tc.'lilicd  that  he  had  held  the  otljccs  of  Irc.isiirer,  re<-ord(r,  and  sherdl'iif  St;v 
Ciar.iCo.,  .'ind  inavor  of  S.  .losi'.  Still  living  ;it  S.  .losi'' as  a  trailer  in  'SO,  ami 
]  roh.  in  'S,'>.  Ills  wilo  w.is  Vir;^inia  Heed  of  the  hoiiner  party,  and  llicy  iiad 
(i  children.  .M.  (L.avinia),  IHKi,  widow  from  'i'cnii.,  in  the  Ooniier  party, 
with  4  sons  and  .'{daughters,  v.  ."i;U,  r);!4  7.  Sln^  and  'J  sons,  J^emiiel  l!.  ;ind 
.L.iin  Ij.,  died  in  the  Sierra;  'J  sons.  Win  (!.  and  Simon  I'.,  surviving;,  as  diil 
the  daughters  Mrs  Like,  .Mrs  lAistei,  and  .Mary.  'Tin'  latter  married  Win 
.Lihnson  in  '47,  and  in  "LS  ('has  Covdlaml.  The  city  of  M,-iiyoville  wa  i  named 
f  ■)■  her,  and  slui  <lieil  hefore  'SO,  leaving,'  ,5  children.  M.  (Lemuel),  ISIli,  son 
of   Lavinia,  who  died  as  aliove. 

.Murphy  (.Martin),  ISLL  nat.  of  Ireland  who  eniii;r;itcd  to  ('an.'ida  in  ''JO, 
and  to  Mo.  '40.  Here  lu^  liccame  dissatislie'l  on  account  of  malaiia  which 
killei!  his  wife,  and  the  lack  of  reliijious  influence  for  his  children,  and  at  the 
a'ic  of  (iO  resolved  to  cross  the  plains  to  <  'al.  as  a  catlioli(^  country  of  fertile 
s  lil  and  salnlii'ious  climati;.  He  came  in  the  .Stevens  party  with  his  i  Inldreii 
and  grandchildren  as  named  in  this  register,  and  settled  in  Stii  (  lar.i  ( 'o., 
V.  Iieri'  the  tainily  hecame  piominent  and  wealthy.  Me  was  the  owner  of  a 
S.I"',  lot  ill  '47,  and  in  '."I'J  w;is  claimant  for  a  ramlio.  iv.  (17-,  tlSL  Several  of 
t!ic  sons  si'rved  under  Slitter  in  the  caiiip.iign  of  'L"i.  iv.  ISO.  The  old  patri- 
arch  died  in  'ti.")  at  the  age  ot  SO.  Mis  daughter  .Mary  was  .Mrs  .lames  Muhr; 
l!:lcn  was  Mrs  Townsend  in  '41,  and  Liter  Mrs  ( '.  .M.  \\  Clicr;  .loh.imii  v  as 
Liter  Mrs  Fitzpatrick  of  (Jilroy;  and  Marg.iret  liecame  Mrs  K(dl  of  S.  ■Insi". 
M.  (Martin,  .Ir),  IS44,  son  oi  Martin,  jiccomp.  Iiy  wife  and  4  sons,  a  ilauvMiter 
Lcing  1)0111  ill  caiii])at  I  •oiiner  Lake.  iv.  4  I."),  15;!.  MesrttLdon  theCosuiunes, 
a:id  his  visits  to  New  Jlclv.  ire  often  noted  in  the  diaiy.  Mis  r.inclio  i-i  ofti  n 
inciitioned  hy  travellers  hetwccii  the  li.iy  and  Sac.  and  tlieieitwastli.il  .Aric'.s 
li'ii'ses  wero  taken  and  the  Hear  revolt  begun,  v.  lOS.  In  TiO  the  fainily  srt 
tied  ill  Sta  Clara  (^o.,  where  in  'SI  the  golden  weilding  wjis  celehraled,  ami 
\'.  hero  Martin  died  in  'S4  at  the  ago  of  7S,  leaving  an  inimeiise  estatt!.  Mis 
sons,  I'lcriinrd  M.,  I'litrick  W.,  .lames,  and  Martin,  are  named  in  thisrgis- 
ter.  His  daughters  surviving  him  were  Mrs  R.  T.  C.irroll  and  .Mrs  .lo.npiiii 
Anjues;  another,  Mrs  Win  1*.  Taufe,  having  died.   I'ortrait  of  M.  in  Sht(  hint 


750 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


Co.  Hixt.  M.  (Martin  J.).  1844,  S3n  of  Martin,  Jr,  a  small  boy  at  arrival; 
seems  to  have  died  before  '84.  M.  (Patrick  \V.),  1844,  son  of  Martin,  .ir,  \\ 
hoy  at  arrival,  who  became  a  rich  farmer  in  S.  Luis  ()!).,  representing  that 
region  in  tho  state  senate  'lio-S,  '78.  Portrait  in  S.  Lnix  Oh.  Co.  //is/..  ■".•J-:{. 
M.  (.Simon  I'.),  1840,  son  of  Lavinia  and  survivor  of  tlie  Donner  party,  v. 
iJSl,  53."),  who  returned  to  Tenn.,  served  in  the  war  of  'til-"!,  and  died  in 
'73,  leaving  a  wi '  )w  and  5  children,  M.  (Thomas),  1H47,  Co.  E,  N.  Y.  \(.l. 
(v.  409). 

Mur|)hy  (Timothy),  1828,  Irishman  from  Lima,  mIio  worked  for  a  year  or 
two  as  clerk  for  Hartnell  &  Co.  at  Mont.,  suhsc(iuently  cntciing  tlie  .service 
of  Capt.  Cooper,  iii.  178;  ii.  GOO.  From  '"J!)  his  name  ajipears  in  various 
records;  joined  the  comp.  extranjera  in  '32.  iii.  221;  on  Larkin's  books  '31!  ."i; 
often  engaged  in  otterdiunting.  About  '3(i  lie  settled  nortii  of  the  lay,  and  in 
'37-42  he  was  admin,  of  S.  Itafael.  iii.  718;  iv.  117,  l)7t).  I  have  many  nf  hi.s 
original  letters  of  these  years.  Don  Tinioteo  was  a  good  ]ieinnan,  but  his 
Spanish  was  peculiar,  and  his  letters  too  often  contained  vulgar  {xprcs.-ions 
and  insults  to  all  with  whom  lie  did  not  agree;  yet  he  was  on  the  whole  ;i 
good-natured  and  popular  man.  In  '3!)  he  was  naturalized;  in  '40  once  pi't  in 
the  ealabozo  by  V'allejo.  iv.  171;  in  '41  ment.  by  Sir  (Jeo.  Simpson,  who  nivs 
ho  had  been  a  candidate  for  n'arriagc  with  one  of  Vallejo's  sisters,  iv.  21.S. 
As  compared  with  other  administrators,  M.  was  a  faithful  guardian  of  the 
neophytes' interest;  favored  those  of  Vallejo  as  he  was  employed  to  ilo;  and 
by  no  means  neglected  his  own.  In  '44  he  was  grantee  of  the  .S.  I'edrd,  et  •., 
raneho,  later  confirmed  to  him.  iv.  (>7(i;  and  ho  also  represented  the  Lul. 
in  their  unsuccessful  claim  for  Tini'jasia.  .Inez  de  paz  in  '4.5.  v.  07(1-7.  In  the 
troubles  of  '4(i-7  he  took  no  part;  owned  S.  F.  lots  in  '47;  took  some  part  in 
local  ]iolitics.  V.  4.V2,  4.")."),  010;  was  alcalde,  Ind.  agent,  and  land  ccminiis- 
sioner  '47-8.  v.  070;  and  is  mentioned  by  Sherman,  Kevere,  and  Mason.  Ilo 
was  a  liberal  gi\er  to  several  catholic  institutions,  and  died  in  '53,  Icaviui; 
his  iiro)M'rty  to  ne]>hews.  M.  (Wm  (!.),  1840,  son  of  Lavinia  and  survivor 
of  the  l)onner  parly,  v.  531,  534.  He  remained  in  the  .Sac.  \'al.  till  '4!i,  win  n 
he  v.int  Ivist  to  be  educated  and  married,  returidng  in  '58.  He  wasa  lawyer  at 
Virginia  City,  Nev.,  to  '00,  and  since  that  time  at  Marysville,  Cal.,  being  city 
attorney,  and  having  a  family  of  7  children  in  '80. 

Murray,  1S48,  shoemaker  at  S.  F.  Feb.  with  wife;  arriv.  at  S.  F.  from 
Tahiti,  March;  at  the  nunes  from  Mont.;  had  a  storeat  .Sutter's  Fort,  of  liini 
M.  &  Lappeus — jirob.  several  individuahs.  M.  (Chas),  1847,  purser  on  the 
U.  S.  hVir.  M.  (Edward),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  4!)9);  d.  Calaveras  ',-•5. 
M.  (VA.),  1847,  Co.  K,  ditto;  ownerof  S.  F.  lots.  He  was  perhaps  the  M.  w  ho 
was  in  trade  in  .Sac.  '48,  an<l  later  lived  in  the  North  Bench  region  of  S.  1"., 
witli  a  reputation  not  of  the  best;  still  living  in  '.w.  M.  (Francis),  1847, 
C.>.  II,  ditto;  ownerof  a  i*-!.  F.  lot;  corp.  in  .S.  F.  Guards  '48;  d.  before  'h2. 
M.  (.Mary),  1S40,  one  of  the  Mormon  colony,  v.  540;  left  the  church;  saiil  tnli\e 
at  S.  .Josii  '84.  M.  (Michael),  1840,  settler  at  .S.  Jose;  in  the  ndnes  '48:  in 
Sta  Clara  Co.  "00.  Jlall;  limn;  (:ai:soii;  IJitUlt.  M.  (Owen),  1848,  Soc.  I'al. 
I'ion.  rolls;  d.  Oakland  after '81.  M.  (Robert),  1847,  a.ssist  surg.  U.  S.  A., 
serving  with  N.  Y.V(d.  and  Co.  F,  3d  artiil.  v.  503,  511;  at  S.  F.  '71-4:  in 
'82  assist  surg.-gen.  in  N.  Y.  M.  (IJ.  A.),  1840,  Co.  B,  Cal.  Jiat.  (v.  3.-).s). 
M.  (Walter),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.  Y.  Vol.  v.  504-0;  serving  at  Sta  B.  and  in  L. 
('al.  Ho  was  a  nat.  of  l''ngland,  and  by  trade  a  printer.  Went  to  the 'mines 
'48;  established  the  Sonora  llenilil  '.)2;  and  in  '53  settled  at  .S.  Luis  Ob., 
where  ho  practised  law  ami  established  the  Tnhinic,  serving  also  in  the  legis- 
lature. In  '73  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the  1st  district,  and  held  that  ]iosi- 
tion  at  the  time  of  his  death  in  '75.  His  Kitrrn'irr  vf  a  Cid.  Vohtidc  r  is  a 
O0])y  of  hi  original  diary,  and  is  one  of  the  best  authorities  on  the  history  of 
the  regiment. 

Mu.-«e  (Wm),  1847,  mid.  on  the  U.  S.  Lixunjion.  Musgrave  (Alfred), 
1840,  nat.  of  Tenn.  and  overl.  inimig.,  who  serve(l  in  '~'o.  JI,  Cal.  liat.  v.  35S; 
lived  in  Napa  till  '07,  when  ho  left  Cal.  M.  (v  liarles),  1840,  brother  of 
Alfred,  who  also  served  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  and  lived  in  Najja;  in  '09  in  8.  Luis 


MUSOrvAVE  -NARVAEZ. 


7J1 


01).  Co.;  also  oalk'd  r;ilviii.  Musty  (Joliii),  1,S4G,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  drasoons 
(v.  33(5).  Mutri'l  (.fi-an  Iliijitistc),  Ih'iT,  l''n'ii('h  pilot  on  the  Xirciil,  wrecked 
on  the  L.  t'al.  coast  in  a  sclioonor  einploj'cd  by  tlie  A'ov/c/  for  scalliuntiiig. 
v.47'S.  lit!  caini' to  Cal.  in ''27  to  drive  ('attic  across  tlie  frontier,  iii.  17(5;  and 
in  '••IS-',)  liecaiMC  a  risiclent  at  S.  Diego,  ii.  M't;  in  "3(5  at  lUienuvista  ranclio, 
near  Mont.,  age  '2~ ;  went  to  Mont,  in  '40;  in  '4G  at  i^os  Any. 

Myers,  184."),  at  Sutter's  Fort;  iierliaps  'Meyers.'  M.,  184"),  npotlicoary 
at  N.  llelv.  Nov.  from  helow.  M.,  1848,  of  firm  Adler  &  M.,  (Sonoma.  M. 
(.\.  S.),  1S47,  captain's  clerk  on  the  U.S.  LexuKjIoii.  JI.  (Conrten),  1847, 
doul)tful  name  at  N.  Helv. ;  called  a  volunteer;  on  his  way  to  Salt  l.aUe  with 
a  hand  of  horses.  M.  (tleo.  A.).  1840.  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  K.jS).  .M. 
(.lack).  1847,  at  Sutter's  Fort;  perhaps  John.  M.  (.lohn),  1S47.  Co.  (i,  X.Y. 
V'ol.  (v.  49!)).  M.  (.Iiilin  .(.),  184"),  one  of  Fri^mont's  men,  iv.  583,  who  served 
as  sergt-niaj.  of  tlie  C:*!.  Hat.,  v.  3()(),  and  was  later  licut;  Cal.  claim  oi  §130 
(v.  4U2).  'M.  (Itussell).  1817,  Co.  A,  N.Y.  V(d.  (v.  4'J<));  later  trader  and 
depiily  sherilFat  Simora;  niajur  of  vol.  in  war  of  '(il-o;  in  N.Y.  city  '84.  M. 
(.Sam.),  1847,  Co.  Ji,  Morin.  IJat.  (v.  4(i!));  sergt  of  nenl.  coinp.  v.  49.");  trial 
in  '48.  V.  (110-11;  in  '81  a  earjienter  in  Utah.  M.  (Wm),  1848.  associate  of 
l^assen  in  Tciiama  (.'o.,  wlu)  jnoli.  came  earlier;  alcalde  in  '40.  M.  (Wm  II.), 
1840,  gunner  on  tiie  U.S.  h(th .  .Mylcr  (James),  1847,  Co,  C,  Morni.  Bat. 
(v.  4(10).       Myrick,  1844,  nir  of  the  Sunih  '44-5. 

Xachhorn  (llenj.).  1847,  married  at  S.  .Tos(<  to  a  Sra  Mojiea.  Naotrd 
(I'higeiiio),  nco])!].  idector  of  S.  Antoni.i  "■20-7.  ii.  O-'i;  iii.  33.  Nadal,  184."), 
from  Hon.  on  the  i'lnnn.  N.  (.)os(''),  18"_'."),  Span,  who  came  on  the  A(/iiU<s, 
np]ii.rently  sent  away  in  '.30.  iii.  ol-'J.  Nayle  (l''erdinand),  1847,  Co.  C,  N. 
Y.Yol.  (V.  409).  N.  (Patrick),  1847,  Co.  F.'':{d  U.S.  artdl.  (v.  r)|,si.  Na- 
glee  (Henry  Morris),  1847,  eapt.  Co.  I),  N.Y.  Vol.  v.  504,  504,  (!(!G,  07-2.  A 
nat.  of  I'a,  gra(huite  of  West  I'oint,  and  lieiit  5th  U.S.  infantry.  After  being 
mustered  out  he  hccame  a  banker  at  S.F. ;  in  the  war  of '0U5  he  served  as 
lieut-col  of  the  regular  army,  ami  brig.-gen.  of  volunteers;  but  ri'tuincd  to 
Cal.  aiul  settled  at  S.  Jose,  whei'e  he  is  well  known  down  to  '85  as  a  man  of 
wealtli  and  manufacturer  of  brandy.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Maj.  Ring- 
gold, U.S.A. 

Naile  (Conrad).  1S47,  Co.  A.  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  400);  rcenl.  N.  (Henry), 
1830,  Anier.  trapi)cr  from  N.  Mex.,  named  in  a  Los  Aug.  list  of  the  year, 
iv.  117-18;  but  idon  coming  north  to  join  (jiaham  at  liis  distilleiy.  l'"rom 
'38  his  name  appears  in  Larkin's  accounts  and  other  Mont,  records;  in  '3!) 
with  (Jraliam  he  had  a  |)lan  to  raise  a  party  and  cross  the  mts  eastward,  which 
unfortuiiati'ly  failed;  and  in  '40  he  w.is  seriously  wouu<lcd  in  resisting;  arrest, 
and  for  this  reason  was  not  one  of  the  exiles,  iv.  14,  17,  18-'2'J.  From  that 
ti)!ie  he  lived  in  the  Sta  Cruz  region  as  a  hunberman,  being  interested  willi 
(Jraham  in  a  sawndll;  in  '4"2  signed  an  appeal  to  the  U.  S.  foi'  ind<ninity;  was 
natuiali/.ed  in  '44;  at  llranei forte '45,  age  .30  and  singhs  and  in  April  '4(1  was 
killed  by  .Tames  Williams,  who  had  rented  his  mill,  in  a  (|uarrel  about  the 
contract,  v.  641-2.  Nalle,  KS4I,  ]iui'ser  on  the  U.S.  Yorktarni.  Nanliozen 
(Jerome),  IS.'iG,  named  in  Larkin's  liooks. 

Nareiso,  Ind.  chief  in  Sac.  Val.  '40.  iv.  137.  Narrimore  (Mrs  Mercyi, 
184(1,  of  the  Mormon  colony  with  her  sou  Kdwin.  She  went  back  to  Hon.  on 
the  I).  Qnixoti',  but  returned,  and  was  ownir  of  a  S.l'\  lot  in  '47.  v.  ."MO,  549. 
Narvaez,  1791,  com.  of  the  llcri'ifitnu.  i.  4i(3.  N.  (.Agustin),  alcahle  at  S, 
,]<>fi6  '21,  and  regidoi'  '27.  ii.  004-5;  in  '41  age  03,  wife  Joscfa  Higucra,  child. 
Antonio  b.  '.31,  Luganla  '20,  Maria  (iuad.  '28,  Teresa  30,  Murfa  1).  '33.  N. 
(Bias),  soldier  of  the  S.F.  com]).  '39-4'^;  at  S.  Mateo  '35.  iv.  (107.  N.  (Joa- 
quin), at  S.  .Tos(:'''4l,  ago  3(1,  wife  Maria  Ant.  Sepiiheda,  child.  .Salva<lor  l).'28, 
tiuadalupe  '30,  Pilar  '31,  Mari'a  de  los  Ang.  '.33,  Jos(''  de  la  Luz  '34,  Francisco 
'35,  Lugardo  '37.  N.  (Jose  Agustin).  settler  at  Branciforte  1797-8.  i.  .509, 
571;  grantee  of  S.  Juan  B.,  Mont.,  '44.  iv.  055;  perhaps  same  as  Agustin 
above.  N.  (Jos(5  Maria),  1808,  com.  of  the  I'l-iiinva.  ii.  87;  in  '27  com.  of 
t'.ie  S.  Carlos,  ii.  450,  458,  470,  474.       N.  (Miguel),  182-2.  alf^rcz  on  the  A'. 


7o'J 


PIONEER  REOISTER  AND  INDEX. 


CdrloK.  ii.  'lo8.  N.  (Mi<;ucl),  in  S.  .Tos(''  (list.,  ajje  30,  wife  rtaimunda  Buclna, 
ciiilil  Agustin;  at  tho  IS.  .hum  15.  raiiclio  '.-o.  N.  (I'edio),  Mcx.  naval  liciit 
iinatUclicd;  caiit.  of  the  iiort  Mont.  ".V.)-\\.  iii.  071.',  07(i;  iv.  97,  1^07,  WM, 
3.")7,  408,  4.'tl,  G.j3;  in  '44  gianteo  if  I'aso  de  ItoMes.  iv.  Vim;  in  '4.')  mil.  com. 
at  Mont.  iv.  i\'yl;  in  '40  .sorveil  iimlur  Castro  and  was  a  nnunb.  of  the  Ist  jtuy. 
V.  rj,  .",4,  41,  21)2,  2S'J.   I  have  no  later  record  of  him. 

Nash,  1840,  nu-  of  the  Amerirn.  v.  r)70.  N.  (Mrs),  1846,  efTorts  to  organ- 
ize a  school  for  her  at  N.  Ildv.  in  Jan.  N.  (.Jolui  II.),  184."),  Ainer.  la\v_\cr 
and  overl.  iniinig.  in  the  Haslin|,'s  partj".  iv.  r)80-7.  Nothing  is  definitely 
recorded  of  liiin  from  the  time  he  left  N.  llclv.  forJS.F.  in  Jan.  '4(5  to  (Jet., 
wlien  lie  went  to  Sonoma  witii  Bryant,  hut  he  piii-haps  took  some  part  in  the 
revolt.  In  Dee.  he  was  nuule  alcalde  at  Sonoma,  being  an  illiterate,  will- 
nieaning  old  man,  who  called  himself  '  chief  justice,'  and  attached  great  im- 
jiortancc  to  his  oliice.  In  June  '47  he  ref'.ised  to  give  up  tin;  filiiee  to  l>oggs, 
v.iio  was  ap[)ointed  to  succeed  him,  whereupon  Lieut  Slierman  was  sent  Vi 
arrest  the  recalcitrant  alcalde  and  carry  him  a  prisoner  to  Mont.,  where  Ito 
soon  lieeame  penitent,  v.  008-10.  (107-t*.  With  (irigsUyaml  I<le,  Nash  signed, 
in  May  '47,  a  Hint,  of  the  Jirar  Flinj  ftcrolf,  having  been  in  Sept.  '40  sec.  nf 
a  meeting  of  ex-llear.s.  v.  18!),  208.  In  April  '48  he  visited  tiie  mines  as  a 
eonimittce  of  investigation  to  report  for  the  benelit  of  Sonoma  residents;  ;;iid 
Inter  in  the  year  he  rcttii-ncd  to  Mormon  Isl.,  where  he  died  the  same  wint<  r. 
N.  (Win  II.).  1840,  overl.  iiiiiiiig.  who  settled  witli  his  family  in  Napa  Val.; 
in  '4i>  is  .said  to  have  built  tiie  1st  sehooldiouse  there;  and  still  lived  at  Nt 
Helena  in  '00. 

Navarrete  (Bernardo),  ISSH,  Mcx.  lieut,  attaclied  to  Mont,  conij). ;  wiat 
to:\Iex.  on  the  downfall  of  flutierrez  in  '.'^O.  iii.  407,  240,  442,  40:!-(i.  071. 
N.  (Josi.'^  Antonio),  1810,  Mex.  eapt.  of  tlie  S.  Bias  infantry  comp.  in  ("al.  '10 
-22,  and  in  '20  com.  of  the  I'ost  at  .Mont.  ii.  007-8,  2J2,  2.'i4-r>,  20,-),  370,  4.2, 
4,")1,  401,  4(i;{,  000,  075.  N.  (Kam.n),  soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '21-:i:  ut 
'\Iont.  '20.  ii.  012.  Navarro  (.fosi'-  Ant.),  mestizo  settler  of  Los  Am.'.  1780- 
LSOO.  i.  ;!4."i,  ;U8-0,  484,  040.  N.  (Cuillcruio).  alfi^'rez  in  '30.  iii.  oS:(;  at  Sla 
B.  earlier,  wife  Dionisia  Doniinguez,  4  child.;  at  Los  Aug.  '40.  N.  (Teodoml, 
soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '28-34;  at  Los  Aug.  "40.  Nay  (Jose:'),  1832,  got  a 
jiassp.  at  Lo.    .Aug.       Nazario,  Ind.  eook  at  S.  Diego,   ii.  34."). 

Ne;iil  (.lolini,  1847,  owner  of  lot  at  S.F.  Nenl,  1848,  miner  at  Adams' B;ir. 
N.  (John),  1845,  at  "Sutter's  Fort  often  in  '4.>-7,  several  times  arriving  from 
the  hay  and  Sonoma  with  rejiortsof  innicndiiig  hostilities  by  the  ("alifornians. 
iv.  578,  587;  v.  128.  170.  As  he  came  from  S<!nonia  June  20tli,  he  may  have 
been  one  of  the  original  Bears.  He  was  an  Irish  sailor,  a  rough  character,  who 
lived  in  ("oliisa  Co.  till  about  '50,  wlien^or  earlier,  as  Bidwell  thinks— l.e 
lulled  a  man  in  some  dispute  about  a  dog  or  a  mining  claim,  and  escaped  froi'i 
the  countiy.  N.  (John  ('.),  1841,  otter  hunter  at  Sta  B.  not  locally  famous 
for  Jiaying  his  d<  bts.  N.  (.Joshua  A.),  1847,  nat.  of  N.  H.  who  came  as  a 
sailor;  was  a  (derk  at  .S.F.  '48;  wenttotlie  nnnes  '40.  A^resid.  of  Alameda  Co. 
'50-78,  iii.'.rrying  a  Bernal  ami  living  at  I'leasaiitoii. 

Neal  (.Sainucl),  1844.  nat.  of  I'a— or  of  llolstein  in  one  original  record— 
."nd  fine  of  I'ri'mont's  men:  disdiarged  at  his  own  re(iucst  early  in  '44.  iv. 
437,  430,  453,  229.  lie  was  employed  by  .Sutter  as  a  black.smith;  was  natural- 
ized ill  Nov. ;  and  in  Dee.,  in  return  f'jr  services  in  the  Micheltoreiia  campaign, 
got  a  land  uraiit  T)nButteCreck,  liuttc.  iv.  071.  In  his  application  lie  claiim  d 
to  have  been  a  resid.  since  '42;  and  indeed  Yiitcs  claims  to  have  seen 
him  in  '42  3.  lie  .still  worked  nincli  of  the  time  at  his  trad",  aiding  Frciiioiit 
ill  the  am  limn  of  '45.  In  '40  he  guided  Gillespie  up  tlu^  Sac.  Val.  to  overtake 
I'rcmoiit,  and  took  part  in  the  following  troubles,  though  there  is  some  con- 
fusion between  liim  and  John  N.  in  the  records,  v.  24,  101,  104,  107.  After 
the  war  he  engaged  in  stock-r.'iising,  aecpiiring  some  local  fame  for  his  lino 
nuiuii'.'s.  Ho  never  married,  and  died  at  his  HutteCreek  home  in  '50,  leaving 
his  ]ir(.perly  to  brothers  whom  he  had  not  .seen  for  20  years.  N.  (W'm  \V,), 
1847,  on  the  r(dl  of  the  Soc.  Cal.  Pion.  as  having  eonu!  in  Jan.  '40;  but  ho 
e'tiitej  th:u  he  wa.i  at  S.F.  on  a  wh.'der  in  '47;  in  later  yc.-.rs  a  well-known  pilot 


NEAL— XIDEVER. 


of  S.F.,  still  living  in  '85  with  a  family.  Ncale  (D.),  1S4S,  pasap.  from  Hon. 
Noase  (Peter),  1847,  with  C'ajit.  Hunt  of  the  Jlonn.  liat.  (v.  40i)),  acconip.  by 
his  wife.       \.  {8am.),  1S47.  Co.  V,  M  U.S.  artill.  (v.  5KS). 

Ned,  18.30,  doubtful  name,  at  S.  Jos(5  and  Mont.  ';}0-4.  Noddles  (.John), 
18.31,  steward  on  the  Caltdina.  Nee  (Luis),  1789,  apothecary  in  Malas- 
piua's  exped.    i.  490.  Nceb   (.Toim),   1847,  Co.  K,  N.  Y.  Vol.    (v.  41K1); 

d.  .Sonoma  '74.  Needles  (Wm  II.),  1847,  purser's  elerk  on  the  Culnmbus. 
Negrete,  see  'Castillo  Negrete.'  Neiderer,  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.V'ol.  (v.  i;ni); 
doubtful  name,  not  in  Clark's  last  list;  at  S.F.  '71-4.  Noif  (.Jo.sepli  Ant.), 
ISoO,  German  sailor,  age  120,  captured  (?)  by  Cooper,  released  by  Vullejo,  ami 
employed  by  Leese  at  S.F.  '40;  known  as  Hen.  liicher.  Neill  (Wm  M.) 
18;{4,  mr  of  the  Llama,  iii.  .383;  perhai)s  'O'Neill.'  Neilson  (Tlios),  iSili, 
asst  surgeon  witli  Beechcv.  iii.  1-1.  Neiman  (Hendrick),  1847,  Co.  D,  N. 
Y.Vol.  (v.4y9).  Neligh '( Robert  B.),  1847,  member  of  the  S.Josii  council,  v. 
ti(J4;  agent  for  Com.  Stockton  in  the  mines  '48;  claimant  in  ''>'!  for  rancho  in 
Mont.  <list.  V.  0.37.  Nel.ion  (Chas),  1847,  at  Hon.  from  S.  F.  on  the  I'ran- 
r/Vra.  Neme.sio  (Santiago),  grantee  of  Capay  '4(5.  v.  ()7.");  ])erhap.s  an  Jnd. 
named  Nemesis.  Neri  ((jrcgorio),  soldier  in  the  Hitlalgo  comp.  at  Mont.  '.3(i, 
age  "27.  Nero  (.loseph),  1847,  at  Sutter's  Fort;  prol).  '  V'orrot,'  q.v.  Ness 
(Elijah),  1837,  Fr.  lumberman  in  the  Sta  Cruz  region  '.37-43;  said  to  have  aiiled 
in  the  arrest  of  foreigners  '40.  iv.  118.  '22. 

Neve  (Felipe  de),  1777,  Span,  major  of  cavalry  who  was  gov.  of  the  Cali- 
fornias,  residing  at  Loreto  from  March  4,  '75,  and — having  been  promoted  to 
colonel— at  Mont,  from  Feb.  3,  '77,  to  Sept.  10,  '82.  He  became  later  briga- 
dier, inspector-general,  and  comandante-goueral  of  IVovincias  Interna.s,  ilying 
in  '84.  He  was  one  of  California's  ablest  rulers.  Biog.  i.  237-8,  3(j3,  44(j-S, 
4S7;  his  rule  in  Cal.,  including  his  rcglamento,  or  system  of  govt,  his  founding 
of  the  pueblos,  and  his  controversies  with  the  missionaries,  i.  300-83  jia-isiin; 
iTicnt.  i.  290,  .389,  .393,  40,'),  008.  Gov.  Neve  had  no  family.  Nevill  (.Joseph 
M.),  1848,  owner  of  S.F.  lots. 

Newell,  1830,  named  in  L;i.rkin's  accounts.  N.,  1848.  mr  of  the  Ifoiio- 
hilii  and  lluinholdt.  N.,  JS48,  of  firm  N.,  Brady,  &,  Gilbert,  lundierm.'in 
at  Mont.  N.  (Chester),  1847,  chaplain  of  the  U.  .S.  IiKlejieiKleiirr.  v.  0."7. 
Newitt  (Sam.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N. Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Newman  (.lames),  ls-17, 
ditto.  N.  (.John),  1847,  Co.  H,  ditto.  N.  (Wm),  18.34,  Engl,  servant  of 
Wolters  at  Mont.  Newmayer  (Godfrey),  1840,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dra;:;oons. 
V.  330.  N'.'wson  {.T.  M.),  1848,  overl.  immig. ;  mend),  of  the  legislature  I'rom 
Stanislaus  '08.  Newton,  1840,  overl.  immig.  of  I5ryant's  party  with  wi!e; 
killed  by  Ind.  on  the  way.  N.  (.1.  W.),  chaplain  on  the  CS.  <  'oliniihiiK.  N. 
(Thomas),  1848,  Swiss  sailor  on  the  /Haac  Walton;  real  name  Sj  iberg. 

Nichola.s,  184'2,  com.  of  the  U..S.  Vorhfoini.  i v.  313,  070.  Nicholaus  (.\.), 
1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  Nichols,  1841,  of  the  Wiilker  party  with  Emmons 
of  U.S.  ex.  ex.  from  Or.  iv.  270.  N.  (.loseph),  1840,  of  the  Mormon  colony, 
with  wife  .lemslia  and  child,  one  child  having  died  at  sea.  v.  .")40.  lie  left  the 
church,  and  in  later  years  lived  in  Alameda  Co.  to  '82.  Mrs  N.  diiil  in  the 
faith.  N.  (.1.  ^I.),  184"),  came  on  a  whaler,  iv.  087;  saloon-keeper  at  N;ipa 
'.")2-71.  Nnpn  Jiiijl-ittr.  >>.  (1'.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  Nicliolson  (.1. 
W.),  1847,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  /..■rl.i'ifoti.  Niihton  (I'atrick).  1847,  Co.  F,  .3d 
U.S.  avtiU.   (v   .^.18).       Nickerson  'Thomas),  IS47,  Co.  I,  N. Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Nil!  'Geo.),  1833,  nat.  of  Tenn.,  from  '20  a  hunterin  the  w(wt,  making 

trips  ti  lui'  IJocky  Mts  and  X.  Mex.  till  '3.3,  \\lieii  he  came  over  the  .Sierra 
with  Walker's  party  and  remained  in  Cal.  iii.  391,  .■">94,  4.")9.  Here  he  con- 
tinued his  hunter's  life,  taking  otter  in  all  jiarts  of  the  coast  under  ('apt. 
Dana's  license  to  '37,  and  later  with  oin;  of  ids  own.  Occasionally  named  in 
the  records  from  '30,  his  home  being  at  Sta  H. :  making  freijuent  raids  on  tlie 
grizzly  bears  and  killint.'  at  least  '200;  naturalized  in  '37,  and  also  serving  for 
a  time  with  Graham's  riflemen,  iii.  493;  having  some  conflicts  with  Ind.  iv. 
90;  and  escaping  airest  in  '40.  iv.  '24.  In '41  he  married  Sinforosa  Sanchez,, 
having  bought  .some  land  of  .Joseph  Chapman;  in  '4'>  lefuscd  to  join  Miehel- 
torena's  foreign  company ;  but  in  '40,  having  been  arrested  by  the  Californians, 
Hibr.  Cal.,  Vol.  IV     48 


il 


t    i 


irA 


pioxci:ii  r5EGiST.":R  axd  index. 


V.  317,  lie  served  under  Stockton  in  the  final  campaigns;  liad  some  siicocsa  in 
milling  '4S-9;  piloted  tlie  U.S.  toast  survey  craft  in  a  survey  of  tlie  Stu  B. 
isliind.s  '.')();  in  T)3  rescued  tli'j  famous  old  Iiid.  woman  of  S.  Xicolas  Isl.;  und 
about  the  .same  time  bought  nn  interest  in  S.  Miguel  Isl.,  where  lie  rai.sed  stock 
for  17  ycirs,  and  though  wellnigli  ruined  by  tiic  drought  of  '03-4,  .sold  out  in 
'70  for  §10,000.  In  '78  residing  at  Sta  B.  at  the  age  of  7(5  with  liis  wifi;  and 
daughter,  a  man  of  excellent  repute,  he  gave  me  a  long  and  most  valuable  nar- 
rative of  his  Li/c  and  Adv< ii/uris.  A  bit  of  jiaper  into  which  the  old  man  at 
that  time  put  3  rille-balls  within  the  sjiacc  of  a  square  inch  at  <iO  yards  fcjiins 
an  appropriate  frontispiece  of  the  volume.  H.  died  in  't'S.  A  brother  John, 
will)  died  at  Sta  B.  in  73,  is  sometimes  said  to  have  come  vitli  Geo.  iii.  31)1 ; 
but  I  tliiiik  he  came  after  '48.  Another  brother,  Mark,  was  killed  by  the  liid. 
before  reacliing  Cal. 

Xiebla  (llamon),  a  hatter  at  Los  An g.  '39,  age  47.  Xief,  see  'Xcif.' 
Nicto  (.Antonio),  1830,  Mcx.  alfOrez  who  com.  a  squad  of  soldiers  guardiiiLr  a 
party  of  convicts,  iii.  4!t,  14'2;  pro!),  not  in  Cal.  ''J,"),  as  stated  in  iii.  15.  X. 
(Antonio  Maria),  son  of  Manuel,  owner  of  Sta  (Jertrudii?,  daimeil  toliavelieon 
re'^'ranted  in  '34  to  his  widow  Jostsfa  Cota.  iv,  035.  N.  (Diego),  at  Los  Ai:g. 
'4(i.  N.  (Juan  Jos(5),  son  of  Manuel,  b.  1781 ;  mentioned  in  'II-"_'0.  ii.  4i>S; 
part  owner  of  Los  Xietos  rancho,  Sta  Gertrudis,  Alamitos,  Coyotes,  etc.,  iv- 
granted  to  him  '34.  ii.  505;  iii.  033,  044.  N.  (Manuel),  grantee  of  Los  Xietos 
rancho  1784;  uient.  1801-10;  Las  Bolsas  nnd  Sta  Gertrudis  regranted  to  his 
widow,  CatarinaKuiz,  '34.  i.  00!»,  012,  (iO'i;  ii.  Ill,  185,  348,  .3.")3,  003;  iii. 
OI>3-4.  N.  (Manuela),  grantee  of  Los  Ceiritos  '.34.  iii.  033.  Xighteiiu'cU 
((i.  11.),  1875,  overl.  immig.  perhaps  of  theGrig.«l)y-Ide  party,  iv.  .">78-(),  5S7; 
at  Carson,  Xev.,  '08.  Xikoforof,  1815,  su]).  of  the  Lad;/,  ii.  .S07.  Xdes 
(.John),  1847,  doubtful  name  of  a  settler  at  Benicia.  Xinian  (Win),  lh.'!4, 
English  clerk  at  Mont. , age  30.  Xino  (Alejo).  fiist  man  buried  at  .Mont.  1770. 
i.  l'7."».  Xisbitt  (Thoinas),  1847,  Co.  G,  X.  Y.  vol.  (v.  4')y);  in  '82  at  Scott 
river,  Siskiyou  Co.       Xixoii,  1823,  mr  of  tlie  Iff  he.  ii.  492. 

Xobili  (.John),  1848,  Ital.  .Jesuit  who  came  to  the  Or.  missions  in  '42  and 
to  Cal.  apparently  in  '48.  He  was  the  founder  of  Sta  Clara  college  in  '51,  a 
very  able  man  and  popular  teacher,  who  died  in  '5.5.  Xoble  (.lohn  10.), 
1847,  sergt  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  v.  519.  Xoboa  (Diego),  1783,  Span, 
friar  who  served  at  Sta  Cliira  and  left  Cal.  in  '94.  Biog.  i.  722-3;  nient.  i. 
379,  3'.!0,  422,  457,  470,  570.  Xocedal  (.Josi'O,  1775,  Franciscan  chaplain  on  a 
Span,  ship,  visiting  the  coast  severul  times  in  '75-8.  i.  240,  287,  202,  29(i,  300, 
■328.  Xoe  (Jose  de  Jesus),  1834,  Mex.  who  came  in  the  IL  and  1'.  colony; 
iii.  203;  and  settled  at  S.  F.,  obtaining  a  grant  of  Camaritos  in  '40,  and  of  S. 
i\iiguel  in  '45.  iii.  711;  iv.  073.  In '42  ago  37,  wife  Guadalupe  Gardano,  child. 
Miguel  b.  '.33,  Dolores  '30,  Esperidion  (?)  '38,  Concepcion  '40;  juez  do  paz  "42 
-3.  iv.  lO.VO;  owner  of  a  town  lot  '43.  v,  009,  082;  alf.  of  militia  '44.  iv. 
0(i7;  alcalde  and  juez  '40.  v.  295,  048.  He  lived  at  the  mission  in  '55,  and  his 
•son  Miguel  still  lives  in  S.  F.  '85.  N.  (Miguel),  1844,  Amer.  who  received 
natuializiition  papers;  perhajis  Michael  Xoah  (.').  X.  (Xicolas),  1SI2,  com.  of 
the  Flora  '12-13.  ii.  202-3,  208-70,  353.  Xoel  (Luis),  1848,  laborerat  Mont. 
Nolcr  (Christian),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  409).  Xorden  'Stephen), 
1844.  Amer.  age  25  at  S.  F. 

Xordhoir  (Charles),  1847,  nat.  of  I'rnssia,  educated  in  Cincinnati,  a  printer 
by  trade,  who  in  '47  "as  a  sailor-boy  on  the  U.  S.  ('olinnhitx,  and  for  a  time 
commander'a  clerk  on  the  W'lirrcii.  He  left  the  sea  in  '53,  and  has  since  bceii 
a  prominent  newspaperman  and  author  of  a  dozen  books  of  acknowledgcil 
merit.  He  revisited  Cal.  several  times  in  '71  and  later  years;  and  among  his 
works  are  CaUforitiafor  Jlrallh,  Plra.virc,  nnd  I'ex'idcucp,  and  Norllurn  Cali- 
jhniia,  DrejOH,  and  the.  Sainbnich  Inlands.  In  '85  he  has  been  for  some  years 
editorially  connecte<l  with  the  X.  Y.  Herald.  Xoriega  (Francisco),  1842, 
Mex.  capt.  of  the  bataUou  fijo  '42-5;  a  hard  ease.  iv.  289,  3.">7,  304,  033.  His 
marriage  with  Francisca  Sepiilveda  was  pievented  by  the  wom»n's  friends, 
and  he  married  a  Soberancs  whom  he  afterwards  aliandoned.  N.  (Jose), 
.1834,  Span.  sup.  of  the  vesstel  bringing  the  H.  and  P.  colony,  iii.  203.     In  '35 


NORIEGA— NORVELL. 


753 


depositario  at  S.  Josd.  iii.  730;  in  3r>  grantee  of  Los  Mi^^^clanos,  Contra  Costa, 
aiul  later  of  Quito,  and  lialf-owncr  of  Los  Pozitoa.  iii.  71-;  iv.  ()7--.'i;  nUuMo 
•  if  S.  Jos6  '39.  iii.  731;  iu  '41  age  '10,  wife  MaiiiicLi  Fernaiulcz,  child  MiuiucL 
In  '4(5  ho  was  with  Arce  when  his  horses  were  taken,  and  on  visiting  X.  IIclv. 
a  little  later  was  ilirown  into  prison  with  Vallejo  and  the  rest,  for  which  '-.he 
Span,  consul  tried  later  to  obtain  redress,  v.  106,  lOS,  l'J4,  I'iS,  01").  Aitcr 
his  release  ho  was  member  of  the  S.  Jos6  council,  v.  004;  and  in  'GO  he  sl.U 
lived  at  S.  Jos«5.  N.  (Maria  Ramona),  wife  of  Pedro  Amador,  d.  1801.  ii. 
58,').       N.  (Matias  Antonio  do  8ta  (,'atarina),  1779,  ^pan.  friar  who  served  at 


col- 
14i 

(J), 


S.  F.  and  S.  Cilrlos,  retiring  in  '89.  He  was  perhaiis  guardian  of  S.  Fern 
lege  later.  Biog.  i.  409;  ment.  i.  329,  301,  388,  39-2,  400,  404,  411,  433. 
N.,  see  '  Hierra  y  Noriega.'  Norman  (F.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  N 
1848,  at  Hon.  from  Mont,  on  the  Laura  Ann. 

Norris,  1818,  negro  of  IJouchard'a  force,  captured;  became  a  cook  at  S.  Juan 
Cap.  ii.  230,  248,  3!)3.  N.  (Ai.dcrson),  1843,  negro  deserter  from  the  Cijaiir; 
killed  by  the  Californians.  iv.  4C0,  505.  N.  (David),  1844,  corp.  Co.  (.',  N. 
Y.VoI.  (v.  44!));  printer  and  amateur  actor,  for  many  years  foreman  in  tlie  S. 
F.  JJnllcliii;  from  '77  at  Centreville,  Alanieila  Co.,  where  he  died  in  '84  at  the 
age  of  01;  a  nr.t.  of  N.Y.  N.  (Jacob  W.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499); 
at  Newark,  N.  J.,  '74-82;  sorgtof  police.  N.  (J.  Parker),  18tG,  com.  Stock- 
ton's sec,  sent  Fast  with  despatches  Sept.;  returned  on  tlic  Prchle  '47.  N. 
(John  S),  1847,  lieut  (.'o.  K,  N.Y.  Vol.  v.  504;  judge  of  election  '48.  v.  052; 
d.  in  Central  America  '50.  N.  (Leo),  1840,  nat.  of  Ky  and  ovcrl.  immig. 
with  his  family;  at  S.  Jos(5  '47-50;  and  in  .S.  Piainou  Val.,  Contra  Costa,  from 
that  date  to  '82,  being  claimant  for  tiio  rancho.  iii.  713.  His  wife,  Jane  Kiz- 
zic,  died  in  '55,  and  there  were  5  .surviving  children  iu  '82.  Tliree  danj^litcrs 
became  Mrs  Lyncii,  Mrs  Perkins,  and  Mrs  Llewclling.  N.  (Samuel),  1845  (?), 
trader  at  N.  Helv.  and  at  S.F.,  of  lirm  Shelly  &  N.  1847-8,  and  seems  to  have 
come  a  few  years  earlier  by  sea.  iv.  587.  He  was  of  German  or  Danish  birtli. 
A  miner  on  the  Yuba  in  '48;  in  '52  claimant  for  the  ranciio  del  Pa.'-o.  iv.  ()72. 
From  about  '57  he  led  a  wandering  life  in  many  parts  of  the  world,  though 
frequently  making  his  appearance  at  S.  F.,  an  intelligent,  mildly  eccentric  man 
in  easy  circumstances.  Meanwhile  the  rancho  had  passed  into  the  hands  of 
Haggin  &  Tevis;  and  in  '84  Norris  began  tuit  against  them  for  the  juoperty, 
claiming  that  in  '57-83,  from  the  efl'ects  of  a  blow  on  the  head,  ho  was  not  in 
his  right  mind,  or  capable  of  comprehending  the  process  by  which  the  ranch 
had  passed  from  hia  ownership.  N.  (Wm  H.),  1840,  son  of  Leo,  aud  a  resi- 
dent of  Contra  Costa  to  '82;  n)arrieil  ilargaret  Nash  in  '00. 

Northgrave  (Wm),  1845,  Engl,  immig.  from  Or.  in  the  McMahon-Clyman 
party,  v.  572,  587.  Served  in  the  Cal.  IJat.,  Co.  1?,  artill.  (v.  358);  in  '47 
burned  charcoal  for  Sutter;  in  '48  mined  with  Biihvell  on  Feather  Kiver;  liv- 
ing near  Chico  in  '84.  Northman  (Chas),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  490). 
Northrop  (Sam.),  1814,  mr  of  the  Pidlcr.  ii.  305.  Norton,  1841,  iiir  nf  the 
^'infa.  iv.  507.  N.,  1836,  mr  of  a  whaler,  iv.  104.  N.  (Joshua  A.)  1848, 
Kiigl.  jew  who  came  from  S.  Amer.  and  was  for  some  years  a  prosprrous  spec- 
ulator and  trader.  Business rever.ses  allectcd  his  mind,  and  as  '  Fni[irior '  Nm- 
ton  he  became  a  well-known  'craiii<'  in  S.F.,  where  lie  died  in  '80.  N. 
Clement),  1845,  mr  of  the  GnsUivi'.  iv.  500  N.  (C.  B.).  1848,  pa.ss|).  from 
Hon.  N.  (Chas  C),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  518).  N.  (Edward), 
1848,  ovcrl.  immig.  with  AUsopp.  N.  (Martin).  1847.  Co.  H,  N.Y. Vol.  (v. 
499);  d.  Napa '08.  N.  (Myront,  1848,  lieut  Co.  C,  N.Y.  Vol.,  appointed  to 
fill  a  vacancy,  and  not  coming  with  the  regiment,  but  on  the  Ilnnticxn  iu  Oct. 
'48.  He  was  a  lawyer,  prominent  in  organizing  civil  govt  at  S.F. ,  being  justico 
of  the  peace  and  lieut  of  the  City  Guards;  an  active  member  of  the  <  ou.stit. 
conventi(m  of '49;  judge  of  the  superior  court  "51 ;  member  of  the  Los  Aug. 
council  '52;  county  judge  from  '53,  and  in  '.55  and  '05  candidate  for  the  supreme 
court.  He  died  between  '67  and  '71.  N.  (Thos  A.),  1830,  a  Honolulu  trader, 
signer  of  a  memorial  at  Mont.  iv.  118,  141;  in  '4.'J-4  mr  of  the  CIkh  M.  Mor- 
qan.  iv.  564.  Norvell  (Chester),  1847,  chaplain  ou  the  U.  S.  I mlependence. 
N.,  1848,  of  N.  &  Co.  at  Mont 


7Bfl 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


Noswill  (John),  1846,  douhtful  name  of  Fauntleroy's  dragoons  (v.  232, 
347,1.  Nott,  1848,  mr  of  tlie  Swidci).  v.  oSO.  Novales  (Maiiuul),  178!), 
litnt  in  MalasiiiniiH  exped.  i.  400.  Novvell,  1848,  at  Mont.;  perhaps  '  Nor- 
v(ll.'  Ninvler  (Cliriatian),  1847,  of  Morni.  lJ;it.  (v.  400);  rcunl.  Nowliii 
(Jal.ez),  1.S47,  (..'o.  C,  ditto.  Noyes  (Micliaol  S.),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.  Vol. 
(V.  4L»'.i);  at  Euroka,  Ncv.  '82. 

Niii'Z  (.Toaqiiin  rasciud),  1812,  Span,  friar  ■who  served  at  S.  Fern,  and  S. 
Gahriil,  where  ho  (lied  in  '21.  Kiog.  ii.  5(i7;  nient.  ii.  334,  .330-7,  .305,  337, 
304,  0.").").  Nunez,  sergt  appointed  to  Cal.  '32.  iii.  2.30.  N.  (.TostS  Antonio), 
1S33,  Fr.  sailor  who  camo  on  the  (ielvir/iln  (lldwthis?),  and  died  before  Dec. 
'34.  N.  (Sebastian),  grantee  in  '44  of  Orestiniba,  for  wliieh  lie  was  claimant 
iu  '.")2.  Nnttall  (Thomas),  18.3G,  Engl,  botanist  who  visited  Cal  iv.  142. 
N.  (Wni  II.),  1S40,  overl.  immig.  of  Bryant's  party,  v.  528;  Cal.  claim  §(;3 
(v.  402);  owner  of  S.F.  lots  '47;  clerli  lor  ilcDongall  at  .Sac.  '48.  Nutter 
((Jco.  \\'.),  1S4."),  nat.  of  N.Y.  who  visited  Cal.  on  a  whaler  from  Hon.  iv. 
587;  returned  later  and  lived  at  Sta  Cruz  in  '09.  N.  (Noah),  1848,  passp. 
fi'om  Hon.  Nutting  (i.ucy),  1840,  one  of  tlie  Mormon  colony,  v.  54G;  owner 
of  S.F.  lot  '47;  in  '84  Mrs  Ferguson  at  Lihi,  Utah.  Nuttmun  (James  E.), 
1S47,  Co.  B,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  400);  owner  of  S.F.  lot;  later  chief  of  lire  dept  in 
S.F.  and  Stockton;  at  S.F.  '71;  Now.ark,  N.J.,  74;  New  York  '82-3. 

Nye  (doriiam  H.),  1830(?),  nat.  of  Mass.,  who  nuiy  have  visited  tlic  const 
in  '30  as  he  testilled  in  '08.  iii.  180;  I'eirce  soys  he  came  to  the  Isl.  from  I'ly- 
iiiouth  in  '31 ;  newspapers  give  a  variety  of  dates;  and  tlic  1st  definite  recoi-d 
is  tliiit  ho  was  mr  of  tlie  Loviot  in  '33-5.  iii.  ,383,  381.  As  mr  of  the  IjoUviii' 
trailing  from  Hon.  and  of  tlie  Fama  and  Lconhlan  ho  visited  Cal.  each  year  iu 
'3.">— 17.  iv.  101,  104,  503,  578.  He  came  on  the  Guipvzcoana  in  '47,  and  per- 
haps remained,  as  he  is  said  to  liave  made  and  lost  a  fortune  at  S.F.,  and  to 
liavo  gone  East  in  '53.  Acconling  to  the  L'alUloija  Tribune  of  July  G,  '71, 
Capt.  N.  had  lived  many  years  at  Sta  Cruz,  also  spending  two  years  at  tlie 
Sr.ndwieh  I.sl.,  where  a  rich  Chinese  sugar-)ilanter  offered  him  a  home,  on 
account  of  the  captain's  kindness  to  him  as  steward  in  old  times.  Ace.  to  the 
(V.  ./.  I'lomir  of  Nov.  IG,  '78,  he  lived  from  '71  with  Chas  Knig  at  St  Helena, 
•where  lie  dji  1  in  '78  at  the  ago  of  7G.  N.  (Michael  C),  1841,  overl.  immig. 
of  tlie  Bartlcson  party,  iv.  200,  270,  275,  270,  who  was  naturalized  in  '44  and 
got  a  grant  of  the  Willy  rancho  on  the  Yuba,  doubtless  for  services  iu  tlie 
Slicheltorcna  campaign,  iv.  074,  480.  He  is  often  named  in  the  N.  lldv. 
JJlnri/  ''i't-S,  having  also  a  Cal.  claim  (v.  402);  is  said  to  have  entered  Cor- 
dua's  .service  in  '40;  in  June  '47  married  Mrs  Harriet  Pike  of  the  Donner 
p.arty.  N.  was  a  resid.  of  Marysville  in  '58,  but  later  went  to  Or.,  where  his 
■wife  died  in  '70,  and  where  he  still  lived  in  '70. 

O'Brien  (H.),  1845,  in  Sutter's  employ  Dec;  went  to  Or.  Apr.  '46.  iv.  578, 
52(i.  OMS.  (James),  1838,  Irish  resid.  of  Mont.  dist.  iv.  110;  exiled  to  S. 
Bias  in  '10,  but  returned  in  '41  witii  a.  pass,  which  was  renewed  in  '42,  iv. 
18,  33,  37,  when  he  was,  however,  banished  to  the  Sonoma  frontier,  iv.  G.")3. 
In  '14  he  died,  anil  I  have  a  letter  from  liis  father  Daniel  in  London,  in  which, 
with  'hearty  thanks  for  the  information  '  of  bis  son's  death,  he  inquires  as  to 
the  ch:iiices  of  collecting  Jimmy's  claim  against  the  govt.  O'B.  (.John), 
1835,  Irish  sailor  who  landed  from  a  whaler  at  Sta  B.  at  the  age  of  25.  iii.  413. 
He  hunted  otter  on  the  isLinds  for  several  years,  an  1  in  '40  got  permission  to 
marry,  being  then  in  the  employ  of  Lewis  Burton.  He  was  one  of  the  first 
at  the  gold  mines,  but  fell  ill,  and  being  brought  down  the  river  died  at  Beiii- 
cia  in  Oct.  '48.  O'B.  (John),  1840,  Co.  (;,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons  (v.  .330);  Q. 
M.  sergt.  O'B.  (Thos),  1842,  at  Mont,  under  sentence  of  banishment  to 
Sonoma;  pi-ob.  James. 

O'Cain  (Joseph),  1795,  'Englishman  b.  in  Ireland  from  Boston,' sent  to 
S.  Bias  from  Sta  B.  i.  537.  O'C.  (.Joseiih),  1803,  Amer.  mr  of  the  OVaiii, 
hunting  otter  on  the  coast  under  I'ussiau  contracts  1803-5.  ii.  25-0,  32,  38-9, 
6.3,  70-1.  O'Connell  (Anthony  F.),  1S47,  Co.  H,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  S.  F. 
'CO,  age  48,  leaving  a  widow  and  two  children.  He  had  been  for  many  years  a 


O'CONNELi.— OLGIN. 


drayman;  known  in  tlie later  yci<rs  an  O'Connor.  O'C.  (Jolin),  1817,  aecroditcil 
to  N.Y.Vol.,  but  not  on  tlie  roll;  tarred  and  feathered  at  Mont.;  druwiud 
on  tliu  way  to  Or.  S.Jonn  I'ioii.,  'ii'2,  O'Connor  (liartliolouiew),  1847,  Co. 
F,  :M  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  5KS).  O'C.  (Owen),  184(i,  Fauntlcrov's  dragoons 
(V.  2:V2,  '247).  O'C.  (Wni),  184.-),  at  N.  llelv.  in  '40;  iv.  078, '087;  sai.l  to 
have  been  in  Sta  Clara  Co.  '4.").  O'Donnell  (Jo»e[)li),  1840,  C-.).  E,  Cal.  ]'>iit. 
(v.  ;US).  O'Donojii  (.lose  Simon),  18;{4,  Mex.  of  tlio  11.  &  H.  colony,  iii. 
203;  ut  8ta  IS.  '41;  in  '4"J-4  purveyor  of  the  troops  under  Mieheltorena;  at 
Los  Aug.  '47. 

O'Farrell  (Jasiier),  1843,  Irish  surveyor  who  came  to  the  U.  S.  in  '41  and 
to  Cal.  by  sea  via  iS.  America  and  Mazatlan.  iv.  4(X).  In  '44  he  signed  the 
order  for  Weber's  arrest,  iv.  48.'{,  and  in  '4j  served  as  Q.  M.  in  .Sutter's  force, 
iv.  48d-C.  being  mentioned  in  '44-0  at  various  places  but  apparently  making 
S.  liafael  his  homo,  being  engaged  uio.st  of  the  time  in  making  ranclio  sui- 
veys.  lie  seems  not  to  have  taken  part  in  the  troubles  of  '40,  but  is  named 
as  a  witness  of  the  Haro  murder  at  S.  Kafael.  v.  171-2.  In  '47-8  headverti-sctl 
as  a  surveyor  in  the  papers,  was  appointed  otlicial  surveyor  ia  the  noi'tiiern 
district,  and  made  the  permanent  street  survey  <rf  S.  F.  v.  4.")5,  048,  OoH-O, 
080,  085.  About  '48  he  exchanged  a  Marin  Co.  rancho  which  he  had  taken  in 
payment  of  professioiuil  services  for  that  of  Jonive  in  8onouia  Co.,  i>urclins- 
ing  later  the  adjoining  Estero  Americano,  for  which  places  and  for  Capuy  in 
Yolo  ho  was  claimant  in  V)2.  iii.  712;  iv.  071;  v.  07o.  He  married  a  daugiitcr 
of  Patrick  McChristian,  and  lived  ehieliy  on  his  rancho,  but  took  also  somo 
part  in  politics,  serving  in  the  state  senate  and  aho  as  state  harbor  commis- 
sioner. For  so  prominent  and  well  known  a  man  there  is  a  remarkable  lark 
of  definite  information  about  him.  He  died  at  S.  F.  in  '7o  at  the  age  of  .IS. 
A  street  in  S.  F.  bears  his  name. 

O'Clrady,  1847,  perhaps  of  N.Y.Vol.  under  anothername.  O'G.  (Tlios), 
184(),  Irish  settler  of  Sonoma  Co.  '47-77,  when  he  lived  at  Bodega.  O'llara 
(1).  J.),  1847,  in  S.F.  letter  list.  O'Neil,  1837,  one  of  the  cattle  partv  from 
Or.  iv.  85.  O'X.  (John  M.),  1847,  sergt  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  504.  Xat.  of 
N.Y'.;  maj.  of  cavalry  in  war  of  "01-.">,  being  stationed  4  years  in  Utah;  in 
'07-83  custom-house  otlicer  at  S.F. ;  d.  at  Mont.  '85.  O'N.  (Owen),  1S47, 
Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  4y»);  owner  of  S.F.  lot;  in  Nev.  '82.  O'N.  (VVni),  IslO, 
saiil  to  have  touched  on  the  C'al.  coast  from  China  in  '10.  ii.  282;  latei-  an 
employe  of  the  H.B.Co. ;  died  at  Victoria '75,  at  the  age  of  74;  a  nat.  of  llos- 
ton.  O'lteilly,  1837,  a  witness  at  S.F.  Dec.  O'R.  (E.),  1847,  farmer  in  S. 
Mateo  Co.  '01-78.  O'Kourke  (Francis),  1840,"  Co.  C,  Ist  U.S.  dragoons  (v. 
330).  O'Sullivan  (James),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  49!));  a  printer  wlio 
was  editor  of  the  Souora  Herald;  member  of  the  constit.  convention  of  '78; 
in  S.F.  '82. 

Oakley  (Chas  H.),  1845,  asst  surg.  on  the  U.S.  Portxmovth.  0.  (How- 
ard), 1840,  of  the  Mormon  colony,  v.  .">40;  of  the  .Sd  Donner  relief,  v.  5-!0  1; 
owner  of  S.F.  lots;  no  record  after  '48,  but  did  not  go  to  Utah.  O.  (I'oliert), 
1847,  Co.  I'\  N.Y'. Vol.  (v.  41)!));  d.  Sta  IJ.  '48.  Oi)er  (IJavid),  1848,  p.-issp. 
from  Hon.  Obes  (Ramon),  1825,  Span,  who  came  on  the  Aijiiilt.s;  ]tvv\fu^,a 
sent  away  '28-30.  iii.  '51-2.  01)leie,  1844,  doubtful  name  of  a  marric  d  lur- 
eigner.  Oca  (Ignacio  Monies  de),  sentenced  to  presidio  1':'05.  ii.  HW. 
Ocanipo  (Francisco),  1834,  Mex.  of  tlie  H.  &  P.  colonv.  iii.  20;>;  at  S.  .Iiiau 
Cap.  '41.  iv.  020;  at  Lo.s  Ang.  '40-8;  still  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '78.  Oclnltrce, 
1847,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  Independence  Odon,  neo[iliyte  at  S.  Luis  Ob.,  gr.iiitoe 
of  land  '42.  iv.  331.  0.,  grantee  of  Escorpion  '45.  Ogden,  IS28,  leader 
of  a  party  of  H.B.Co.  trappers  who  came  to  Cal.  '28-30.  iii.  101-2.  17-J:  iv. 
203.  O.  (Beuj.),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  4<)9):  <1.  ]5rooklyn,  N.  Y.  '00. 
Ogier  (J.  S.  K.),  1848,  nat.  of  S.C. ;  member  of  the  1st  Cal.  legislature  '4!)-50, 
Ogle  (Chas  A.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Olavide  (Martin),  1791,  alftSrez  with  Malaspina's  exped.  i.  490.  01b(?8 
(Ramon),  1812,  Span,  friar  who  serveil  for  brief  terms  at  four  missions,  lelir- 
ing  in  '21.  Biog.  ii.  625;  nient.  ii.  225.  24.3-0,  .304,  309,  387,  389-90,  394, 
C55.       Olgin  (Jos6),  settler  at  the  Colorado  riv.  pueblos,  killed  by  lud.  i.  359, 


708 


nOXEKR  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


9r<'2.  Olimpio,  Iiul.  innjortloiiio  in  Sutter's  employ '47.  Oliva  (Hnimumlo), 
■olilicr  of  Sta  11.  comp.  ",i'2',  iiijuliero  '45.  ().  ( Viioiito  rnwMial),  l.S|;{,  Spun. 
Iriiir  who  hitxuiI  at  niiiny  niisxionH,  but  chiefly  at  S.  Dit'go,  «lyiiiy  lit  S.  .luan 
Cap.  in  '4S.  Kmh.  v.  O'JH;  mint.  ii.  .■{44,  .'{.".7,  :{7.'>,  .■{S:{-4,  :H»4,  TmI-'J,  (».Vt;  iii. 
l)(i,  (ii'J,  «•-'•-',  041;  iv.  4-J-J;  v.  «U).  Oliviir  (ToiniU),  w.lilifi- of  Ntii  15.  conip. 
'Jt'J.  Ulivarts  (.Antonio  M.),  at  Loh  Ang.  '4('».  O.  (liouit'aciu),  at  Mont.  "M't, 
oyi!  '2'\,  uito  Maria  <l«'l  Ilufiigio;  l>anislii'il  in  '43  to  Los  Aug.,  wlicro  lio  took 
part  in  a  revolt  of  '40.  iv.  4'J-,  <>.'»4;  v.  .'108.  ().  (Francisco),  nettlcr  ut  Los 
Ang.  'li").  ii.  liM.  O.  (Francisco),  1840,  Co.  B,  (.'al.  15)it.  (v.:J.kS).  <.).  (Mi- 
ciicl  and  Tornd-s),  at  Loh  Ang.  '40.  Olivas,  named  as  having  heen  killed  at  S, 
Bum.  '38.  iii.  5.')1.  O.  (Co.srne),  settler  at  Los  Aug.  '10.  ii.  '.i')0.  U.  (iJo- 
iningo),  messenger  of  Gen.  Flon  s  '47.  v.  387.  O.  (Francisco  and  Jocc;),  ut  S, 
liern.  '40.  0.  (Ksculano).  coniisario  do  jiolicia  at  S.  l)iego'.'Ui.  iii.  010.  (). 
(Ignacio),  soldier  of  tl.o  S.  V.  coinp.  ''J8-37;  his  eiiild  nmnlered  ''JS.  iii.  I'Jl. 
O.  (Jnan),  settler  at  Los  Ang,  1,S(K).  ii.  IWJ.  O.  (Juan),  ot  Sta  ]'>.  l.eforo  "M, 
•w  ifi'  Clara  I'ico,  4  ciiildren.  O.  (Luis),  soldier  at  Sta  H.  '.•»•-'.  (>.  (Matia.'-), 
juc>:  dc  c:tni[iu  and  com.  policiii  at  S.  IMego  '35-0.  iii.  015-10.  O.  (Nicolas), 
ut  Los  Ang.  '3i).  O.  (Kainiundo),  at  S.  Fern.,  age  28,  '39;  grantee  of  S. 
Aliguel  '41, 

Oliver,  18Ii5,  trapper  at  Suisun,  perhaps  of  Young's  ]>arty.  iii.  ,304.  O. 
(.lacoli),  1843,  at  S.F.,  luent.  in  J'<t< rson  s  /tutri).  O.  (.lohn),  1834,  I'-ngl., 
named  in  Mont,  list  of  '34-5.  U.  (Wni),  1S4'J  (?),  doiditful  name  of  u  lum- 
liernuvn.  iv.  341.  Oliveia  (.\ntonio),  at  Sta  15.  '32-45.  iii.  583,  051;  alfcrez 
in  '3'.);  grantee  of  Casinalia,  Sta  15.,  '40.  'i.  055;  wife  ('once|.cion  llonu'ro, 
C  children  before  '37.  O.  (Desiderio),  at  Los  Ang.  '19-48.  ii.  .355;  age  53 
in  '39.  0.  (Diego),  1).  at  Sta  15.  aiiout  1789,  and  a  soldier  dovin  to  aliout 
'•J'J;  incnt.  in  explor.  ii.  57,  320;  alcahlc  at  Sta  15.  '37-8.  iii.  0.")4,  .')(l!l-70; 
tithe  collector  '39.  iii.  054;  juez  in  '40.  iii.  00(i;  grantee  of  Cuudalu|)e 
rancdio '40.  iii.  077.  He  is  said  to  have  clung  to  his  old  Span,  ways,  dri'ss, 
nnd  ideas  to  the  last,  becomiug  rich  in  lands  and  poor  again,  and  dying  in 
'07.  Taylor's  Jjinvot'.  ami  JoiiikI.  contains  some  of  his  reniiniscences.  (). 
(l;;nacio),  corp.  and  sergt  of  the  S^a  15.  conip.  from  1781;  d.  1794;  i.  4(i.'l, 
4(i5-0,  532,  .")02;  wife  Maria  Ant.  Fcli.\,  who  died  I80S;  cliild.  Lucas,  Anna 
M.,  Diego,  and  Maria  Estiil'ana,  wile  of  Josii  V.  Ortega.  O.  (Josefa),  nuir- 
dcicd  with  the  Itcod  family  at  S.  Miguel,  v.  020.  O.  (Juan  de  Dios),  at  Los 
Aug.  '40.  ().  (Juan  Maria),  corp.  of  Sta  15.  comp.  "32;  wife  Surafina  Leiva; 
at  Los  Ang.  '40.  O.  (Lucai^l,  at  Sta  15.  '37;  wife  Manuela  Cota;  3  children; 
grantee  of  .Tesus  Maria  rancho.  iii.  (i,j5;  still  a  Sta  15.  ranchero  in  '45.  O. 
(.Manuel  l>. ),  IS29,  Portuguese  at  Los  Ang.  '3(»,  age  lUi.  iii.  179;  grantee  of 
laii<l  at  S.  (jiahricl  '43.  iv.  037;  majordomo  in  '4.').  iv.  0.37;  in  charge  of  the 
Mission  47.  V.  028-9.  O.  (Martin),  at  Sauzal  rancho,  Mont., ';i<),  age  ,"iO; 
wile  Josefa  Noriega;  child.  Juan  Marin  b.  '17,  I'edro  '19,  Nolasco  '24, 
Liizaro  '2(i,  Agustiua  '21,  Melchora  28,  Catarina  '30.  iii.  079;  grantee  of 
Moro  Cayucos  '42.  0.  (Martin),  at  Los  Ang.  '39,  age  25.  O.  (Kosalio),  ut 
Sonoma  '44,  age  45.  O.  (ionias),  at  Sta  B,  before  ';>7;  wife  Muiiii  Ant. 
Cota,  2  children;  grantee  of  Tepusqiict '.37.  iii.  050;  still  at  Sta  B.  '4.5-7. 
Olivier  (Pierre),  1834,  Frenchman  of  the  H.  &  P.  colony,  iii.  412.  In  '42  he 
hi'])t  a  drinking  and  billiard  saloon  at  Mont.;  settled  near  S.Juan;  married 
n  (laughter  of  Canute  }5oronda;  an<l  his  sous  lived  near  S.  Luis  Ob.  in  '78. 
Olivor  (Jo.se),  1847,  in  S.F.  letter  list.  01k  (Wm),  1840,  Anier.  trader,  ago 
24,  with  pass[).  from  U.S.  Ohnstead  (Hiram),  1847,  Co.  C,  Mormon  ]5at. 
(v.  409);  at  Ogden,  Utah,  '82.  Olole  (Chas),  1840,  doubtful  name  in  a  Los 
Ang.  list.       Olpstay  (Chas),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499). 

Olvera  (Agustin),  18.34,  Mex.  who  came  as  a  boy  with  his  nnclc,  Ignncio 
Coronel,  in  the  IL  &  P.  colony,  iii.  203.  In  '30  living  with  C.  at  Corralitos; 
Went  south  in  '.39,  and  in  '41  was  commissioner  to  distribute  lands  at  S. 
Juan  Cap.,  where  he  was  juez  in  '42-3.  iv.  625-7.  In  '45  he  was  sec.  and 
supl.  member  of  the  junta,  being  also  the  grantee  of  Mision  Vieja  and  Cuya- 
maca  ranehos.  iv.  495,  522,  .540,  021.  In  '40  lie  was  sec.  and  member  of  the 
abscud)ly  both  under  Gov.  Pico  and  Flores,  l)eiug  grantee  of  la  CitSiicga.  v. 


OLVERA-ORE55A. 


759 


.?S,  204,  3'2I,  G'27;  nml  in  '47  oiio  of  tlic  conuDiiitiionfrB  who  Hif^ncd  tlio  treaty 
of  ('iiliu<'iit.'n.  V.  404-rt.  After  tlio  U.S.  oeuupatiun  lio  l)ecaiin'  a  linvytT,  lie- 
'"K  J"''K"  "'  1'*''  itistuiico  '4'J,  county  juclyo  '.>0-3,  BUjicTvisor  'o(J-7,  iiruHiiKn- 
tial  elector,  and  receiver  in  tiiu  laud-ottii-e,  being  also  elainmnt  for  Los 
AiunioH.  l>on  A^'UHtin  wsih  a  ninn  of  ^ood  uiiiliticM  and  rcjmtation,  wiio  died 
nt  Lim  Ang.  Hliortiy  after '74.  IIIh  wife  wa»  (.'once|ieiun  ArgQello;  one  (>f  liia 
d:iui;literH  married  ('liurleii  Forbes  and  another  Juan  Toro.  Ilia  Hon  L'arloH, 
liviu'.'  at  Cliindar  in  '7H,  permitted  me  to  uupy  from  ids  father's  papers  a  vidua- 
l)lf  I'oUection  of  lilveia,  J)oc.  J/ixt.  ('al.  U.  (Uie>;o,  Guadaluiie,  and  JohO),  on 
S.  I^uis  Ob.  ii8N<!j(»ment  rolls  '.")(),  ().  (Dic^o),  sirviento  at  IS. F.  1777.  i.  -1(7. 
().  (.lidiun),  \H'2\),  Mex.  c-onviut  released  in  '.'tU.  O.  (iSuntiago),  soldier  at 
N.F.  '.•{7-4'-'.       O.  (Seeundino),  soldier  at  Stu  B.  Ijcforo  ':{7. 

Oman  ((Jeo.  \V.),  Lvl7,  lieutCo.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477;  in  com.  of  garri- 
son at  iS.  Luis  Key.  v.  4tiD.  Ombis  (Julian),  1845,  doubtful  name  of  u 
Fr.nehman  in  the  Brancifortu  padron;  wife  ( '(uieejicion  Fspinosa.  Onato 
(.luan),  1004,  ettntruerorof  N.  Mex.,  who  descending  the  Cidorado  to  its  mouth 
niUHt  have  looUetl  upon  Cal.  territory,  i.  OS,  108.  Onge  (.losepli  .S.),  1S4(!, 
(-':d.  Bat.  (v  ."{.kS).  Ontiveros  (Jose),  settler  at  Los  Aug.  17iK).  i.  401.  O. 
(luan  i'. ),  at  Los  Ang.  '37-40,  grantee  of  S.  Juan  y  Cajon  do  Stu  Ana.  iii. 
07'H.  O.  ( I'atrieio),  eneargado  ilu  justieiu  at  Los  Nietos  '"io.  Ophani  (,lean), 
JS:.'.".,  nn-of  the  'y'W/oH '--'.".-O.  iii.  14<.>. 

Orilmas  (Cristobal),  I78(i,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  Sta  B. ,  I'nrisinia,  and 
S.  (iabriel,  retiring  in  170.'i  Biog.  i.  004;  mcnt.  31K»,  4'JU,  4'2r).  4M,  .570,  07o. 
t)rbell  (James),  I8.S7,  Kn;;!.  sailor,  ago  24,  who  landed  at  S.  iJiego  and  en- 
gaged in  trade,  iv.  1 18.  There  was  an  order  for  his  arrest  in  '40,  not  appar- 
ently executed,  iv.  15;  left  in  charge  of  ('apt.  Fitcii's  business  during  the 
hitter's  abnence,  and  his  accounts  seemed  to  show  a  dtficit  of  $0,000  in  '42.  In 
'44-."»  he  was  mr  of  the  (lui/iiizcduiia.  iv.  500;  Ijeing  naturalized,  and  in  Nov. 
'47  ill  at  Sauzalito.  Ord  (Kdwanl  O.  (,'.),  1847,  nat.  of  Md,  and  graduate  of 
West  I'oint  in  TkS.  lie  came  to  CJal.  aa  1st  lieut  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artiil.  v.  518, 
5"Ji(,  0;iO.  After  the  war  ho  took  part  in  several  Ind.  campaigns  on  the  I'acitic 
CDUat,  going  Kast  by  sea  in  '50.  In  tiiu  war  of  "01-5  he  was  brig. -gen.  of  vol- 
Tiiiteeisand  later  in  the  n-gular  army,  with  brevet  of  maj. -gen.  For  several 
years  from  '08  he  eomnianiled  the  department  of  the  I'acilie,  and  later  tliat 
of  the  Texan  frontier,  dying  at  llabami  in  '811.  O.  (James  L.),  1847,  brotiier 
of  ]•'..  O.  C.,  who  came  as  surgeon  with  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artiil.,  under  contract 
i',!id  not  belonging  to  the  army  v.  518.  Ho  remained  in  Cal.  as  ]ihysiciunand 
farmer,  settling  ut  Sta  B.  and  luarrying  the  widow  of  Manuel  Jintcno  C.^sarin, 
ori;.;inally  Angustias  de  la  Cuerra.  lie  w.is  also  clainuint  for  land  in  Tuolumne, 
iv.  074;  and  later  spent  some  years  in  Mex.,  holding  about  '82  the  position  of 
consul-general.  h\  '74  ho  resided  at  Sta  B.,  and  in  '78  was  ajipointed  attend- 
ing suigoon  to  the  U.S.  troops  at  Ft  Foint,  .S.F.,  still  residing  in  this  city  '84. 
He  had  one  daughter,  Bebccca,  wiso  in  '85  lives  with  her  mother  at  Salinas. 
Mr.)  O.  in  her  Ocurrenrius  dc  C'cti/ornin^  a.  MS.  dictated  by  her  in  '78,  has  fur- 
nisheil  one  of  the  most  accurate  and  fascinating  narratives  in  my  collection. 
'I'lie  Ords  had  two  brothers,  Pacilicus  and  K.  11.,  who  came  to  Cal.  after  '48 
and  M-ere  somewhat  ])rouunenk;  al.^o  a  sister. 

Ordaz  (Bl.is),  1820,  Si)an.  friar,  b.  in  Castilla  la  Xueva  1702,  who  came  to 
Mex.  in  181!)  and  to  Cal.  the  next  year,  ii.  375,  3!)4,  328,  serving  at  S.F.  '20-1, 
and  accompanying  Argiiello  on  his  famous  exped.  ti>  the  north,  of  which  he 
wrote  a  J)iario.  ii.  47-  -0,  59.5,  0.').').  In  '21  -2  he  v.'as  stationed  at  S.  ^Miguel,  ii. 
020;  in  '23.33  at  Staines  aiul  I'urisima.  ii.  4!»0,  .")29,  .-.81-2;  iii.  90,  001;  in 
'33-S  at  S.  Buenaventura,  being  sometimes  in  trouble  and  once  asking  for  re- 
IcLso  from  his  vows  as  a  friar,  iii.  257-8,  058;  in  '38-47  at  S.  Fernando,  iii. 
C4(i;  iv.  422,  0.38;  v.  405;  and  in  '47-50  at  S.  Oabriel,  ofli.;iating  for  a  short 
time  also  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  vi.  G23,  028-9.  After  '48  he  was  the  oidy  survivor 
of  the  FernandinoR,  v.  5G."i,  and  died  at  S.  Gabriel  in  '50.  Padro  Bias  was 
a  lively  and  good-natured  man,  but  his  fondness  for  women  involved  him 
occasionally  in  scandal  and  reprimand  from  his  8ui)eriors.  Orduno  (Ramon), 
at  Lo3  Ang.  '39-48.      Orena  (Gaspar),  Span,  trader  in  Cal.  '43  or  earlier,  iv. 


760 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


864-5;  sup.  of  tlin  Oulimzcontia  '40;  a  wciiltliy  rcgiileiit  of  Sta  B.  '50-85. 
Uia  wiftt  is  tlio  wiiluw  of  CcHdrio  Latuillmlu  uiul  diiiiKlitiT  uf  Juu6  du  In  (>ucri'a 
V  Noi'iej^H.  Oril>i>8 (Toni&H),  Hottlurut Loa  Aiik-  ITUS.  ii.  371).  Oiozco,  inciit. 
in  '.'J7.  iii.  M.  O.  (Jo8«5  Maria),  Bupl.  juc/utS.  l)ii!Ko'4.S.  iv.  620;  uIho loLip- 
tor  ill  tiiocuBtuiii-liouHc;  grantee  of  Qucjito  riuiclio '4*>,  iv.  U'JI;  taking  part  in 
tilt'  war  at  S,  Diogo  '4(i.  v.  320.       Orrnnti's  (BurnniM')  at  Los.  Anjr.  '4(1.       Oi  ri/, 

ilicriiurdo),  Mtx.  Koliiier  uf  the  Uidulgo  piipivte  '.'<(!.       Orta  (.IohO  (jiuhricl), 
ilex,  conviut  reluased  in  "M, 

Ortc^'a  (Antonio),  I8.'i4,  one  of  the  H.  and  P.  colon)'  who  wnn  nmj.  at  Solano 
'3r)-U,  and  grantee  of  8.  Antonio  rancho  in  '40.  iii.  ',i'>4.  711,  710-20.  He 
died  lit  M.F.  al)out  '68.  O.  (Antonio),  convict  Bcttltr  of  1798.  i.  GOO.  O. 
(Antonio),  soldier  of  Sta  ]J.  comp.  before  '37.  O.  (Antonio  Maria),  son  of 
JoHfJiMaria,  member  of  the  dip. '27-8.  iii.  .36-7,  41,  63;  grantee  of  llofugio  '34. 
iii.  O.').');  iii.  566-7;  capt.  at  Sta  B,  '.39.  iv.  641;  proponed  for  sub-prefect  at 
Stii  B.  '41.  iv.  (Ul,  602;  juez  in  '46.  v.  631.  He  woh  Btill  at  Btfunio,  for 
wliich  lie  was  one  of  the  claimants,  in  'o'2.  O.  (Basiliu),  uettled  at  BraiK.'i- 
forte  1803.  ii.  106.  O.  (Eni.lio  Miguel),  grantee  of  I'unta  de  lu  Lagunn,  8. 
Luis  Ob.,  '44;  also  el.  in  '52.  0.  (Estijvon),  at  Sta  B.  '37,  wife  Deogrucian 
Ruiz,  one  child;  collector  of  taxes  Sta  B,  '46  and  juez  de  policia  '48.  v.  6;il; 
still  at  Sta  B.  '50.  O.  (Eugcnio),  admin,  at  I'lirfHima  40.  iii.  666.  O. 
(Eusebio),  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '3.1.  O.  (Faustino),  at  S.  Juan  '4.3.  O.  (Felipe? 
Muri'n),  scrgt  of  .Sta  B.  comp.  1795,  and  author  of  u  Diariool  explor.  for  mis- 
sion sites,  i.  553;  ii.  28.  'I'hero  is  some  confusion  between  him  and  iuY,<i 
Maria. 

Ortega  (Franciso),  musician  of  the  S.  F.  comp.  '39-42.       0.  (Franciscfi), 

1'uez  dc  paz  at  S.  Bucn.  '48.  v.  6.34.  O.  (Francisco  Maria),  son  of  Capt.  JosiJ 
i'. ;  Boldado  distinguido  1794;  elector  ut  Sta  B.  '22,  and  nicnib.  of  the  dip. 
'22-4.  ii.  454,  462,  486,  510-11,  572.  O.  (Guadalupe),  wife  of  Josuiii 
Chapman,  ii.  470.  0.  (Ignacio),  son  of  Capt.  Josii  F.,  •who  prob.  came 
with  his  father  in  '69-73;  soldado  distinguido  of  the  S.  Dicgo  coinp. 
1702;  wife  Gertrudis  Arce.  In  1812  ho  dincovered  a  silver  mine  near 
Salinas,  ii,  144,  176:  and  from  about  MO  to  '30  was  owner  of  the  S.  luiilio 
rancho  in  the  S.  Jos(5  region,  ii.  .378,  383,  .594,  60.3-4,  654;  though  possibly 
this  was  not  the  same  man.  There  was  also  an  Ign.  O.  at  Sta  B.  '50.  (). 
(Isabel),  prob.  daughter  of  Ignacio,  grantee  of  La  Polka  rancho,  Sta  Chira, 
'.33.  iii.  712.  O.  (.Josti),  at  Sta  B.  i)eforo  '37  witli  wife  Dolores  Quiutero  and 
5  children;  in  '40  grantee  of  the  Bisiiio  rancho.  S.  Luis  Ob.  iii.  678;  juez  at 
S.  Luis  '44,  '46.  iv.  6.")8-9;  v.  638-9;  visiting  N.  Helv,  in  '46.  Maria  Ant. 
0.,  cl.  of  Atascadero  '52,  was  perhaps  his  daughter.  O.  (Jos6  Ant.),  had  a 
house  at  S.F. '.38-41.  v.  684;  perhaps  Antonio,  as  aSove.  O.  (Josd  Dolores), 
son  of  Josd  Maria;  in  '11-20  maj.  at  Sta  B.  ii.  .^64;  his  daughter  Solcrla<l  (or 
probably  his  sister)  marrying  LuisArgQello  in '19.  iii.  II;  at  Sta B.  about '32, 
wife  Dolores  Leiva  and  4  children;  grantee  of  Canada  del  Corral  in  '41,  iv.  642, 
and  still  there  in  '45. 

Ortega  (Josd  Francisco),  1769,  Mex.  sergt,  nat.  of  Guanajuato,  who  came 
with  I'ortoldand  Sena,  was  lientfrom  '73,  com.  of  S.  Diego,  founder  and  coin, 
of  Sta  B.,  com.  of  Mont.,  retired  as  l)revet  capt.  in  '95,  died  near  Sta  B.  '98. 
Ho  was  an  officer  whoso  record  was  an  excellent  one,  the  author  of  several 
im])ortant  records  of  the  earlier  Cal.  events,  and  founder  of  one  of  the  lead- 
ing Cal.  families,  many  of  the  members  of  which  are  named  in  this  register. 
Biog.  i.  670-3;  ment.  i.  122    133-6,  140-1,  148,   l.J3,  "55,  159-60,  107,  '78, 

~ 252-.3,  265,  .303-4,  312,  315-16,  3.35,  .372-3,  377, 

U-2.  66.3,  671,  678,  600;  ii.  113.  O.  (Jos6  Joa- 
nber  of  the  dip.  '30-4.  iii.  50,  246,  249-50,  275; 
.3.  iii.  187.  189,  200,  216-18,  246,  374,  394; 
J5-40.  iii.  353,  499-501,  578,  690,  0-20,  625;  iu 
ho  ranchos,  elector,  juez,  and  grantee  of  Paino. 
t  S.  Luis  Rey,  grantee  of  Sta  Isabel,  and  su- 
,621,  623-4;"  in  '40  juez  do  paz.  v.  618-19;  cl. 
{ in  '6.3.  There  is  some  confusion  between  Josd, 
e  than  one  man  may  be  referred  to. 


216,  225,  2.30-1,  236,  249-5( 


441,  451,  462-3,  468,  484, 
nuin),  son  of  Jos^  Maria,  r  ■ 
(iiputado  and  otter-hunter 
maj.  and  admin,  of  S.  Dieg 
'42-3  encargado  de  justicia  o. 
iv.  361,  620-1;  in  '4»-5  maj, 
plente  in  the  assembly,  iv.  5 
tor  Pamo  in  '52,  and  still  livi 
Joaquin,  and  Jos^  J.,  and  m' 


ORTEGA— OSIO. 


761 


Ortega  (.Ioii(i  Mnrfn),  non  of  Capt.  Josd  F.,  b.  1759,  who  came  tn  S.  I)icgo 
a  Holdif  r  in  '(ii>-7!i;  mxnx  made  curp.  of  thu  Nta  B.  cuinp.,  und  cmii.  of  tlui  ch- 
uoltaat  I'urisiiiia.  i.  4'.>'>;  iiiarryiiig  Muriu  Fiuii.  Lopuz  in  '70.  Froni  't)l  (ap- 
]>uiiited  in  '88)  liu  wm  Horf^t  of  tho  .Sta  U.  conip.  i.  014,  GOii.  Alxmt  171)7  lio 
M'oa  {Mirtiully  relieved  from  military  acrvicu  ia  order  to  aid  liiM  father  in  lilt- 
ing u  loud  of  deljt;  perhaps  retired  ultogetlicr.  Ho  obtained  tlio  itifiigio  run- 
clio,  wliere,  as  runeiiero  nnd  trader,  hu  is  often  mentioned  down  to  nliniit  ''ZO. 
i.  039,  041,  (j«;j,  071;  ii.  i!8,  ilJ,  V24,  185,  230,  '249,  U74,  354,  fl0:»-4.  lli»  eliil- 
drtn,  aa  named  in  tUo  Si  a  U.  Co.  Hint,,  were  Martin,  Joki5  Vicintf,  Antonio 
Maria,  Joa6  D<di>re8,  JoHt)  do  JeBUS,  Joucpiin,  I'ilar  wife  of  Snnt.  At  'i>'ll<>, 
Soledad  HJfo  of  Luis  ArgQello,  Maria  de  Jeans  wife  of  .Joci6  Itiiiiiirez.  ('(in- 
cepeion  wife  of  Jost^  Ant.  de  la  Guerra,  and  C'atarina  wife  of  JoHt^  (.'arrillo. 
0.  (Jos«3  Maria),  soldier  of  tiiu  S.F.  comp.  'lU-'2-;  a  man  of  samo  iianio  Biincr- 
viaor  at  >Sta  It.  '54.  0.  (Josu  It.),  at  >S.  Uern.  '40.  O.  (Josefu),  wife  of  Josi) 
M.  Amador 'l28.  ii.  585.  O.  (Jos6  Vicente),  son  of  Capt.  Joab  F. ;  wifo  Ks- 
tcfana  Uiivaru;  eliild.  Luis  (2),  Manuel,  i'eiiro  l>.  '15,  living  '80,  Kufaela  wife 
of  Daniel  Mill. 

Ortega  (Juan),  son  of  Capt.  ,Tos6  F.,  who  came  in  '09-75;  mcnt.  in  '75  at 
8.  Diego,  i,  '2.'>5;  sergt  of  the  Sta  B.  conip.  '11-18,  and  eomisionado  at  Los 
Ang.  '18.  ii.  3'JO,  .'{50,  3G1;  wifo  Kufaela  ArrcUanea;  child.  Kmigdio  (muiricd 
Concopcion  Doniingiiez),  Alaria  wifo  of  Ouadalupb  Hernandez,  Buenaven- 
tura wifo  of  Joaq.  Cota,  Maria  Ant.  wifo  of  I'edro  Dcjcmc,  and  .Murfa  do 
Jesus  wife  of  Fern.  Tic(i.  O.  (Juan  Maria),  at  ,S.  Juan  Cap.  '40,  nge  10.  O. 
(Magdalena),  Cal.  claim  $i'0  '40-7.  v.  t^j^.  O.  (Manuel),  at  Stii  B.  about 
'3*2;  wifo  Andrea  Cota;  1  child;  maj.  at  8.  Simeon  '39.  iii.  085.  O.  (.Muria 
Ant.),  cl.  for  Atascadero.  iv.  055.  O.  (Maria  Clara),  daughter  of  Ignucio, 
and  wife  of  John  G.lroy.  ii,  444.  O.  (Maria  Simona),  widow  at  S.  F.  1790. 
i.  003.  O.  (Mariano),  ment.  in  ncu'8[ia]icrs  as  108  years  old  in  '73,  at  Agua 
Mansa,  S.  Born.  O.  (Martin),  alcalde  at  .Sta  B.  '-29.  ii.  572.  O.  (Miguel), 
owner  of  the  Vlrgenes  rancho,  8taB.,  1790-1802.  iii.  111-12,  172;  at  S.F. 
1807.  ii.  192.  O.  (Pedro),  at  Sta  B.  about '32;  wife  Lugarda  OrteKa;  1  child; 
arrested  at  Refugio  '41.  iv.  072;  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  '58.  O.  (Quintin),  won  of 
Ignacio,  b.  at  S.  Diego  1792;  ment.  in  '18.  ii.  2.14;  grantee  of  S.  laiilio  .';3. 
iii.  070,  713;  in '.30  juez  do  camiio.  iii.  675;  wifo  Vicenta  Butron;  child.  I'ilar 
b.  '20,  Magdalena  '24,  Miguel  '26,  Quintin  '.32;  at  S.  Juan  '37.  iii.  512;  jucz 
do  i>az  '40.  V.  040.  Ortiz  (Hilario),  at  Corralitos,  age  24,  in  '30.  O.  (Na- 
sario),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.      Orville  (James),  on  Larkin's  liooks  'liS. 

Osborn  (Charles),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  O.  (Jeptlia),  184(5, 
in  Sto Clara  Val.  with  0  children;  at  S.  Jos6  '48.  O.  (W.  B.),  1844,  sailor  on 
tho  Ueiij.  Morijau.  iv.  453.  O.  (Wm  B.),  1847,  Co.  0,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499j; 
ndncr  in  Placer  C,i.  '49;  physician  at  Los  Ancelcs  '49  to  '07,  the  date  of  his 
death.  He  was  a  famous  gardener,  and  held  tho  oifiRes  of  postniaater  and 
justice  of  the  peace.  Osbourno  (James  A.),  1840,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons 
(v.  .330).  Osburn,  1848,  of  McLean  &  O.  furniture  dealers  at  S.F.  v.  078. 
Oseguera,  in  trouble  1799.  i.  639.  Osgood  (Henry  M.),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499);  at  S.  Luis  Obispo  '71-82,  the  date  of  his  death. 

Osio  (Antonio  Marfa),  nat.  of  L.  CaL  and  said  to  bo  of  the  family  that  v  an 
somewhat  famous  in  very  early  times  in  connection  with  tho  gulf  pearl  fish- 
eries. But  for  the  record  of  oHices  held  by  him  there  is  a  remarkable  lack  of 
information  about  tho  m&n.  Ho  tirst  appears  as  a  candidate  for  treasurer  in 
'27,  and  as  in  charge  of  thti  Mont,  customs  '28-30  us  sub-comisario,  and  menib. 
of  tho  dip.  in  '.30-1.  ii.  607;  iii.  49-50,  63,  07,  73,  86,  130.  In  '31  he  was  con- 
tador  in  charge  of  tho  revenue  at  S.F.,  taking  some  slight  part  in  the  trouliles 
with  Victoria,  iii.  187,  189,  .370,  700.  In  '32-.3,  besides  being  still  vocal  (,f 
the  dip.,  he  was  receptor  of  customs  at  Los  Ang.  and  S.  Penro.  iii.  210-17, 
245-0,  377,  63i),  041;  still  in  charge  of  the  revenues  for  some  years  later,  iv.  82. 
In  '.35-7  be  was  a  member  o:  the  Los  Ang.  .ayunt.,  sometime  sindico.  Mcnt.  in 
connection  with  the  Apalategui  revolt  and  the  vigilance  committee,  and  taking 
an  active  part  with  the  surefios  against  A Ivarado.  iii.  283, 285. 41 7-18,  481 ,  485, 
487, 489, 496-8, 501-2, 506, 508-9, 516,636.    Notwithstanding  bis  opposition  to 


702 


riONKER  RKGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


Alviirado,  the  latter  put  him  ngain  in  cliar^t  of  the  levemiea  at  Mont.  '38— 4'2; 

and  he  vas  iilno  in  '',]',)  vocal  rnd  lec.  of  the  dip.,  iiartido  elector,  subslitule 
inenil)i:r  of  coiigre.sB,  anil  grantee  of  Los  Angeles  1h1.  in  S.F.  hay.  iii.  r)S4-">, 
f)!)0,  GTii,  Til ;  U'.  in,  iKi-7,  D'J,  210,  'Jl'.',  33'J,  341.  In  '40-')  he  was  justice  of 
the  siiiH.rior  court,  iii.  (i05;  a  partisan  of  Alvarado  against  Vallcjo '4'2.  iv.  tlSi'; 
grantee  of  I'unta  de  los  lleyt'S  '4.'t.  iv.  07-;  and  of  S.  Jos(j  mission  lands  '4<). 
V.  (JO.'i;  again  s>d)stitute  congreSvsmau  '43.  iv.  3(J1;  in  '44  capt.  of  dcfenHoiex, 
an  oppouint  of  Miciieltorena,  juez  at  S.  Rafael,  and  of  (juintcn.a  for  go\ .  iv. 
407,  409,  4'_'3,  400,  40'-'-3,  Ti.'JO,  Oo'J,  070-7.  In  '4i)-7  he  made  a  trip  to  lloiio- 
hilu  with  wife  and  5  children,  taking  no  i)art  in  the  tronhles  of  those  years. 
Soon  after  the  change  of  flag  he  went  to  L.  Cal.,  and  in  'oS  seems  to  have 
heen  elected  gefe  politico,  thougii  forced  by  ill  health  to  resign.  In  '(iS  lie 
li\ed  at  (S.  Jose  del  Cabo,  and  1  have  not  found  the  date  of  his  death,  or  any 
dolinite  information  about  his  fandl}'.  Don  Antonio  Maria  was  a  man  of  lair 
ability  and  education,  and  of  oxctllcnt  reputation  for  honesty.  As  a  politi- 
cian ho  was  somewhat  too  cautious  and  timid,  disposed  to  seek  safe  ground 
on  both  sides  of  a  controversy,  and  in  an  emergency  to  have  an  urgent  call  to 
Borne  far-away  spot.  In  his  later  years  he  wrote  a  JJin'oria  de  C'cli/oriihi.  a 
copy  of  which  I  obtained  through  the  kindness  of  John  T.  Doyle,  the  original 
M.S.  being  after '80  in  possession  of  the  writer's  daughter  in  ii.V.  It  is  a 
\.()rk  of  (""'siderablc  merit,  valuable  as  a  supplement  to  those  of  \'ulK jo, 
Alvarado,  .  id  Bandini,  as  presenting  certain  events  from  a  dili'erent  jtoint  of 
view;  but  like  all  writings  of  this  class,  it  is  of  very  uneven  (|uality  as  a  record 
of  facts.  None  of  them,  nor  all  combined,  would  be  a  safe  guide  in  the  absence 
of  the  original  records;  but  with  thete  records  they  all  iuivc  a  decided  value. 
O.  (.Antonio),  celador  of  the  Mont,  (•iistomdiousn  '412-3.  iv.  339;  suspended 
for  gaiubling.  0.  (Jose  de  Jesus),  1847,  in  tr:ule  at  S.  Diego.  ().  (Salva- 
dor), grantee  of  Todos  Santos,  Cosumnes,  and  Aguas  Frias  ranehos  '41-4.  iv. 
403,  070. 

Osman  (Tiiomas),  IS'28,  Engl,  blacksmith,  age  21,  who  deserted  from  a  Fr. 
whaler  at  Todos  Santos,  L.  Cal.,  and  came  u[)  to  .S.Diego;  ordered  to  depart 
'■29.  Osmer  (Chas  H.),  18-JO,  clerk  with  Dceeliey  '20-7.  iii.  121.  Osorno 
(I'udro),  1798,  convict  settler,  i.  000.  Ossa  (Vicente),  .sec.  and  regidor  of 
the  Los  Aug.  ayunt.  '32-5.  iii.  283,  03");  in  '38  .sindico,  favoring  Alvaiado's 
govt,  age  30.  iii.  500,  030;  in  '42-3  grantee  of  I'rovidencia  ir.iicho.  iv.  0;)4-5; 
in  '40  at  Los  Aug.,  and  in  '50  justice  at  Encino.  Ostein,  1817,  deserter  from 
i;o<|iiefeuirs  vessel  at  S.F.  ii.  288.  Ostrauder  (James),  1847,  Co.  II.  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Kinderhook,  N.Y.,  '74.  Ostwald  (August),  1847,  Co.  U, 
ditto;  at  Sac.  '82.  Osuna  (Juan  Maria),  born  in  Cal.  before  1800;  a  soldier 
and  corporal  of  the  S. Diego  conip.,  and  later  a  settler.  In  '30  elector,  taking 
jiart  in  the  revolution  of  '."il.  iii.  .50,  201,  544;  in  '35  alcahle.  iii.  015;  in  '3(1- 
45  grantee  of  S.  Dieguito.  iii.  012,  557;  iv.  ()21;  in  '30  juez  de  ]iaz.  iii.  584, 
CIO;  in  '40-3,  maj.  and  admin,  of  S.Diego  mission,  iii.  020;  iv.  371.  019,021, 
021;  ill  '40  juez  do  paz.  v.  018.  He  died  about  '47  at  the  age  of  00,  his  widow, 
Juliana  Lopez,  being  el.  for  .S. Dieguito.  His  d.iughter  Felipa,  widow  of  J.  M. 
Mari'oii,  gave  iiie  her  Iicciirrdv^  in  '78,  as  i'lse\\  here  noted;  and  also  a  collee- 
tioii  of  her  father's  Prijirlis  Orhjinulcs,  O.  (Josii  Ililario),  at  Los  Aug.  '10. 
O.  (Leandro),  pi'rhaps  son  of  Juan  M. ;  took  part  in  the  tight  at  S.  i'ascual  '  Ki. 
V.  329,  :!."i2.  O.  (Miguel),  settler  at  S.  Jose,  1791;  property  destroyed  by 
Iiid.  '95;  alcalde  in  1801.  i.  083,  7l*i;  ii.  13-1.  ().  (namon),  com.  de  polieia 
at  S.Diego  '30;  collector  of  tithes  '39;  grantee  of  Valle  de  las  Viejas  '40.  iii. 
010-17;  v.  019.       O.  (Santiago),  killed  by  In.l.  at  I'auma  '4ti.  v.  ()17. 

Otondo  (Feliiie),  sirviento  at  S.  V.  1777.  i.  297.  Ousley  (Hcnr.y)  1840  (?), 
settler  ill  XapaVal.,  where  he  still  lived  in'OS-9;  perhaps  'Owsley.'  Owen, 
]84S,  of  O.  &  Wi-i-ht,  li.|uor  dealers  at  S.F.  O.  (Isaac),  1S48(?),  Methodist 
prcaciier;  d.  S.F.  '00.  Owens  (Alex.),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.V.Vol.  (v.  499).  O. 
(ivlwanl),  1845,  imniig.  frcun  Or.  in  the  McMahon-Clyman  )iarty  with  4 
otiicrs  of  the  name,  ]ieriiii))s  brothers,  iv.  572-3;  v.  520.  O.  (Henry),  I8f5, 
ditto;  went  back  to  Or.  '40.  O.  (James),  lS-b5,  ditto;  went  to  Or.  '40.  O. 
(John),  iS4J,  ditto;  went  to  Or.       0.  (James),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.  Y.Vol.  (v.  499); 


OWENS-PACHECO. 


763 


owner  of  S.F.  lot;  at  S.F.'Tl.  O.  (James),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  4G0). 
O.  (Uioliai'(l),  184."),  nat.  of  Oliio,  and  ineniljer  of  Fruinout's  paity.  iv.  oSIl;  v. 
(i,  'Jt,  SO.  Fniiii  him  Owc'us  liver  ami  lake  derive  their  iiaiiic.  He  served  aa 
capt.  of  Co.  A,  Cal.  Bat.,  Ijeinj^  in  com.  at  S.  (Jabriel  and  somewhat  prom- 
inently conneeted  with  Fremont's  eontroveraies.  v.  'M\,  411,  44J-G,  retiiining 
Ea.st  witli  F.,  and  being  present  n.s  a  witness  at  the  court-martial  in  Wash- 
ington. V.  4r>'A.  O.  (Uohert),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  400).  O.  (Tlios), 
1845,  from  Or.  in  McMahon  party;  proh.  returned  to  Or.  '40.  iv.  iil'J,  5"J0. 
Owncy,  1S47,  negro  witness  at  a  S.F.  trial.  Oxhurough  (C),  1848,  ])as.-)p, 
from  ilonolulu.  Oyagiie  (J.  ^1.),  1S"J7,  doubtful  name  of  nirof  tlic  Jttiuticnr. 
iii.  147. 


Pace  (.lames),  1847,  lieut  Co.  E,  Morni.  Bat.  v.  477;  made  an  exped.  against 
the  Ind.  v.  48'J;  eupt.  of  a  hun<lred  on  the  return  to  Utah.  v.  403.  P.  (\Vm 
B.  and  Wilson  C),  1847,  servants  to  ofiieers  of  Morm.  Bat. 

Pacheco  (Antonio),  militiaman  S.F.  ';{7;  in  '4 1  at  S.  .Josi'',  ago  ,3i:,  wife  Mari'a 
P.  Soto,  child.  JiisO  Pi'uilencio  b.  '"JO,  Jose  "i.'i,  Ventura ';{.).  I*.  (Uartolo), 
Mex.  soMier  of  S.F.  comp.  1700,  age  "2."),  wife  Sdto,  "J  children;  Ind.  exped. 
of  1801.  ii.  i:JO;  inval.  of  tiie  comp.  '10-40;  grantee  of  S.  Itaiuoii,  Contra 
Costa,  '33.  iii.  71.'i;  at  S.  Mateo  "Ao.  P.  (Dolores),  alealdo  and  juez  de  ])az 
at  S.  Jo.si^ '38-41,  acting  sub-prefect '41,  and  depositaiio  "43.  li.  7-0-"«l;  iv. 
tiS4,  OS.VO;  grantee  of  Sta  Kita  in  '30.  iii.  713;  in  '43,  age  4.j,  nat.  of  Cal., 
wife  Jnana  Pacheco  (.-MvisoV),  child  Salvador  b.  '30.  Again  alcalde,  jnez, 
and  mend)er  of  council  in  '40,  and  often  mentioneil  in  local  aiiuals.  iV.  OS."); 
V.  8-0,  itl,  lO.j,  1*20,  '240,  00"2,  004.  I  have  much  of  Paclieco's  oliicial  and  j)ri- 
\ate  cori'csi).  He  died  al)out  '58,  and  his  widow  in  '7")  at  the  ag(^  of  80.  P. 
(l''rancisco),  at  S.  Jos6  '41,  ago  33,  nat.  of  Cal.;  wife  i'aula  SepiUveda,  child 
Antonio  b.  '30. 

l'ach'?jo  (Francisco  Perez),  1819,  Alex,  carriage-maker  who  can.,  with  tlio 
artillery  dctachincnt  under  Itaniirez.  In  '"24,  lor  i)rav('ry  in  putting  down  tlio 
Lid.  revolt,  he  was  pronioteil  to  brevet  alfercz.  ii.  532,  530;  being  a  mend),  of 
the  dip.  in  '27.  iii.  30;  in  '20  com.  of  the  custom-house  guard  and  for  a  time 
of  the  post  at  Mont,  under  Solis.  iii.  4(J-7,  PD,  74,  130;  deiiositario  in  '31. 
iii.  072;  signer  of  tlie  Zaniorano  phm  as  brevet  lieu*'  '32.  iii.  223,  (572;  treas- 
urer and  g'untee  of  ii  rancho  '33.  iii.  073,  070;  com.  of  the  guard  '33-4,  iii. 
370,  .378;  regidor  in '35.  iii.  073;  grantee  of  Ausaymas  and  S.  Felipe  in  '30-40. 
iii.  711,  078;  l)eing  at  this  time  45  years  old,  wife  Feliciana  Cionzalez,  cldld. 
Jacinta  b.  '14  in  .Mex.,  Isidoro  '20  in  Cal.,  Juan  '23,  Encarnacion  '27,  and 
Isidora  '30.  In  ",'>'i  lie  was  arrested  at  S.  ,luan.  iii.  513;  his  nmcho  was  sacked 
by  Ind.  '38;  in  '44  he  was  I'upt.  of  defensores  and  com.  at  S.  Juan.  iv.  407, 
052,  054,  ()()2;  in  '40  tithe  i  ollector.  v.  037.  H<!  was  claimant  for  S.  I'^eliiie.  v. 
078;  and  also  for  S.  Justo  untl  S.  l.nis  (Jon/aga,  becoming  one  of  the  wealtiii- 
est  rancheros  of  ,Mont.  t'ounty,  lifsidcs  being  always  a  man  of  good  character 
and  mr.cli  intluenci  llis  d.iu.'iiter,  apparently  the  oidy  one  of  his  cLildreii 
surviving  him,  was  the  wile  of  Mariano  Malarin.  P.  (Guilleirno),  soldier<  f 
the  S.F.'comp.  '4  ^  age  40. 

Paciieco  (Ignncio),  Mex.  ;?oldicr  of  the  S.  1''.  comp.  1700,  age  30.  \\\h'. 
Cautna,  1  child;  befon-  1800  a  seliler  at  S.  JosO,  i.  710,  wl^ere  lie  was  alcalde 
in  1824.  ii.  005.  P.  (Ignacio),  son  of  the  preceding,  b.  at  S.  JosO  ISOS; 
toldicrof  tiie  S.F  comp.  from  '27,  and  sergt  '37.  iii-  323,  702;  grantee  in  '40 
of  S.  Jos6  riincho.  iii.  7!3;  and  juc/,  de  ]ia/.  at  S.  Itafai  I  '45-0.  iv.  007;  v.  (iliO. 
He  (lied  on  his  rancho  in  '04.  Purtiviit  in  Marin  Co.  Ilixl.  His  wife  was  .M;iria 
l.oreto  Duarti',  and  his  children  Salvador  b.  '43,  (iumesindo  '52,  Catalina  '57, 
Agustin  F.  '.'lO,  Juan  F.  '01,  and  Benjamin  '03.  P.  (Ignacio),  soMicr  of  the 
S.F.  comp.  '28-0.  P.  (Jordan).  1820,  Portuguese  laborer  from  S.  Bias,  at 
l.os  Aug.  '.'10,  age  50.  iii.  170.  P.  (.lose  lieyes),  soldier  at  the  Colorado  jiue- 
blo.s  1780-1,  not  kdlc.i.  i.  3.50.  )'.  (.hum 'ign.),  nient.  in '48.  v.  003.  P. 
(.luan  .*>anclipz),  grantee  (jf  Arroyo  de  las  Nueces,  ( 'ontra  Costa,  '34.  iii,  711. 
P.  (Lorenzo),  in  Ind,  c.Nped,  '20.  iii.  Ill;  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '28-30;  in '41 
at  S.  Jost),  age  37,  wife  Hafaela  Soto,  child.  Nicolas  b.  '37,  InOs  '41;  juez  da 


7G4 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


policia  '43.  iv.  08").  P.  (Miguel),  corporal  of  S.P\  conip.  17!)0,  ago  ^C,  wifo 
JoKofa  Maria  Saucliez;  iiiv;il.  jiiul  wtllor  at  S.  Jo^o  JT'JT-lSui).  i.  710.  I'. 
(I'uMo),  solilii'r  of  S.F.  comp.  '10- 'JG,  corp. '-JT  .'il,  Ktigt '.'i'J-.'io.  iii.  701;  ;ilf. 
of  Sla.  15.  comp.  'SO.  iii.  GaO.  1'.  (Kafacl),  convict  .settler  17'.ll.  i.  (iOtJ.  1'. 
(lialael),  soldier  of  the  8.1'.  conip.  ';{7-4U;  at  .Sonoiiia  '44.  T.  (Kafaeia  Solo 
dc),  L'laiitee  of  S.  lianioii,  Contra  Costa,  ';}7.   iii.  7l-_'. 

I'aeheco  (Lvoinualdo),  JSl',"i,  Mex.  siih-liciit  of  engineer.s,  iiat.  of  Ciiaiia- 
juato,  w  lio  came  witii  ( Jov.  Echeandia  as  aide-de  camp,  si  rviiig  in  that  cajiacity 
tor  'J  years,  and  also  as  sec.  of  the  com.  ^'en.  in  '1^(1-7  "t  S.  Diej^o,  nit  ":ing  [Sev- 
eral e\i)ed.  to  tlic  Colorado  and  elsew  liere,  serving  as  suh.stituto  inemljcr  of 
tile  dip.,  and  lieing  ofLen  named  in  coiinectiun  witli  military  trials,  ii.  od.S-D, 
f)47,  .">4!f;  iii.  1;}-14,  ."(j,  (il,  G."!,  10l2.  In  '•J7-N  lie  was  ayndautc  de  plaza  and 
acting  com.  at  Mont.,  persuading  the  revolting  troops  to  return  to  tlieirdnty, 
and  making  a  survey  nortli  of  llie  Lay  to  Ross.  iii.  40,  GG,  ll.'i.  At  the  end  of 
'28  hi;  was  transferred  to  Sta  IJ.,  ■where  lie  acted  as  eomandante,  being  pio- 
inoti'd  to  lieut  in  '"J!),  and  heing  imprisoned  on  one  occasion  hy  the  revolting 
troo[)s.  ii.  571-"J;  iii.  7f>-S4,  'J!.l.  In  ';W  he  was  also  com.  at  Mont,  for  a  short 
time,  ii.  GOS,  and  was  nconiinended  for  promotion  to  he  eapt.  of  the  S. F. 
comp.  in  'ol  he  was  granted  the  use  of  a  part  of  .Simi  rancho.  iii.  G.')G;  lint 
marching  with  a  small  part  of  his  comp.  to  support  (jov.  Victoria,  was  iulkil 
in  thc!  ligiit  near  Los  Angeles  in  Dec.  of  the  same  year.  iii.  'JO.')-!),  214,  ;i74, 
GoO.  I'acheco  .\asa  bravo  and  skilful  ollicer,  intelligent,  courteous,  pnpular, 
and  of  unh'en)ished  character;  a  man  against  Mliom  nothing  wa.s  ever  •■•aid, 
except  that  some  Cai.  ,>llicers  complained  of  his  too  rapid  promotion  as  a  <u  w- 
comer.  In  '29  he  married  Ramona,  daughter  of  Joa(p;ia  Carrillo  of  .S.  ljie;^;(>, 
being  ]mt  under  arrest  for  failure  to  comply  wit!:  some  formalities  of  military 
law.  Thc  widow  married  (.'apt.  .Tolin  Wilson  of  S.  Luis  Obispo,  and  still  ii\  es 
in  'So.  There  were  2  sons  b.  in  '30,  ".'{1,  liotli  of  whom  in  '38  were  sent  to  lii^n- 
oliilii  to  be  educated,  iv.  103,  and  remained  there  several  years.  Of  one  nf 
them,  Mariano,  I  have  no  later  record  than  that  he  was  a  clerk  for  Wm  H. 
Davis  at  .S.F.  in  '43-4.  Thc  other  son,  Romualdo.  born  about  a  month  lieforo 
bis  fatlier'.s  death,  alter  his  return  from  the  .San<lw.  Isl.  sjient  some  years  ou 
the  StcduHj  and  other  vessels  as  snpenargo's  clerk,  but  in  '4S  settled  on  his 
luother's  land  in  S.  Luis  Ob.  From  T)3  lie  was  almost  constantly  in  otiicc, 
holding  thc  positions  of  assemblyiiian,  state  senator,  county  jud^'c,  county 
treasurer,  biigailier-gen.  of  militia,  lieut-governor,  and  acting go\riiior;  being 
also  elected  to  congress  but  not  admitted.  In  '78-82  he  was  a  stock-broki  r  in 
S.F. ;  and  has  since  lived  in  ^lexico  and  Texa.s  to  '8.').  His  wife  was  .Mary  Mc- 
Intire,  married  in  'ti.3,  and  there  was  one  surviving  child  in  '82.  In  ic-peet  of 
ollicial  position'^,  Gov.  I'achccij  has  been  more  piomineiit  since  '48  than  any 
otliei'  native  Californian;  and  his  record  as  a  citizen,  in  respect  of  character, 
attainments,  and  .social  stan<ling,  baa  been  a  gooil  one. 

rachcco  (Salvadoi),  sou  of  Ignacio,  b.  S.  F.  '34,  who  still  lived  in  Maiiii 
cc.  '80;  wife  Vicenta  Saiz;  4  children.  P.  (Salvio),  soldier  of  Mont.  comp. 
from  about  ISIO,  and  corporal  of  the  S.  F.  comp.  '20-t,  and  perhaps  to  '20, 
being  corp.  of  the  escolta  at  S.  .lose  in  '24.  I'  500;  sec.  of  the  S.  Jose  ayiint. 
'27,  '20,  ';!2,  '34,  and  alcalde  in  '28.  ii.  CO.'),  730;  suplcnte  of  the  dip.  '2^-0, 
'3,'),  '43.  iii.  '42-3,  111,  291,  203;  iv.  .3G1;  alcalde '32.  iii.  729;  in  '37  44  grantee 
of  Montt!  del  Diablo  lancho.  iii.  712;  iv.  G72;  eapt.  of  militia '37.  iii.  732; 
surxeyor  of  pueblo  lands '38;  iii.  7'{0;  grantee  of  Pozitos  and  paitido  el"ctor 
in  '30.  iii.  712,  731 ;  juez  de  paz  '43.  iv.  GS5-  G,  3G2;  suplente  of  tho  superior 
court  '4,").  iv.  .")32;  sindico  '40.  v.  GG2;  accused  of  revolutionary  intrigu<>s  '4S. 
V.  G()3.  In  '41  he  is  named  on  the  S.  Jos(5  ]>adroii  as  48  years  old,  nat.  of  (,'al., 
wife  .luana  Flores,  child.  Fernamlo  b.  'IS,  Padro  Ign.  23,  Salvador  '24, 
Manuela  '27,  Coiicepcion  '29.  Dim  Salvio  spent  his  life  from  '44  on  the  Mb 
l)!alilo  rancho,  on  which  the  town  of  I'acheco  bears  his  name,  and  died  in  "70 
at  the  age  of  83.  P.  (Silveria),  owner  of  a  liouso  at  S.  Jos(5  '40.  v.  378.  P. 
(Tomas),  soldier  of  thc  S.  F.  comp.  '2G-.32;  in  "34  elected  regi  lor  at  S.  .lose, 
iii.  730;  in  '37  alferez  of  militia,  iii.  732;  in  "39  legidor.  iii.  731;  in  '41  jiiez 
de  paz.  iv.  084;  sec.  of  the  juzgado  '43.  iv.  GSo;  grantee  of  Potrero  de  loa 
Cerritos  '44.  iv.  072. 


PACiFICO-PALLAS. 


765 


Pftcifico,  Ind.,  executed  at  Piiri3ima'24.  Packard  (Alliert),  184'),  nat.  of 
E.  1.,  trudiT  and  lawyer,  who  came  from  Mazatlan.  iv.  oS7;  tradin;.'  at 
Mont,  and  S.  F.  '40-8;  still  a  resident  of  Sta  I!,  iu  'TO,  liaving  Ixx'u  oity 
attorney  and  held  otlicr  local  ofiices.  P.  (Henry),  1S47,  sergt  Co.  A,  Morin. 
Bat.  V.  49.">;  iu  '81  at  Springfield,  Utah.  P.  (P.  W.),  1848,  passp.  fioni 
Honolulu.  P.  (Tlios),  1840,  douhtfvl  iiunie  at  Sta  B.  Packwood  (Eli.slui), 
1848,  nat.  of  Va,  who  came  overl.  to  Or.  in  '45  and  i)y8ca  toCal.;  a  niiiur 
'48-il  and  trader  at  Mormon  Isl.  and  (.'oloma,  going  Kast  '4i)  and  returning  in 
'50;  a  stock-raiser  till  the  Hoods  of  '01-2,  tlien  went  to  Or.,  where  In:  died  in 
'70.  A  son,  Parrington  P.,  was  in  the  mines  with  his  father,  marrying  Matilda 
Ward Ic  while  in  (Jid.  P.  (Sam.  T.),  1847i  a  cousin  of  Elisha,  in  StaCl.ira 
Co.  '4S  and  proli.  the  P.  named  at  N.  Helv.  '47.  Pacomio  (Jose),  leader 
of  neophytes  in  the  revolt  of  '24.  ii.  527,  5.S2;  in  '.36  a  carpenter  at  Mont., 
age  40,  wife  Maria  Guevia  (?);  also  com.  de  policia.  iii.  075. 

Paddock  (Joseph),  1830,  nirof  the  Whaleman,  iii.  141>.  Padilla  (Juan), 
occupant  of  Chupadero  rancho,  Mont.,  1795.  i.  (iSS.  P.  (Juan  de  Dios), 
trader  at  Los  Ang.  '.39,  age  40;  also  called  captain,  iii.  ():!7.  P.  (Ju;in  Xe- 
poniucono),  ]Jex.  harber;  at  S.  Josl'  '411.  iv.  ,350;  in  '44-5  kept  a  saloon  at 
S.  F.,  was  licut  of  dcfensores,  alcalde,  and  grantee  of  Hoblar  de  la  Miseria 
and  Tauiales  rauehos.  iv.  0(i(i-7,  073-4.  In  '40  he  was  in  com.  of  a  party  of 
('.difornifins  north  of  the  hay  at  the  time  of  the  Bear  revolt,  v.  l(i()-4,  080; 
in  '.">5  a  resid.  of  liOs  Ang.,  age  31.  P.  (Julian),  defender  of  Apaletegui  at 
LoH  Ang.  '35.  iii.  285;  accused  of  jiassing  counterfeit  coin.  iii.  (174;  at  Loa 
Aug.  '40.  P.  (Maeedoni<j),  1842,  Mex.  licut  in  the  batallon  fijo  '42-5,  re- 
lui'ining  iu  Cal.  after  Micheltorena's  departure,  iv.  28!),  513;  v.  41.  P. 
(,M;;ri,ino),  nat.  of  Cal.,  b.  about  "10;  at  S.  Jos(5  '50-5.  P.  (Vicente),  soldier 
of  S.  V.  enmo.  '27-0;  at  S.  Jos(^  '45-71. 

Padrua  (Jo.sc^  Maria),  1830,  nat.  ol  Puebla;  in  '25  lieut  of  engineers  and 
Bee,  of  the  com.  gen.  at  Lorc:to;  acting  f  om.  and  sub-gefe  politico  after  Fche- 
andia's  departure  for  Cal.  In '.30,  having  been  promoted  to  lieut-col,  he  eanio 
to  Cal.  as  ayudante  inspector  of  the  troojts.  ii.  007,  074;  iii.  46,  52,  57,  l'.)0. 
In  '31  he  acted  also  an  inspector  of  customs;  as  fiscal  in  the  Rubio  ease;  was 
the  instigator  of  Kcheandia's  secularization  decree;  and  was  arliitrarilv  sent 
to  M.  X.  by  (iov.  Victoria,  iii.  184-5,  192-3, 197,  304-5,  376;  iv.  100.  In'Mex. 
he  <tevised  tile  H.  and  P.  coloidzation  scheme,  and  returned  to  (.'al.  in  '34  with 
tlie  appointment  of  director  of  the  colony  in  addition  to  iiis  former  position 
as  inspector,  which  latter  he  soon  resigned.  In  '35  with  his  associate  Ilfjar  lie 
was  f'cnt  to  Mex.  by  I'igueroa  to  be  tried  on  a  charge  of  revolutiointry  plots, 
iii.  259-09,  272-91,  383,  013,  052,  070.  Nothing  is  known  of  iiis  later  cancr, 
though  a  man  of  the  sanu'  name  figures  at  Ures,  Soiiora,  as  a  petty  oliicial  iu 
'44-S.  Padr'^s  was  a  man  of  remarkable  energy,  intelligence,  and  magnetism, 
a  must  radical  repuidic.Tn  in  tlie  Mcxicin  sense  of  the  term;  and  one  wliose 
infhiouee  was  long  felt  in  Cal.,  througii  his  teachings  to  the  young  men  who 
later  controlled  the  country.  So  well  did  they  learn  their  lesson,  indeed,  tli.at 
in  colony  times  they  turned  against  their  teacher  when  he  seemed  to  have 
foi-rjotten  their  claims  to  oflice.  Padushkin  (Vakov),  1817,  Kuss.  lieut  who 
vi-ited  Cal.  on  the  i'hlrlkof.  ii.  2I(!,  283,  312-14,  373,  383.  I'aele  (I'iUa), 
1S47,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  v.  085.  Paez  (Juan),  1542,  probable  author  of  Ca- 
briUo's  I'cl'irion,  and  jierhaps  one  of  the  exped.   i.  09. 

Pnge  niugli  N.),  1844,  com.  of  the  U.S.  Lcraiif  on  the  coast  '44-0.  iv.  507; 
V.  204"  224,  2.31.  P.  (Rich.  L.),  1S47,  lient  on  the  U.S.  Iii<Uiictiil-urr.  \'. 
CriiomaH),  1847,  sheritF  in  Sonoma  dist.  '47-8;  cl.  of  this  t'otate  rancho  '."2. 
iv.  (i71.  Paine  (Ileni'y),  1820,  named  by  Michael  White  as  his  eou'^in 
vlio  aided  in  building  a  schr  at  Sta  B.  iii.  140.  I'ainter  (Theodore),  IS4(>, 
Co.  K,  Ciil.  Bat.,  enlisting  at  Sauzalito  Oct.  (v.  358).  Palacio  (Franei.soi), 
1848  (?),  Mex.  gefo  politico  of  L.  Cal.  who  favored  the  Amer.  <luring  the  war, 
and  after  the  treaty  came  to  Mont,,  where  he  die<l  in  '73.  Palaeios  (Geron. 
M.),  1602,  eapt.  and  eosmog.  iu  Vizcaino's  exped.  i.  98.  P.  (Lino),  owner 
of  land  at  Los  Ang.  '48.  Palani  (Kcani),  1847,  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot.  v.  078. 
Pallas  (Cayetano),  visiting  padre  at  S.  Diego  1791-1800.   i.  655;  perhaps  a 


769 


PIONEnR  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


Dominican  from  L.  Cal.       ralina,  Yuma  chief,   1774-82.    i.  221-2,  CGlVl, 
335-7,  ;W1,  370. 

rainier  (Ainasa),  184G,  Co.  C,  Ist  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  33G).  P.  (Jotl), 
iStS,  a  prominent  cilizeii  anil  oHicial  of  Or.,  who  came  with  the  Oi-.  miners 
and  (spent  some  nioniiisi  on  tlie  Yiilta;  author  of  a  Journal  <A  the  tri|)  over- 
hind  to  Or.  P.  (John),  1S46,  Co.  C,  Ist  U.S.  dra^'oons  (v.  .33G).  1'.  (.Sam. 
i;.),  1847,  owner  of  a  IJenicia  lot.  v.  G7"-.  P.  (Zemira).  1H47,  servant  to 
oliicer  of  tliu  Morni.  Bat.  (v.  4G!)).  Palo  (Luis),  eoinpanion  of  IJrooks  in 
the  mines  '48;  turn  of  a  Mex.  ofheial  at  Mont.  (?).  Palouiares  (Francisco', 
son  of  Cristobal;  i>.  at  Sta  15.  ISOS;  fmin  '.'{3  a  resid.  of  S.  Jo86,  bein;^  jiicz 
do  eani\u)  in  that  year.  iii.  7-'.l;  and  juez  de  policia  in  '40.  v.  GG2.  In  the 
piidroii  of  '41  he  is  named  with  his  wife  .Mnrgiirita  Paclieco,  and  cliild.  lie- 
iiedita  1>.  '30,  Maria  de  .Jesus  '31,  Ho.iaiio  '32,  Cristobal  '3G,  and  Felipe  '.SO. 
Ill  '77  at  S.  Jos(5  he  pivo  me  a  long  Jf'iiiorld  of  ids  adventures,  cliiefly  as  ;ia 
Ind.  Ii;,diter — all  of  tlieni  strictly  true  as  is  to  be  hoped,  iv.  75-G;  v.  31.3,  ."iGG. 
P.  (Fi'ancisco  O.),  at  S.F.  '3S-0;  grantee  of  (Jorral  de  Tierra.  iii.  711.  P. 
(Iguacio),  juez  lie  eampo  at  Los  Ang.  "34,  and  regidor  '3.").  iii.  Go.");  in '37-40 
grantee  of  Azuza  and  S.  J<is6  ranchos.  iii.  0.31!;  regidor  and  a  ]irisoner  in  '38. 
iii.  r>rto,  5()0,  G3G.  He  was  juez  de  canipo  '40,  jiiezde  ])az  '41,  elector  "4.3,  capt.  of 
iK'leiisores '44,  and  buplente  of  the  assembly  '4.').  iii.  G37;  iv.  SGI,  .'ilO,  (il/J. 
Ill  '40  he  took  part  in  a  movement  against  Klores,  being  also  elected  alcald.^. 
v.  .332-3,  G2G.  ife  was  a  prominent  ranciiero  in  these  and  in  later  years, 
dying  at  Pomona  in  "82,  at  the  age  of  about  70,  i*.  (Jorge),  com.  of  a  vol- 
unteer cavalry  con^ji.  at  I^os  Aug.  '40.  v.  51.  P.  (Josij),  soldier  and  .>^iigt 
of  the  ,Sta  H.  conip  to  1800,  from  '10  a  settler  at  L03  Aug.  ii.  117,  349;  iiient. 
in  '17-10.  ii.  .■J.")4,  42,5;  in  '22-4  elector  and  member  of  the  1st  ilipiitacion. 
ii.  4.'»4,  4(>2,  513,  .5,10;  iii.  7;  sindico  '20,  and  fiscal  in  tiio  Fitch  trial  '30.  ii. 
5G0;  iii.  142-4.  P.  (Jose),  poshilily  same  as  pnceding,  or  his  son;  .'<i'c.  at 
Los  Ang.  '2S-.30.  ii.  .'i.'iO-l;  in  '37  alfercz,  aiding  liandini  in  the  capture  of 
Los  Aug.  iii.  510.  P.  (.Jose^  Fran.),  see  P.  (Francisco).  P.  (.1.  M.),  capt. 
of  Los.  Ang.  defen.sores  '44.  iv.  407.  P.  (Luis),  soldier  at  Sta  1>.  before  '37. 
P.  (.M.nnuel),  at  S.  Jos6 '44. 

Palou  (Francisco),  1773,  Span,  friar  who  was  the  founder  of  S.F.  missi-n 
in  1770,  and  tlie  successor  of  tfiuiipero  Scrra  as  president  in  '84.  He  retired 
in  'S5  and  became  guardian  of  S.  Fernando  college.  He  ia  Ix  st  known  as  tlio 
author  of  the  Viila  ili-  Jiinipi'io  Scrra  and  Ao/f/os  t/c  la-i  i.'alij'uriiiiii,  stan- 
dard works  on  the  early  mission  history.  He  died  about  1700  in  Mcx.  Si  c 
IJiog.  i.  47.3-0;  notice  of  Ids  works,  i.  417-20;  nient.  i.  122-5,  l."4,  Ifi5, 
171,  170,  184,  19:}-0,  198-200,  231-(i,  24G-7,  2.54,  280,  287-93,  297,  320,  3s_', 
385-S,  .398-407,  410-11,  410-17,  455,  458,  474,  470,  G57;  ii.  113,  571. 

Panano  ((!oii.),  1847,  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot.  v.  078.  Piinaiid  (Clement), 
1840,  Frenchman  at  S.  .luan  15.  in  '47,  with  a  claim  for  damages  by  Fremont 
jiresented  through  the  French  consul,  v.  015.  He  bought  a  mill  in  Salinas 
Valley  from  Wm  Anderson,  and  sold  it  in  '48  to  Capt.  Cooper.  In  '53  lie 
was  claimant  for  lands  in  Sta  Clara  and  Mont,  counties,  iv.  073;  v.  (i.'>7. 
Panella  (.losij),  1797,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.  Diego,  retiring  in  ISO.'!. 
15iog.  ii.  107;  nient.  i.  379,  .'582,  .504,  577,  0.54-5;  ii.  159.  Panto,  Ind.  cliii  f 
at  S.  Pascual,  S.  Diego  Co.,  who  rendcri'd  much  aid  to  the  Cal.  authorities  in 
kci'iiing  the  Ind.  quiet;  also  aiding  Stockton  in  '40-7  with  horses,  etc.,  ncvi  r 
paid  for  by  the  U.S.  govt.  His  ehiini  and  that  of  ids  peo]ile  to  their  land  at 
iS.  Pascual  seems,  however,  to  iiave  been  lespected  by  the  govt  and  land- 
sharks  down  to  about  the  period  of  his  death  in  '73.  P.  (.losi5  Pedro),  1810, 
Span,  friar  whose  missionary  service  was  at  S.  Diego,  where  he  died  in  '12, 
being  poisoned  by  his  iieo|)hvte  cook  In  I'etnrn  for  cruelty,  ii.  344—5,  l(i7, 
1.59-00,  394.  Pantoj.i  (Francisco),  regiilor  of  L09  Ang.  '37.  iii.  500,  030; 
at  Sta  Certrudis  raneho  '39,  age  43.  P.  (Juan),  17S2,  an  othcer  on  the 
Prinvosa,  whose  map  of  S.  Diego  is  copied  in  i.  455-G,  378.  P.  (.Matias),  at 
S.  Gabriel  '40. 

Pardo,  IS31,  said  to  have  come  from  N.  Mex.  in  the  VVolf.skill  party,  iii. 
387.       P.  (Roberto),  Mex.  or  Ind.  acrgt  of  the  Muzatlau  comp.,  at  Mont,  as 


PARDO-rAREOTT. 


767 


early  an  '20;  in  *24  posted  nt  rurisima.  ii.  o,".*?;  in  '.T>- 1  cnr;ar;oil  in  otter- 
liiinting  {'!).  iii.  3!)4.  From  '08  or  t-arlicr  lie  wa.s  iilicrez  of  tlu'  Ma  li.  conij)., 
hciii^'  ;iftiiii^  litiit  and  coiiiaiiduiite  '4'2-'}.  iii.  500,  ;')«!),  O.'iO,  0.")! ;  iv.  'JSl',  (141. 
His  wife  wai  Candelaiia  Caiiizares.  I'aiish  (I)c  Witt  C),  ISIT,  in  S.F.  let- 
ter list.  I'ark  (James),  l!S-i7,  Co.  B,  Morm.  iJat.  (v.  -10!});  reuiil.;  at  C'ednr 
Val.,  Utali,  '81. 

Park  (Tliomas  ]}.),  18'J6,  iiat.  of  Mass.,  and  sup.  of  tlic  /lufbiiiijer  ''2(i-8, 
iii.  147,  170.  From  ','{.»  lie  was  a  resident  of  Cal.,  eoiiiing  prol).  on  tlie  Alirt, 
aetiiig  as  sup.,  or  a;;ent,  of  tlio  Ca/i/onda  and  otlier  vessels  from  ';{ti,  and 
RiieeeedinL;  Alfred  Koliinson  in  eliarge  of  tiie  Boston  firm's  business,  iv.  lol, 
117:  iii.  O-'IJ,  0.")7;  often  named  in  eommercial  leeords  from  '.'VJ.  He  was  nat- 
uralized in  '44,  aiding'  tlie  Califoiiiians  against  Mieheltoren.-i,  and  acting  as 
isu|i.  of  the  Sti  rlinij  in  '44-0.  iv.  508.  lie  was  a  man  of  Home  ednealion  and 
nnuli  hn.-iiiess  ahility,  tliongli  tlionght  to  lack  the  ']msli '  displayed  hy  somo 
of  liis  rivals,  iioing  aildicted  to  drink  and  neglecting  his  Imsiness  in  the  later 
years.  He  died  at  Sta  15.  ahont  '.'lO,  leaving  a  wife  in  Mass.  Parker,  1S4(),  a 
eki^'ynian  on  the  Atrlu/'C  for  Honolulu,  iv,  100;  proli.  B.  \V.  I'aiker,  a 
Sandw.  Isl.  missionary  who  eanie  with  a  letter  of  introd.  to  Larkin.  I'. 
(K.Uvard).  1847.  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  4<M).  V.  (.folm),  1S40,  Kugl.  deserter 
from  thi;  Siil/ilii/r,  vholieeanie  a  liunhennan  at  S.  Antonio;  at  liode"a'4l. 
1".  (Lewis),  KS47,  Co.  E,  N.  V.  Vol.  (v.  4!J!t);  d.  liefore  '8-J.  1'.  (Robert), 
lo:i4,  at  Mont. 

I'arliir  (Robert  A.),  1S47,  nat.  of  Boston,  and  .sup.  of  tlin  .1/'  V<rnoii, 
introd.  by  Melius  to  Parkin  as  a  'tough  customer';  owner  of  a  S.F.  lf)t  ami 
nu  in})er  of  the  council.  \.  048.  In  "48  he  had  an  adobe  stole  on  Pupont  St., 
and  froiri  .luly  was  keeper  of  the  City  Hotel,  v.  081)  1;  being  in  'ID-.'il  keeper 
of  the  famous  Parker  Hon.se.  In  '54  In;  lived  at  (Jrescent  City,  but  later  vi'ut 
to  L.  ( 'al.,  dyinu'  at  S.  (Jiiintin  in  '05  at  the  ago  of  45.  His  wi<low  ilied  in  S.  P. 
'8:1,  age  01,  leaving  5  children.  P.  (\Vm  C),  1847,  asst  sur.i-.  of  N.Y.Vol. 
V.  i)0',i,  511,  51.S;  owner  of  >S.F.  lots.  v.  054;  surgeon  of  the  .S.F.  guards  '4!>; 
also  engaged  in  traile,  and  named  by  Colton  ns  ov.ner  of  New  York  of  tho 
I'aeilie  '4!».   He  lived  in  S.F.  to  '7(i,  an<l  in  Oakland  till  'S'J  or  later. 

Parks  (David),  1848,  overl.  immig.  bound  for  Or.,  liut  tui-ned  from  his  V\-ay 
liy  reports  of  gold  in  Cal.;  mined  on  the  Yuba,  gave  his  name  to  Parks  JJar, 
and  went  to  N.  Orletms  in  '4il  with  .t-80,()00  in  gold-dust.  His  son  Paviil 
remained  in  Cal.  and  became  a  citizen  of  Marysville,  as  did  John,  who  built 
the  1st  hotel  at  M.  J'.  (Wni).  I84(),  deseiter  from  U.  S.  service,  for  v  honi 
Cajit.  Morrison  oti'ered  $.')i>  reward.  P.  (\Vm  A.),  184S,  in  S.F.  list  of  let- 
ters. Parmo  (Luigi),  ls;U,  Ital.  sailor  at  .Mont.,  a;.e 'JI*.  Parodi  (Xicolas), 
1841,  Ital.  sailor  from  Salvador  on  i\nt  Joviii  (.'ardlina  as  part  owner  of  tho 
cargo. 

P.'irr  (Ch.arles),  184(5,  Engl,  overl.  immig.  witli  his  parents,  who  pettlecl  at 
f^ta Clara  in  '47,  and  in  '81  still  lived  as  a  stock  farmer  in  Ahnaden  townsliip, 
with  wife  T.  (.iarcia,  and  10  children.  P.  (('has  H.),  1810,  brother  of  ('has, 
nat.  of  Iowa,  overl.  immig.,  wlioilicd  in  Sta  Ciaia  Co.  '77,  leaving  a  Midow, 
Mary  A.  Kenny,  and  '1  ehildicii.  P.  i.lonathan),  ls)(!,  father  of  the  pieced- 
iiig,  who  .settled  in  Sta  Clar.i  Co.,  when;  he  died  in  "07  at  Pos  (latos,  having 
0  children.  P.  (Win.).),  1840,  son  ot  Jonathan;  nat.  of  Ohio;  fanner  ni'ar 
S.  Jost' '47-70.  I'iirraga  (Francisco),  180.'?,  com.  of  the  l'oi,ri jicimi.  ii.  111. 
Parreiia  (Santiago),  1810,  agent  for  Bonaparte  for  X.  Mex.  and  Cal.;  prob. 
not  in  Cal.  ii.  88. 

Parrilla  (Peon),  170.^,  Heut  of  the  Monterey  comp.  '!l.'!-5,  retired  forineom- 
pctency.  Biog.  1.034,078.  Pan  ish  (Joseph),  I.S45,  mid.  ou  the  U.S.  I'orln- 
vtiHith,  acting  licut  in  C'o.  F.  Stockton's  Ijattalion,  '4(i-7.  v.  1585.  Pariim 
(l'\anando),  1700,  Span,  friar,  third  of  the  missioniiries  to  reach  Cal.,  and 
founder  of  .S.  Uiego  mission,  wliei'o  he  served  till  liis  retirement  in  '71  on 
account  of  illness,  i.  P-'O,  P_'8,  l.'tO-8,  104,  1(;7,  170.  178.  I'arrott  (  Kiioch  (;.), 
1840,  lieut  ou  the  U.S.  t'oixjrcM  '40-8,  who  served  in  the  war  <if  '01-5  as  <'om- 
mander;  ns  connnodore  was  in  com.  at  Mare  Isl.  '71;  rear-admiral  '73:  and 
died  '7!)  in  N.Y'.    A  nat.  of  N.  H.,  b.  '15.       P.  (John),  1845,  nat.  of  Va,  for 


7C8 


nOXEER  REGISTEli  AND  INDEX. 


many  years  engaged  in  trade  on  the  Jfex.  coast,  and  U.S.  consul  nt  Mazatlan 
in  'Ki-ii,  rendering  valimble  aid  to  tiic  naval  oliiccrs  in  niattci s  nl.aiii.;  to  tlie 
oeeu[>.ition  of  Cal.  iv.  :{L)J;  v.  |;{.  Hm  lirst  visit  to  Cal.  was  in  mnnivtion  with 
liKs  in-aiiil  snniggling  sell. 'me  wliic.'i  ended  somewhat  disa.stroiisly  with  tlio 
Mn.'ck  of  the  Stcir  of  the  Wist,  iv,  .'iiiO,  MH.  oHT.  1  have  many  IcUlih  written 
I)/,  to,  and  about  liini  at  that  time.  Aft.r  the  gold  discovery  lie  laine  with 
Ins  family  to  H.V.,  where  lie  was  a  .'diiiiping  merchant  to  '.Vl.  and  later  a 
baiiker  and  eajutali.st  down  to  his  death  in  .S4  ut  the  uu'''  "f  T.'i.  Jle  wa.s 
lamoiis  lor  his  uniformly  .successful  investments  and  for  iievi  r  taking  any  ri.sks, 
lii;<  caution  ami  conservatism  being  in  marked  contrast  w  itli  the  i»revaleiit 
spirit  of  the  times.  He  left  a  widow  and  .several  children  and  grandchildren. 
I'arsons  (.Monzo  1'.),  IStT,  Co.  15,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  491)).  I'.  '•I-  if-),  1S47,  i)er- 
Liips  ditto;  not  on  roll.  Parvin  (.John  It.),  1847,  Co.  .\,  ditto;  in  Xev.  "74; 
at  Monticello,  Minn.,  'S'J;  in  N.Y.  'S4. 

J'aseal  (Joim  II.),  IS4S,  mate  of  the  llhoiip;  went  to  the  mines,  and  later 
Settled  on  a  farm  near  Ione(,'ity,  where  be  died  in  '72.  rascu:d  (.Juan),  KiO'J, 
Jiiloti)  in  \'izcaino's  e.xipid.  i.  \)6.  1*.  (Mateo  Jose),  isis,  negro  of  Boucliard'.s 
cxjied.;  remained  in  (  \d.  ii.  •j;!7,  241,  .•tlW.  I'ask  (Francis  <i.),  1847,  artilicer 
in  Co.  F,  ;{d  U.  .S.  artill.  (v.  oKs).  Tasos  (Manuel  de  Dio.s),  \S-1'1-A,  I'ortu- 
giicse  iiat.  of  IJrazil,  who  in  '2!)  lived  in  the  .Mont,  dist,  age  -';!,  single,  and 
ii  re.sid.  since  '-Ji;  in  '.'!(i  at  Sta  15.,  a  catholic  biintcr  of  •medium '  character; 
in  '4,")  at  Lo.s  Ang.,  naturalized,  and  "JH  yeais  a  resident,  ii.  478.  I'astor 
(Ignacio).  grantee  of  Milpitas  "M.  iii.  077. 

I'atcrna  (.\i.tonio),  1771,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  .s.Cabriel,  S.Lui.s  Ob., 
and  ,Sta  U.,  where  he  died  in  '!).!.  liiog.  i.  (i7'J:  ment.  i.  I7.'i,  17(i,  178,  ISI,  Ksl), 
10;)-(;,  'jL'.'i,  •_".)!),  .'iSS,  411,  4l':},  40!),  .■)70.  I'atiicio,  a  leader  of  the  neophyte 
revolt  '2t.  ii.  r)27.  Patron  (I'elipe),  soldier  of  .S.  F.  comp.  ';f'J-4'2.  i'atry 
(I'etir),   l.S4.">,  at  S.Jose  according  to  testimony  in  later  litigation. 

Patterson,  1840,  (,f  P.  &  Foster  who  had";i  Cal.  claim  of  §.")0  (v.  402); 
also  'V  P.  ment.  at  Mont.  '48;  and  one  in  lone  Nallcy.  P.  (.Mis  Christina), 
184(1,  overl.  immig.  whose  husband  died  on  the  journey;  at  X.  llelv.  and  in 
8.  Joj:c|.  \'al.  '47;  married  LM.  l!ol)inson,  and  was  still  living  in  '78.  1'. 
(F.  E.),  1840,  at  S.Diego.  P.  ((}.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  P.  ((!co.),  1840, 
Irish  sailor  who  left  the  Cobtmhhi.  at  S.  F.,  wurkcd  in  the  redwoods,  and  in 
'41  entered  Sutter's  employ,  iv.  120;  apparently  the  man  named  in  Yiiliat'n. 
Jlist.  as  having  occupied  a  vancho  on  the  Yuba  in '4.V8;  mining  in '4S-0; 
later  a  lesid.  of  S.F.,  where  in '72  he  related  for  me  hi.i  Adrcntiircs.  P. 
(.Mr.s  l.sabella),  1814,  overl.  immig.  of  the  Steviis  party  with  several  chil- 
dren, bring  the  daughter  of  Hitchcock  of  the  same  party.  'V.  44.').  In  '4.')  she 
is  named  in  the  liranciforte  padron  as  a  widow,  age  3.");  child.  Isaac  b.  ','{1, 
Tedra  (?)  ':!2,  .Margaret '.S."],  ami  Helm  '38.  \  daughter,  Mary,  was  married 
in  Aug.  '4."  by  Larkin  to  Janici  Williams,  iv.  087.  P.  (John  Alex.),  1847, 
Co.  D,  X.^'.^'ol.  (v.  41)!));  in  the  mines  '48,  and  later  kept  a  saloon  at  S.F. 
ace.  to  Sirnii;  in  '49  treasurer  of  the  Regulators,  elected  to  the  eonstit.  con- 
vention, and  to  the  legislature.  AiiikiI-'  0/ ,S.J\;  in  'iiO  at  S.Jos(?.  Swan  says 
he  died  about  this  time.  P.  (John  W.),  lS2;t,  nat.  of  Mass.;  resi<l.  of  S.F. 
'o7;  died  at  S.F.  '79  at  the  age  of  7.3;  arr.  "23  aee.  to  Soc.  Cal.  Pion.  rolls  and 
the  .l/Zd  of '1)7;  perhapa  a  sailor  who  touched  the  coast  j't  the  <late  named 
and  came  back  later.  P.  (Xatli.  <!.),  1.S40,  nat.  of  Tcnn.,  and  overl.  immig.; 
served  in  Cal.  B.it.  '4(1-7  (v.  3."S);  miner  in  '48;  in  'oO  kept  a  stable  at  Stock- 
ton; linally  settled  at  Li\erinore,  wlure  he  lived  in  '82  with  wife  Kate  Simp- 
.1011  and  2  children  Chas  4".  and  Susan  (Mrs  Davis).  Alum.  Co.  Ifls/.,  9.')9. 
P.  (\Vm),  1S4(),  saloon-keeper  with  Tlios  Smith  at  .S.F.  '40-8.  v.  085. 

Pattie  (.James  Ohio),  1S28,  a  young  Kentuekian  trapper  from  X.  Mex., 
who  spent  over  a  year  in  Cal.,  ]iart  of  the  time  in  jail  at  S.  Diego,  and  hail 
liis  /V/>o;r(/  S'nrnilivp  of  adventures  published  a  few  years  later.  See  iii. 
102-72:  ii.  043,  -148,  .''mI,  .V.O,  507,  OH,  010,  G:)1;  iii.  74,  82-3,  1.34,  139,  171; 
iv.  203.  I  have  an  autog.  letter  written  liy  P.  in  Mex.  '.30,  on  his  way  from  Cal. ; 
and  he  is  s.iid  to  have  revisited  S.  Diego  after  'SO.  P.  (Sylvester),  1828, 
father  of   'allies  O.,  V,  ho  died  in  prison  at  S.  Diego,  iii.  102-.",  17:-.       Pat'.i- 


(I 
w 

n 

n 


SIO, 
ml  in 
Cn. 
48-0; 

r. 

llil- 

slic 

':n, 

iirioil 

S47, 

S.F. 

cnii- 

siiys 

S.F. 

1  iiiul 

allied 

iniig- ; 

touk- 

Siiiii>- 

,  ".».'>'.). 

Mcx., 

il  hail 

Inc  iii. 

,  171; 

iCal; 
18-28, 
J'at'J- 


! 


PATTLSOX— PEACE. 


769 


son  (T.).  1841,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  St  Lotiix.  I'attoii  (A.  Owinn),  1841,  overl. 
iiiiiiiig.  of  the  liui'tlcson  party,  who  went  hack  to  Mo.  in  '42.  iv.  'JTO,  'J7o, 
\n±       1".  (David),  IS4(),  Faniitieroy's  dragooiw  (v.  'IWl,  '247). 

I'aty  (Henry),  IS.S7,  nai.  of  Mass.  and  iiieivhant  at  Hon.  from  ';?.'l,  of  the 
tirni  Henry  I'aty  &  Co.  1  have  his  letters  from  'u4,  and  he  visiteil  Boston  in 
'34-."i.  In  '.'i7  lie  came  to  Cal.  to  sell  the  Clarion,  which  lieeaine  the  ( '(dij'nriiia. 
iii.  o.'Jl;  iv.  101,  100,  117-l'S.  In  '.t8-40  lie  laino  again  on  the  Don  Qiiixute, 
owned  hy  his  hrni,  coniumndiiig  also  the  Mvri"'  and  peihaps  the  Xinj'ft  in 
'.■!'.)•  10.  iv.  10.'{,  lOo.  In  '41  on  the  way  from  Vuli>arai.so  to  Hon.  he  hi  came 
demented  on  acconnt  uf  the  ravages  of  small-pox  on  hoard,  and  cut  his  own 
throat  with  a  razor.  The  firm,  after  his  death,  consi.'<te<l  of  his  liroliurs 
.lohii  and  Win,  and  Eli  Sonthworth.  P.  (.John),  1S.'<7,  brother  of  }Iciiiy, 
who  came  on  the  Haw.  sehr  lu'mti.  iv.  104,  117-lS.  In  '.'JS-48  he  made  one 
or  more  trips  each  year  lietweon  Cal.  and  Hon.  as  master  of  the  /)oii  Qnlxnti', 
and  his  name  often  appears  in  commercial  records,  many  of  his  orij.;inal  lett'TS 
hcing  in  my  possession,  iii.  .")70;  iv.  "i,"),  103,  ;{|4,  .'17'>,  i')12,  ."mO,  .">0."»;  v.  '.'(IS, 
•i77.  •'>7t>,  (iSl,  083.  (.'apt.  P.  owned  land  at  S.F.,  and  his  linn  of  1".  &  Mc- 
Kinlcy  kept  a  store  there  in  '4.'1-,");  he  rendered  occasioiuil  ai<l  to  the  govt, 
I'Specially  in  carrying  away  Micheltorena  and  his  cholos;  he  was  often  eii- 
t'aged  in  smnggling  operations,  bnt  was  known  to  every hody  and  liked  hy  all. 
His  wife  Mary  and  daughter  came  to  Cal.  occasionally  from  "4'2.  From  '4(> 
he  w.as  senior  captain,  or  a  kind  of  connnodore,  in  the  llawaiian  navy.  After 
"4b  Capt.  I',  continued  his  voyages,  celebrating  in  '(m  or  '00  the  KKJth  trip 
between  Cal.  and  the  Islands;  and  he  died  at  his  Hawaiian  home  in  'OS  at  tlio 
age  of  O.J.  His  widow  visited  S.  Diego  about  'SO,  one  of  her  daughters  being 
the  wife  of  Lieut  Benson,  U.S.A.,  and  anothi'r  the  wife  of  a  lieiit  in  the  navy, 
living  at  Vallejo.  Capt.  I'aty  was  famous  for  his  ^kill  and  gooil  luck  as  a 
navigator;  and  few  in  this  list  have  left  so  enviable  a  reputation  for  business 
integrity  and  kindness  of  heart. 

I'atil  (.John  A.),  IS48(?),  tlerman  broker  who  committed  suicide  at  Oakland 
in  '83.  I'aulding  (Charles),  1833,  at  Sta  B.  J',  (.losepli),  1832,  nat.  of 
Md,  trapjier  and  cabinet-maker,  who  came  from  N.  Mex.  in  the  winter  of 
'32-3,  iii.  388,  408,  and  distinguished  himself  by  making  the  1st  two  billiard- 
tables  in  Cal.  He  was  still  at  IjOS  Aug.  in  '3.),  complaining  of  unjust  imiirisou- 
ment  by  the  alcalde.  He  went  to  N.  Mex.,  but  returned  during  the  (lush 
times  of  '48-52,  and  after  a  residence  of  some  years  in  Sonora  returned  tinally 
to  Los  Aug.,  where  he  died  in  '00  at  the  age  of  oO;  perhaps  his  iiaine  should 
be  written  'Pawlding.'  Paulct  (Lord  Ceo.),  1S43,  com.  of  II.  B.  M.  S. 
I'ariixfiirt.  iv.  ,')04.       I'aulina  (H.),  1S4S,  passp.  from  Hon. 

I'ayeras  (Mariano),  1700,  Span,  friar  who  served  chiefly  at  Purisima,  being 
also  president  or  prelect  of  the  inissi<inaries  from  1SI.">  to  his  daath  in  '22. 
(Jne  of  the  ablest  and  most  ])roininent  of  the  Fernaudinos.  Biog.  ii.  4S0-00; 
Uicnt.  i.  .-)00,  .")77.  OSO;  ii.  100-7,  12.3-4,  1.V2,  l."!>,  23.V0.  2.m.  2:.8,  2(m,  207, 
310,  32S,  330-2,  S.T),  338,  .351,  .300,  .394,  307-412,  414,  410,  4 IS,  431-8,  442, 
4.'.l-2,  4J8-1),  401,  40.3-.-.,  470-80,  400,  .■)02,  .■|7I,  oSO,  .■)87,  501,  .W,  031,  04.3, 
0."m,  0,")7;  iii.  II.  Paymer  (I'hil.),  184."),  at  Sutter's  Fort.  I'ayiK^  (\l.  K.), 
IS4."),  immig.  from  Or.  in  the  McMahon-Clyman  jiarty.  In  the  .lame  party 
was  a  willow  I'aync — daughter  of  Owen  Sumner,  with  3  children — and  the 
two  were  married  at  Sutter's  l"'ort  in  Feb.  "40,  prob.  returning  to  Or.  or  to  the 
Ivist  a  little  later  in  the  year.  iv.  572;  v.  520.  J'ayson  (.Sam.),  1878,  Co.  B, 
N.Y.Vol.  (v.  491)). 

I'eace  (.fames),  18.38  (?).  nat.  of  the  Orkney  Isl. ,  of  S(  ntch  and  Danish  parent- 
aye,  who  in  '75-84 — and  tinally  in  the  iV.  F.  Biilhtiu  rn  .July  IS,  '85— claims  to 
have  deserted  from  the  H.  B.  Co.'s  ship  AV/vfV/  at  S.F.  in  '18.  This  vessel  came 
to  the  N.W.  coast  in  '.30,  and  to  Cal.  for  the  1st  time  in  '.38,  which  I  have  little 
doubt  was  the  date  of  P.'s  arrival.  The  l.st  ilefinite  record  of  him  is  when  he 
was  exiled  to  S  Bias  in  '40  and  came  back  in  '41.  iv.  IS,  33,  119.  That  1  >■  is 
not  heard  of  iii  '38  1)  is  natural  enough,  and  indeed,  Brown  and  Weeks  do 
mention  him  vaguely  about  those  years;  but  that  he  could  have  lived  here  in 
'18-39  without  a  trace  in  the  records  is  very  unlikely,  especially  if,  as  he  sa}s, 
Hut.  Cal.,  Vol.  IV.    49 


770 


PIONKER  HECJISTER  AND  INDEX 


lu'  inimifd  n  Viilcnciii  in  ';!.">,  tn  Hiiy  notliiii;,'  of  tin-  fiict  tliiit  if  lio  lind  liml  ft 
iiativi'  wifo  lie  woulil  lint  h:\\i'  Ijci  ii  csilcil.  lie  umkfil  lis  a  liiiiiliciiimii  and 
ini'flianic,  anil  is  niiincil  in  tin:  S,  I'.  iKulrnu  ot  '41  jim  ii  Siotcliniiin,  a^n  •!.').    Imu* 

ft)>()ut  ;!0  ycais,  from  '17  f<,  In'  iivcil  on  a  larni  at  H.ilfn n  Hay;  lint  wimo 

''S  Inis  navij;at('il  S.  F.  li.iy  in  a  sloop,  raining  a  livinj,'  liy  calcliin^,'  liuli  ami 
clams  lor  tlio  S.  Maf(M»  Co,  market  down  to  'So.  Trrn'ock  (.)oliii).  INKl, 
Kaniitltrov's  dnij^oniis  (v.  L'li'J,  "JJI).  IValo  (T.  ]{.),  1S4I,  liatniulist  in  llio 
U.S.  ex.  <x.  iv.  'Jll-.'J. 

rcai.v  (»;.().),  1S-1(J,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dmKoons.  v.  311:  nat.  of  Ky,  I..  '•2'2. 
After  Ids  disiliar^'e  lio  liccanu!  a  trader  at  .StocUtoii  ami  ."Sonoma  in  'lit,  .-ilso 
lolihyist  in  tlin  l.st  le;;islatnre;  iniiiernml  tiiuler  in  tho  nortlieiii  eonnlies '..<)- 
];  deiuily  slieriir  at  Sonoma '."ill-.'");  ami  i'loin  '.">.")  a  lawyer  at  retaluma,  lieiiiy 
state  senalor  in  '(i;{-7.  Jle  marrii  d  (.'oiilter  ISiown,  and  was  Htill  liviiiK  in  '^^ 
w  itii  ;{  eliildreii — proh.  Jilso  in  'M,"i.  I'ortrait  in  Soiiovni  <  'o.  J /ist.,  4ii;  also  liio;,'. 
skctih,  inclinliii_i4  liis  recollei'tions  of  S.  I'jiseiial  in  Id.  .'"iSO-.'i.  I'.  (Win), 
ISI4,  mat(!  on  t\w  Sh  r/imi,  in  e.'ire  of  the  eonsul;  li.  at  .Mont.  '4.').  I'eard 
((leo.),  KSL'li,  lient  on  II. '|{.  M.  S.  Jiloxs,,,,,.  iii.  I'.'l.  I'larl  (.losepli),  ISUi, 
Co.  C.  l.st  I'.  S.  .Iragoons  (v.  :!;;(!).  I'tarsall  (Sam.  W. ).  Ist7,  Co.  It,  N.V. 
Vol.  (v.  ■»!)!));  at  Moiinelumne  lldl '«_'.  Tear-e  (John),  ISlM,  earpenter  on 
the  It'onr.  I'eaiwui  (DavitI  ('.),  IS-IH,  at  lleiiicia.  1'.  (iv'hraim).  I.SI7,('o. 
15.  .Morm.  I5at.  (v.  Ki'.l).  1'.  (Ceo.),  I.S-17,  Co.  K,  .'Id  V.  S.  artill.  (v.  AIS). 
r.  (.lo!in  I'..),  ISK;,  Co.  C,  LstCS.  dragoons  (V.  :!:t(i).  I".  (.I.W.),  ISIS,  |>a>;sii. 
from  Hon.  I',  (iloliirt  II.),  ISIS  (?|,  nat.  of  .Me,  who  brought  the  0;-.;/(»;/  to 
C.il.,  and  eonmiaiided  manv  steamers  down  to  "(11;  d.  at  .S.I''.  '(iS,  age  .Ki.  1'. 
(NV.),  ISIS,  passp.  from  Il.'m.  I'.  (W.  S.).  ISIS,  at  Itenieia.  I'ease  (Sam.) 
IS'J(>,  sailor  on  the  /uircr.  I'easley  (Nesnnth  A.),  1S47,  Co.  A,  N.V.  Vol. 
(v.  4!t<»);.l.  S.  K.  V)l, 

I'eeli  ((has  L.),  KS.J7,  Co.  15,  N.  V.  Vol.  (v.  I!)!));  d.  at  Mont.  'M.  V. 
(Chaniieev  I-.),  ISI7,  eorp.  Co.  M,  ditto.  I'.  (I'M.  M.),  ISI7,  Co.  J>.  Min'in. 
liat.  (V.  -Uill);  in  I'tali  'S_'.  1".  (l.^aael.  ISI7,  Co.  C.,  ditto;  reeiil.  I'.  (Slier- 
man),  ls;t;!,  trader  at  lion,  who  Ni.-iteil  Cal.  in  ".'U  r>  as  sup.  of  tlio  Vuliiiitrrr 
ami  other  vessels,  repii'seiitiiig  .1.  ('.  .loiies,  1  have  iniieli  of  his  corresp.  willi 
Cal.  traders ';M-S,  and  he  may  have  visited  Cal.  on  other  oeeasioiis,  I*. 
Criioril),  IS47,  ("o.  C,  Morm.  I'.ai.  (v.  Id!));  neid.  a.s  eorporal.  I'eeliham  (I!. 
1''.),  ISKi,  nat.  of  I!.  1.,  desirting  from  the  whaler  Cnhiiii/.  at  S.  F.  He  worked 
as  liimlierman,  soldier,  farmer,  <!erk,  mim  r.  earpeiiter,  and  trader,  eliangiiig 
liis  oeeiipation  and  lesideiue  hall' a  dozen  tiine.s  a  year  -  lint  limliiig  time  to 
marry  and  study  law — until  '.I,  from  whieli  time  to  '70  he  piraetised  law  at 
Sta  Crn/ and  S,  J osi",  serving  al.-io  as  district  .'ittoriiey  and  eonnty  juilge.  In 
later  years  ho  cstalilislied  a  woollen  mill  at  S.  .lose,  wIk'I'c  he  still  lived  in  'SI 
villi  wife  Ann  Siiiilh.  and  !>  eiiiidrtn.   Tortrait  in  S/a  Clnnt  Co.  llial.,  SO. 

I*edr;i/.a,  deserter  from  a  galleon  I7'.ll.  i.  -184.  I'edro  y  (Jil  (liafael), 
1774,  Siiaii.  giiavdanliiiaeeii  ;.t  .S.  Diego '7  l-SI.  IJiog.  i.  4.11;  uieiit.  i.  'JJ7, 
*J.").'{.  rcdrorma  (Mignel),  lf'.;>7,  Span.  sup.  of  the  .S,  Aiiur.  brig.i  Dilmini 
and  .luaii  Josi'  ','17—10,  lieing  also  agent  for  Mel 'all  &  Co.  of  JJina.  iv.  lOI!  4; 
iii.  7'J7;  also  on  the  coast '4'_'-;!;  owner  of  .S.  F.  lots '4.')- li.  iv.  (Hi!);  v.  (iS4:  had 
a  elailii  ngainst  the  govt  fori?.'!,  Itl'.t;  deelined  iin  appointment  to  ju'eseiil  charges 
against  Mielieltorena.  iv.  .VJ-J.  From  'I.")  his  lioiiu!  was  at  S.  Diego,  where  ho 
married  Maria  Ant.  I'^stiidiilo,  lieing  the  grantee  of  .S.  .laointo  Niievo  in  "4(i, 
nnd  his  wife  of  Kl  Cajon  in  '4.">.  v.  (Jl!l;  iv.  (i'JO  1.  He  strongly  favored  tho 
c.iiise  of  (he  IJ.  .S.  in  '40-7,  acting  as  jnez  de  paz,  as  Stockton's  aide,  with  rank 
of  eapt.  ill  tho  Cal.  liat.,  and  in  '47-S  as  collector  of  cnstoina.  v.  'JS(J,  Il'Jit, 
3(i0,  .'5S."),  r)7'J,  .'")7.'i,  018-19.  In  '4'J  lie  represeiiteil  S.  Diego  in  tlm  constit.  con- 
vention, lieing  one  of  the  most  iiopnlaraiid  inllncntial  nieinlici'sof  the  Spanish 
race.  Ho  died  in  TiO,  leaving  a  son,  Miguel,  and  two  d.-inglitcrs,  Elena  and 
L^alu'l,  who  inherited  his  large  estate,  and  an^  still  living,  I  think,  in  'S.'). 
Don  Miguel  was  of  a  good  Span,  family,  one  of  his  lirothers  holding  a  high 
oflieial  iiosition  at  Madrid;  and  he  was  himself  an  intcUigoiit,  scholarly  man, 
of  excellent  character,  who  hy  liia  courteous  alTahility  made  friends  of  all  who 
knew  liim.      I'ceJ  (John),  1840,  sailmakcr  U.  S.  N.,  ami  acting  capt.  Co.  G, 


PEHD— I'K:?A. 


:i 


Stock ton'H  naval  Ij.vttalion '10  7;  I'lol).  'Ilcnl.'  I'l'^iirro  (A'ni)!>o  K»t<'van), 
KiOL",  fiipt.  ill  Ni/i'iiiiiiiH  I'xpi'd.  i.  !IS.  I'.  ( Mariaiiu),  nvut  to  Mi'x.  for  i-om- 
liliiily  ill  tilt!  SoliH  i(!\olt,  'Ult- .'(().   iii.  (IS-71,  K.'>. 

I'lircc!  (Ilfiiry  Au^^iiNtiiN),  l,S'J8,  nut.  of  Mass.,  1).  ISOS,  wlio  wnit  to  Mono- 
lulu  ill  ''-'.'),  iiinl  tliniiT  mi  tlio  sniiit!  vchncI,  llir  llrijiuii,  roiii.  \t\  liin  Itiotliir, 
to  tlio  N.  \S'.  couHt  as  cli'i'k,  toiicliiiitj  iil  S.  I'',  on  tlii^  irtiirii  in  tlic  autiiiiui  nf 
'lis.  iii.  I7H.  Kroiii  that  tiiim  for  14  ycai'H  liu  wum  a  tiailcrat  llonoUilii,  in  iii!^' 
n  iiii'iiilirr  of  till!  lii'iii  r.  &  lii't'Wcr,  .Some  uf  iiiH  iirij^iiwii  Irttcts  ami  much  if 
the  lii'in  8  I'oi'i't'Hp.  ari!  in  my  lio.sHi!H!<ii'n.  Mraiiw  hilc  he  niailt!  many  voyages 
ns  ina.strr  to  ('hiiia,  KaiiirhatKa,  ami  S.  America.  In  '.'!7  he  went  on  the  l\ni 
from  N.  V.  to  Honolulu,  ami  rt^tiirneil  s  ia  l<iina  ami  overland  to  Ihieno.s  Aires, 
In  ','{S  III!  iiiarrietl  Susan  U.  Thom|iHon,  whose  liiittlier  •lose|ili  1'.  is  naineil  in 
this  re^^istcr.  h\  '.'(!(  he  wi^nt  to  the  l.^lamls  as  part  owner  uf  the  Morsr,  aiiil 
in  'I  I  -  came  a;;aiii  tot'al.as  mr  ami  ovv  iier  of  llie  ,l/((/i//((»(/,  miiiij;  from  ( '.il. 
to  Mazatian  ami  thence  overlaml  to  Vera  Crii/.  I  IiiiM'  his  ori;^inal  Jaiiiiiiitu 
of  voyaL'cs  ill  '.T,M-_',  inclmlini;  tlio  visit  to  Cal.  iv.  'JlIK,  'lli-X  •_';!,'.,  '.'."»(»,  .'{I'D, 
JMS-'.l,  i"iii7,  (i4(),  (il).").  l)i,'tailsof  ('at»t.  1'. 's  sulisci|iiciit  advciituri'sare  toiicuiu- 
Jilicated  for  |ire,seiitatioli  here,  hut  hardly  one  of  llu!  |iioiieei's  re!.;iHtered  in 
this  Ii8t  has  had  so  varicil  an  ex|ierienco.  In  'I'.'  !)  he  wasa  ISostoii  inereh.iiit 
trading;  with  I'acilie  (huIm;  and  in  'I!)  revisited  Cal.  on  the  Mfiilritil,  maki..i; 
extensive  ami  unfortiiii.'ite  purcliahcs  of  land  at  Saii/,alitoand  the  l.slands,  ainl 
ill  'iiO~l>l  resuming  his  Imsiness  at  ISoston,  which  was  i.e.irly  ruined  hy  the 
war  of  '01  5.  Most  of  his  remaining  wialth  was  lost  in  a  Miss,  cnttoii  p'.'nn- 
tatioii  in  '(i(i  7;  and  in  'll'.l  reirce  was  made  U.  S.  minister  at  th<-  llawai'aii 
Is!.,  making'  the  trip  l.y  rail  to  S.  F.  Ho  held  this  po.siiiun  till  '77,  and  after 
It  hrief  term  aM  llavvaiian  iiiinistcr  of  forei<{n  ailairs  lu!  came  in  '7iS  to  S.  I-'., 
where  he  has  since  resided  clown  to  'N.">,  lieing  in  a  sense  tho  oldest  liviii;^ 
]iioMecr.  I'osides  the  journal  nientioneil,  1  have  several  MS.  loiitrihutious 
from  Mr  I',  named  in  my  list  of  authiuities.  Portrait  in  ('unhmii.  JHoij.,  ii. 
IHO.  His  w  lie  resides  in  Mass.  sim-e  '70;  he  has  a  son  and  daiiLfhter;  ami  is 
a  ),'ieat-i,'r.iiidl'atluT.  (Capt.  I'eirco  died  a  few  days  after  the  aliove  was  writ- 
ten, in  .luly  'S.'i.)  1*.  (Hardy),  IS.'JS,  brother  of  lleiiry  A.,  who,  iieini;  mate 
on  a  Hon.  vessel,  dieil  sudd(>nly  at  Sta  H.,  a;,'(! '2.'(.  iv.  Il!(, 'JlM.  I*.  (.Marcus 
T.),  IS-JS,  hiother  of  Henry  A.,  ami  mr  of  the  '.'riffoii.  iii.  147.  I'.  (Win), 
ISI'J,  mate  of  thi' •S>W///-/ ''4'_'-4;  died  at  .Mont.  '4.'».   iv.  i.VI. 

l'.lliam(.Matthew),  ls;{4,a  Oamuit  .Mont.  iii.4l-_'.  I 'ell  (K.Ward),  184f»,oiie 
of  the  Mormon  colony,  with  wife  and  'J  dau(.;liteis.  v.  ')Ht;  an  elder  ami  coun- 
Bcllor,  hut  excommiinii'ateil  oli  the  voya<;e.  He  lived  with  Itoliert  liidley  in 
'4(i.  V.  I(7H;  and  in  '47  he  was  sherilf  ami  inspector  i.f  hiilcs  ami  tallow,  o«  n- 
ini,' a  S.l'\  lot.  V.  04.S.  He  still  lived  to  testify  in  land  cases  in  '(i.'i.  His 
(lau,L;ht.er  llettie  ('.  married  .lohii  H.  lirown  in  'Ki,  soiin  leaving  him  and  he- 
eomiii;,'  apparently  Mrs  <Irec>ii.  The  other  <lau{,'hter  is  mentioned  as  the  wife 
of  I'M  ("oliea.       I'ellan  (Antonio),  neophyt'.  .ilcade  at  S.  Hiejjo  I7'.*!*-   i.  '>•">•'»• 

I'ena  (Antonio),  ISlJ'),  Span,  artilleryman,  a;;e. "it)  in'^JS;  proli.  sent  to  Mex. 
in  ':«).  iii.  r>\,  S.'i.  1*.  (Antonio),  soldier  of  S.  F.  comp.  '.'(."•,  sergt  '.'{(i.  alf. 
'.'{7.  iii.  70-2.  I'.  (Cosnii),  ls:{4,  Mex.  lawyer  who  came  with  tiu'  H.  and  1*. 
colony  with  an  apiiointinent  as  Jiscsor;  ]iroiiiinoiit  in  Alvarado's  revolt  of  "{{tl; 
Biiliseipiently  i^ovt  set!.,  and  appcjiuted  prefect  of  the  southern  district  in  ';{'.•, 
J>ut  not  approved  in  Mex.  Ht!  left  Cal.  soon  after ';{!».  Hio;,'.  iii.  .'i!t4;  imiit. 
iii.  •J(i7,  •-•S."),  4I.">,  440,  4.VJ,  4(il,  4(10,  47.'),4S7,  .VJ.'t-.".,  .'iH.V'.l,  .".!)4,  (i.'liMO,  (•.70, 
ii'.'f,  iv.  7"i.  ir<?  left  2  dani.ditcrs  in  Cal.,  Carmen  h.  '•_'4,  ami  Cesaila  'l'S. 
1'.  (l>t!iiietrio),  IS40,  son  of  .liian  l'\'lipe,  with  whom  he  came  fifdii  N.  .Mex.;  a 
settler  in  .Solano  Co.  '41-70;  wife  ln^'.s  ISerreyrsa,  and  (i  .surviving,'  children  In 
'70.  1'.  (l<iUstiii|uio),  sohlier  at  .Sta  11.  ahoiit  '.'!•_'.  I'.  (I'"raiiciseo),  soldier  if 
thelstexped.  l7(>!)-74;  ment. '7.">-();  killed  at  the  Colorado  puel.los 'SI.  i.  •.:,>(», 
30:M,  .%:{.  v.  ((Jerarilo),  soldier  of  the  1st  expetl.  '<iO-74.  1'.  (.Jose),  arlil- 
kr^nian  ami  teacher  at  H.F.  '122,  elector  'HO,  teacher  at  .Sta  Chira';{7-4I,  owner 
of  a  .S.F.  lot  ';{0,  grantee  of  Rincon  tie  S.  Francisqnito  '41,  retircil  sohiier  ,.9 
tcniciitu  dt!  prcniio  from  '44.  Possibly  more  than  one  of  tho  name.  ii.  '184.  .">01 ; 
iii.  50,  705,  728;  iv.  408,  67'2,  t>S2.  In  '41  ho  ia  named  us  u  Mex.  teacher,  age 


i 


tli 


1'io:.'i:kr  nnnisTKR  and  l\di:x. 


04,  ill  tlu'  S.  J()S«5  piidron.  llis  wife  «  ns  (!crtru<li8Loroii7nnii,  nR<'  r>fi:  chedird 
111  '(;.'»  ut  tlii^  lupnlrd  ajjc  of  107  (really  SO).  I'.  (.Jcmii  Ant.),  cnldiir  of  tlio 
l«l  (.spiMl.  V.I- 70;  (il  tlio  S.  Juiiii  Cu|i.  miunl  '70.  i.  .'lO.'l  I'.  (.liisO  (itriiiMii), 
gliiiitt'C  of  'I'/iiliaco  iniielio,  Sciindiiii,  '4.'{;  IiIh  lit-irs  wltc  claiiiiaiit.'*.   iv.  <'74. 

IViiu  (Jiiiiii  I'Viipe),  1S40.  N.  Mex.  iiiiiiii}'rHiit  with  wilf  umi  0  cliiMn  n, 
who  with  Viiijii  Hctllcd  ill  Solano  Co.  '41,  and  m' us  tlu^  t^niiitti' ot  tin'  I'litali 
rai  .  lio  ill  4:J,  iv.  07-'.  ilodiod  in  '(!:»  at  Laguiia  Val.,  u««^  7;i.  !'•  (l-in**). 
Kolilifi-  of  th«!  iHt  fxputl.  '."it)-74;  at  Sim!  luiiclio  l80-_».  ii.  III.  I'.  (.Manuel), 
K(  Idler  of  the  S.J",  ci.iiip.  ''2H-'M;  nient.  in  '"JO.  iii.  Ill;  in  'II  at  S.  .lo^(<, 
;ige  .'iO.  wife  (iiiaihiliiiH'  Me.sa,  child.  Dolores  b,  'l'8,  liii's  "M,  ("aiiiicn  '."i'i,  Kii- 
•  aiiiaeioii  ';i:j,  llilaria  '."It,  l;..sarir>  ';i>S,  I'aiilino  '40.  1'.  (iNarti.'«»  Ant.),  jm'Z 
nt  Sta  Claia  '4:i.  iv.  (iS'.i,  (i8,">.  1'.  (Uioaido),  hmdowner  at  S.  .luan  Caj).  '41. 
iv.  (>•_'(!.  I',  (lioiiuiahlo),  innsician  of  S.F.  eomp.  'Mt.  1'.  (Tonuis),  177-', 
S|)iiiii.sli  friar  who  founded  and  served  long  at  Sta  Clara,  retain;,'  in  ''.>4,  hold- 
iii'.;  later  the  olliee  of  guardinil  at  S.  Fernando  collei,'e,  hiuI  ilvili!,'  in  IW)(>. 
Uio^'.  i.  7'A'-:{;  iiient.  i.  IW),  MI.VO,  V.'7, '.'S'.»,  •-'JII-'J, --'ii.'), '-".17.  .'i*'*-.'!.  :!."> I ,  ;{."•«, 
401  :i,  474,  47ti,  4S4,  4'.)(;,  Tdl,  r>7(i,  .•)78,  581,  031,  7-'0;  ii.  Hi(i.  I'l  Aa,  sue 
iihu)  '  I'ifia.'       IViiaiiil,  see  '  I'aiiund.' 

I'endleton,  1844,  iiir  of  the  Jitiij.  Morgnn.  P.  (Ceo.  A.),  IS47,  lieut  Co. 
D,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  .".01.  In  Tnoliinine  Co.  '4!')-r)4;  d.  in  '71  at  S.  Ilir^o,  where  ho 
hail  been  county  clerk  for  14  years.  I'enliallow  (Dav.  I'.)  IS.'l7,  nir  of  tlio 
Alfil  '.■{7-0.  iv.  OS,  101;  may  have  visited  Cal.  earlier  as  mate  or  siii).,  Hiiice 
on  the  roll  of  the  Soc.  Cal.  I'ion.  ''J'J  is  the  date  of  his  arrival.  In  '47  he  writes 
from  lloiiohilii.  iViiiiie  (A.),  !,S4S,  passp.  from  Hon.  iVniiy  (.Moses  II,), 
1847,  Vau  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  4!tf));  went  to  S.C.  '50.  renroise  (Ceo.  R),  ISI7, 
lieut  Co.  A,  N.V.Vol.  V.  50;{,  511;  also  (juarterinaster;  ',  Mont,  after  |.'iO. 
reo])les  (Ceo.),  1847,  sailor  on  the  Ohio;  later  a  circus-inUr;  d.  in  Texas  '(17. 
1'.  (.loliii  II.),  1848,  chief  of  a  party  for  relief  of  snowed-iii  iuiniig.  from  Or.; 
drowned  later.  I'eotrowski  (It.  k.).  1844,  donbtfiil  <lute;  jierhaps  '54;  d.  in 
France  '8:{.  Newspapers.  Pepper  (Tlios),  1833,  sai<l  to  have  been  at  S.Jos;?. 
Iloll;  Sta  Clam  Co.  HiuI.  Allan;  doubtful,  iii.  409.  Pera  (Alexis),  1844,  of 
Fremont's  j.arty;  did  not  reach  Cal.  iv.  4.17. 

Peralta  (Antonio  Mar(a),  son  of  Luis;  in  '35  at  S.  Mateo;  in  '37  alf.  of  mili- 
tia at  S.  F.,  also  ilector.  iii.  701,  705;  in  '41  named  in  the  S..1om5  padroii  (liv- 
ing at  .S.  Antoi.io  ranclio),  age  30,  wife  Mari'a  Ant.  Carcia,  child.  Aiitonia 
Maria  b.  ".\2,  Ciuadaluiie  '33,  Fernando  '34,  Kita  '.'{7,  Crisanto  '38,  Int's  '40;  in 
'40  juez  of  the  contra  costa.  v.  002.  In  '5'2  he  was  the  claimant  with  his  3 
brothers  for  S.  Antonio.  P.  (Domingo),  son  of  Luis;  in  ''.*7  i^indicoat  S.Josi?. 
ii.  005;  in  '.33  grantee  of  Caiiada  del  Coite  de  Madera,  Sta  Chira.  iii.  711;  for 
Mhicli,  as  for  S.IUimon  and  his  share  of  S.  Antonio,  he  was  claimant,  iii.  713. 

In  '41  named  in  S.Johti  padron,  age  47,  wife Careiu,  child.  Angela  b.  '"25, 

Juan  '-24,  Maria  Ant.  '21»,  Fraiicisca,  '30,  Ramon  '.'58,  I.oicio'?)  '39.  His  rcsi- 
•leuce  was  at  Teniescal  on  the  S.  Antonio  raiieho.  P.  (Fclipi.^,  at  Los  Ang. 
'40.  I*.  (Francisco),  soldier  of  the  S.  F.  comji.  '38-9.  P.  ((iabriel),  Mcx. 
corporal  of  the  S.F.  coinp.,  at  Sta  (."hira  anil  S.Josi';  an  iiivillidfi  settler  at  S. 
.)os(5  from  '90.  i.  '297,  300,  3I'2,  478.  His  wife  was  Fraiicisca  J.  Valenzucla, 
and  his  daughter  Oertrudis  (i.  31'2)  married  Nicohts  Dcrreyesa  in  '79.  P. 
(Ignacio),  son  of  Luis  b.  1791 ;  cor)i.  of  S.F.  comp.  '19-'29;  elector  at  S.F.  '"27, 
'.>j,  '4:{.  ii.  592;  iii.  '>77,  704;  iv.  .301;  jiiez  of  contra  costa  '.'{9,  '41.  iii.  705; 
iv.  084;  in  '43  supl,  of  the  junta,  iv.  .301.  Named  in  the  S.  ,)o86  jiailron  '41, 
age  51;  wife  l!afacla  Sanchez,  child.  Francisco  b.  '2'2.  Miguel  '25,  Joaquin  '"27, 
Luis  M.  '31,  Jo8(5  de  Jesus  '.33,  Juan  '35,  Gabriel  '.39,  Kafiicl  '40,  Lodriviiia  {•>) 
'29,  Maria  Ant.  '37.  He  was  claimant  for  a  part  of  .S.  Antonio  in  '53.  P. 
(Jose:),  at  S..Job6  '17.  ii.  425;  at  S.Mateo  '35;  of  S.F.  militia  '37;  niur<lered  '38. 
iii.  705.  P.  (Juan),  named  in  '46.  v.  1C2.  P.  (Juan  Josi'),  at  S.Jos<5  1783. 
i.  .l.'iO;  invdiido  at  Brancifortc  '99;  comisiouado  1811.  ii.  390.  P.  (Juan  P.), 
at  Los  Ang.  '39,  age  31. 

Peralta  (Luis),  nat.  of  Sonera,  who  probably  came  as  a  boy  with  Anza's 
cxped.  of  1776,  enlisting  in  178'2,  being  a  corp.  of  the  S.I'\  comp.  from  '91  or 
earlier,  and  in  com.  of  the  S.  JosC-  mission  guard  in  1798-1800.  1.  404-5,  55C, 


rEUALTA-l'KKKZ. 


:::« 


.108,  "I'i.  From  IROl  lie  was  a  sergt,  tukiiij{  part  in  Bevrral  oxjird.  iipiinst  lln- 
iiiil.,  iiikI  fmni  IM)7  <!<)inisi(miui(>  iii  ulmrj^t;  <it  8.  Jom**  piivlilo.  He  nIkiWiiI  ^^umi 
(jiialiiicM  (iM  UMolilier,  ami  waHHi-vt-ral  tiiiiCH  ruciimtnviiilvd  for  |ir<iUii>ti()ii  to  a  if., 
l)iit  laiUii  toM'.im-  it.  ii.  ;r.,  IM,  i;CJ,  ]'M,  ISH,  :<70,  ;<TH,  :>h4,(iU4.  Jliswifo 
M'liH  Maria  Ldrcto  Alvisu,  uiul  tint  Mrth  of  a  huii  l^nucin  i^  rucortlcd  in  1 71' I.  in 
liS'JO  lit'  olituincil  Ik  grunt  of  tlu<  S.  Antoniu  ruiicliu,  incluilinf^  tiic  sit>  .s  of  tlic 
lutiT  Ouklunil  iiiiil  Alaiiii'ila,  uliich  muh  oecu|)it'it  l>y  iiix  hons  pirliapM  Ix'lnrt! 
''2.'>,  till-  raiielio  Itiiililin^s — thu  tiiHt  ui't'ctcd  in  Aluin<'<lu  county  rxojit  ut  nii->- 
hion  S.  Jd.sO — Ix'iiig  lit  iS.  Antonio,  luttr  known  us  iSrooklyn  an<l  KuMt  Oak- 
laiiil.  ii.  .'i7'>,  •'•U'l.  mH,  7I'>'.  i'crulta  ri'taiiUMl  hi.>i  pohition  ax  coniisionailo  tiil 
lty'2'2,  and  liis  iilaci;  on  tliu  conip,  rolls  as  uctivu  M'lgt  ti>  ''Jli,  and  us  invaliiio 
to  '41;  nifunwliilc  continuing  to  livo  at  S.  Josi-  und  si-rving  us  idi'itor,  tit  as- 
uri'i',  and  jn'rliaiis  jufZ  in  ",H>-',i.  ii.  (KMI;  iii.  .")(),  7-!*.  In  '41  lit-  appears  on  the 
padron  as  h7  years  old,  his  daughters  .lusefa  and  (iuadulupe — aged  4ti  and  _:{ 
—  living  with  hi;n.  Other  daughters  were  Teodora — grantee  of  Hnaeoelia, 
Marin  '4ti,  v.  (i7() — and  'I'rinidud.  In  '42  he  divided  his  S.  Antoniu  runeh"  he- 
twecii  his  sons  Antonio  M.,  Ignacio,  \'ieente,  ami  Uoniingo,  und  died  in  ''>\  at 
the  age  of  i)7.  The  great  value  of  the  lands  granted  to  Teraltn,  the  eluini  that 
liis daughters  were  (entitled  to  u  share  of  the  property,  the  alleged  insanity  of 
Don  Luis  at  the  time  of  making  his  will,  and  various  rasealities  pruetised  liy 
the  land-sharks  in  later  years  on  some  of  tlui  heirs,  gave  ri^e  to  eomplleatid 
litigation  whieli  ean  liurdly  he  regarded  as  at  an  end  in  '.S.'t.  1',  (.Nligml), 
militiaman  ut  S.  F.  ';17.  1'.  (Nicolas  N.),  at  .Sta  Ana  runcho,  Los  Aug.  ';!'.•, 
age  .'{S.  'I'he  Santiago  tie  Sta  Ana  raneho  had  been  granted  to  a  I'eralta  with 
^orlia  in  |S0!>.  ii.  IJ-J,  17'-'.  I'.  (I'edro),  soldier  of  the  S.  F.  cunip.  Mb.'i, 
man  led  a  daugliler  of  Lieut  (irijalva.  ii.  104;  eorp.  of  the  eseolta  at  Sta  C'ri;/ 
171I7-  ISOO;  inviil.  eorjt.  on  the  eomp.  rolls  IHID-.'f.'.  I'.  (Selmstiaii),  soldiir 
ot  tiie  S.F.  eonii'.  'IK-'-'"-*;  in  'Xi  i-egidor  at  S.  Jo.«i'',  making  an  exped.  against 
the  liid.  iii.  XM,  ."IMt,  .■l!!4,  7-'-';  in  '10  grantee  of  liineonatia  de  lus  (latos  und 
inaj.  at  Sta  Clara,  iii.  7I-,  7->S;  in  '41  a  widower,  age  4,S;  in  '40  (|Uarrel  with 
Fremont,  v.  8,  !).  l*.  (Vicente),  sen  of  Luis,  whost-  home  was  at  Teme.-ial 
on  the  subdivision  of  his  father's  liiiiclio;  sergt  of  militia  at  S.F.  ';i7;  in  'i  I 
age  •_'!),  wife  Fnearnaeion  (jlaliiido,  child  (Guadalupe.  In  '40  he  was  one  of  the 
bears'  pri.soneis  ut  Sutter's  Fort.  v.  I'J4.  li'S,  •_'!(«.  I'ercival  (John),  IS4.")  C). 
com.  of  the  U.S.  <  'oiistitiil'wii.  iv.  ri04.  I'er.lu  (Joseph  L. ).  KSIO,  one  of  tl.e 
Ciiino  prisoners  wounded,  v.  Hi:{-I4;  at  Mont.  '47;  Cal.  claim  SL-'O.")  (v.  40_'). 
I'ereira  (Joa<|uin),  1S"J(J,  rortiiguese  age  I'O.  on  {Ul' Jii  mi  A  mjnxi  ins  siuwuliii 
at  Sta  H.  iii.  I7(i;  a  vatpiero  in  ''M  and  '40,  when  he  ligured  as  the  revealer  of 
a  ]iolitical  plot.  iii.  (i(tO. 

I'erez  ((  ornelio),  son  of  Jose  Maria,  h.  at  StA  Cru/  '1 1 ;  juez  di!  campo  '4'.'. 
iv.  OO.'l,  and  perhaps  in  ',V.\;  in '4.'>  on  the  Itruneit'orto  padron,  wife  Itosai  io 
I'into,  child.  Jose  lianioii  h.  ';{7,  Celedonia  '.'{'J,  Mari;i  "41,  Juan  de  Dios  'I'.', 
Benigna '43.  In  '77,  still  at  Sta  t'ruz,  he  dictated  for  me  a  hricf  Miiiioiin 
chielly  relating  to  Ind.  troubles  in  ear!y  times.  1'.  (Cruz),  Me-\.  convict  re- 
leaseil  in  "M.  V.  (|)omingo),  at  the  rancl;o  nacional,  Salina.s,  ';>(!,  age  •J7, 
vile  Ferinina  Kspinosa;  claimant  for  Los  (iatos '.">-*.  I'.  (Kulalia),  nat.  <'f 
Ijorcto.  long  a  resid.  of  S.  (lahriel,  and  famous  for  her  repiitid  great  age — 
140  years— at  the  time  of  her  death  in  "iS.  'I'he  evithnce  nspt  cting  hii-  age  i.s 
too  tjoinplicuted  for  jiresentment  in  detail  here;  hut  .'!0  years  at  Ir.^st  of  tin; 
reputed  140  rest  on  the  incorrect  a.-sumptiim  that  she  came  with  the  \>t 
ex]icd.  in  I7(i'.>.  She  really  came  with  In  r  liushand,  Antonio  (iuilleii.  a  sold'ir 
of  the  S.  Diego  eonip.,  about  ISOO,  (Juillen's  name  lir>t  appearing  in  \>-(t'.i.  If, 
as  she  states,  she  was  married  at  1."),  i:nd  her  oldest  ciiild,  I't  tra.  «as  1 1  \i-,  \a 
ohi  on  arrival  at  S.  Diego,  she  was  K'ss  th;!n  .'SO  years  old  in  IWlO.  In  tin'  Lo- 
reto  archives,  which  exist  only  in  fra;_'meiits,  I  have  found  no  record  of  her 
birth;  but  her  brother  Mariano,  son  of  I)ieg(>aiid  Ifosali'a — whom  she  nanus 
as  her  parents— was  ba)iti/ed  in  17'W  and  buried  in  1777.  The  S.  Dii'go  mis- 
sion records  show  the  birth  of  two  daugliteis  and  the  burial  of  a  son  in  IMO- 
I'J.  There  is  some  cin'umstantial  conliriiiation  of  my  supposition  that  her  age 
was  less  than  30  <:;  iSOO,  and  therefore  less  than  108  at  lier  death,  und  there 


774 


PIOXEER  REOISTL'U  AND  INDEX. 


aro  numerous  inconHinti-ncics  in  tlie  e\  lilenco  ndiliicod  in  «u|>port  of  Iicr  great 
a;,'t;;  104  i»i  a  iiioio  accuriitu  lijjuro  tliuii  HO  fi)r  luT  iigo  in  "is.  Ihnx.i,  Kulai.n 
wii.i  well  iiiioM  n  as  n  niii'Hu  iuhI  niiilwifu  at  S.  (iubiitl;  liud  ii  ticcnnit  liUNiiiiini, 
Juan  MariuL-,  fur  ii  tow  yearn  from  ",\2;  und  in  tlic  later  yt'urH  «■a.^  an  oSji'd  of 
LTcat  intori.'st  to  viNitors  on  account  of  Ikt  ago.  Mcntioncil  ii.  IK,  U.'iiJ,  ,")i;jl; 
lii,  143,  -01>.  I  met  licr  in  '74,  ami  in  '77  «lii>  'lictato'l  a  narrative  of  noniu  ;{0 
prices,  [/nil  I'irjfi  I)  Sim  Iternirilw,  full  of  interesting  items.  Two  of  tlio  old 
vvonum'H  (laughters  lived  with  lur  at  S.  (Jabriel  in  77,  one  of  tin  in  liosario, 
Ii.  'If,  tliu  wife  iif  Michael  White,  a  pioneer  «>f  ''2fd.  Her  sou,  I.siilor<j  (inillen, 
died  at  I'urisima  ahout  'li4,  and  her  <!an;{hter  I'ctra  at  liOs  An^.  ahout  '44. 

Perez  (t'rancisco),  juez  do  policia  at  fi.  Joso  '44.  iv.  (i8."».  I',  (.lose),  ree- 
idor  lit  Lo.i  Anj;. ';U -'2;  iii.  llMi,  iilH;  snplentu  of  the  dip.  '^,Y^.  iii. 'JfU;  ulciddo 
"A\.  iii.  U.'i'>,  IV17.  One  of  tliu  vigilantes,  ami  taking,'  part  in  thu  sectional 
trouhlea  '.'10-7.  iii.  4;{J,  405;  'id  ulcahlc  '38.  iii,  ()3U;  grantee  of  S.  I'ascual 
'40.  iii.  C;M;  mentioned  in  '4.">.  iv.  G04.  1*.  (Jacinto),  at  S.  Hern.  '4(i,  a.;o 
'1\.  1*.  (.los(5  IJern.  de  Jesus),  l8.'tH,  Mex.  fri"  of  the  Zacatecanos,  who 
served  at  Sta  (Jlara  and  as  sec  to  I'refeet  Uarcia  l>iegi>,  disai)peariiig  from  tho 
C  d.  records  after  '3"i;  but  in  '4'J  f'Uardiau  of  tho  college  at  Aiu'atecas.  iii.  319, 
3.">();  iv.  ^'i'2.  W  (Jos(3C.),  sliouM  bo  Juaii  C.  iii.  U4j.  1'.  (Jos<5  Maria), 
Mcx.  settler  1708.  i.  (iOO;  in  '-4  at  Branciforte.  ii.  G'27;  in  'l'8,  wife  Marga- 
rit.i  Uodrigue/,  child.  Cornelio,  Juan,  Anita,  Uafacia,  Hamona,  Simon,  iind 
Jhilino.  V.  ().'7.  P.  (Jo86  Maria),  in  revolt  at  Sta  B.  '2D.  iii.  78.  1'.  (Jo8(5 
Il.ria),  1842,  cornet  in  the  batallon  lijo  '4.'-.").  iv.  28i).  I".  (Jnan),  17(i!», 
coin,  of  tho  ,s'.  Aiiloiiio  in  the  lat  e.\ped,  to  (Jal.  '(!!)-71;  in  '74-5  com.  of  the 
Saidiaijo.  i.  110,  P.M.  12(5-7,  IJi»-3(),  13(i.  1(17-9,  172,  178.  2()8,  2iy,  224,  241, 
214.  I'.  (Juan),  sou  of  Jos(5  M.,  b.  '13;  a  soldier  of  tho  S.F.  conip.  '31-4;  at 
Uianeiforto  '4.1.  wife  Maria  Ant.  Armas,  child.  Jo8i5  Ant.  b.  "M,  Louisa  '37, 
At)ccnHion'41,  Felicidad  '44.  In '77,  »lillat  .StaCruz,  he  dictated  for  mo  his  A'e- 
r:irnl'i.i.  V.  (.luunCrispin),  part  owner  of  the  StalJertrndis  rancho,  Los  An-;., 
'■J I  30,  and  nu.x.  alcalde  thero  '31-(i.  ii.  .■)(».">,  0.35;  in  '35  grantee  of  I'aso  «lo 
Buloio.  iii.  033;  in  '41-5  maj.  S.  (iabriel.  iv.  030-7;  in  '4i»  at  Los  Aug.;  ago 
4',)  in  '.3'J.  P.  (Manuel  Ant.),  at  S.  (Jabriel  ';!<),  age  42.  I'.  (.Marcos).'at  Loa 
Auij.  '40.  r.  (I'cdro),  settler  at  S.R  1777.  i.  21)7:  at  Los  An','.  1S(J5.  ii. 
i'!,.';  another  I'edro,  prob.  Bon  of  tho  1st,  was  at  Los  Aug.  '3!>,  ago  !2;  also  in 
'4  '•.  I'eiez  del  Canipo  (Jo.sc*'),  182."i.  Mex.  alferez.  iii.  15.  1'.  i'.-rnandez 
(Joac),  17!)2,  alferezof  the  S.F.  comp.  1702-7,  being  also  liabilitado  aud  acting 
c:):n.  '04-0.  i.  080,  471,  020.  042-3,  705. 

l'erk;iy  (J.  ]).),  1815,  Amer.  saildler  from  Or.  in  tho  McMahon  pirty.  iv. 
572,  587.  He  entered  iSutter's  service  and  is  often  nanie<l  in  the  iV.  J/elv. 
JJiiiri/  '45-8;  siiminoneu  as  a  juryman  f(n'  the  trial  of  B.  K.  Thompson  Feb. 
'4S.  ("ailed  ah:o  I'urky,  Parky,  and  Perkins.  Perkins  (Clias),  1847,  Co.  K, 
N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  4!*0).  P.  (John  (}.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  P.  (llufus)  1828, 
c.ip.  of  tho  Fmiik'in.  iii.  133,  147,  107.  Per  Lee  (1' heron  K.).  1S47,  lieub 
C;>.  K.  N.Y.V'ol.  v.  504;  in '48  a  lawyer  at  S.F.,  and  president  of  the  guards; 
in  "4!)  justice  of  tho  peace  and  editor  cf  tho  I'laccr  Times;  in  N.Y.  '70-80; 
Baltimore  '83.  Pcrrin  (Chas),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morin.  Bat.  (v.  400).  P. 
(James),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  400).  Pcrrot  (Baptiste),  184G,  teamster 
with  Kearny  from  N.  Mex.  v.  337. 

Perry,  1844,  mr  of  the  Eit<jie.  iv.  565.  P.,  1845,  at  N.  Helv,  '4'>-6;  also 
Mrs  P.  V.  511.  P.  (Alex.),  1847,  surgeon  >'.Y.Vol.  v.  50,3,  511,  513;  owner 
of  S.F.  lots  '48;  in  N.Y.  city  '74  82.  P.  (( vrneli  is),  1845,  doubtful  name 
in  the  Micheltorena  campaign,  iv.  405.  P.  (  lijah),  1840,  one  of  the  Gra- 
1  am  exiles,  not  known  to  have  returned,  iv.  18.  P.  (John),  1838,  Aiucr. 
from  Kealejo,  Nic,  where  he  had  a  famih,  o  une  on  the  rcaniaiKjhl  and  lived 
a  year  or  two  with  Spear  at  S.  F.  iii.700:  <\.  Il9.  Ace.  to  \Vm  H.  Davis,  Perry 
became  a  Mcx.  citizen  aud  cot  a  grant  of  the  lot  where  Spear  built  his  store 
f;!r  tho  purpose  of  deeding  it  to  S.,  going  away  with  the  intention  of  return- 
in  ,'  with  his  family,  but  dying  at  llcalejo  in  '40;  still  thero  was  a  John  P.  at 
Mont,  in  '44  awaitinga  passage  to  Hon.  P.  (L.W.),  1848,  kept  a  palritshop 
at  S.  F.  V.  084.      P.  (Moses  W.),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Loj  Aug. 


PERUY-PIIELPg. 


778 


•71-fl;  at  Tucson,  Ariz.  '«'-'.  P.  (O.  II.).  1841,  limt  in  U.S.  ox.  ex.  Iv.  '.Ml. 
P.  (I'utL'i),  1844,  lluwuiiiui  in  LurUin'H  m^rviru  at  Mont.  1'.  (Uni),  IH4H, 
i>uMi<p.  from  Hon.  PurHoim  (Klifnt-zcr),  1847,  t'u.  A,  Morni.  ISiit.  (v,  4li'.');  in 
Hntter'n  Hcrvicu  ut  tlio  tiiiioof  tiiu  tjold  tliHoovfi'y;  otti'n  ciillfil  Klijaii  V.  P. 
(Ilurnion  1>.),  1847,  Cu.  U,  ditto.  i'uaingur  (•!.  II.),  1847,  on  tiiu  llvnnj  at 
S.F.  from  Or. 

Pet,  ls;n,  in  till)  WilJamt'tto  cottlo  exrcd.  iv.  85.  Petcli  (Uobort),  1840, 
onu  of  tliu  Mormon  c<jlony  witli  wifu  and  '2  eliildi'i'n.  v.  rj4(i;  owner  of  S.P, 
lot '47.  V.  080.  He  nev«T  wi!ntt.>  Utaii;  wifi- died  lioloro '84.  Putcra  (.John), 
1H47,  litigant  at  S.  Uie)(o.  1'.  (Xoali),  184 J,  at  .Mont,  and  N.  Helv. ;  in  '4«-7 
Btrved  in  Co.G,  t'ul.  liiU.  v.  578,  r.87  (;J.)8).  PuterHon  (Freil.),  1847,  Co.  (J,  N. 
Y.  Vol.  (V.  400).  I'.  (I'ett-r),  184:»,  mr  of  tiiu  Adniitlamv  '4K-.").  iv.  .'iO'i.  Ho 
WU8  a  Duno  wlio  liad  purlmpa  visited  tlto  eoast  earlier  U8  innto  witit  ('!i[it.  Ar- 
tlier.  Ca|it.  P.  iit  Htill  living  at  Boston  in  'Sr>  at  tlie  aije  uf  80;  und  liii  ori{jinul 
yvii/r// of '4.'l-r>  liuM  lieen  Hliovvn  nio  l)y  Win  II.  Tlionu's,  iii.i  Hon-in-law,  wlio 
was  a  H;iiior-l)ov  on  tiio  AdmiUuiici'.  I'.  (I'oter),  1847,  perlia|iH  of  ('o.  C,  N. 
V.  Vol.  (v.  ■my,  atH.P.  '7-4;  not  in  Clark'a  tinal  list.  P.  (Win  H.),  18t«, 
said  to  have  conio  with  Kearny  from  N.  Mex. ;  owner  of  .S.  l".  lut  '47.  v.  ;j;i7, 
070.  Ictisoii  ((jieo.),  1810,  at  S.  Lenndro.  LMud'dlo  J)oc.;  puriiaiis  '  Patter- 
8.11.'  I'ctitt  (lluljcr),  1840,  Cal.  elaim  of  §:i.")  (v.  4IJ-J);  Ijouglit  lind  of  Va- 
Ikjo  '47.  V.  45.J.  Petit-Thouars  (Aliel  du),  Ih;{7.  com.  of  the  Freni;ii  corvette 
Vi'iiiin,  and  author  of  a  Voiiivie  containing  much  important  matter  on  Cul.  iv. 
147-r>0;  also  i.  AWl;  iii.  r).",;-),  080,  0<.»t);  iv.  100.  Petrof,  1808,  mr  of  tlio 
Katlidk.  ii.  80.  I'etrowski  (K.  K.),  1844,  doubtful  name  and  date.  iv.  4'i3; 
a  Polo  who  was  a  miner  und  farmer  in  Cal.,  dying  in  Fiuneo  '8.'J.  It'ettegrew 
(David),  I8I7,  Co.  K,  Morin.  liut.,  who  nerved  also  a-s  a  preacher  and  spirit- 
uiil  director;  ut  Halt  I^aku  City  '•").").  v.  47'),  477,  488,  490,  404.  P.  (.lames 
P.),  1847,  Co.  U,  ditto.  I'ettcr  (Thou),  I8;{3,  at  S.  Jos(5;  see  also  'Pepper.' 
Pcttet  (Wm),  1847,  painter  and  owner  of  many  lots  in  S.F.  '47-8;  also  sec.  of 
tho  council  and  8ome«.!iat  active  in  town  imlitics.  v.  539,  (548,  050,  078,  080, 
084.  Peyri  (Antohio),  1700,  Span,  friur  wlio  seiveil  at  8.  Luis  Ob.  ond  at 
S.  Luis  llcy,  of  which  lie  was  the  foiindin-,  from  '98  until  his  departure  in  '32; 
in  .Spain  '.30.  Pioj,'.  iii.  021-2;  meiit.  i.  504,577,587.  0.")7,  089;  ii.  108-9,  l.">9, 
340-7,  394,  45.3,  518,  553,  055;  iii.  87,  91,  90,  102,  183,  210,  2.33,  317,  304;  iv. 
151. 

PfeifTer  (Max  \\".),  1847,  Co.  O.  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Pfiiistcr  (Adolph), 
1847,  Co.  K  and  Cr,  ditto;  settled  at  S.  .Jos6,  wliero  ho  was  mayor  in  '75,  and 
still  lived  in  '82;  a  (ierman  h.  '21.  Pfi.ster  (Ed.  H.  von),  1847,  nir  of  the 
Com.  Shuhrick  from  Hon.  in  April,  and  in  Aug.  bringing  on  the  Providence 
from  the  Islands  a  stock  of  goods  with  which  he  opened  a  store  at  Benicia  in 
Sept.  or  Oct.  v.  072-3.  In  '48  he  went  to  the  mines  and  ki'pt  a  store  in  comp. 
witii  Branu.an,  and  later  Vaughan;  but  returned  to  Benicin  in  '49  to  keep  a 
hotel,  and  still  lived  there  in  '80  and  later.  P.  (John  It.  von),  1847,  brother 
of  Ed.  H.,  who  prob.  came  with  him  from  Hon.;  agent  for  tho  Cal.  titur  in 
March  '48,  and  murdered  by  Peter  llaymond  at  Sutter's  mill  in  Oct. 

Phalen  (Win),  1817,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Piiclps  (Alva),  1847, 
of  tho  Morm.  Bat.  v.  481;  died  on  tho  way  to  Cal.  P.  (Ijcthuel),  1848,  at 
Mont.,  Benicia,  and  S.  F.  "48-55,  having  business  rel.ations  witli  Larkin; 
claimant  for  Pt  Reyes  rancho.  iii.  712.  P.  (Geo.  II.),  1840,  tanner  .it 
Sonoma;  with  Smith  at  Bodega  '47-9.  P.  (Wm  D.),  1840,  nat  of  Mass., 
and  nir  of  the  Alert  '40-2,  making  an  exploration  of  the  Sac.  River  in  boats, 
and  engaging  in  the  Com.  Jones  war  by  spiking  the  guns  of  tho  S.  Diego  fort. 
iv.  30,  95,  101,  135-0,  1.39,  150,  320,  .502,  018-19,  005.  In  '40  ho  came  kick  as 
mr  of  tiie  Moscow,  reinainiiJ^  r>r.  tui  coast  till  '49  as  mr  and  sup.  of  diilcrent 
vessels,  being  com.  for  a  time  of  the  prize  schr  Malek  Adkel,  atfordin;;  aid  in 
divers  ways  to  the  Bears  and  later  to  tho  U.  .S.  oflioers.  v.  15,  177-8,  190, 
280-2,  407,  579.  For  one  item  of  his  f.rvices  to  Fn';moiit  ho  had  a  Cal.  claim 
of  §10,000,  which  was  paid  after  a,  slight  reduction  of  $9,950.  Capt.  P.  had 
exceptional  facilities  for  gaining  a  knowledge  of  curre.it  events  in  '40-8,  and 
his  published  Fore  and  Aj'l,  besides  being  a  most  interesting  and  oft-quutcd 


776 


PIONEER  Kf:GISTER  AND  INDEX. 


nnrrati''e  of  personal  experiences,  ucnt.iins  inu(.l.  useful  iiifurni.itioii  iiliout 
(J.il. ;  yet  it  must  be  noted  that  tlieeai)tain,  uith  all  liis  honesty  "ini  /'  al,  wua 
not  on  all  points  an  accurate  witness.  1  have  many  of  his  oiiuinal  littei-s  of 
'4I-'Jan(l  '4li-S,  with  some  of  later  date  from  Le.\ini,'ton,  Mii-s..  where  lie 
still  lived  in  '72.  Philip  (John  V.  N.),  1840,  act.  lieut  on  th<"  (  ,'/'""■;  li*^«t 
Co.  D,  (Stockton's  Naval  Bat.  '40-7.  v,  IJSO.  Pliilips  (A.  1'..),  IM*^,  owner 
of  S.  F.  lot.  P.  (I^avid),  1S."4,  Engl,  cooper  at  S.  Diego ';Ui  Inmi  Sonora 
with  a  Mex.  wife,  age  44.  iii.  412.  P.  (James),  1S47,  Co.  C,  N.V.Vol.  (v. 
490).  P.  (Joel),  1844,  Amer.  n.itiiralizcd  in  Nov.;  'Joel  IVlipe' iM)SNiljly 
only  the  baptismal  name.  P.  (John),  1840,  one  of  tlie  Moni.on  colony,  v. 
.OlO;  owner  of  S.  K.  lots '40-7.  v.  078;  living  in  Utah  '84.  I',  (.luhu  15.1, 
1847,  Co.  D,  N.V.Vol.  (v.  4!)!));  at  S.  P.  '71-82.  P.  (.losepli).  1^40,  gunner 
on  the  U.  .S.  Dale.       P.  (\Vm  D.i,  1847,  owner  of  S.  F.  h.t;  yr^h.  '  I'licliis.' 

Piatt  (Oliver  K.),  1840,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons  (v.  .Till).  Ticiietto 
(Louis),  I80O  (?),  Canadian  trajnier  well  known  in  Or.  and  l!.' '.,  wiio,  ace.  to 
notices  of  his  death  in  '70,  made  a  trip  to  Cal.  from  Or.  in  '20,  whicii  is  doubt- 
less an  error,  tliough  he  may  have  come  8  or  ten  years  later. 

Pickens,  1811,  nn- of  the  Coiuoij.  iii.  .382.  I'ijkcriiig  (Clias),  1841,  nat- 
uralist of  U.  S.  ex.  ex.  iv.  241-;?;  owner  of  a  S.  F.  lot  '4S,  perhaps  another 
mun.  Pickernell  (Joim),  18;;7,  named  iu  Larkin'a  accoiMit.s.  I'ickitt,  181.'), 
nir  of  the  I'orrcsU.r.  ii.  274.  P.  (Chas  E.),  1S40,  Amei'.  lawyer  w  ho  luul 
lived  several  years  in  Or.  and  came  to  Cal.  by  land  in  .linie.  In  '47  lie  prac- 
tised law  at  8.  F.,  also  living  at  Sonoma  and  visiting  llDiiohihi;  and  in  '18 
kept  a  store  at  Sutter's  Fort,  being  tried,  and  accpiittcd  by  a  jury  on  the  2d 
trial,  for  killing  l\.  Alderman  in  a  quarrel  aliout  an  iiuidsuie  at  the  fort. 
From  the  first  he  was  an  eccrentric  character,  of  marktil  aliility  but  unbal- 
anced mind,  always  ready  to  make  sacrifices  for  a  friend  or  abuse  an  enemy, 
never  tiring  of  airing  jiis  opinions  and  whims  and  (piarrels  in  tiienewspajiers; 
best  known  as  Plnlisoplier  Pickett,  and  the  autlior  of  jianiphlcts  on  all  Borts  of 
subjects.  He  died  in  Cal.  about  '80.  iv.  .i;)."i:  v.  12,').  ."«20,  (i-l."),  040,  0.')4,  981. 
Pickman,  1841.  doubtful  name  of  the  Workman  party  of  imuiig.  iv.  '278. 
Pickup  (Geo.)  1847,  Co.  C,  Morin.  P.at.  (v.  400). 

Pico  (Andres),  son  of  Jose  Maria,  \>,  at  S.  Diego  in  '10.  His  1st  apj)earance 
in  the  i)ublic  records  is  m  "30-8,  when  be  was  in  charge  of  tlie  .lamiil  rancho, 
elector,  and  receptor  of  customs,  iii.  440,  48,'),  000,  Oil,  Ol.T;  iv.  98.  At  the 
same  period  lie  took  an  active  jiart  on  behalf  of  tlie  south  in  tiic  aectional  po- 
litical strife  against  the  Monterey  govt,  being  half  a  dozen  times  a  prisoner  in 
that  play  at  warfare  ami  diiiloiiiacy.  iii.  488,  408,  TilS-O,  (Ai\,  MO,  G.'w,  500, 
r)78,  .")S0,  024.  In  ';i0-42,  ranking  as  alferez  of  tlie  .S.  Diego  comp.,  he  .served 
as  elector,  was  for  a  time  in  charge  of  S.  Luis  Key,  and  obtained  lands  at  Sta 
^largarita,  .S.  Juan  Cap.,  and  Tenu'ctila.  iii.  oOl,  iiOO,  012,  ON,  021,  024,  020- 
7.  (ilJO.  He  was  sent  to  ^lex.  in  '44  by  Cov.  ^liL•heltol■ell!^,  to  obtain  funds, 
iv.  401-2,  .*)Oli;  and  after  his  return  devoted  liiiu.self,  as  licut  «)f  the  eonip. 
and  capt.  of  defensor^;,  to  the  organization  of  the  militia  at  Los  Aug.  iv.  407, 
471,  47'i-0,  491-2,  010.  In  '4.')  he  was  obliged  to  join  the  revolutionists  and 
was  in  mil.  com.  for  a  time  at  Mont,  and  at  Los  Aug.  iv.  402-,'J,  .'il.'),  .')2.1, 
051-*2;  being  subse(juently  commissioner  to  make  inventories  of  mission  prop- 
erty, and  becoming  lessee  of  .'<.  Fernando  an<l  purchaser  of  S.  .lost',  iv.  o.'O. 
.V).'!,  i')01,  030,  037-8,  043,  00.")-0,  083.  In  '4()  Don  Andres  ranked  as  eapt.  of 
tin;  regular  comp. ;  was  left  in  chief  eomniaiid  on  the  flight  of  Castro;  .sur- 
rendered and  was  paroled  with  other  otlicer.;;  but  ))roke  his  parole  to  serve  as 
3d  in  rank  under  Florcs;  was  in  com.  of  the  Califoiniaus  at  the  victory  of  S. 
Pascual— the  most  notable  achievement  of  his  lile;  took  part  in  the  tighta 
of  ,lan.  '47,  and  being  left  by  F'ores  in  chief  niinmand,  concluded  with  Fr(5- 
niont  the  treaty  of  Cahuenga  closim;  the  war  in  Cal.  v.  40,  143,  204,  200-7, 
.300,  330-."."),  387,  930-1,  40;{-.'),  422,^448.  In  '4S-'.I  Capt.  V.  had  a  company  of 
miners  at  work  on  the  Mokcliimne,  was  a  resid.  of  .S.  .lose  in  '40-.')0,  but  sub- 
sequently of  LdS  Aug.,  being  the  claimant  for  several  niiuthos,  iii.  0."3,  71 1 ;  v. 
07,');  elected  to  the  as.sembly  in  '.")1;  presidential  elector  in  '02;  land  receiver: 
bri^'adicr-gcii.  of  militia  'oS;  state  senator  in  '00-1.    Mucli  of  his  time  in  later 


nco. 


years  was  devoted  to  land  litifjation,  especially  in  connection  with  liis  S.  Fer- 
nando estate;  and  he  died  in  '7G.  Andn's  I'ico  was  a  hi'ave,  ri'ci>.k'ss,  coarHC- 
j;i;iiiied,  jovial,  kind-liearted,  popular  man;  ahler  in  several  respects  than  his 
brother  Don  Pio,  hut  not  overhurdencd  witii  principle,  lie  was  never  mar- 
ried. I  have  a  valuahle  col.  of  original  Paptles  de  Misioii  from  his  private 
achives. 

I'ico  (Antonio  Marfa),  son  of  Josd  Dolores,  h.  at  Mont,  in  1S08.  In  'o3 
n;aj.  at  S.  Jose;  alcalde  in  '3,").  iii.  729-30;  lieut.  of  militia  '.'ST-iS,  involved 
in  a  conspiracy,  iii.  013-14,  573,  732;  in  '3!)  suplentc  of  tlio  junta  and 
grantee  of  Valle  dc  8.  JoHt'5  ranelio.  iii.  oOO,  713,  731;  'Jd  juez,  com.  of  an 
Ind.  exped.,  and  grantee  of  I'e.scadero  in  '43.  iv.  3G2,  073,  Of>.");  in  '44-')  juez 
and  alcalde,  capt.  of  defensores  taliing  part  in  tlie  revolt  again.st  Michel- 
torena,  and  a  su[)lento  of  the  a.s.seuibly.  iv.  407,  4G9,  48(5,  540,  085-G.  Ilo 
was  purchaser  of  the  S.  llafael  mission  estate  in  '4G.  v.  501,  070;  and  was  in 
some  truuhlo  through  favoring  the  cause  of  the  U.S.;  '2d  alcalde  in  '47,  and 
prefect '49-50,  having  been  a  member  of  the  constit.  convention.  In  '01  he 
was  a  republican  clectoi-,  and  was  appointed  by  I're.s.  Lincoln  register  of  the 
U.S.  land-oliice  at  Los  Aug.,  resigning  in  '02.  His  tleatli  occurred  in  '09. 
Ho  seems  to  have  been  a  man  of  limited  abilities  and  excellent  character. 
His  wife  was  I'ilar  IJcrnal,  who  survived  him  with  3  sons  and  3  ilaughters, 
I'etra  Mrs  (lelesch,  Marcalina  Mrs  Campbell,  and  Viccnta  Mrs  (Jastro;  or 
at  least,  these  were  tiie  signers  of  tlie  funeral  invifaitions  in  '09.  Three 
volumes  of  Docninejiloa  para  la  Ilixtori'i  de  California  from  the  private 
arcliives  of  Don  An,.()nio  Maria  were  added  by  liis  family  to  my  collection. 
P.  (Fernando),  rancheri)  at  Sta  13.  '45.  P.  (Francisco),  concerned  in  the  re- 
volt of  '45.  iv.  4.S7;  grantee  of  Calaveras  in  '40.  v.  C05;  Cal.  claiui  of  §.'  9."(0 
(v.  4(i2).  P.  (Francisco  Javier),  brother  of  Jose  Maria;  soldier  of  Sta  C. 
conip.  17iS0-18O0,  retiring  as  nvalido;  one  of  tlie  grantees  of  Simi  1795- 
lti2l.  i.  003;  ii.  5(i0.  P.  (JosO),  mestizo  soldier  at  Sta  IJ.  17S5,  age  21. 
V.  (.lose  Ant.  Bernardino),  son  of  Jos6  Maria,  b.  at  S.  IJiego  1794.  About 
'15  ho  enlisteil  in  llie  S.  Diego  eomp. ;  is  nient.  as  clerk  in  '17.  ii.  425. 
ser'^'t  of  tiie  eouip.  from  '2S.  ii.  543;  iii.  105;  ehaiged  with  conspiracy  '34. 
iii.  257-.S;  promoted  to  aifcrez  '34,  and  comisionado  to  secularize  S.  Juan 
Cap.  in  '34-0.  iii.  OOS,  020-7.  In  '30  8  lie  was  transferred  to  the  Mont, 
conip. ;  promoted  to  licut  in  '3S;  and  in  '39  transferred  to  the  S.  I'',  coinji. 
at  Sonoma,  iii.  549,  584,  OOS,  071,  007-8.  He  left  tiie  mil.  service  in  '43, 
being  tlie  grantee  of  Agua  Calieiite,  S.  Diego,  in  '40,  of  S.  Luis  Key  "40, 
and  also  one  of  the  purchasers  of  S.  Josii  Mission,  v.  501,  Gil,  02'J-I. 
Notliing  is  heard  of  iiim  in  the  trouiiles  of  '45-8,  but  he  c((ntinued  to  live  in 
the  south,  dying  at  S.  Diego  in  '71.  He  is  described  as  a  lively  old  man,  full 
of  jokes,  nicknamed  Pioito  on  account  of  ids  diminutive  size;  and  riiliculed 
to  some  extent  by  Wilkes  in  his  n.'.rr.  of '41.  I  know  notliing  of  his  family, 
except  that  ho  got  permission  in  '28  to  marry  Soledad  Ibarra. 

Pi<o  (.lose  Doloi'cs),  ^If.\  soldier  v  lio  came  to  Cal.  about  1790,  marrying 
CJertnidis  AniL'Zipiita  in  '91,  ..id  serving  in  the  Sta  15.  cou;p.  to  '95  or  later. 
Before  1804  lie  was  traiislci  icd  to  tiie  Mont,  eomp.,  marrying  Isabel  Cota, 
and  .serving  in  the  Sta  i' ■uz  'soolta.  From  'II  he  was  scrgt  of  the  eomp.,  and 
is  meiit.  in  eonneeti.ui  willi  fuviiat  liiil.  exped.,  being  dangerously  woinnlfd 
in  '15,  obtaining  in  '19  a  grant  of  the  Bolsa  de  S.  Cayetano  raiuiio,  and  biiiig 
in  charge  of  the  raiicho  nacinnai,  Salinas,  from  '21.  ii.  50,  335-0,  33S-9,  .'!79, 
410,  0(19,  015  10;  iii.  43,  lie  ilied  in  '27,  leaving  a  good  record  as  a  soldier 
and  Indian-lighter,  who  hoked  the  education  or  birth  which  might  have  given 
liiin  promolion.  He  was  the  founder  of  the  northern  braiudi  of  the  I'iro  l.im- 
ily,  Antonio  Maria  and  .Jose  de.Icsns  being  tiie  most  prominent  of  his  sons. 
Tl' ■re  were  1,3  eliildrcn.  A  daiigiiter,  Maria  Ant.,  was  elaiinant  f<ir  S,  Cave- 
i.  ).  iv.  055.  The  widow  dietl  at  (^astroville  in  '09  at  tli<!  nge  of  sO,  leaving 
over  a  huiiilred  descendallt.^.  I'.  (.lo.st^  de  Jesus),  .son  of  Dolores,  b.  at  Mout. 
in  l,S07.  I'l  '27  31  Ik.'  serveil  as  a  soldierof  the  Mont,  eomp.,  t. iking  part  in  tlio 
Solis  revolts  of  '2S-29.  iii.  00-7,  7t;  but  siibseipiently  ;'ettinga  suhsiituteand 
livingou  Lis  father's  rancho.  In  '30-8  he  was  sonie\»liat  promir-ent  in  Alvarado's 


778 


PIOXEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


revolution,  iii.  4,'>7,  401,  491,  Ml -'2,  524,  507,  ru-2,  C8;  iv.  9(5;  ndiiiin.  of  S. 
Antonio  ';{8-41;  jjrunteo  of  ricdiii  JJlancu,  S.  Luis  Oh.  '40;  udiiiiii.  oi  S.  Mi- 
piH'l  MI-II.  iii.  (i7S,  (iSW;  iv.  '2')'2,  (ill;),  lie  tool;  jiart  in  tlic  niovcnicnt  of 
44-5  against  Miclieltorcna.  iv.  458-9,  4S7,  (158,  (li  .  In  '4(i,  ninkint;  as  capt. 
of  tlefen.sores,  and  bt-ing  juczili;  pa/  at  .S.  Luis  t)l).,  lie  was  parolccl  witli  otiier 
oliiciM's,  liiit  l)rok(!  his  jiaroKrand  supported  rioroa  in  tiio  Natividiidi;ani|)aii,'ii. 
111!  was  aucordini^ly  atTcstcd  i)y  Fivuioiit  in  Dih;.  and  condcniniMl  to  ilcath, 
hut  ))ai'doni;d  at  tiio  inturci'saion  of  liis  wife  and  (jhildrcn.  Jle  hccanie  a  moat 
dc'iitod  fiiond  of  Fn'^niont,  aiding  him  in  hiini'ing  ai>out  tii(!  treaty  of  Ca- 
huenga,  and  accoiriiiaiiying  him  on  liis  famous  vulc  of  '47.  v.  'JS'_',  .'{Jl,  ;{(i'J-H, 
.'!74-ri,  40.3,  44.'{,  (i,'>8-9.  In  '48-9  Don  .lesus  made  some  suecessful  tours  in  the 
mines,  and  later  lived  on  his  S.  Luis  Oh.  laneho  willi  his  family,  lieingeounty 
assessor  and  assemlilyman  in  '5'J-Il.  In  '78  he  dietiited  liis  recollectioMs  for  my 
u.se.  eite<l  as  Acoiitcchniciilos,  and  eontaiiiing  many  items  of  valuable  testimony. 
ii.  'j;;;),  L';{J,  oV.'J,  .1S4,  417,  4:i7,  44(1,  (V24.  1  have  not  heard  of  his  death  down 
to  '65. 

I'ico  (.Tosrt  Mavia),  brother  of  Dolores,  son  of  Santiago  I'ieoof  Sinnloa,  and 
founder  of  the  family  in  fiontliern  Cal.;  a  soldier  of  tlu'  S.  Diego  eouip.  fiimi 
178'J,  eorp.  of  the  guaid  at  S.  i.uis  Key  fi'om  1798,  and  sergt  1805-18,  lieiiig 
retiri'd — perha|>s  with  bri^vet  raid;  of  altV'rez — in  '18,  and  dying  at  S.  ( lahriel, 
where  he  had  long  been  in  com.  of  tlie  eseolta  in  '19.  His  wife,  mai  ried  in 
1789,  was  Maria  Knstaquia  Lopez,  nat.  of  Sonora.  His  'A  sons,  Andres,  .losis 
Ant.,  and  I'io,  are  nameil  in  this  re'^isler;  ;;nd  there  were  7  dauglitt'i's,  of 
whom  Coneepeion  married  Domingo  t'arrillo,  Iwtel'ana  and  .laeinta  married 


.lose  Ant.  Carril 


Isid( 


as  the  wife  of  .lolm  I'oister,  Tomasa  of  an 


Al- 


varail'),  am 


1  a  sixth    was   l''el 


ieiana.  P.  (Mamnd),  one  of  the  grantees  of 
.Sinn'  '4"J,  iirob.  son  of  .lavier,  .Mi^iud,  or  Tatriein;  encirgadoat  Sta  Isabel  "l.'l. 
iv.  (i'20.  (ill).  1'.  (.Miguel),  brotherof  .lose  .M.iria,  soldier  of  the  Sta  15.  cemp. ; 
grantee  of  Simf  raiieho  1795,  18"_'l.  i.  (1(1."!;  ii.  5(1(1;  in  '.'12  an  inviilido,  wife 
Caailda  Sinolia,  ehild.   Marf.i  Ignaeia.   I'etra,   Ajiolonia,  .luan  do  Mata,  jiiid 


M; 


widow  died  in  'GD  at  the 


.f  74,  1. 


''  15  ehildreii,    1  \(i 


grandehildren,  and  97  gre.'it-grandehildren  — 1 1(1  males,  111*  ft  males.  P. 
(I'atrieio);  brother  of  .los.'  Maria,  one  of  the  grantees  of  Simi  1795,  l;v_M,"4'2. 
i.  (Hi:!;  ii.  .'{54,  6<i;i;  iv.  (14:1. 

L'ieo  (I'io),  son  of  .Tosi''  Mai'ia,  b.  at  S.  Gabri<d  1801,  moving  to  S.  l)ie!_^)  after 
the  death  of  his  father  in  '19,  where  lie  kept  a  small  shop.  iMir  nieiition  of 
his  eai'ly  life,  see  ii.  1(18,  .'ill,  425,  54(1,  .559,  (104.  In  the  public  reeonls  ho 
lirst  appears  as  elerk  at  a  trial  in  '2(1.  ii.  ,549;  was  a  voeal  of  the  dip.  from 
'28.  iii,  41-2;  being  merit,  also  in  eonneetion  with  the  l''iteii  elopement  in  '29. 
iii.   141 ;  and  getting  the  same  year  some  kind  of  a  title  to  the  .la  mil  I  ramdh 


J!ci,t.  I!. 


vii.  (11,  94;  eontirmed  in  '."il. 


(111.     In  '.-il   I 


le  was  a  leaiier  ol 


)f 


tlie  sou  tliern  opposition  toOov.  Victoria,  iii.  189,  197.  201,  20I1-4,  20(1;  and  in 
';i2,  according  to  the  plan,  should  have  been  gov.  ad  int.  as  senior  voe.i!  and 
priwideiit  of  the  ilip.,  but  was  unable  to  sei'ure  the  jilace,  though  he  is  of  leu 
erroiKouslv  nameil   as  gov.  in  that  year.  iii.  21(i  20,  221,  22(1,  2;il,  245.      Ho 


M  as  ag.im  member  o 


if  tl 


.•il-5,  1 


u'lng  a  ■ 


•  indiilite  for  alcalde  ami  chosen 


elector  '.'Ui.   iii.  24(1.  249.50.  275,  ;{(K),  48;t  4,  (115;  in  '.W  40  ;\diiiini:strator  of  S. 
Luis  Key,  having  also  a  jirolitable  contract  to  slaughter  cattle  on  sliaics  at  S. 

\'i7  9  an  active  iiartisan 


(iabritl.  iii.  .'149, :{.'»;!,  (i2;i-t,  (128;  iv.  51,  (11 


,d 


jf  the  south  against  Alviirado's  govt,  being  more  tli.in  once  a  jiri-som  r,  tliougli 


like  most  others  never  in  a  light,  .and  playini; 


it  very  creditable  ]iart  in  t  hu 


.•tional  strife,   iii.  495,  499  .502,  501.  .5(1(1,  .508-9,  51(1.  518,520,  51(1,  5 18 -.50, 


r)")5,  .558,  .5tl4-(l.  .578,  58;i,  (102,  (lit.      lb 


lin  member  of  thi!  junta   in 


';{9-41,  protesting  against  .Monterey's  claims  as  capital;  also  one  of  the  teriiii 
for  gov.,  tithe  collector  at  Los  Aug.,  and  iirovisioiially  grantee  of  Te 


l!:i 


iii.  i584,  .590,  (104,  GOC.,  (112,  (12:>,  (!:17;  iv.  19:i.    In  '41   h 


tl 


le  g 


raiiiee   ol 


f 


Sta  Margarita  and  Laa  l''hires,  iv.  (121,  (128;  in  '42  supiios"a  to  be  plotting  in 
favor  of  England,  iv.  '282;  in  '44-5  again  member  of  tlie  junta,  and  capl,  of 
defensores,  appointed  comandante  do  escuadron.  iv.  .'iiU,  40;i,  407,  410-11, 
425,  47r>.    Oil  the  dowufall  of  Miuheltorcna  in  '45,  having  taken  some  part 


PICO-PIERCE. 


779 


in  thfi  campaign,  Don  Pio,  as  president  t)f  tlio  jtinta,  T)coaiiio  tomporary  gov. 
f .  oiu  F«l ).  -J'-'ti.  iv.  401,  M2-:\,  4'.K,-<),  r.0;{-7,  noO,  r)-J  l ,  r<:H).  II  is  <  .tlicc  wan  con- 
iii'inrd  in  Mcx.,  .i.n(l  Apr.  18,  '4G,  he  tooli  tliudiitii  nsconstitiuioiinl  ^(iv.  Vnr 
Ills  rule  of  'irj-fi,  general  acta  nml  eontroversy  uitli  (jltii, Castro,  me  iv.  ."il  1  -4."i; 
V.  ;(0-."'<;  on  inissicin  ati'uirs,  iv.  ')4t>-G'2;  v.  r>.">8-(;i;  Fri'iiKUit  allair  ami  liear 
revolt,  v.."),  l,S8-44;  <in  foreign  intervention  iind  MrXaiiiara  project,  v. ."i!(-(i'_*, 
()!),  "ilT-l!*;  niiseellaneo.is  nu-ntion,  v.  'i(i7.  ')70,  Wi),  (KKt,  (iJ4.  (-)ii  tlu^  fip- 
pniacii  of  the  U.S.  forces  I'icc/ left  t'al.  for  Mexico,  v.  'J(J1 -78;  hut  in  Ms  re- 
turned. V.  .■)88-!M);  and  has  since  resided  at  Sla  .Mergai'ita— sold  to  .lohn  leis- 
ter in '(J4 —and  at  Jvos  Anjieles  doxni  to  '8.">,  havin;;  heeii  ciainiaiit  for  other 
ranchos,  iii.  (ill,  i't'Xi,  and  hiding  still  a  man  of  some  wealth,  lie  married 
Maria  Ijjnacia  .Alvarado  in  ';J4,  Imt  1  iind  no  reeor.l  of  cliildrcn.  I'io  I'ico  is 
a  man  who  has  heen  abused  far  beyond  his  deserts;  a  man  of  onlinary  intijli- 
gence  and  limited  education;  of  generous,  jovial  disposition;  rickless  and  in- 
dolent; with  a  weaiiuess  for  cards  and  women;  disposed  to  bo  fair  and  honor- 
able in  his  transactions,  hut  without  H\i(licicnt  .strength  of  )irincipl(!  to  keep 
always  clear  of  doubtful  complications  or  avoid  being  niadi;  th<' tool  of  knaves; 
jiatiiotic  withiuit  the  ability  to  accom[)lish  much  for  liis  country.  In  his  con- 
troversy of  '4.'»-'J  with  Oastro  his  conduct  was  foolish  in  thi^  I'xtrcnie;  in  other 
respects  down  to  184S  his  reconl  is  better  ratlier  than  worse  than  might  bo 
e?;pected  of  a  coninioniilace  man  in  so  pronrinent  a  ])<isition.  Xol  much  fault 
can  be  found  with  iiis  mission  policy;  he  did  not,  as  lias  been  eliarged,  run 
away  in  '4(5  with  large  sums  of  money  obtained  by  illi'gal  sabs  of  mission  es- 
tates; III!  had  a  perfect  right  to  favor  his  friends  by  land  ;;iaiit.s  in  flu;  last  day.s 
of  his  jMtwer,  and  to  prefer  that  (.'al.  hIiouIiI  fall   into  I'liiglish   rather  tlia 


Ai 


meru.'aii   iiossession. 


That  he  seems   to  have  antedated  some  land  giMiils 


after  his  return  in  '4H  is  tiie  most  iliscredi table  feature  of  his  leconl;  yet  my 
study  of  land  litigation  leads  mc  to  hesitate  in  condeimiing  or  <\iiiieiatiiig 
any  otlicial  or  citizen,  native  or  pioneer,  on  cliar^i's  originating  in  that  nio^t 
nnfatiioinable  ])ool  of  corru|ition.  In '78  Don  I'io  dictated  for  me  a //('>/o;7"<« 
f/i'  ('(I'ifornid,  which  iu  interest  and  accuracy  compares  favoraliiy  w  itii  olher 


pioneer  statements;  and  at   the  same  time   gave  me  two  volumes  > 
J>i)i\  Wist,  i'til.,  including  several  important  papers. 


Anti 


l'ic(.  (Hafael),  at  Simi  rancho'-J!)-;{|.  ii.  r.liti;  iii. «;;?."..       1'.  (Ibiinon), 


il 

!)f 

irfa,  b.  in  ''•11;  in '(!:!-(»  capt.  of  Co.  ,\,  1st  battalion  of  native;  Cal. 
cavalry,  sta'.ic'Ued  for  ii  time  in  .Arizona.  lit;  added  to  my  eollei'tion  .'1  vol.s 
of  />0('.  Hist.  Cft/.,  containing  many  original  ]iapera  belonging  to  his  father, 
and  others  relating  to  tlm  ea|)tain's  own  military  career.   .M.'jor  .bise  Uamoii 


Ml 


ii  still  a  resident  of  S.  V.  in  '8,'>.        1'.  (Salomon),  son  of  .Jose'-  I ) 


oiorc  s,  <ir  w  iioni 


.lothiiig  appears  before  '48  except  that  a  I'.incho  in  Tunluinni!  w.is  later  el.umeil 
•jU  a  grant  of '44  to  him.  iv.  (i74.  After 'I'J  he  became  a  noted  highwayman 
on>i  iiiii'ilcrcr  in  the  region  of  S.  Luis  Oli.  and  Sta  \\.  About  '."i7  he  went  to 
Ij.  '^'al.,  where  in   '(if)  he  was  put  to  death   by  ordel'  of  the  sii 


I'fe 


i: 


itico 


:.irza. 


r.  (Santiago),  a,  settler  at  Los  Aie,'.   I7!>().   i.  4(11;  at  Simi 


JS('.*.   ii.   111.    He  seems  to  have  1 


)een  a  soli 


m 


i!  80     It  is  jnst  possibli!  that  he  was  the  lather 


lier  of  the  S.  F.  anil  S.  |)ie^'i)  emnp 


,f.l( 


Mi 


.1  |),d< 


d   ni    delinite  recoid  that  that  Santiago  ever  came  to  Cal.        l*. 


it  Sta  15.  befi 


ore  ';J7 


ife  l\slel.ina  (iareia.  4  eliildreii 


I'ieras  (Miguel),  177i,  Span,  friaj-,  fi 


if  S.  A 


ntonio,  where  lie  servei 


till  his  departure  from  (,'al.  in  1704.  liioL'.  i.  (!SS  !);  ment.  i.  17.'',  ITii,  lsS-!t, 
r,)(»,  'J,")."),  •J7!».  '-'f)S,  .3S8,  4(1!),  .'■.7fi.  T'icH'e  (Charles),  |,vl7,  < 'o.  15,  N.  V.  \'ol. 
(v.  4!)!));  d.  before  '8'J.       P.,    I7!).">,   Fngl.  Noi.tka  eomiiiissioiier  at  Nbuit.  i. 


1-7.       1*.  (Harrison   M.),  IS4:{  (?),  .setti 


er  111 


ana,  wlio  lamlt 


Or.  fr 


lialer  in  '4'2  ace.  to  Menefee 


d   L 


meey.    i>lo" 


lell   thinks   he  was  in   (  '.al. 


'41-L'.   In  '(i8  h(!  testified  that  he  worked  f.)r  l»r  I'.ale  in  '«.'>  8;  the  lir^t  deli 


itii  record  is  his  signature  to  the  S,  Josi^  call  to  foreigners  in 


M, 


'bV   1 1 


1/  nainec 


1  as  an  Atner.  bachelor  at  N.  Ilidv.;  in  .'48  built  the  lirst  striKtiire 


in  Napa  City,  used  as  a  sal(K)n,  ami  still  standing  in  '81.  He  ilieil  in  "70.  iv. 
41)1),  :>!)!);  V.  I-J8,  (170.  P.  (Stephen  ID,  181(1,  of  the  Morn, on  eol  ,ny,  who 
prob.  dill  not  come  to  Cal.  v.  547.       1'.  (Win),   bS4(j,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  .S.  dra- 


780 


PIONEER  REGISTEl    AND  INDEX. 


goons  (v.  33G).  Piurcy  (Sam.  G.).  1847,  IriHlunaii  of  C.  I  .'M  U.  S.  artill. 
(v.  .">IS);  oiiu  of  tlio  few  who  did  not  <lu:iert  for  tiit-  mines;  iwuiir  J.inus  (i.  oji 
the  loll.  Jle  workud  as  c()|iyiiiy  clcrl;  duriiij,'  the  (.oiislitiitiKiiid  (joiui'iitimi  of 
'40;  anil  aitw  his  ilisdiargc  in  V)I  went  to  N.  Y.,  Imt  returnccl  and  lived  from 
'53  at  Oakian<l,  wlioro  lio  diud  in  '77,  leaving  a  widow  and  nianiud  dauglitor. 
I'ieiola  (Anioldo)  at  Mont,  in  ''Jj.  iii.  20.  Pierre  (Jean),  IMtO,  boatswain  of 
till!  I'lnrork.   ii.  38. 

Pike  (Win  M.),  1S40,  of  the  Donner  [larty  from  Tenn.  He  was  aoiidintally 
killed  before  reaching  the  nits,  leaving  a  widow  and  '.I  children.  The  widow, 
JIariict  P.  Murjihy,  survived',  niairying  Michael  Nye  in  '47  and  dying  in  Or. 
'70.  One  of  the  daiigliters,  Naomi  L.,  also  a  survivor  at  the  age  of  3,  married 
iJr  Mitchell  of  Marysville  in  'G.'),  .ind  in  'SO  was  Mrs  Scheiick  at  The  Dalles, 
Or.  The  other  ilaughtci',  Catiierinc,  an  infant,  died  at  the  Sierra  camp.  \ .  531, 
533-4.  i'ilikin  (.John),  1844,  disabled  Amer.  sailor  of  thu  Alunniouth,  in  care 
of  the  consul  at  Mont. 

I'ina  (J]las),  with  Arce's  party,  40.  v.  106.  P.  (.loaiiuin),  Mi'X.  corporal 
of  artill.  at  S.  K.  from  '-'!),  viluii  he  wrote  a  Diar'io  of  an  iiii|ii)itant  cxipcd. 
a'.;ainst  the  Iml.,  the  original  of  which  is  in  my  jiosse.ssioii;  in  '4t  acting  t'om. 
at  S.P,  also  own."  .,t  town  lands,  iii.  7.'),  1 1 1.  1 13,  •Jll',  70-J;  iv.  4(i;!.  «li!),  (i7-'. 
1".  (Liizaro),  Mcx.  '  H  ""•noral  at  Mont.  '•_'9,  at  S.  llafad  Wl.  iii.  70,  7l!i; 
in  '3il  at  Mont.,  ag    .''  I'lacida  \'illcla,  child.  ,Iosc  de  .Icsus  b.  in  .Mont. 

'20,  (Jcrinan  '•_".>,  Ant.  S.F.  ■."il,  Filiciano  at  Mont.  '32,  ]''rancisco  ';i3, 

Luis  (r.  '3.">.  In  '37  he  \Vi;  n'poral  in  the  .S.F.  cav.  eomp.,  and  from  '3;>  sergt 
and  acting  alfcrcz,  .sometimes  in  com.  at  Sonoma,  and  the  grantee  of  Agua 
Calicnte  in  '4;>,  besides  being  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot  in  '45.  iii.  liKi,  ■")S3,  702,  71  I, 
722;  iv.  12.  121,  172-4,  GO!),  084.  He  is  iianied  by  Revere  in  "40.  v.  2',i7;  but 
Boon  went  to  Mcx.,  where  he  is  said  to  have  been  killed  at  the  battle  of  ( 'eiro 
(lordo.  P.  (MaximoK  teacher  at  Los  Aug.  '17-18.  ii.  3.")3.  P.  (Pedro), 
Mix.  soldier  in  tiie  Hidalgo  piqnete  at  Mont.  '.'tO,  age  28.  I'inard  (.1.  15. >, 
184S,  Canadian  farmer  at  .S.  J(i.s(3  '58-70.  I'ineda  (.loaijuin),  Mex.  .soldier  at 
Moat.,  ago  23.  P.  (Loivn/.o),  grantee  of  Los  L'vas,  Sta  Clara,  '42.  v.  074. 
Pinkcrton  (.lames),  184(i,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons  (v.  3.30).  riiikiu'y  ( Rob- 
ert F.),  184ii,  limit  nil  the  U.  S.  SurdiiiKth,  in  com.  of  S.  Jose  garrison  during 
the  Sanclnz  camjiai;;!!  of '40-7;  also  of  the  L'.  S.  ex.  ex.  in  '41,  but  imt  in 
Cal.  iv.  2H;  v.  378,  001.  I'ino  (Miguel),  1770,  2d  oil",  on  tlii!  Spanish  trans- 
ports '70-3.  i.  108,  208. 

I'into  (.\ntoiii(i),  snldicr  of  the  .S.F.  comp.  '10  22.  P.  (FraiiciM(i\,  son  of 
Seraliii,  at  .S.  .)osi5  '41,  iv^it  'M,  wife  riiidenciana  Servian  ('.),  ehdd  M.'iri.i  Ig- 
liacia;  iii'lii-7  kept  under  arrest  at  Mont,  liy  Maddox  for  0  iiuuiths  to  |  r'J- 
vent  his  raising  a  force  to  join  Flores  in  the  south.  P.  (.fuaipiin),  nsidiiit 
of  IJianciforte  '30.  ii.  027.  P.  (Juan  Mari.i),  soldier  of  the  S.  F.  edinii. 
1707-I80J.  i.  4;)'.>,  .")liO;  of  tlie  S.F.  couiji.  'll»-27;  in  '28  at  lliaiicifortc^  v.iili 
Ilia  wife  Ap(jloiiia  Mesa  and  4  child.,  Claudi,),  Clara,  Carmen,  and  Rosuiio, 
also  at  15.  ',31)  (i,  ii.  027:  iii.  007.  1'.  (JuaiiaF.)  married  to  M.  A.  Conlew 
1770,  tile  lirst  marriai^e  at  S.F.  i.  20(i.  P.  (Mamiel),  at  S.  Jose  '41.  age  ,"0, 
wife  .Maria  .\iiie;'c|uita,  child.  Paulina  b,  '23,  Maria  de  la  Cru/.  '2.~>,  Fstov.ia 
'2s,  Miguel  '.33.  Felipe  '30.  1'.  (I'ablo),  corporal  of  the  S.F.  eomp.  i.  21)7. 
1'.  (Uatael),  son  of  S^^ralin,  b.  at  IJrancifoite  '18,  educated  at  Mont.,  and  in 
'30  joining  AUaiado's  ritvolt  was  made  allerez  and  soon  lieut  of  volunteers. 
in  \\hicli  eapaiity  lie  served  in  the  soutfl  '.37-0,  his  regular  appointn.ent  as 
alien/,  of  tiie  .Mont.  eomp.  couiiiig  from  Mex.  in  '."JO.  ii.  58,"i;  iii.  101,  401,  .Vh), 
655,  578,  5^7,  071;  iv.  052.  In  '40  he  was  one  of  tin;  olliix  is  \\  ho  went  to 
Tepic  with  the  foreign  exiles,  returning  in  '41.  iv.  13,  23,  23,  28,  3;).  Alter 
serving  as  an  aide  to  .Mielieltoieua  for  a  year  or  more  lie  rci /ned;  in  '13-4 
wn-i  i  eiisiom-house  guard  at  Mont.;  and  in  '45-0  was  receptor  of  iiis  oms  at 
iS.  F  ,  refusing  to  join  the  movement  against  Miehelt.n'enn,  an  1  gi  in  '  south 
with  Caslio  alter  the  oeeiipatioii  of  S.F.  by  the  U.S.  iv.  202,  377.  4  I,  103, 
f)."7.  070;  V.  08,  135,  230,  (mO.  After  the  fail  of  Los  An",  in  Aug  P  .i...  re- 
tuiiiicl  north,  was  paroled,  and  took  no  f.irther  ]iait  in  t!ie  war.  I  euo  .i:i  ;  ;i 
raiiehero  in  later  years;  had  a  '  Cul.  claim'  of  §2,404  (v.  4()2).  His  wi.'   \.ua 


riNTO— POLLOREXA, 


781 


Maria,  daughter  of  Juan  Amesti,  with  whom  and  4  children  he  lived  in  '78  on 
his  rancho  near  ('orralitos,  Sta  ("ruz  Co.,  a  man  of  gooil  reputation.  Jlia 
Apuiildcioiirs  is  a  valualde  MS.  narrative  dictated  for  my  use  at  that  time;  and 
ho  also  gave  me  the  original  S.F.  custom-house  records  in  his  possession  since 
'40,  a  most  important  col.  of  Dor.  I  Hit.  (,'«/.  1'.  (.Seralln),  resident  of  Bran- 
ciforto  '18,  and  earlier  to  '."JO  and  later;  alcalde  in  '■J'J,  ''1~.  ii.  (i'27.  His  wife 
was  Tgnacia,  daughter  of  I'edro  Amadoi-,  and  his  children  Francisco,  Itafad, 
Ascension,  Antouia,  Dolores,  Maria,  Iguacia,  and  (.'lirmen  the  wife  of  ,).  H. 
Bonifacio.       Pio,  one  of  the  grantees  of  Ulistac,  Sta  C'lai'a,  '4.").  iv.  074. 

Piociie  (F.  1>.  A.),  1848,  Frenchman  who  came  to  S.F.  from  Chile,  en;raging 
in  trade  and  bccurning  a  millionaii'e,  pronnnently  connected  with  many  great 
enterprises  of  city,  state,  and  coast.  The  town  of  I'ioche,  Nev.,  hears  his 
name.  IJeconung  involved  in  linancial  troubles,  he  finally  comnuttcd  suicido 
in  '7-'.  Pioneer  (Jacob  A.),  1847,  Co.  D,  X.  V.  Vol.  (v.  4!)!)).  Piixiuinto 
(Jos(5  Ant.),  at  Los  Aug.  '40.  Piper  (Asabel  1).),  1847,  came  on  the  Loo 
Chon  from  N.Y.,  but  not  of  X.Y.Vol. ;  owner  of  S.F.  lot;  aided  O'Farrtl  in 
his  survey  of  the  town.  In  ',V2  he  furnished  for  the  Alia  his  recollections  of 
the  city  in  '47;  wont  in  '71  to  S.  Amer.,  where  ho  was  killed  by  Ind.  in  '73. 
J'istrowski,  see  '  I'etrowski.' 

I'ituak  (Carlos),  IS'JS,  mr  of  the  (leu.  Siirrr.  iii.  14";  doubtful  name. 
Pitts  (Hcin-y  r  .),  184  (?),  .said  by  Hall  and  others  to  have  arrived  at  Sta  (,'lara 
in  '41.  I  have  a  lett 'i  --urporting  to  be  written  by  him  in  April  '40,  at  a 
quicksilver  mine  in  Cal.,  lioubtless  an  error.  Swan  says  that  Win  1'.,  jire- 
sumably  tlie  same,  landed  from  an  Amer.  whaler  in  '44,  and  from  tiiat  ilato 
he  appears  on  parkin's  books,  iv.  4'i^.  In  '40  he  \vas  eniploycd  to  carry  de- 
spatclies  from  Mont,  to  S.  .lose  and  S.F.  v.  'J.'{8,  '24ri;  his  receipt  for  !?IIO  on 
.Inly  7tli  appearing  in  the  Consulate  A  re/tin  a.  ii.  l(i.  In '47-8  he  woiked  at 
the  ((uicksilver  mines;  also  in  the  gold-helds '48;  in '74  still  prospecting  for 
(jnicksilver  in  Mont.  Co.,  and  still  living  in  '84.  Pixton  (Rolieit),  1847,  Co. 
K,  Morni.  Lat.  (v.  4()!));  iu  Sutter's  employ  '47-8;  returni'd  to  Utah. 

Place  (Wm),  \K\;i,  Amer.  sailor  left  sick  at  Sta  15.  by  a  winder,  iii.  401); 
still  tiiere  in  "M,  ago  .S4;  and  in  '45  pernuited  to  marry  a  neo])hyte.  i'la- 
cencia  (Luis),  com.  do  [)olicia  at  Mont.  iii.  07">.  Placiat  (Antoine),  IS'.27,  nir 
of  the  ('omiite.  iii.  140.  Plaza  (Ignacio),  184'.*,  Mex.  lieut  of  the  batallon 
lijo.  iv.  '28!).  Plemmonds  (David  and  .)ohn),  1848.  came  with  ('(d  Davis. 
StaClamCo.  /list.,  Gi>0.  Pliego  (•fr>si.),  settler  at  S.  .lose  before  1800.  i.  710. 
P.  (Ilodrigo),  IS'JJ,  Mex.  alferez  of  tlie  Mont.,  Sta  1$.,  and  S.  Diego  cornp. 
'•2."  ;{l ;  a  bad  fellow  who  left  Cal.  in  ".'i^  with  «iov.  Victoria.  P>iog.  iii.  'JIO-I I ; 
mciit.  ii.  57-',  (i08;  iii.  !.■>,  50,  &2,  78-;t.  84,  ISO,  lOl-'J,  lit."),  •205.  008,  O.W,  071. 
Plino  (Louis),  18IU!.  Frencli  servant  of  Abregoat  Mont.,  age  38.  Phnnincr 
(Henry),  IS.S.l,  Fngl.  cooper  who  landed  from  a  whaler  and  became  an  otter- 
hunter  i:i  the  Sta  l>.  legion,  iii.  413;  named  in  a  list  of  '30  as  38  years  old 
and  single;  joined  Nidever  in  many  hunting  trips  down  to  '70.  P.  (Win), 
1847,  Co.  K,  N.V.Vol.  (v.  4(t!l).  Plucois  (Pedro),  doubtful  name  in  a  Sta  H. 
list  of  "41.        Plmdvctt  (.lames),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.V.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Poahlcoin  (.John),  1841.  (loid)tfid  name  of  a  deserter  from  the  Jiinu  Joi<<', 
who  worked  as  a  c:ir|)entcr  for  Stearns  at  Los  Ang.  Poenicar  (.lose),  1800, 
tloubtful  name,  nw  of  the  lldaox.  ii.  .T.).  Poett  (J.  Henry),  1848,  ]ihysiciaa 
atS.F. ;  possibly  earlier.  Poinsett,  1845,  perhaps  one  of  Fremont's  party. 
iv.  .")83.  Polanco  (Josc'),  grantee  of  Conejo,  Sta  Ji. ,  soon  after  1800;  at  Los 
Ang.  1804,  '10;  a  P.  owned  S.  .lost'-  de  I'uenos  Aires  '40;  aiul  an  In(5s  (?)  1'.  was 
sent  a  prisoner  to  Mex.  in  ';!0.  ii.  1 1'_»,  172,  18,5,  34!),  3.?4,  500,  004;  iii.  85,  034. 
Policy  (.lames  If.),  1840,  boatswain  on  the  Ikde  '40-7;  went  East  '48  on  the 
< 'niifiri-i";  returned  on  the  l"nir('tiiie.i,  deserting  for  the  nnnes  '50;  again  in 
the  navy  '01  00,  when  he  died.  Lnvcry.  Pollock  (dames),  1847,  Co.  I'".  3d 
U.S.  artill.  (v.  518);  a  Scotch  weaver  supposed  by  Kooser  to  have  died  be- 
fore '04.  P.  (James),  1840,  settler  in  '50  with  his  family  on  the  Cosumnea, 
MJiere  he  died  '70  and  wife  in  '80.  .S'rtc  Co.  Hint.;  possi  lily  same  as  ))reccd- 
ing.  P.  (Lewis).  1840,  one  of  the  (iraham  exiles  not  known  to  have  returnetl. 
iv,  18.       Pollorcna,  Uicnt.  at  Los  Ang.  '47.  v.  3t)0.       P.  (Juan),  at  Los  Ang. 


7S2 


riONKER  REGISTER  AND  INHEX. 


'19.  ii.  X,r>;  also  in  '4(5.  V.  (Maria  Ant.),  nt  Los  Aii.l;.  MS.  P.  (Pt  .In.),  corp. 
of  the  .S.  Diej^o  conip.  I7U7,  ami  in  coin,  of  8.  Gal)nil  escolta.  i.  CM,  (>04;  set- 
tled at  L().s  An!,'.  KSU.').   li.  MO.       V.  (RosaH;;),  at  Los  Anj;.  'kS. 

l'onil)crt  (Louis),  IS'JO,  Caniidian  trapper  of  Jed.  Sinilli's  party,  who  left 
tlio  i)arty  in  '-27,  lived  18  nioiitlis  on  lIii,'ucra'M  ranclio,  and  in  A]ir.  'iMt  at  S. 
JosO.  a^e 'JS.  iii.  l.'JMJO,  17(),  180.  In '.T2  ho  joined  the  eonip.  cxtranjera  at 
Mont.  iii.  'AM;  in  "M  had  a  wife— riloniena,  daughter  of  Dolores  Pico- and 
a  son  .luan,  horn  in  ';((»,  a  daughter  Isahel  heing  horn  in  o.').  lie  was  a  serj,'t 
in  (iraham's  coiup.  .sup[iorting  Alvarado'lJO.  iii.  4oH,  (JT.'i.  His  name,  wrilUn 
generally  I'oinhare,  appears  in  I^arkin's  hooks  to  '4,"i  and  in  other  reconls  to 
•17.  liis  son.s  are  ^^aid  to  have  lived  at  Castroville  in  '77.  roineroy  (8.  1>. ), 
184S(':),  nat.  of  Ohio,  in  Sonoma  ( 'o. 'r)r)-77.  Poinponio,  ».\-neophytc.  and 
fanioiM  outlaw  eaj.tured  near  S.  Rafael  and  ]iut  to  death  in  '-4.  ii.  .'">;{7,  ^>'.~, 
(■|14.  I'oneahan''  (.\gustin),  ISI^.S,  nir  of  the  Mariqitita  ".Vi,  ",i't.  iii.  'X<i. 
Ponce  de  Leon  (Manuel),  Me.\.  cleik  at  Sta  15.  in  ';{S-".(  and  earlier,  iii.  God-  7; 
wift'  l^'raneisea  Soh'iizano,  .'5  childn'u;  in  '40  see.  of  suh-prefect.  iii.  (i.V). 
Ponton  (.lose  M.),  Me\.  liout  senteneed  to  ">  years  in  Cal.  as  a  convict  in  ';;(•; 
no  record  of  his  eoniin;,'.  Pool  (Piter),  184(5,  of  tin;  Mormon  colony,  with 
his  mother  Mary  iind  !,i.ster  Klizaheth.  v.  54(1;  living  in  Utah  '64.  j'ooley, 
inent.  at  N.  lleiv.  '47. 

Pope  (Wni),  ISJS,  Amer.  trappi  r  from  N.  Mc\.  in  Pattie's  party,  impris- 
oned for  a  time  at  S.  Diego,  iii.  I(i;{,  l<)(i-7,  I7H.  lli;  gota  pass  for  Sonora  ironi 
tlic  gov.  in  Nov.,  and  suhsci|Uenlly  l>eeame  a  naturalized  citizen,  having  a 
family  Jit  Taos.  I'xfore  '40,  iierhaj  s  in  "Mt,  \w  came  hack  to  Los  Aug.  with 
8  mcniln'rs  of  h'n  fauiily  an<l  a  company  <if  1"J  men.  lie  was  ktuiun  in  ('id.  as 
Julian  P.,  that  lieiug  ]iroIi.  tlie  haptisnial  name  received  in  N.  Mex.  in  '41 
lie  ohtained  a  grant  of  the  Tueoallonii  rancho,  named  for  him  Pope  Valhy, 
Napa  Co.,  and  icltled  there  in  '4'J.  1  have  the  original  passport  of  March  '_', 
'4J,  under  whi  .>  he  ca>>ic  north,  the  expenses  of  the  journey  hein  ,'  paid  hy 
the  govt.  A  little  hder.  jji-ol).  in  "4,'!,  he  accidentally  killed  himself  hy  sevir- 
ing  an  artery  with  his  a.\e.  iv.  'JSO.  His  widow  married  Kliaw  ]5arnett;  hi.s 
8on  .loseph  was  claimant  for  tlic  rancho.  iv.  (571;  one  daughter  was  Mrs  liur- 
toii  of  \'o]w  \'alley;  and  there  were  1  cr  live  other  children. 

Porter  (IL  F.)",  ISH,  mid.  on  th<'  C.S.  Si.  Louis.  P.  (Sanford),  1847,  Co. 
E,  Morm.  l!at.  (v.  KJ!').  Porterlield  (Harvey),  184."),  nat.  of  'I'enn.,  and  overt, 
immig.  of  the  (Iii  .;sLy-Id<'  jiarly.  iv.  .'>7!(,  587.  He  work« d  as  a  carpenter  at 
Snnonui;  jiroh.  joined  the  Piears  in  '4(!.  v.  1 10;  went  south  in  Co.  1!,  Cal.  J!al., 
talcing  part  in  ihe  light  at  S.  Paseual,  and  in  Stockton's  liiial  eani]iaign;  and 
afti'r  his  discharg.;  reti"tieil  to  Napa  X'allcy.  He  went  to  the  mines  in  M;^; 
was  wrecked  on  \'ai;couvcr  Id.  in  an  attempt  to  reach  Trinity  Liver  in  '1!'; 
i'l  'oO-l  a  stock-raiser  in  Yolo;  in  'o'J  went  East  hy  Paiiam:^,  returning  '.");{ 
overland  with  a  wife,  Martha  .Mcxainler;  and  from '.">(>  lived  inlSapaCn.  to 
'81.  His  wife  died  in  '(5(5,  having  '.i  children,  and  his  '2d  wife  was  Mattiu  (ial- 
braith. 

Portilla  (Pahlo),  1810,  Mex.  capt.  ..f  the  Mazatlan  cavalry  comp.  'm-.IS, 
heing  .stationed  for  (he  most  )iart  at  S.  Diego,  and  taking  part  in  Iml.  cxpeil. 
and  military  trials,  ii.  '_V.:i  4,  ;!10-'J,  4-.'-2,  4.-.L  480,  5:{4-(i,  o40,  .■)4:5,  547,  54ft, 
551,  (575;  iii.  ()2.  In  ",\l  he  rendered  somewhat  unwilling  and  ineU'eetive  ser- 
vice against  (!ov.  Victoria,  and  from  that  year  was  nominally  coniandaiitc  of 
the  jiost  at  8.  Dic'ijo.  iii.  '201,  '20;»-4,  '20(5,  (i08.  As  coniisioiiado  he  Kccularized 
San  Luis  Rey  in  "IJIi-o.  iii.  :i'2(5,  I!.'!!  '2.  ;140,  ;»53,  (ll.'^,  ()-2:{-4;  and  in  '.'5(5-8,  aft;  r 
rendering  Bomc  slight  sup[)ort  to  (.'hico  and  CJutieriez,  he  joined  in  the  south- 
ern intrigues  against  Ahaiado's  govt,  and  liually  figured  a.s  com.-gen.  under 
Carlos  Carrillo,  leaving  Cal.  after  the  linal  defeat  of'the  latter  in  ','{8.  iii.  440, 
44(5,  4.59,  4G:{,  515,  5-20-'2,  5'2S,  5:5-2-;t,  548  0,  5(55,  5(18  <,t,  (514,  (548;  iv.  (57-S. 
Ca[it.  P.  was  a  good-natured,  e.-isy-going  ollietr  of  little  force  or  inlluence,  hut 
of  good  intentions.  Ho  went  to  Sonora,  where  he  was  capt.  of  the  post  it 
Guaymaa  in  '40.  In  '49  Dr  Stillmnn— (>w/7.  Motitlil;/,  xv.  '247— met  him  at 
S.  Igiuu'io,  L.  Cal.,  in  com,  of  a  i)artv  of  .'50  Sonorana  hound  for  the  Cal.  gold 
jnincs,  75  years  old,  but  '  hale  tuid  full  of  enterprise.'     P.  (Silvcstrc),  brother 


rORTI  LL  A— PREUSS. 


783 


of  PnMo,  moiit.  ill  '30  in  connection  with  a  proposed  Ind.  expcil.,  (ind  as 
granti''!  of  S.  .lost'i  dfl  ViiUc  luiiclio.  iii.  Ci\'2;  iv.  (iS.  I'ori old  ((Jaipur  de), 
I7<'!*.  ciipt.  of  dragoons  in  tlic  Span,  army,  ami  gov.  of  tlu!  Calitornias  I7<<S- 
7i);  ciiMi.-iii-tliiif  of  tilt!  lsti'X|ii'd.  to  Aita  Cal.,  and  Istrnlcrof  that  prov- 
ince til  July  II,  1770.  rather  as  military  conniuinthmt  tlian  as  gov.  His  JJiitrin 
of  tlio  ex[)eil.  to  S.R  and  return  to  S.  l)ieL;o  in  '(i!(  is  inchided  in  my  hst  of 
aiitliorities.  Nino  years  after  ho  left  Cal.  ho  was  gov.  of  I'uebla.  i.  87,  SI),  llj- 
2:.,  i:.4-{i.  140-nUtse(|.,  17-2,  2J,-),  '-'.SI,  370,  4SH. 

I'osados  (Pedro),  pro.spector  at  S.  Luis  I!ey  '•-'•-'.  ii.  GOO.  Post  (Fred.  L.), 
ISI7,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (V.  4!»!»):  in  V.>  at  S.I'.,  a  clerk  in  the  P.O.  for  'JO 
jiars.  1'.  ((iahriei  IJ. ),  1 847,  at  Hon.  frum  -Mont,  on  the  Maria  llil'tm; 
meinlicrof  the  .S.P.  linn  S.  JI.  Williams  k  Co.  '4S;  later  (i.  15.  Post  k  Co.; 
in  '4!)  nieinl).  of  the  town  couneil  and  of  the  state  senate.  I  think  Post  street, 
>S.  I'\,  may  have  Ik-cu  named  for  him. 

Potiiion,  ment.  at  Los  Anj,'.  "M.  iii.  410.  Pott  (Geo.).  1847,  owner  of  S. 
F.  lot.  V.  (iS."(.  Putter,  IS4."),  doubtful  mend)er  of  the  <iri),'shy-Ide  |iarty, 
iv.  .■(7!);  perhaps  .John.  P.  (.Vndrew),  1S4S,  p.-i.-sp.  from  Hon.  1'.  (John), 
liStl  (?),  inuni:,'.  with  a  family  aeerc<lited  in  newspaper  sketches  to  this  year; 

Iieriuips  of  '4.").  iv.  4,"i:{.  He  settled  in  the  C'hico  re^'ion,  is  noted  at  Sutter's 
"ort  fidm  June '40;  and  in  '4S  piined  a  fortune  in  the  mines  liy  the  aid  of 
Indians.  IJurnett's  Jiarty  from  Or.  passed  his  place  and  deemed  his  head 
S'.imcwhat  turned  hy  his  good  fortune,  ile  died  tliere  about  '."il,  and  is  saiil 
to  have  lift  large  sums  buried  on  his  faiin.  His  sons  -one  of  them  Jame.t, 
said  to  have  been  born  '40  in  Cal.— and  daughters  were  living  in  Mtndoeino 
(,"0.  '74.  Potter  (Stephen),  IS.'VJ,  mr  of  the  Win  '/'hoin/i^oii.  iii.  .'isL 
I'otts  (.raines  ^L).  1847,  mid.  on  tlit!  U.S.  Lc.riiiijfoi).  Ponlson  (Oliver  P.), 
184(1,  (.'0.  15,  artill.  (.'al.  Bat.  (v.  .'i.")8):  prob.  an  overl.  immig. 

Powell  (David),  1847,  owner  of  a  S.  1'.  lot.  P.  ((Jilbert),  1846,  Co.  C, 
Ir.t  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  '.VMt).  P.  (John  \V.),  UUO.  Co.  K,  K,  Cal.  Bat.  (v. 
3r)8);  ment.  iii  '4S  at  Sta  Cruz.  v.  i;4'J;  at  S.  Jos(5  'oO.  P.  (\Vm  .1.),  184  i, 
surgeon  on  the  U.S.  Warren;  owner  of  S.  1'".  lots.  v.  08'2.  I  think  Powell  Nt., 
S.F.,  was  named  for  him.  Powells  (Wm  K.).  IS17,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  4'.)!)); 
d.  at  Mont.  '48.  Power  (K.lward).  IS47,  (Jo.  P.  ditto;  d.  S.K.  about '.";(•. 
P.  (.fames),  1844,  doubtful  mendier  of  the  Fremont  Jiarty.  iv.  4.'{7.  P. 
(John  A.),  1847,  brother  of  Kd.,  .sergt  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  40!));  after  his 
di.seharge  he  became  a  gandilei-;  anil  later  a  robber  and  murderer  known  as 
'.lack  Powers.'  His  associates  Were  chielly  .Mexicans,  and  tlicir  deiiredations 
weri^  for  the  most  jiart  in  S.  Luis  Ob.  and  Sta  B.  counties  ''t\-C>.  Whc'u  tiic 
vigilantes  put  an  end  to  their  career  of  erimi-  P.  escaped  to  Sonora,  where  he 
was  kilhnl  iu  '00.       Poyorena,  see  '  Pollorena.' 

Prado.  ment.  as  a  lieiit  '3!).  iii.  (i."i3;  ))erliaps  Pr.ado  Mesa.  P.  (Toni.ls), 
rcgidor  at  P.ranciforto  1802;  killed  at  S.F.  1807.  ii.  l.')0.  lO'J.  Prat  (Pedro), 
170:',  Hurgcimof  the  Istexped.,  who  died  in  Cal. '7'2-:t.  i.  128,  i;?0,  130,  140, 
108.  210.  Pratt  (.Vildisoii),  1818.  cler'.;yman  who  married  a  couple  at  S.F. 
1'.  (.lacob  IL),  1817,  Co.  F,  3<1  U.S.  artill.  (v.  .-)18).  Praule  (l{.ipliael),  1841, 
one  of  Fn'niont's  men  1st  .and  2d  visits;  served  in  Cal.  Bat.  '40-7.  iv.  437, 
4."i3,  .')8:{;  sometimes  called  '  Prone; '  died  in  the  mts  of  \.  Mcx.  on  Fremont  s 
next  exjii'd.  of  '48.  Praiise  (Wm),  ls2(>,  mr  of  the  /urn.  iii.  147.  Pray 
(Joim),  1810,  interpreter  in  .Marston's  force  '4()-7.  v.  380.  Prendcrga;  t 
(John),  1848.  passp.  from  ll(m.  Prentice  (Clias),  1847,  (0.  C,  N.  Y.V.il.' (v. 
4!)!)).  P.  (Samuel),  1830,  n;it.  of  R.L  who  came  on  the  /hiinthr  from  Lima, 
iii.  180.  A  mason  by  trade,  but  by  jirefcrence  a  hunter;  arrested  for  snm;- 
gling  '3.3.  iii.  .3'.)3;  one  of  the  vigilantes  <if  Los  .Vng.  '30,  being  then  37  years 
old  and  single;  still  named  as  a  hunter  in  '41,  and  said  by  Warner  to  have 
<lied  on  Sta  Catalina  Isl.  about  'G,').  Monencan  (?)  Prentis  signed  a  doe.  at 
Los  Ang.  '40.  Prentiss,  1843,  mate  of  the  Admitlnnre.  discharged  by  Cajit. 
Peterson;  a  nat.  of  .Mass.  Prescott.  1840,  mr  of  the  Colitmbim.  Prcs.se 
(Alex.  1.  1847,  surg  of  N.  Y.Vol.  (?);  at  N.  Y.  city  '84.  S.  F.  Ihillctin.  Presta- 
inero  (.Mian),  1773,  Span,  friar  who  served  as  suiiernumerary  nt  S.  Lnis  Ob,, 
and  retired  on  account  of  illness  in  '74.  i.  11)4,  100,  227.       Prcuas  (Chas),  1844, 


784 


PIONEKR  RKfilSTnU  AND  INDEX. 


nrlist  and  dranglitsinan  in  Kic'iiiont's  2il,  .'Id,  iind  4tli  cxpod.  iv.  4.17,  ."iSS;  v. 
4."):i. 

I'rico  (.loliti),  l>S:i:{,  nut.  of  Ky,  wlio  <arn(^  with  Walkor'H  trfippcMH  from 
Salt.  Ijikf,  rcniiiiniiij,'  in  C'al.  as  a  cariK'ntcr;  nauiid  in  l-aiUin's  liook;!  '.'54  5; 
kill('(l  in  ';{7  l>y  a  tail  from  iii.s  imrsi!  at  San  .losi''  inission.  iii.  IWS,  I{!t|,  40'J, 
I',  (.lolin  M.),  ls:t(;  (?).  Kiigl.  in  Mont.  (list.  '."K^S;  iv.  IIS;  oxilod  with  (Ira. 
ham  in  '40,  l)nt  r<,'tnrn<Ml  in  '41,  and  in  '48  was  alcalde  at  S.  Lnis  01).  iv.  IS, 
.'i.f,  .'{7;  V.  (5;!!).  Aii^  to  his  own  statiinent  in  .S'.  Lk'ih  Ob.  Co.  /lint.,  (>.'}!»,  ho 
tliscrtcd  from  tho  Knit  at  Colinia  and  canii'  to  ("al.  in  '.'tO,  going  to  S.  Lain 
ahont  '.'t({,  niarrying  Andn;a  Colona  in  '44,  liy  whom  hv  had  i;{  children,  and 
hcrving  aftor  '4.S  as  county  judge  and  supervisor.  Living  in  'SU  at  I'isnio 
rani'ho.  I',  (Uodman),  ISKi,  nut.  of  N.  Y.  and  purser  on  the  U.S.  Ci/aiie. 
Ill-  took  i>;;rt  in  the  ceremonies  (»f  raising  the  U.S.  (lag  at  Mont,  in  .July,  and 
for  a  hi-ief  peiiod  wiis  a  kind  of  "Jd  alcahle  at  that  town.  v.  '2151,  'JS7- !*,  ('>'.VJ; 
anil  in  Aug.  was  sent  south  «ith  despat'jhes  for  .Stockton,  taking,  how(!Vcr, 
no  p;irt  in  Kuhscipient  military  operations.  From  Ma/atlan  he  was  sent  with 
dcspalehcs  hy  Mex.  and  Vera  Cruz  to  Washington.  In  '4'.)  he  came  l>ack  to 
S.h".  as  navy  agent;  w.as  a  niemher  of  the  town  council  and  of  t\w  constit. 
convention,  a  camlidate  for  congress,  and  tlu!  owner  of  city  property,  includ- 
ing lots  c)litaine(l  in  '47,  which  made  him  rich,  lie  went  Kast  in  '.")(),  was 
elected  to  congress  from  N.,I.,  anil  snhseipiently  liecaiue  gov.  of  that  state, 
where  ho  still  lives  in  'iS,").  As  a  memi>erof  pioneer  as.sociations,  he  has  taken 
much  inti't'est  in  annals  of  the  coni|Uest;  hut  in  his  testimony,  as  reported  in 
various  puhlicitions,  the  governor  shows  that  in  all  the  years  that  have;  passed 
his  imagiimlion  has  at  least  kept  pace  with  his  memory.  Triest  (.Mlurt), 
JS4S,  Cerman  from  Or.,  of  tlie  lirni  IVie:  t,  Lee,  iS:  Co.  at  Sac.  '4!)-r>0.  After 
'51  he  lived  chielly  in  N.  Y.  He  was  an  Or.  immig.  of  "4.'{,  who  shipped  lum- 
lier  to  S.  F.  in  '45.  I'rielo,  I.S'J'J,  contador  on  the  S.  Ciirlos.  ii.  4,"iS.  1'. 
(.Antonio),  at   Los  Ang.  '40.       Prince  ((ico.),   IS;>'i,  nu-  of  the  TrdtK/niliiia. 


rtill.   (V.  olS).       I'rinon  (Sam.), 

Los   .Aug.    '40,   age  4.'{;  ])erhap3 

iii.    KiO.       I 'rone,  see  '  I'raulo.' 

1'.  (Wni),  1S47,  Co.  H,  Morni, 


111.  .'m.  I'.  ((!eo.),  1847,  Co.  K,  .-{d  U.S. 
KS.'S,  Amer.  hricklayer  from  N.  Mex.,  at 
'  I'renticc.'  I'rior,  erroneous  ment.  ''27 . 
I'l-oiuse  (Win),  I8L'(i,  mrof  tlu! //(Cfj.  iii.  147 
Hat.  (V.  4(i!»). 

rrudhomme  (F^eon  T.),  IS,*?,"!  (?),  Fr.  cooper  said  to  have  come  to  lx)s  Aug., 
V.  4II{,  this  year  in  a  record  of  'Ki.  He  mari'ied  a  Tapia,  and  in  '52  was  claimant 
for  the  Halira  and  Topanga  lanchos.  iii.  (i;!|{- 4.  He  died  in  '7L  leaving  a 
family.  I'rudon  (Victor),  IS.'{4,  Frenchman  who  had  lived  7  years  in  Mex. 
and  came  to  Cal.  as  a  teacher  in  tho  colony  at  the  age  of  '_'.">.  iii.  'Jti.'l,  4l'i. 
Ilcmaining  at  S.  (iaiiriel  and  Los  Aug.,  in 'Itti  lu!  was  jn-esident  of  the;  vigi- 
lantes, iii.  418,  4;!'J;  iv.  IKi;  and  in  ';{7  8  was  (lov.  Alvarado's  sec,  being 
tth^o  capt.  of  militia,  iii.  .OOO,  5-_';{,  .'".•JO.  In  '.SO  40  he  lived  at  S.F.,  keeping 
Home  kind  of  a  shop,  or  drinking  and  gamliliiig  place,  v.  084;  and  in  '41,  he- 
iiig  grantee  of  Dodega,  he  was  made  sec.  of  Com.  (ien.  Vallejo.  iv.  'J04,  070. 
in  this  capacity  he  was  sent,  in  '4'2,  to  Mex.  in  Vallejo's  helialf,  returniii'.^ 
with  the  rank  of  capt.  and  brevet  licut-col  in  the  regular  army.  iv.  'JSI-.I, 
.'•JIO,  50.'J.  From  '41$  ho  lived  at  Sonoma,  being  in  '44  5  tho  grantee  of  Sac. 
IkI.,  and  Lagniia  rancho,  Yolo,  being  also  mentioned  in  connection  with  vari- 
ous minor  allairs.  iv.  S.W,  .SOO.  408,  445,  .Wl,  071,  073,  078.  With  Vallejo, 
ho  favore<l  the  cause  of  the  U.S.  in  '4(>,  and  with  him  was  made  a  prisoner  by 
the  Hears,  v.  41,  4.5,  01,  ll'2--_'l.  298  0,  007;  having  a  'Cal.  claim'  of  §7.300 
(v.  402).  He  kept  a  store  atSonoma  in  '47-8  in  partnership  with  Haan;  and 
in  '4S-0  made  some  money  in  the  mines.  I  have  no  later  record  of  him  than 
'o.*?,  when  he  was  a  witness  in  the  Limantour  ease.  His  wife,  who  was  sepa- 
rated from  him  about  '48,  was  Tcodoeia  Hojonpies.  Victor  I'rudon — I'rud- 
lioimno  was  the  original  form — was  a  man  of  good  education,  a  master  of  the 
>Spanish  and  English  languages,  and  an  adept  in  the  use  of  the  graceful,  flowery 
language  that  delights  all  of  Span,  race,  many  of  Alvarado's  and  V.allejo's 
slate  papcr.s  being  for  the  most  part  the  secretary's  work.  He  was  socially 
MX  tigrecable  companion,  of  attractive  personal  appearance  and  fine  mannei'bi 


PRUDON— QUIJAS. 


785 


impulsive  and  often  ini])rii(lent,  but  novor  involved,  so  fur  as  I  know,  in  any- 
thing very  bad  or  ^ood  so  fur  us  character  and  conduct  wore  concerned. 
Pnieth  (Cliaa  1!.),  la'M,  clerk  oreup.  on  the  Lonisa. 

Pryor  (Gabriel),  1840,  ono  of  the  exiled  foreigners,  arrested  in  the  south, 
iv,  14,  18.  P.  (Natiianicl  Miguel),  1828,  Kentuckion  silversmith  and  clock- 
maker  who  had  lived  4  years  in  N.  Mex.  and  came  to  Cal.  in  Pattio'a  party, 
iii.  1U3,  ItiS,  178;  ii.  5')4.  After  his  release  from  prison  iio  worked  at  8.  Luis 
Rcy,  found  favor  in  the  eyes  of  P.  Pcyri,  and  in  '29  got  a  carta  from  Gov. 
Echeandia,  being  tlien  24  years  old.  Prom  '.'lO  ho  lived  in  the  vicinity  of  Los 
Ang.,  soniotinii's  mending  clocks,  but  oftencr  engaged  in  otter- hunting,  not 
alw.iya  witii  tlue  respect  to  the  revenue  laws.  iii.  HO.'J.  In  '30  ho  obtained 
from  the  ayuut.  a  certilicatc  of  long  residence  and  good  character,  and  a  few 
years  later  married  a  Sepiilvcda  who  died  in  '40.  He  served  against  Michcl- 
torena  in  '45.  iv.  495;  connnandcd  a  coiiip.  of  citizen  artill.  in  Juno  '40.  v. 
50;  was  arrested  for  aid  to  Amcr.  during  tlio  Florea  revolt,  and  in  '47  served 
as  regidor.  v.  020.  IIo  died  in  '50.  A  son  Paul,  born  in  '.37-9,  married  a 
daughter  of  .Juan  Xvihv,  and  died  by  .iccidental  poisoning  in  '78.  iv.  1 19. 

Puaani  (Kale),  1847,  Hawaiian  owner  of  S.  F.  lot.  v.  085.  Puga  (Joa- 
quin), sirvionto  nt  Sta  Clara  1770.  i.  .300.  Pugct,  179.3,  olliccr  of  Vancou- 
ver's expcd.;  in  Cal.  '9.3-4,  exploring  Uodega.  Pugct  Sound  in  the  nortii  bears 
his  name.  i.  513,  5IS,  5.33.  Puig,  1709,  sergt  of  Cal.  volunteers  in  tiio  1st 
exped.  i.  1.30,  100.  Pujol  (Francisco),  1795,  .Span,  friar  who  served  at  S. 
Carlos  and  ilind  at  S.  Ant.  1801,  being  poisoned  by  the  Ind.  i.  570,  080;  ii, 
140,  149-50,  159.  Pulaski  (Albert),  1840,  at  N.  Hclv.  occa.sionally  '40-8. 
Pulis  (John  C),  1847,  sergt  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  TiQ\;  owner  of  H.F.  lota;  d.  at 
S.F.  '50.  Pulpule,  Ind.  at  Sutter's  '40.  iv.  138.  Pulmfer  (David),  1847, 
Co.  C,  Morni.  l!at.  (v.  409):  in  '82  at  Concho,  Ariz.  Purcell  (Henry),  1840, 
Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons  (v.  .3.30).  P.  (Matthias),  1847,  Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol. 
(v.  499);  <1.  at  S.  F.  '50.  Purdy  (Sam.  L.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499); 
d.  in  L.  Cal.  'IS.  Puler  (James),  1828,  Amer.  trapper,  age  20,  of  Pattio's 
party,  iii.  10.3,  108;  nothing  known  of  him  later.  Putnam,  1847|  mr  of  the 
Su»nu  Drew.  v.  511. 

Pylo  (IvUvard),  1840,  ovcrl.  immig.  from  Mo.,  who  settled  with  hia  family 
at  S.Josii,  wiicro  ho  died  in  '75.  His  (hiughters  married  15.  II.  Gordon  and  J. 
W.  Laird.  His  son,  Edward,  Jr,  married  Mary  A.  Graves  of  the  Donner  party 
in  '47;  is  ment.  in  '48  as  at  N.  Helv.  raising  recruits  for  service  at  Maza- 
tlan  ('');  also  as  a  member  of  t'-c  Stockton  Mining  Co.  Tlio  same  year  lie  was 
murdered  near  S.  Jos6  i)y  Valencia,  who  was  hanged  for  the  crime  in  '49.  His 
widow  married  J.  T.  Clark  in  '51,  and  in  '80  was  living  at  White  lliver,  Tulare 
Co.  Another  son,  .lolin  F.,  was  in  S.  Joaq.  Co.  '48;  Sta  Clara  Co.  '50-70;  and 
in  Kern  Co.  '79.  Still  anothei-,  Tiiomas,  served  in  Co.  IJ,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  .358); 
settled  Willi  wife  and  2  children  in  Nov.  '40  on  the  Moquclumnc;  in  '47  is 
ment.  as  visiting  Sutter's  Fort;  and  in  '48  moved  to  Coyote  Cr.,  Sta  Clara  Co., 
whcro  he  was  murdered  in  '55. 

Qudron  (.Tcnckey),  1840,  doubtful  name,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Queen 
(Henry  W.),  1810,  licut  of  marijics  on  tiio  U.S.  Savanmih;  lieut  Fauntleroy's 
dragoons  (v.  232,  247);  in  com.  at  S.  Juan  B.,  Sept.  Q.  (Jomes),  1847,  sergt 
Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  V.  504;  in  ciiargo  of  Brannan's  store  at  Mormon  Isl.  48;  d. 
at  Napa '79.  Quepness  (Odilon),  at  Soledad '20.  ii.  02.3.  Quigley,  1847,  a 
Mormon  in  Kearny's  return  party,  v.  453.  Quigley  (Robert),  1840,  bugler 
Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  3.30)".  Quijada  (Felipe),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  ^32. 
Q.  (Francisco),  grantee  of  Bolsa  de  Chcmisal,  S.  Luis  Ob.,  '37.  iii.  677. 
Quijano  (Manuel),  1807,  surgeon  of  the  troops  at  Mont.  1807-24.  ii.  83,  140, 
370,  571,  007. 

Quijas  (Joad  Lorenzo  do  la  Concepcion),  1833,  Mex.  friar  o£  the  Zacate- 
canos  who  served  at  the  4  northernmost  missions,  and  retired  in  '44,  being 
vice-prefect  in  '4.3-4,  jicrhans  in  '57  a  parish  priest  ir:  the  state  of  Guerrero, 
dying  at  Querctaro  a  little  later.  Padre  Q.  was  a  black  sheep  in  the  Francis- 
can Uock,  yet  a  good  man  when  sober.  Biog.  iv.  680^1;  ment.  iii.  319,  354, 
HiBT.  Cai,.,  Vol.  IV.    CO 


786 


PIONKER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


713, 716,  719;  iv.  48,  86, 171,  195,  224,  371-3, 427,  G70-7.  Qnilagnegai  (Teo- 
dosio),  Iiid.  grantee  of  Nicasio  '35.  iii.  712.  Quimby,  1848,  mr  of  tne  Wave. 
V.  681.  Quimpcr  (Man.),  1700,  alfdrcz  of  tho  Span,  navy  at  Mont,  from 
Nootka.  i.  444,  506;  see  also  Jlht.  N.  W.  Coast.  Quin  (Peter),  1848,  Irish- 
man shot  at  Sta  B.  in  Dec.  for  tho  inunlcr  of  the  Reed  family  at  S.  Miguel. 
V.  632,  640.  Quinn  (Frunklin),  1840,  in  the  Los  Ang.  region;  at  Mont.  *47-8; 
possibly  'Qwinn'  of  '41.  Qiiifloncs  (Manual),  Mox.  tanner  at  Bronciforte 
45,  age  45,  wife  Josefa  Condcsa  (?),  child.  Benito  b.  Sta  Cruz  '27,  Jnan  Diego 
'29,  Mariano  '33,  Capistrano  '34.  He  had  been  a  convict  of  '28-34. 

Quintana,  com.  of  N.  Mexicans  in  Castro's  force  '46.  v.  363.  Q.  (Andres), 
1805,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  Sta  Cruz  until  Oct.  12,  '12,  when  he  was  mur- 
dered by  his  neophytes.  Biog.  ii.  387-9;  ment.  ii.  155,  159-<J0,  199,  324,  339, 
394.  Q.  (Antonio),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  Q.  (Diego),  ditto.  Q.  (Francisco 
Est6van),  grantee  of  La  Vena  '42.  iv.  656;  still  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  '60.  Q.  (Ger- 
6nimo),  grantee  of  S.  Juan  Cap.  del  Camoto,  S.  Luis  Ob.,  '46.  v.  637.  Q. 
(Pedro),  from  N.  Mex.  '43,  a  settler  of  S.  Luis  Ob.  down  to  '83.  Quintero 
(Juan),  arrested  at  S.  Juan  B.  '37.  iii.  513.  Q.  (Luis),  negro  settler  of  Los 
Ang.  1781,  sent  away  in  '82.  i.  345-6.  Q.  (Tomds),  at  Sta.  B.  '37,  wife  Vi- 
centa  Valenzuela.  Quintin,  Ind.  chief  of  a  Marin  Co.  tribe  for  whom  Pt 
Quintin  was  named;  ment.  in  '24.  ii.  538,  598.  Quirado  (Baailio),  Los  Ang. 
land-owner  '48.  Qnir6s  (Fernando),  1775,  Span,  liout  on  the  S.  Antonio  and 
S.  Carloa  '75-6;  made  a  survey  of  S.F.  bay  in  boats  '76;  on  the  coast  again 
in  '79.  i.  241,  287,  289-92,  329.  Quivey  (Peter),  1846,  over!,  immig.  from 
Mo.;  summoned  as  a  witness  in  N.  Helv.  Nov.  '46;  served  in  Co.  B,  Cal.  Bat. 
(t.  358);  named  at  N.  Helv.  '47;  wrote  from  Los  Ang.  in  March  '47  a  letter 
published  in  the  Western  Expositor  and  Liverpool  MiUeaniai  Star.  Settled  Iq 
Sta  Clara  Co.  with  family. 


To  BE  COMCLCDED  AT  THE  ENO  OF  VoU  V. 


